Role of ING proteins in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas: immunohistochemical analysis
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Tumor Suppressor; Inhibitor of Growth; Immunohistochemistry.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is recognized for its complexity and heterogeneity, which hinders the identification of potential biomarkers that could aid in the individualized treatment of this disease. Carcinogenesis is characterized as a complex biological process in which genetic and epigenetic events progressively alter human cells as they acquire neoplastic features. Among these events, the dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes responsible for regulating the cell cycle, repairing DNA damage, or promoting apoptosis is tightly controlled by growth suppressors. The Inhibitor of Growth (ING) protein family comprises five members (ING1–5) with regulatory functions in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. These proteins act as epigenetic readers of the histone H3K4me3 mark, which is associated with active gene transcription, and interact with histone acetyltransferase (HAT) or histone deacetylase (HDAC) protein complexes to modulate local chromatin structure, thereby influencing gene expression either positively or negatively. Although studies have reported downregulation of these proteins in various types of cancer, there remain gaps in understanding their specific role in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of ING proteins in oral carcinogenesis and to assess their association with the clinicopathological parameters of OTSCC. The immunoexpression of ING1, ING2, ING3, ING4, and ING5 proteins will be quantitatively analyzed in 58 OTSCC specimens, with the goal of identifying possible correlations with histopathological grade, clinical staging, locoregional recurrence, as well as overall and disease-free survival. The findings are expected to provide a better understanding of the molecular complexity underlying OTSCC development and the role of ING proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer progression