Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamark) Persoon (Crassulaceae): ethnobotany, chemical, pharmacology and toxicology review
Kalanchoe; Metabolomic; chemical markers; NMR.
Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess and Kalanchoe pinnata (Lamarck) Persoon (Crassulaceae) known populary as saião or coirama are used in Brazil, mainly in the Northeast region, and their use remarks in the anti-inflammatory problems treatment. In the literature are found relates about the species chemical composition in which highlights patuletin, kaempferol and quercetin glycosylates derivates, however the active compounds are not known. Besides, there are not enough control quality studies that can be contribute to authentication and differentiation between K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata, especially by High or Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC or UPLC) coupled Mass Spectrometer (MS) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Once K. pinnata is in Renisus (Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse do SUS), it is necessary to increase studies with the both species to ensure safety, efficacy and quality of the possible herbal drug can be developed and distributed by SUS. In this context, the proposal is performed a metabolomic and pharmacologic approach with K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata species. To achieve this goal, the methodology was divided: i: isolation and characterization of chemical markers of leaves extracts of both species; ii: quantification of chemical markers of both species; iii: metabolomic approach of the extracts in response to stress induced by UV, drought and salt stress; iv: in vitro and in vivo activities of extracts and isolated compounds against the B. jararaca envenomation. To date, the part i was performed and obtained the major compounds of K. brasiliensis and K. pinnata species and the majority were characterized. Furthermore, the part ii was started with the drought and salt stress of K. pinnata, and the preliminary results showed differences between the groups control and treatment. In addition, it was developed and validated a methodology by 1H NMR for quantification the metabolites of these plants.