Phylogeny of Collembola (Arthropoda, Hexapoda) based on complete mitogenomes and new species of Entomobrya Rondani (Entomobryomorpha: Entomobryidae)
Edaphic fauna, Entomobryidae, Mitochondrial genome, Molecular phylogeny.
Springtails are small hexapods which emerged during the Devonian and are considered one of the oldest taxa of terrestrial invertebrates. Collembola is widely distributed and currently holds more than 9,300 described species in the world. Collembola monophyly is widely accepted, since the group show important and clear synapomorphies, like the colophore, furcula and tenaculum, among others. Currently Collembola is represented by four orders, Entomobryomorpha, Poduromorpha, Symphypleona and Neelipleona, however, the relationship between these orders and among their internal groups are not resolved. The main objective of this study is to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Collembola orders and families based on complete mitogenomes, with emphasis on Entomobryoidea. For this, 105 sequences of complete mitochondrial genomes available in GenBank were used, of which 101 belong to Collembola and four from Diplura and Protura used as outgroups. Phylogenies were based on Maximum Likelihood analysis using the 13 protein coding genes that together almost correspond to the entire DNAmt (mitogenome). The results corroborate Collembola's monophyly and show Diplura as its sister group. Entomobryomorpha and Poduromorpha were recovered as polyphyletic, with unexpected positions of Oncopoduridae and Tullbergiidae; Symphypleona and Neelipleona as monophyletic and on basal positions in the phylogeny. The Entomobryoidea + Isotomidae clade was recovered, but the monophyly of Isotomidae has not been recovered. Orchesellidae gathered the subfamilies with and without scales; Entomobryidae was recovered as paraphyletic and Paronellidae as polyphyletic, with Salininae among Entomobryinae; finally, the Seirinae + Lepidocyrtinae grouping was recovered.