The Brazilian Semi-Arid region is a diverse territory, marked by climatic challenges, but also by significant socio-environmental and cultural potentialities. However, inequalities in access to water persist, compromising water security and the quality of life of rural populations. In this context, this research aims to analyze water insecurity in the surroundings of the Passagem das Traíras Dam, located between the municipalities of São José do Seridó and Jardim do Seridó, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, seeking to understand how the availability, quality, and regularity of water supply influence the daily lives of the communities of Quixabinha, Quipauá, and Barra do Rio. The general objective is to analyze access to water by rural communities located within the area of influence of the Passagem das Traíras Dam, considering aspects of quantity, quality, and regularity. The specific objectives are: (i) to examine how water infrastructure projects built in the Semi-Arid region, particularly the Passagem das Traíras Dam, relate to water access and the production of water insecurity; (ii) to identify the multiple uses of the dam’s water, focusing on water availability in terms of quantity, quality, and regularity; and (iii) to investigate alternative water sources in the communities and assess how these mechanisms reveal inequalities and limitations in access. The study adopts a qualitative approach, guided by social research, combining bibliographic review, document analysis, quantitative data collection, thematic press archive (hemeroteca), fieldwork, and data systematization and analysis. The theoretical framework is based on discussions of water infrastructure, water access, and water insecurity, articulating debates on governance and water justice in the Semi-Arid region. The expected results aim to contribute to a critical understanding of socio-spatial inequalities associated with access to water, highlighting the importance of social participation and the formulation of public policies aimed at coexistence with the Semi-Arid, ensuring water security for rural communities.