Assessing Optimal Player Experience through Flow Scales: Review, Classification, Psychometric Guidelines, Digital Game, and Psychometric Instruments
Computing, HCI, Human-Computer Interaction, Physiological Computing, entertainment
Flow is an optimal psychological experience that is fundamental to engaging in activities such as digital games. Although games are environments conducive to flow, their assessment lacks robust, validated instruments specifically for this context. This thesis aimed to develop and validate instruments to assist researchers in assessing the flow experience in players. The methodology was based on two state-of-the-art reviews of physiological and psychometric approaches to flow assessment. Subsequently, guidelines for developing new assessment instruments were proposed and validated. A digital game was developed and validated as a platform for experimentation. Based on the identified gap, new psychometric instruments for self-assessment of flow in games were proposed and validated through an experimental study with players, which demonstrated validity and reliability. This work’s main contributions include: (i) a state-of-the-art review of psychometric and physiological instruments for flow evaluation; (ii) a comparative study that reviews the validity, reliability, and applicability of the psychometric instruments found for the context of flow evaluation in games; (iii) consolidated guidelines for the evaluation of flow assessment instruments; (iv) a software artifact, in the form of a game, for research in the area; and (v) new valid and reliable psychometric instruments, specifically designed for the evaluation of optimal experience in players.