Plastic consumption has generated some environmental problems such as contamination of the environment. Plastic waste resulting from inappropriate disposal, due to its characteristics, mainly due to its form factor, has led to an increase in the mortality of life in rivers and seas. In light of these problems, it is necessary to develop actions that reduce these impacts, such as the recycling of these materials and the use of circular economy, which exposes a concern regarding the life cycle of products and their applications. The work aimed to develop a filament applicable in the textile industry, resulting from the combination of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETR) from bottle grade and woven PET (PETT) from the clothing industry. The PETR/PETT binary blend with and without the use of ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA-GMA) as a chain-extending agent was plasticized and homogenized in a twin screw extruder with d = 16 mm and l/d = 40, varying the compositions in 10 wt% of PETT in PETR until the composition fo 100 wt% of PETT and, using 3 wt% of EMA-GMA in the formulations of these mixtures. After the production of polymeric mixtures, rheological characterizations were carried out by melt flow index (MFI) measurements, thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), physicochemical characterization by X-ray fluorescence (FRX), mechanical characterization by uniaxial tensile and, morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Previous work showed that the EMA-GMA copolymer showed evidences of reaction with PET and the results of the characterizations in this work corroborated the results obtained previously. The MFI and tensile test results corroborated the optimization and definition of the best compositions to be processed in the single screw extruder with d = 16 mm and l/d = 26, aiming at the production of continuous filaments. Through the MFI evaluated the fluidity as a function of temperature and the flow stability of the polymeric mixtures and, the results of tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus of elasticity showed the materials that presented the best results to be selected and used in the production of textile filaments. FRX analysis performed on PETT identified the presence of titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is used as a white pigment in clothes. The photomicrographs obtained by SEM showed phase separation between the two types of PET, recycled bottle grade and woven. The pure polymers were processed under the same conditions, having the same thermal history and were used as a reference for the final quality of the filaments produced from the polymeric mixtures. The results of the characterizations showed that the mixtures with 60, 70 and 90 wt% of PETT were the materials that presented the best results to be applied in the manufacture of textile filaments and, finally, measurements of the titration and measurements of the thickness of these textile filaments by SEM were carried out.

The UN's 2030 agenda aims to achieve this sustainability through 17 objectives, namely: industry, innovation and infrastructure; clean water and sanitation. In this sense, it is necessary to search for sustainable materials, in particular, to act in the treatment of water in the textile industry, which is one of the largest consumers of water in its chemical processes and with a low reuse rate and, consequently, generating a high load. of polluting effluents. Thus, nanomaterials are widely studied and used for applications that minimize this problem. One of the applications is via photocatalysis processes, due to the high efficiency of these nanostructures due to their surface area, such as: TiO₂, ZnO and other semiconductors. Other emerging nanomaterials are nanoparticles with reduced size in the range of 1-10 nanometers, which, due to their size, undergo quantum confinement and are therefore called quantum dots. The main problem involving TiO₂ quantum dots is the agglomeration of particles in the medium, which makes their use in photocatalysis complex, since a secondary treatment is necessary to recover it. In this proposed study, the objective was to evaluate the applicability of TiO2 quantum dots (TiO₂ PQs) immobilized in textile fibers for potential photocatalytic application. The synthesis of PQs TiO₂ was performed via solgel and in the first stage of this study, immobilized on soybean fibers by the layer-by-layer method using chitosan as a cationizing agent. The photocatalytic evaluation was carried out using a concentration variation (2 to 8 ppm) of rhodamine B. In the second study, a Box-Behken-type factorial design was used where the variables: TiO₂/Au ratio (%), temperature, time and pH of the immobilization solution, having as response variable, the photodegradation of the reactive dye black 5 (C26H25N5O19S6), one of the most used dyes in the textile industry. Soybean and polyamide fabric samples were characterized for their microstructural properties using XRD, XPS, HRTEM-SAED, SEM-FEG as well as colorimetric analyses. The results prove that the obtained quantum dots present a tetragonal crystalline structure, corresponding to the anatase phase, with a size approaching 6 nm. The results of the photocatalysis of the functionalized soy fiber showed excellent photocatalytic efficiency, degrading 2 ppm of Rhb in 120 minutes, with durability of up to 5 cycles of reuse, with a loss of approximately 10% of its photocatalytic efficiency. The polyamide fabric nanocoated with PQs TiO₂/Au, presented an efficiency of approximately 100% of photodegradation of 20 ppm of the RB5 dye, in 240 minutes and with reuse stability in 5 consecutive cycles. Therefore, the application of quantum dots in textile fibers as functionalization agents is a promising way to obtain flexible surfaces with excellent photocatalytic properties.

Hybrid composite materials have been developed with the aim of meeting the needs of the market in order to expand the range of applications, as they provide varied properties according to the combined action of the loads used. The objective of this work was to process and characterize recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) matrix composites (PETrec), using as fillers: waste from the brushing process of textile beneficiation (RE) and montmorillonite clay (MMT), and, syntheses of silver nanoparticles dispersed in montmorillonite clay were carried out to evaluate the silver-clay-polymer interaction, and also, the interfacial compatibilization agents were used, the ethylene - butyl acrylate - glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EBGMA) and the ethylene – methyl acrylate – glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA-GMA). All the formulations studied went through a processing step in a single screw extruder for the incorporation of the loads, then the materials were processed in a twin screw extruder for dispersion and homogenization of the polymer composites and, later, the materials were molded by injection and were plasticization for the manufacture of textile filaments in a single screw extruder. Preliminary characterizations were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the PETrec and RE samples, evaluating their properties, compositions and length of the cellulose fibers. After processing, the formulations were characterized by measurements of flow index (MFI), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Shore D hardness, mechanical behavior under uniaxial tension, titration, analysis by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MFI results showed that the addition of the fillers: RE and MMT, and the compatibilizers: EBGMA and EMA-GMA, as well as the addition of MMT-Ag in the PETrec matrix reduced the fluidity, that is, it increased the viscosity of the polymer composites. The results of X-ray diffraction of composites with montmorillonite clay, as well as the simultaneous addition of different charges in the formation of hybrid composites, and the addition of compatibilizing agents and, as well as silver, showed evidence of intercalation and exfoliation of the lamellae of the clay in polymer nanocomposites. Shore D hardness tests did not show significant variations with the addition of different loads and interfacial compatibilizers. The results of tensile tests of the specimens showed that the RE did not change the properties under tension, and the MMT and MMT-Ag increased the maximum strength of the polymer composite. The use of EMA-GMA increased maximum strength and elongation at break when compared to EBGMA. It was concluded that the use of fillers: RE, MMT and MMT-Ag, as well as the use of: EBGMA and EMA-GMA, favored the use of these materials for applications in the textile area.

Knitted textile structures are widely used by mankind. Its softness, elasticity, and good fit ensure comfort for those who use it. Its production takes place in machines equipped with a mechanical sliding system, where needles fit into slots (thin slots) and slide over them in an alternating motion, so that it is possible to form loops. This sliding system naturally causes wear on the needles and grooves, which makes it necessary to replace these parts over time. Although wear is directly related to the knitting process, it is difficult to find information in the literature related to the behavior and durability of needles. This work consists of a tribological study of knitting needles, aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the wear mechanism that occurs in this fundamental part for knitting. To analyze the wear on the needle shaft, a mechanical adaptation was made in a machine that simulates wear on fabrics, so that a tribological pair was formed between the needle shaft and an eccentric, of the same model used in circular looms. Needles were separated and subjected to the following tests: 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 dry cycles, with Silvertex 32B oil lubrication (for looms) and with Silvertex 32B oil lubrication + metal conditioner, at a single speed of 135 cycles per minute. The temperature was monitored by means of a thermocouple fixed near the friction region. The samples will be analyzed by microscope and MEV/EDS imaging to make a comparison of each tribological pair. To analyze the wear on the needle head, a small bench will be set up with the objective of continuously passing yarn below the needle hook, simulating in an accelerated manner the friction the yarn causes on the hook during successive loop formations on a loom. Yarns of different compositions were used and their wear on the hook analyzed by microscope and MEV/EDS images.

The use of plants in popular medicine has contributed significantly to the prevention, treatment, and cure of diseases. An example of such plants is the Eplingiella fruticosa (Lamiaceae), popularly known as “alecrim-de-vaqueiro”, a native shrub from Brazil’s northeastern region, with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Although this plant is known in popular medicine, there is little scientific investigation on this subject, which has led to the development of research in order to discover and prove what bioactive activities related to this plant act on diseases. These actions motivated the necessity to carry out this research, focusing on the use of essential oil (EO). This study aimed to test the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of the Eplingiella fruticosa (“Alecrim-do-vaqueiro” Essential Oil, AVEO) and its potential application by microemulsion system (MS) for the development of functional textiles. The essential oil has mainly displayed the following components: 1.8 - Cineole (29.15%), β-Caryophyllene (12.57%), cis - calamenene (8.71%), and β-Pinene (4.86%). The formulated AVMS (“Alecrim de Vaqueiro” Microemulsion System) is composed of Tween 80 surfactant, E. fruticosa essential oil, and water; it has physicochemical properties of pH = 5, droplet diameter of 12.5 nm, prolidispersion index of 0.22, and resistance to thermal stress up to 95°C. In the research, 3 microorganisms were tested: the yeast Candida albicans showed to be sensitive, while the bacterias S. aureus and E. coli showed low sensitivity when in contact with the AVEO. For the antioxidant activity evaluated by the method of Total Antioxidant Capacity, the encapsulation by the Microemulsion System (AVMS) increased the antioxidant activity threefold when compared to the free AVEO. Therefore, the AVMS presents itself as a biodegradable system and does not pose risks to human health and the environment, and the AVEO has antioxidant and antifungal action against C. albicans, which makes these two potential products to be used in the textile, cosmetotextile, and biomedical industrial areas.

This scientific study aims to evaluate the filtering efficiency of particles in different textile fabrics used to produce homemade face masks, and compare them with face protection masks already on the market. The efficiency of twelve types of masks for non-professional use, produced from TNT (Non Woven Fabric) with different weights, 100% cotton fabric and mesh, was evaluated and compared with commercial N95/PFF2/surgical masks. The masks were made with double and triple layers of fabric, in order to analyze the effect and suitability of hybrid multilayer approaches for homemade masks, in order to establish a more efficient combination between the materials studied. The samples produced were characterized via weight analysis and the correlation between the permeability of textile fabrics and their retention power of aerosol particles were evaluated through the absorption of various sizes of monodisperse aerosol spheres by the Particle Filtration Efficiency test. Salt (EFS). These results were compared with the reference results of commercial masks with a particulate filter, which meet the N95 standard. For each tissue analyzed, the types of substrate, weight and number of layers were factors that significantly influenced the filtration efficiency (EF) of aerosol particles and may be related to protection against particles that transmit the SARS-CoV-2 virus. . Homemade face protection masks produced with tricoline fabric and 100% cotton mesh showed EF below 60% for a particle size of 10 nm. On the other hand, TNT masks with different layers showed EF greater than 80% compared to hospital surgical masks, N95 and PFF2 S. Therefore, homemade masks provide less protection for the population, but their use can prevent against the high transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes the disease COVID-19, as well as other viruses.

The objective of this work is to study the technical properties of the protective footwear used by the Federal Highway Police and compare the results with the values determined in the NRPRF-019.2015 standard, which brings the minimum conditions required for making the protective footwear. For the Federal Highway Police, this study will serve as a basis for improving their protective footwear, since in 2015, an investment was made to make a new uniform, including operational footwear. This study was carried out using two shoes with 15 days of use in order to compare with other new shoes, without use. It was observed that the footwear with little time of use had presented deformities in its structure, such as fraying of the seam in the points that suffer great tensions, especially in the region of the pipe where the mooring hooks are found, as well as between the seam of the external part with the inner part of the pipe. In view of these results, the sewing margin and the type of sewing stitch used in that region were analyzed. The seam margin was measured using a millimeter ruler, while the type of stitch was observed with the naked eye, in order to verify if it would be a tension-resistant stitch. Color variation tests were carried out using a reflectance spectrophotometer in the regions of the barrel, tongue shoe, and collar, as well as hydrophobicity tests in 07 sections of the new footwear. The results obtained showed that in relation to the seam margin, since it is a polyester fabric, it should be at least 1.5 cm from the edge; in the color variation test, he observed that there was color variation in the collar and the barrel part, both located at the back of the shoe, indicating that he was motivated by being a region more exposed to light, on the other hand, the results of the hydrophobicity showed that the external parts meet the standard perfectly.

Our knowledge of the fundamental structure and bonds of graphene oxide, as well as the scope of its applications, such as in the fields of physics, chemistry and materials science, have had significant scientific growth in the last decade. After 17 years of its discovery, advanced studies of its application in renewable energies, energy storage, heterogeneous photocatalysis, sensors, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, antennas, composites and others, have made this material one of the objects of study and obtaining numerous patents currently. Advances in these areas were driven by improvements in the methods used to synthesize and characterize graphene oxide (GO) as well as its reduced phase, RGO. Thus, this work performed the synthesis of GO by the Humme's method and then the reduction of this graphene oxide (RGO) with different reducing agents: ascorbic acid, sodium hydrosulfite, Goldred JMA and Goldred Eko. The reduced samples were characterized by DRX, RAMAN, FTIR, BET, HRTEM and MEV-FEG. The best, most sustainable reducer was selected and used in all subsequent experimental phases. Thus, this work had as main objective to use an environmentally friendly reducing agent derived from sugars to obtain a superhydrophobic and supercapacitive textile material. A Box-Behken experimental design was applied where the variables evaluated in the application process by the spray coating mist method of the nanomaterials on the polyester fabric were: 2RGO/Fluopolymer ratio (mass/mass) of 1/5, 3/15 and 5 /25; fixation temperature in an infrared vine of 100 ºC, 125 ºC and 150 ºC and fixation time of 2, 6 and 10 minutes, having as response variable the contact angle value, obtained using a goniometer. The PET fabric samples with superhydrophobic behavior and the control were characterized by microstructural and colorimetric modification. It was proven that the PET fabric functionalization method was promising, obtaining a superhydrophobic behavior with a contact angle greater than 150ºC and durable to washing and friction testing. It is concluded that the optimized functionalization method was responsible for obtaining a superhydrophobic textile material capable of industrial application.

The textile industry is largely responsible for generating effluents, and polyester dyeing, the most widely used fiber in the world today, is a major contributor, given that its conventional process typically makes use of highly toxic chemicals. (dyes, surfactants, acids, carriers, etc.) and / or extremely high temperatures. In this context, this work aims to study the implementation of an alternative carrier, coumarin, which allows the dyeing of polyester fiber at temperatures below that used in a conventional process (130 ° C), in order to obtain intense  and solid colors and the decrease in the amount of energy used in this process. In the study of the implementation of this alternative carrier, the color strength, uniformity and color resistance of the dyed substrates are evaluated. The samples were characterized for mechanical, morphological, chemical and coloristic properties before and after dyeing. Technologies such as Dynamometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS), Reflectance and Absorbance Spectroscopy were used. The results showed that with the use of coumarin it is possible to increase the color strength of the dyeing by about five times at 90°C and to increase the color intensity at 100°C by approximately three times when compared to the dyes under the same conditions in the absence of dyeing. carrier, with excellent uniformity. However, at temperatures close to 130°C very similar results are obtained in samples with and without the use of coumarin, showing that the kinetic energy of the dye molecules and the opening of amorphous zones at elevated temperatures are essential for greater diffusion of the dye into the fiber.

With the 4th industrial revolution approaching, using nanotechnology tools as a means to obtain materials with greater functionality and performance has shown that nanoscience is fundamental in the solution and technological innovation. This was evident when several studies used ZnO nanoparticles as the main photocatalyst in processes of degradation of organic compounds in industrial effluents. However, its disposal in suspension in the effluent, linked to the size and shape, raises the cost of application and, above all, brings with it a risk to living beings and the environment. An alternative focuses on the technique of coating nanostructures on textile knitting fabric where it allows application more safely, without losing efficiency and property. Based on this assumption, this work developed a nanocoat with zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnOQD) that was applied on fabric in lactic polyacid knitting (PLA) via LBL (Layer-by-Layer) and submitted it to the process of photocatalysis in water contaminated with Rhodamine B dye. Thus, results obtained by analysis of XRD and HRTEM coupled with SAED, reveal that the synthesis allowed a controllable process of solution quantum dots of ZnO with polycrystalline structure of the Wurtzite type with particle sizes of 8 nm. In addition, XRD, XPS and SEM / FEG micrographs demonstrate the deposition of ZnOQD on the surface of PLA fibers. The photocatalytic activity of the cationic dye Rhodamine B degraded 85% of the dye with the ability to reuse up to 6 cycles.

The textile industry is a sector completely dependent on water for its full functioning, and its productive processes have a very high water cost. In the textile chemical processing area, desizing, bleaching, dyeing and subsequent washes are mainly responsible for the large consumption of water. On the opposite side to this high consumption there is an evident water crisis in the worldwide. Nowadays it’s already reality the shortage in obtaining fresh water, consequence of the pollution, climatic aspects and the little availability of this type of water in the planet. This fact has led many problems to the textile companies, mainly for the preparation, dyeing and printing sectors. Therefore, this work focuses on an ecologically friendly alternative for cellulosic fiber dyeing processes. To evaluate the use of seawater in the dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dye in three primary colors (blue, yellow and red), comparing them with processes using distilled water. As a result it was possible to observe that seawater in the dyeing process does not detract from important characteristics of the fabrics such as tensile strength and elongation. Besides that, after optimizing the process the sea-dyed samples exhibit good uniformity and satisfactory washing and rubbing fastness properties compared to the conventional process. Thereby, it was verified that the use of marine water in textile dyeing can be a valid alternative with high application potential.

The use of biopolymers derived from textile fibers in nanostructured complexes to deliver, administration and controlled release of drugs has emerged in several areas of technology. In the cosmetic area, the use of nanocapsules as encapsulating agent of active molecules has the advantage of protection against oxidation, photolysis and hydrolysis, better skin permeation, increased shelf life, controlled release, reduction of skin irritation, improvement of bioavailability, targeting from the drug to the dermis, among others. The extracted silk fibroin in fiber is a promising biopolymer for application in the biomedical area due to its characteristics of biocompatilidade, biodegradability, non-toxicity and microbial resistance. Acetyl hexapeptide-8 or acetyl hexapeptide-3, commercially known as Argireline ® is a synthetic macromolecule developed to mimic the botulinum toxin in the reduction of wrinkles and expression lines. The hexapeptide has a high molecular weight and has hydrophilic characteristic, which hinders the permeation to the deeper layers of the skin, crowding together only on the surface of the stratum corneum. The aim of this study was to develop a nanovetor to the molecule of acetyl hexapeptide using silk fibroin as an encapsulant, for potential implementation in dermocosmetics topical formulations that allow the controlled release of in a deep layer of the skin. The standard techniques have been prepared by the method of dessolvatation with nanoprecipitation in different concentrations. Nanoparticles have been analyzed as the morphology, size, efficiency of encapsulation, active release and cytotoxicity using dynamic light scattering techniques (DLS), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy with effect from field (SEM-FEG), absorption spectroscopy in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), cell viability and controlled release in vitro. Nanoparticles obtained had diameters between 70 and 150 nm, with spherical morphology. The FTIR results demonstrated the presence of the drug in the nanosystem. Nanoparticles loaded showed no cytotoxicity at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml 0.05 mg/ml, making feasible the implementation in epithelial tissue.

The present dissertation studied the extraction and characterization of the papaya tree fibers, as well as the influence of the location, size of the papaya stem sample and the percentage of fibers extracted by two extraction methods. After that, the physical-mechanical and chemical properties of the extracted fibers were analyzed and evaluated. In both processes, all the fibers presented cellulose type 1, characteristic of the vegetable fibers, demonstrating that there was no chemical modification of the fibers even when they were submitted to the physicochemical process. The properties of tensile strength were excellents for the fibers obtained by the physico-chemical process (tenacity 25 cN / tex and stretching 1.5% region 2 of the stem), since it allows to control the main variables of the process, thus there is greater performance of the fibers obtained and greater reproducibility of these results. Consequently, it is also in this process that the fibers are more superficially uniform, hydrophilic (contact angle 78.2 ° region 2 of the bast) and with higher crystallinity (65.2% region 1 of the bast). The biological process, in turn, produces fibers with more residues on the surface, with low density (0.64 g / cm 3 region 3 of the bast), with good hydrophobicity (contact angle 98 ° region 3 of the bast) and obtained two times more yield of extracted fibers (14.5% region 2 of the bast) when compared to the physical-chemical process. These results show that from the bast region of the papaya tree, the size of the sample and the type of extraction process (biological and physico-chemical), it is possible to obtain vegetable fibers with higher extractive yield and varied properties. In this way, it favors a greater applicability of papaya tree fibers.

Hair treatments have the purpose to protect and treat the threads of external aggressions and chemical processes. However, due to the increasing technological advance it is necessary to be aware of the choice of the ideal treatment for the type of damage that exists. This work aims to analyze the products available in the market both professional and conventional hair nutrition applied in numerous chemical processes, which is justified by the difficulty of finding scientific information on treatment protocols. Samples of virgin hair and smoothing, dyeing and discoloration processes were analyzed before and after changes caused by different conventional and professional hair nutrition treatments. In addition to verifying the efficiency of hydration treatments after such nano-residual damage caused by these chemical processes separately. For capillary characterization, X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopic techniques were used, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for morphological analysis. This research demonstrated, through vibrational spectroscopy, a predominant difference between virgin and chemically treated hair. After the treatments it was possible to observe that several important bonds were modified, such as the S-S, SO₃, C-H, C = O bonds as well as the secondary structures of proteins that underwent changes in their conformations. The results demonstrate that the chemical processes modified the conformational structure of keratin, and that the sum of these is harmful to the fiber, chemically and physically modifying the capillary structure. Although such products are intended to positively change the structure and appearance of the hair, they result in some undesirable damage. Vibrational spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy was effective tools for the analysis of the level of capillary fiber wear. It is inferred that the electron microscopy confirmed that the chemical treatment that stood out in the performed analyzes is the professional product more specifically in the process of greater degradation of the fiber that was the discoloration followed by dyeing. This demonstrated that the professional treatment caused a different pattern of morphological deformation on the capillary surface at levels higher than expected reaching to restore cuticle cells.

The deposition of thin films by plasma improves various physical, chemical and biological properties of surfaces that contribute to the ennoblement of the materials. The objective of this work is to study the deposition kinetics of thin films of copper on glass and fabric substrates using the cathodic cage technique, changing the thickness of the cage lid and its relation with the variation of the power of the treatment. Owing to the high temperature inside the cage, the tissue samples were fixed to the upper flange of the reactor, and the glass was positioned both inside and outside the cage, thus analyzing the deposition of the internal jet and external the cathodic cage. Copper films are characterized as good electrical and thermal conductors, which justify their use in
microelectronics, and according to the U.S. Environmental Agency (EPA) there are 282 types of bactericidal copper alloys, enabling their use in sterile environments. Thus, depositions of thin films of copper were carried out on glass, polyamide and polyester samples, varying the process parameters and the thickness of the cage lid. The characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (FRX), Field-Scanning Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Microanalysis by Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS), Transmittance and Spectroscopy of X-Ray Excited Photoelectrons (XPS). The results showed that, after treatment, all samples, both glass and fabric, obtained copper in their structure, that is, it was possible to perform deposition on the substrates regardless of the location of the same, relative to the cage. However, the internal samples obtained a higher rate of deposition.