Scalable Oracle Architecture for Vehicular Carbon Microcredit Tokenization via Digital Twins and Permissioned Blockchain
Vehicular Digital Twins (VDTs), Internet of Vehicles (IoV), Blockchain, Carbon Tokenization, High-Throughput Oracle.
The transition to a low-carbon economy requires monitoring and incentive mechanisms within the transportation sector. In this scenario, Vehicular Digital Twins (VDTs) integrated with the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) emerge as a solution for sustainable mobility. However, tokenizing carbon microcredits faces significant scalability and latency challenges, as traditional blockchain networks lack the throughput needed to process the high-frequency data generated by urban fleets. This paper proposes a scalable high-throughput oracle architecture that utilizes an Orchestration API to normalize data from heterogeneous sources. The primary contribution is a concurrent nonce-batching strategy that enables asynchronous transaction submission without compromising data integrity. The proposal was validated through a stress experiment using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) as a Digital Twin and a case study with real vehicles equipped with OBD-II devices. The results demonstrate that the architecture achieved a peak of 31 transactions per second, a throughput gain of 124 times that of the sequential model, with a median latency of 90 ms. The solution proved capable of transforming telemetry into auditable digital assets (NFTs), addressing the performance and trust bottlenecks necessary for the viability of large-scale voluntary carbon markets.