Emerging Pollutants: Legal Context and Environmental Impacts of Pharmacocontamination
Legislation. Environmentally Appropriate Disposal. Environmental Risk Assessment. Risk Quotient. NSAIDs.
The occurrence of pharmaceutical products in the environment has been proven by several studies over the past years and, as a result, has been recognized as a global emerging issue. This is due to the extensive use of pharmaceuticals in human and animal medicine and the inadequate disposal of expired or unused drugs. In view of the above, the present study aims to (1) analyze the international and national legal and regulatory provisions regarding the management of pharmaceutical products and their post-consumption waste, (2) learn about the proposed drug take-back programs in several countries, and (3) present a narrative review on the effects of acetaminophen diclofenac, ibuprofen, and the stimulant caffeine in fish, especially in species with socioeconomic value and, in parallel, (4) reflect on the fulfillment of the sustainable development goals proposed by the United Nations - UN using pharmacocontamination as a case study. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that (1) all the countries analyzed have regulations for the correct and environmentally appropriate disposal, even if in different spheres; (2) there is an absence of a systematic application of drug take-back programs in several countries; (3) pharmaceuticals trigger imbalances with significant effects on fish; and (4) pharmacocontamination is an emerging and growing problem, thus, it can affect the development of the Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs and even threaten their achievement.