“WHITE DRESS” AND “BLACK COAT”: THE REPRESENTATION OF THE VIOLENT DEATH OF WOMEN FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES IN THE NOVEL A FALÊNCIA, AND IN THE SHORT STORIES “AS ROSAS” AND “INCÓGNITA”, BY JÚLIA LOPES DE ALMEIDA
Júlia Lopes de Almeida; Violent death of women; Literature by Women; A falência; Ânsia Eterna.
According to Duarte (2022), although women have participated in literary field for an extended period of time, female literary production has been systematically ignored, in many cases, as if it had never existed at all. A striking example of this is Júlia Lopes de Almeida (1862–1934), a Brazilian writer whose “substantial and high-quality body of work” (Muzart, 2015, p. 135) did not prevent her from being forgotten by literary criticism. This significant intellectual portrayed the violent deaths of women in several of her narrative fiction, such as the novel A falência, (1901), and the short stories “As rosas” and “Incógnita”, included in the collection Ânsia eterna, (1903). This study investigates such representations, with particular emphasis on analyzing the contrast between female and male perspectives on the violent deaths of women as a narrative strategy. This qualitative, bibliographic research adopts the close reading method, defined by Durão (2020) as being characterized above all by close attention to the text’s full “range of potential meanings”, in all its dimensions. The theoretical framework of this research draws on the reflections of authors such as Beauvoir (1970; 1967), Safiotti (2004), Bourdieu (2012), Woolf (2024; 1990), Lerner (2022), Duarte (2022), Perrot (2005), Salomoni (2005), and Ruffato (2019; 2018). For the interpretation of formal literary elements, the study also engages with scholars including Magalhães (1995), Candido et al. (1987), Leite (2005), Dal Farra (1978), and Chevalier and Gheerbrant (1982). It was observed that, the contrast between male and female characters who form relationships of parity within the narratives is revealed predominantly through dialogues between characters who shares relationships of parity within the narratives and/or through internal focalization, this way, Júlia Lopes de Almeida constructs a critique of the patriarchal structures of violence in her time, a form of violence that still resonates today, she also reveals that its impact is not limited to the direct victims, but echoes throughout society. Thus, Júlia Lopes de Almeida, like a craftswoman of language, shapes the female experience of violence into both literary expression and social critique.