Technological Foresight on Green Steel
Power-to-X; Decarbonization; Technology mapping; Green hydrogen.
The energy transition has driven major transformations in the steel industry, which accounts for a significant share of global CO₂ emissions. The pursuit of sustainable and competitive processes has made green steel production a central pillar of decarbonization strategies, combining technological innovation with climate policies. In this context, the Power-to-X concept has emerged as one of the main alternatives for decarbonization, as it integrates renewable energy and green hydrogen into production routes, enabling the replacement of fossil fuels with low-carbon vectors. Therefore, this study aims to identify technological trends for green steel production, analyzing how Power-to-X technologies have been incorporated into the steelmaking chain. The research method combines a systematic literature review and patent analysis, following defined criteria for search, selection, and interpretation. Patents were assessed by country, applicant, and IPC codes, and compared with scientific literature to construct a conceptual model that links technologies, production stages, and existing barriers. The results indicate recent growth in innovations concentrated in China, Japan, Germany, India, the Netherlands, and France. The main technological routes involve H₂-DRI/EAF, direct electrolysis powered by renewables, hydrogen injection in blast furnaces, and increased scrap use. Thus, green steel is advancing as a strategic pillar of decarbonization, and integrating literature and patents provides a solid foundation for industrial and public policy decisions toward sustainability.