This article is based on a discussion about self-inflicted violence - self-mutilation, attempted suicide and suicide - in the municipality of Parnamirim/RN, in the current context of deepening neoliberalism, fiscal adjustment and conservatism. Directed by neoliberal policy since the 1990s in Brazil, fiscal adjustment has ferociously usurped public funds, satisfying the interests of big business, most acutely in the period following the 2016 coup. A contemporary reality has emerged, marked by setbacks in social rights, the exacerbation of the social question, psychological suffering and illness, the dismantling of social protection and health equipment, as well as a return to conservatism in dealing with mental health. Given this scenario, the general objective of the research was to analyze the increase and recurrence of self-inflicted violence in Parnamirim/RN in the context of fiscal adjustment, conservatism and the post-coup period, with a view to highlighting the factors that contribute to triggering this reality. As a result, the specific objectives were: a) to understand the expressions of fiscal adjustment and conservatism in the increase and recurrence of self-inflicted violence in Parnamirim, in the post-coup period; b) to identify the factors that most contribute to the increase and recurrence of self-inflicted violence in the population of Parnamirim; and c) to understand the operationalization of the Mental Health Policy in the face of the increase and recurrence of self-inflicted violence in Parnamirim in the post-coup period. The time frame covered the period from January 2016 to April 2022. In order to grasp the object in its entirety, the research was based on the historical-dialectical materialist method, and was developed based on bibliographical reviews, documentary and field research, with a quantitative-qualitative approach. The bibliographical reviews covered analytical categories such as: structural crisis of capital, neoliberalism, fiscal adjustment, public funds, financial capital, psychic suffering, psychic illness, mental health policy and self-inflicted violence. The documentary research was guided by previous scripts, by type of document analyzed, in order to capture the elements that involve situations of self-inflicted violence in Parnamirim, in the post-coup scenario of 2016. The field research took the form of semi-structured collective interviews with professionals working in the municipality's mental health policy, and aimed to capture their understanding of how the policy operates in the face of self-inflicted violence. The data collected was analyzed using content, documentary and statistical analysis. The study was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The results showed an intrinsic relationship between the growth and recurrence of self-inflicted violence in Parnamirim, the permanent fiscal adjustment and conservatism, which intensified after the coup, since the motivations analyzed for self-mutilation, suicide attempts and suicides were related to the intensification of psychic suffering and/or psychic illness exacerbated in the current scenario of precarious living and working conditions for the working class. The increase in psychological suffering and illness in the municipality was observed based on the growth in the volume of care provided by CAPS II, Children's CAPS and UPA Nova Esperança. Added to this are the repercussions of the psychiatric counter-reform in the PSM of Parnamirim, through the conservative and manicomial resumption of care, with reinforcement for outpatient, focused care, the encouragement of medicalization, hospitalization, medical centrality and the eternal dependence of users on these services.