NANOEMULSION CONTAINING CASHEW APPLE RESIDUE EXTRACT (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): DEVELOPMENT, STABILITY STUDY, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT
Natural products; sustainability; delivery system; nanoemulsions; extract; cashew residue.
The growing interest in natural and sustainable products drives research into phenolic bioactive compounds, known for their antioxidant properties. The cashew residue extract (CRE) emerges as a promising source of these compounds, with potential to add value to agro-industrial by-products. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a nanoemulsion containing CRE, emphasizing its antioxidant activity and applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or food products. The methodology included enzyme-assisted extraction, characterization of the extract for total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and HPLC, evaluation of antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical, reducing power, and TAC), anti-inflammatory activity (nitric oxide reduction), cytotoxicity, cell migration, and proliferation. Subsequently, the nanoemulsion was prepared, with pre-formulation studies and 90-day stability monitoring under different conditions, analyzing droplet size, PDI, zeta potential, pH, conductivity, and in vitro antioxidant activity. Results showed high phenolic content in CRE (327 µg/L GAE, higher than reported in the literature), identification of 8 compounds by HPLC (with quantification of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin), strong antioxidant activity (ABTS 93.16%, DPPH 68.78%, hydroxyl 95%, reducing power 96.47%, TAC 5.2 mg/g), low cytotoxicity (>80% cell viability), significant NO reduction at 50 and 100 µg/mL concentrations, and stimulation of cell migration/proliferation. The nanoemulsion exhibited excellent physicochemical stability for 90 days (especially under refrigeration) and superior performance compared to the pure extract in in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. It is concluded that the CRE nanoemulsion is viable as an innovative and sustainable cosmeceutical ingredient, valorizing a bioactive-rich agro-industrial residue.