This text reflects about how knowledge of urban networks, resulting from the relationships established from the production, circulation and consumption of goods and services between urban centers with different levels of centrality and position in the urban hierarchy, are an important tool for the identification of particularities of the urban dynamics of different parts of the territory, being an important field of research in Brazil, influencing even the development of important public policies, such as health policies (FEITOSA, 2018). The analysis of urban networks makes it possible to understand the rebuttal of the contradictions of the capitalist system on the geographic space, in which the territorial division of labor (CORRÊA, 1994) implies the development of a relationship of dependence of urban centers with less centrality to those ones of greater centrality, which, in turn, is an important characteristic of the relationships established by the urban environment of the semi-arid Northeast (ALVES, 2017), whose understanding of urban reality also requires an interpretation of the average city that goes beyond quantitative concepts (SPOSITO , 2010). With that, taking the city of Caicó as one of the main urban centers in Rio Grande do Norte, it is questioned how the hospital health flows directed to hospitals located in the aforementioned city interfere in the local urban network of the Immediate Geographic Region of Caicó, strengthening the municipality as a regional pole in the state.

The discussion regarding the future of natural resources has been established over the
years as a propulsive stimulus for the triggering of resource planning and management
analyses within the geosciences. In this research, geodiversity will be understood
through geomorphological elements, structuring the geomorphodiversity, which
directed to the coastal environment, is concretized as a potential of peculiar geoforms,
which lack geoconservation. Therefore, this work aims at inventorying and quantifying

the sites of geomorphological interest in the municipalities of São Miguel do Gostoso
and Touros, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, investigating also the past analysis of
the landscape. In the present study, four potential geomorphological sites were
identified, through inventory and quantification. In the inventory, in the field, the
general information of the sites was investigated, based on geomorphology,
corroborating a database of the areas in question. In the quantification, the importance
of the relevant areas was valued through four value criteria: Aesthetic (VEst), Scientific
(VCi), Touristic (VTur), and Use and Management (VUG), being them: Morro dos
Martins Beach, Ponta do Reduto Cliff, Calcanhar Lighthouse and Touros Cliff. Through
the results, it is relevant the inclusion of the aesthetic criterion, and not only the
scientific one, for the identification of geomorphosites. We found that there are areas
with high aesthetic value, but with low representativeness of scientific value, due to the
lack of scientific research in the geosciences, this corroborates the view that the
aesthetic potential has representativeness for the society and therefore should be
included in the geoconservation actions.

Pedogeomorphology is defined as the study of the soil-relief relationship under different aspects: conceptual, methodological, operational and/or scalar. In landscapes, soils and reliefs, evolve together, with mutual influences in this process, constantly, one influences the other in different ways, in greater or lesser intensity, depending on the environmental context, resulting in landscape implications and complex pedogeomorphological processes. Knowledge regarding the physical environment is essential to guide territorial planning policies, environmental preservation and recovery of degraded areas. The Brazilian semi-arid is considered a fragile region from an environmental point of view, due to the occurrence of torrential rains, long periods of more exposed soils, large thermal amplitudes, among others. The region still lacks scientific information that allows for a deeper understanding of its dynamics. The objective of this work was to carry out a pedogeomorphological characterization of the RPPN Olho d'água das Onças, located in the municipality of Picuí-PB, in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The geological substrate of the study area is associated with the Serra do Martins Sedimentary Formation (ENsm), with the occurrence of conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, claystones and laterites. A bibliographical and cartographic review of the region under analysis was carried out. For the characterization of the RPPN, cartographic products were elaborated in a GIS environment, using the QGIS software. The ALOS-PALSAR satellite image was used as a basis. Products such as: MDE, slope map, hypsometry were elaborated and from this information the geomorphological map was made. Field work was carried out with collections of seven soil profiles, representing different geomorphological compartments. Five geomorphological units were identified in the area: i) tableland, ii) escarpment, iii) valley with flat bottom, iv) structural valley, and v) river plain. The pedogeomorphological characterization of the RPPN provides relevant information for future preparation of the Management Plan for the Conservation Unit. The identification of geomorphological units and associated soils enabled a better understanding of the potential and vulnerabilities of each sector. Areas with tableland and Oxisols (Latossolos) are the most appropriate for creating zones of intensive use. In turn, greater care must be taken with the edges of the tableland, with high declivity and associated with poorly developed soils.

Since white folk invaded the territory of present-day in Brazil, the indigenous people have suffered from processes that disrupt their cultures and make them invisible. However, in recent years, these peoples have been strengthening a movement to retake and reforest the mind that has allowed the occupation of important places. Regarding Vale do Jaguaribe, in Ceará, the indigenous issue is still a topic to be studied in depth, as its  elements remain related to colonial processes, such as the violent occupation by pastoral activity and religious missions, acculturation, miscegenation and the extermination responsible for the indigenous “disappearance”, such as the Payaku ethnic group. These native peoples, in an attempt to survive colonial violence, developed several resistance strategies that did not let their habits, cultures, customs and traditions be completely crushed by the colonization steamroller. Thus, even though it is not visible to the eyes of the society that rose, the everyday present is permeated with native influences and legacies, such as carnauba straw handicrafts, which are strongly observed in the municipality of Itaiçaba. In this sense, through a qualitative and ethnographic research, supported by oral history, with semi- structured interviews, the general objective of this paper was to analyze the resistance and permanence of the indigenous peoples of Vale do Jaguaribe through the territorialities of the artisans of carnauba straw from Itaiçaba, which preserves ancestral indigenous practices. As for specific objectives, what was looked for was: i) to understand the territorialities of the indigenous presence in the Vale do Jaguaribe; ii) to identify the resistance and permanence of indigenous peoples materialized in the culture of the region; iii) to present indigenous territoriality, resistance and permanence through the production of straw handicrafts in Itaiçaba. With the fulfillment of the research, we observed the role of the artisans who safeguard the straw handicraft and transmit, even if unconsciously, the indigenous resistance of the jaguaribana region.

In Chapada do Apodi, in the state of Ceará, the expansion of agribusiness has reconfigured the agrarian issue in the region, giving rise to processes of environmental injustice. At the same time, movements of resistance to the development model advocated by agribusiness are articulated. This process is verified in the portion of Chapada do Apodi circumscribed to the municipality of Tabuleiro do Norte, where the expansion of grain agribusiness occurs, with emphasis on cotton through the action of the company Nova Agro Agropecuária LTDA. In this perspective, in spaces where capital is territorialized makes it possible to observe that conflicts are more visible and intense, confronting rationales that are often divergent and/or exclusive. In the research section, where peasants live distributed in ten communities, it is possible to verify the coexistence with the Semiarid being directly affected by the territorialization of the capital, making it more precarious. In this way, the objective is to understand the limitations imposed by environmental injustice on coexistence with the Semiarid region in Chapada do Apodi, in the municipality of Tabuleiro do Norte. The specific objectives are: 1) to characterize the territories of coexistence with the Semiarid in Chapada do Apodi; 2) investigate the scenario of environmental injustice, in view of the actions of the State and agribusiness; 3) highlight the resistance strategies that make living with the semi- arid region possible. The research is of a qualitative nature, whose methodological procedures are organized in four stages: 1) survey and bibliographic review; 2) secondary data collection; 3) field works; 4) systematization and data analysis. From the investigation, it was found that agribusiness has deepened the processes of environmental injustice, disproportionately imposing the harm of this economic activity on peasants. Relying on the support of the State, the impacts produced by agribusiness, such as deforestation, destruction of social technologies, bad smell due to the application of pesticides and possible death of bees, among others, have led to limitations in living in the semiarid region. However, peasants, relying on a support network, have produced resistance against the advance of capital, supporting the permanence of life in the territory.

Brazilian urbanization has intensified since the second half of the 20th century, marked demographically by the overcoming, in absolute numbers, of the rural population by the urban. However, the accelerated urbanization did not necessarily translate into an improvement in the quality of life of the Brazilian people, further accentuating the concentration of income and social inequalities, fundamental elements for the understanding of the various urban socio-environmental problems currently evidenced. In the Brazilian urban space, the socio-environmental impacts arising from anthropic activities are more evident, highlighting the huge amount of solid waste discarded daily by the population and companies, collected and dumped at all times in the dumps, creating urban socio-environmental problems, such as fluids liquids, called slurry, which flows from landfills and dumps, thrown into the environment, polluting the soil and water bodies. The discarded solid waste is produced socially by different social agents that directly or indirectly contribute and interact within the production process through various domestic and socioeconomic activities related to agriculture, industry and service provision, whose final destination, in most Brazilian cities and communities rural areas, is the inappropriate dumping of this material in vacant lots, water bodies, roads and dumps, open-air garbage deposits. In Caicó - RN, the seventh largest municipal population in Rio Grande do Norte, with 68,343 inhabitants, according to the IBGE's 2020 estimates, as in many Brazilian municipalities, solid waste after being discarded by the population is deposited in common containers, collected in followed by the local urban cleaning service and, finally, dumped in the open in the dump, without any appropriate technical infrastructure or any criteria for separation or classification by the municipal public service. The dump currently existing in the city of Caicó constitutes a serious public and environmental health problem, impacting the environment by polluting the air, the soil, groundwater, rivers, dams and dams in the region, such as the river basin of Rio Piranhas - Assu, the main in Rio Grande do Norte, with 17,472 Km², or 35% of the total territory of the state (IBGE, 2010). Thus, this research will aim to understand the socio-spatial dynamics of the problem related to solid waste in Caicó, in an integrated, participatory and inclusive perspective, emphasizing the understanding regarding the planning, ordering and management of urban solid waste, in addition to other related nuances, such as the situation of recyclable material collectors in this context highlighted above. Thus, bibliographic and field research will be carried out to help overcome the current model of garbage disposal, with the effective implementation of controlled sanitary landfills, mitigating the socioenvironmental impacts of this problem, serving as a reference for initiatives that generate changes and overcome the socio-spatial problem above.

The present work aimed to perform the analysis of areas susceptible to flooding in the urban space of Caicó/RN from modeling techniques in GIS environment, seeking to relate the physical characteristics of the relief with the production of surface flow of the urban nucleus of the said area, through different techniques of geoprocessing and remote sensing, in order to identify flood susceptibility areas. Initially, the urban river system was characterized, making use of morphometric calculations, having as database the EAM derived from the SRTM mission of 30 m of NASADEM spatial resolution, which allowed the identification of the drainage pattern present in this area, which was classified as dendritic; based on strahler's classification (1962), being verified the presence of 53 first order rivers, 9 second order rivers, 1 fifth order rivers, 1 sixth order and 1 seventh order; 60 urban drainage basins were identified that presented compactness coefficient with classes close to the unit, corresponding to values between 1.15 and 1.67, morphometric ratio of the compactness coefficient (Kc), showing that in its natural conditions, the environment has drainage basins with high susceptibility to floods. For soil use analysis, supervised classification procedures of image and screen vectorization were performed, using scenes from the CBERS 4A satellite, captured by means of the WPM sensor, which has 8 meters of spatial resolution in multispectral cameras and 2 meters of spatial resolution in the panchromatic band, the classes of soil use and the measurement of these,  which in turn were defined as: Dense vegetation (12%), Thin vegetation and pasture (55%), Buildings (13%), Streets (3%), Water bodies (4%) and Exposed soils and rocky outcrops (13%). To estimate the surface runoff, the SCS-CN method was used, which made it possible to observe the presence of Lithic Neosols representing 58% of the area and the Chromic Luvisols occupying 42% of the area, both types of soils belong to the hydrological group D, according to the classification proposed by Sartori et al. (2005), this method also allowed estimating the average surface flow of each neighborhood of the city of Caicó, for different scenario of rainfall events and antecedent humidity conditions, where we considered an event of 107 mm (scenario I), a 56 mm event (scenario II) and a 29 mm event (scenario III). For the modeling of flood areas considering the physical characteristics of the relief, simulations were performed through routine execution in GIS environment in QGIS software, through the library “simlib”, do GRASS, the results of the final processing of this model, refers to raster maps that express the areas of flooding by means of pixels with values referring to water discharge, given in m³/s; among the neighborhoods with the highest rates of water discharges are: Paraíba, João XXIII, Walfredo Gurgel e Barra Nova.

According to the current stage of Globalization, also called the technical-scientific-informational period, socio-spatial dynamics are increasingly intensified in the wake of national and/or international hegemonic economic interests and the cultural particularities of each space, which can be transformed into economic potential. Thus, the geographic environment transformed in this period is studied according to the criticality in Geography, aiming at the analysis of the socioeconomic totality and interactions of the spatial dynamics in question and considering the inequalities and contradictions that characterize this totality. With this understanding, this work analyzes the urban and regional dynamics of Delmiro Gouveia (AL), with emphasis on the flows resulting from the realization of the largest free fair in the Sertão Alagoano, located in this city. In the first chapter of the work, geographic space is defined through fixed and flows, objects and actions, and as a social instance. In addition, the periodic market and the street fair are historically understood and a generic analysis of the northeast fairs is carried out, as economic and cultural events. In the second chapter, Delmiro Gouveia street fair is analyzed through the application of the circuit theory of urban economy in underdeveloped countries. For this, field research was carried out with the application of questionnaires with fairground, consumers and drivers of vehicles that transport people, objects and goods to the fair. This questionnaire accounts for the variables of the referred theory and, therefore, the analysis of the collected data allows the  understanding of the dynamics of the fair according to the mentioned theory. The third chapter questions the regional classification proposed by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which regionalizes state territories into intermediate and immediate regions. This questioning arises from the analysis of data from the field research carried out, which show that the flows to the Delmiro Gouveia open fair consolidate this city as a regional center in the Alto Sertão Alagoano. Such flows highlight interactions of this city with other cities in Alagoas, but also with spaces in other states in the Northeast and in Brazil.

In the society in which we are inserted, a conjuncture of world politics is perceptible in a movement that seeks to decentralize the decision-making power of the State to instances of governance in the perception of consolidating even more democratic ties and government actions with authenticity, efficiency and cooperation. In the Brazilian territory, this tendency is defended by the Federal Constitution of 1988, intending this decentralization as a presupposition for the elaboration of public policies. In this context, the Ministry of Tourism (Mtur) in 2003 elaborated a policy for the tourism sector, creating the National Tourism Plan (PNT) and within this plan the Tourism Regionalization Program (PRT), specifically to promote the organization of regional councils based on the management of tourist activity to meet the demands of internalizing tourism, as well as enabling collaborative work between public authorities, private initiative and civil society, with the main objective of internalizing tourism in Brazilian territory. This dissertation aims to analyze the public policy of tourism with a focus on the interiorization of tourism in the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), taking as an empirical reference the municipalities of Martins and Portalegre. The research is based on the dialectical method, in which we understand the contradictions of the researched activity. This work assumes an analytical character supported by the ideas of authors such as Cruz (2000, 2001, 2007), Beni (2000), Fonseca (2005), Santos and Silveira (2006), Santos (2004), Moraes (2005) and among others. The dissertation also assumes a predominant qualitative character, based on the technique of collecting primary data (interviews). Secondary data were obtained through a discussion related to the PRT and data provided by the Mtur. The main conclusions are that Martins and Portalegre located in the Semiarid Potiguar have tourist potential, but lack of an effective policy for the sector and make these municipalities are inserted in tourist destinations in RN and even in the Northeast. It is noticeable that the lack of information about the tourist potential of Martins and Portalegre becomes an obstacle to the internalization of tourism. We evidenced a weakness in the data provided by the Mtur, as well as in the interviews and also in the PRT main source for internalization, in which it did not contribute significantly to the development of tourism in the territories of Martins and Portalegre, which is the reality of other municipalities. with tourist potential in the interior of the northeastern semi-arid region.

The Seridó Potiguar region is of great importance for the state of Rio Grande do Norte and for the entire Brazilian Northeast. With a highly diversified economy, this region has faced serious problems related to water scarcity and desertification, mainly due to the way in which the land is used. Currently, desertification is a phenomenon that worries many countries, including Brazil. In Brazilian territory, the Northeast region inspires care, as the climate and the current speed and extent of deforestation favor this process. Taking this context into account, the present research aims to investigate the morphodynamic processes in the Seridó Potiguar Desertification Nucleus, from the rescue of the history of land use and cover and its relationship with geomorphological dynamics, in addition to analyzing the process historical-economic and its influence on socio-spatial dynamics. For the analysis of land use and cover, the process of vectorization of satellite images by visual interpretation was applied, which were compared with the mapping of information from the past, in order to identify changes that occurred in this period. In addition to carrying out the mapping of potential fragility and ecodynamic units in which it identified levels of fragility of the environment. For these mappings, the methodology of Tricart (1997) was adopted, based on the concept of ecodynamic units, with adaptations by Ross (1990) in which new criteria for defining these units were inserted. The results obtained made it possible to identify changes in land use and cover over a period of 32 years and to identify levels of fragility from integration studies to understand the natural dynamics of the environment and the influence of human interventions. Therefore, the methodologies used made it possible to carry out an analysis of the Seridó Potiguar Desertification Nucleus and identify the main morphodynamic processes based on the relationship between the geoenvironmental characteristics and the social actions carried out in this territory.

Soil erosion, due to water action, is today an environmental problem affecting different regions across the globe. The disordered use of land in hydrographic basins can potentiate it, triggering several problems; for example: landslides, landslides, silting of reservoirs, among others. Thus, it is important to carry out analyzes of the implications of changes in land use in the production of sediments and soil losses in river basins. This research aims to analyze the relationship between land use and geomorphological dynamics, in the Barra Nova river basin through three mechanisms: mapping land use in the Barra Nova river basin, in order to understand the activities that are developed in this area area and its influence on geomorphological dynamics; analyze the geomorphological dynamics of the region from the identification of the different relief compartments at their different taxonomic levels; and infer the current stage of soil losses in the Barra Nova River basin, in order to elucidate the level of susceptibility to erosion in the entire basin. For this purpose, images from orbital sensors will be used to map land use and identify geomorphological aspects of the basin, in addition to rainfall, soil and relief data. For estimating soil losses, the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) will be used. So far, land use mapping has been carried out with the identification of 11 classes of use that have been verified in the field, in which the Pasture for Animals class is the one with the highest prevalence, with 53.15% of area, followed by of the classes Degraded Caatinga, Diversified Temporary Cultivation, Shrub Caatinga, Artificial Reservoirs, Cities, Unidentified Use, Caatinga Arboreal, Villages, Extraction of Non-Metallic Minerals and Other Urbanized Areas. The Other Urbanized Areas class, in turn, has the lowest occupation area, with only 0.001%. The identification of morpho-sculptural subunits up to the 4th taxon of the methodology proposed by Ross (1992) has also begun, as well as the collection of data for the estimation of soil losses from the USLE.

In the current stage of Globalization, called the technical-scientific-informational period, the production of space is increasingly constituted by the uses of the variables technical, science, information, consumption and finance. Such variables are key to understanding the production of space in this period, because they are increasingly trivialized in social and geographical terms. Thus, in this work we study the dynamics of the Currais Novos (RN) region according to the banking network. This region of Rio Grande do Norte is composed of nine municipalities - Acari, Bodó, Carnaúba dos Dantas, Cerro Corá, Currais Novos, Florânia, Lagoa Nova, São Vicente and Tenente Laurentino Cruz - eight of which have their own municipal headquarters - in the context of the urban network in Rio Grande do Norte - as a small and local city, while Currais Novos presents itself as an urban center of regional prominence, as it has the most complex market and the largest demographics. Between 1954 and 2011, the banking network was expanded in this region, with the installation of bank branches in Currais Novos and also in small local cities. However, since 2016, the year in which a series of crimes against various bank branches in the region began, the expansion of the banking network has been revised, and in small and local cities, bank branches have been transformed into bank service points, as well as the expansion of the offer of banking correspondent services. Thus, today, there are bank branches only in Currais Novos, a fact that has been changing the dynamics of municipalities in the region and spatial interactions. Considering this problem, the objective of this work is to analyze the dynamics of the Currais Novos region according to the banking network, paying attention to the socioeconomic dynamics of local centers and the regional backcountry center, to the expansion and retraction of the banking network and to spatial interactions developed in the region. Through bibliographic research, statistical data research and field research, we systematized the work in three chapters: in the first, we apprehended the socioeconomic dynamics of the cities in the Currais Novos region, in the context of the economic restructuring of Seridó Potiguar, giving light to the process of tertiary urbanization; in the second, we analyze the process of expanding the banking network in the region in question, considering the movements of deconcentration and reconcentration of bank branches in the cities of the region; and, finally, we analyze the contribution of this banking network to the spatial interactions in the region in question. We conclude that the dynamics of the region according to the banking network is unequal, with privileges of spaces that concentrate greater flows of people and capital, while the other spaces locate less complex bank fixed, which are implemented focusing on the possibility of banking institutions to profit more with the lowest investment made.

It is clear that every individual or social group always aims to improve the quality and standard of life, however, this refers to a very broad definition, ranging from the individual's perception of feeling good, to measurements of comparable physical and sociocultural parameters. In this sense, a given population or individual to obtain these parameters in turn depends on another range of variables, such as basic sanitation, which has a direct influence on the quality and standard of life of a given population. Furthermore, the absence of these services and/or poor management can cause both financial and human losses, thus becoming a global concern and theme of several public policies, however, the problems of this theme are located right at the basis of formulation and/ or development of these policies, that is, the lack of primary and partial data that can support the achievement of goals, objectives and how the progress of effectiveness of such public policies is found. Thus, this research's main problem is to fill the lack of information (to gather data on basic sanitation regarding the pillars of drinking water supply, and sanitary sewage, to analyze and discuss its spatial distribution) so that government officials can become aware of the situation of its administrative units and improve its territorial ordering. Thus, in view of the aforementioned problem, this research has as its main objective to carry out the diagnosis of the operational systems of basic sanitation in the aspects of drinking water supply and sanitary sewage and to analyze its spatial distribution through a GIS platform in the municipality of São Fernando- RN in the year 2019. To achieve this goal, a GIS platform - Geographic Information System was used, feeding it with primary and secondary data collected with an RPA - Remotely-Piloted Aircraft (in Portuguese, Remotely Piloted Aircraft) and collection of testimonies about drinking water supply systems and sanitary sewage through the Inductive method, from the perspective of the geography of health on the geopolitical territory. With this it was possible to raise, systematize, analyze and describe the two systems for the rural and urban areas through a quantitative and qualitative diagnosis where it was possible to see that this methodology and set of technical procedures chosen was the most suitable for the region in view of dynamics of the semiarid region in which the municipality is located.

 In this study, time series of rainfall exclusion in the municipalities of Caicó, Florânia and Cruzeta were used, as well as the historical series of sunspots, to analyze and understand if there is any relationship between these two variables and their repercussions in the semi-arid region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, specifically in the intermediate region of Caicó. The period analyzed was from 1913 to 2019. Exclusion data were obtained from the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company of Rio Grande do Norte (EMATER), the Seridó Climatological Station (CP) and the Meteorological Database of the Instituto Nacional de Meteorology (BDMEP). Solar activity data were collected from the Observatoire Royal de Belgique, (ORB). For data analysis, descriptive statistics techniques were used, through measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability, return time, accumulated deviation, in addition to the Mann-Kendall non-parametric statistical test and Pearson's correlation analysis. The results induced high amplitude for both protection and solar activity. The average, maximum and valid values are quite discrepant between the exclusion and as sunspots, but one can perceive a relationship related to the period in which these extreme values occurred (maximum and necessary solar x dry and rainy periods), cause there to be some relationship of sunspot spots in the exclusion in the intermediate geographical region of Caicó.