Urban centers are becoming increasingly complex environments, causing changes that are expressed both in the city landscape and in people's behavior and lifestyle, thus causing transformations that directly impact the urban socio-spatial structuring. Thus, this study aims to elaborate guidelines for GIS-BIM software integration, in order to facilitate decision making in urban planning. To this end, the Design Science Research (DSR) research method will be used, through which an artifact presenting approaches for GIS-BIM integration was developed, through the compatibility of georeferencing and modeling of a neighborhood in the city of Pau dos Ferros/RN - Brazil. As a result, a proposal with guidelines for GIS-BIM integration was developed and through its application it was possible to obtain the total modeling of the neighborhood with 1,496 modeled buildings, where the parameters of gauge, built area and projection area of the building can be extracted automatically. The development of this integration contributes to reducing the cost of time and resources to produce geographic information, as well as facilitating the visualization and understanding of the territory studied.

This work presents the analysis of the physicochemical, mineralogical and mechanical behavior of the chemical stabilization of soil with Portland cement and RSS ash as an additive. The technical feasibility of using this compound in layers of road pavements was investigated. A sandy soil, ordinary Portland cement with addition of pozzolan and RSS ash were used. The methodology involved the investigation of the samples from tests of geotechnical characterization of the soil and the mechanical behavior of soil-cement and soil-cement-ash mixtures. Compaction tests were carried out on specimens molded with pure soil and soil-cement in normal, intermediate and modified energies with cement contents added of 0%, 3%, 6% and 9%. The mix that presented the best result was with the addition of 9% of cement, in the modified energy, with an 8.95% increase in strength in relation to the initial one. The CBR test was carried out in pure soil, at a normal energy and humidity above 5.94%, the minimum values of CBR required for sub-base were reached, however, it did not reach the values required for use in pavement bases . Simple compression tests were carried out and, at normal energy and 9% cement content, the result of 25.31 kgf/cm² was found, which meets the minimum required for the use of soil-cement in pavements. This cement content was used for the compression tests with the soil-cement-gray, with the ash content of 5%, 10% and 20% in the normal energy, obtaining the values of 56.62 kgf/cm² , 38.43 kgf/cm² and 32.46 kgf/cm², respectively. In all traces with the addition of RSS ash, the values of the simple compressive strength obtained an increase. The incorporation of up to 20% of ash to the trace demonstrated that it is technically feasible to use RSS ash in the chemical stabilization of soil-cement in sub-bases and pavement bases.

Urban flooding has become frequent in Brazilian cities due to soil sealing caused by disorderly urbanization of cities, the occurrence of extreme precipitation events and the occurrence of failures in the urban drainage system. In the city of Natal/RN, the neighborhoods of Ribeira and Petrópolis have flood points that cause socioeconomic and sanitary disorders to the population. Thus, this study aims to identify and evaluate areas susceptible to flooding in these neighborhoods based on the use of geotechnologies. For that, topographic, geological, geomorphological, land use and land cover and urban drainage system were integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, with the support of in situ ground control bases on the ground obtained with the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The obtained Digital Terrain Model (MDT) and Digital Surface Model (MDS) allow the identification of topographic depressions and the surface runoff pathway. The results showed the occurrence of eight depressions with surface runoff confluence, among which six with historical occurrence of flooding, besides revealing that the rain drainage system is poorly distributed. Therefore, the areas around the topographic lows are the most susceptible to flooding in this urban sector.

The eastern coast of the Rio Grande do Norte (RN) is the domain of active cliffs and sandy beaches, often associated with mobile dunes and fixed by vegetation, intercepted by rivers and estuaries. Along this gological-geomorphological context of natural fragility of the seashore is inserted the Municipality of Tibau do Sul, specifically the stretch of Pipa Beach, where socioeconomic activities are strongly based on international tourism, with repercussions on national and regional tourism, encouraged by the opportunities of business and investments in the real estate sector, in addition to the construction of second homes. Such factors indicate the importance of tourism and real estate activity for the municipality and, consequently, with relevant public and private financing and investments on a range of seafront subjected to intense natural and anthropogenic coastal dynamics, in which disasters have occurred due to use and occupation of land carried out inadequately and based on ineffective public policies. Therefore, the current work presents a methodology for the determination of risk indices in the region of Praia de Pipa/RN based on geospatial databases, reports of historical rainfall data and wave climate reanalysis data, integrated on Geographic Information System. Vulnerability indices were calculated through weighted statistical analysis of thematic classes of geology, geomorphology, land use and occupation, slope, vegetation and extreme precipitation events. The validation of the thematic maps took place throughout the field surveys, in which coastal erosion processes were also verified and investigated, the points of flooding and surface rainwater runoff, as well as the existence of containments structures improperly implanted, which end up enhancing the process of coastal erosion in the area. From the compilation of information collected in the field and analysis of the previous maps, a map of risk of erosion and gravitational mass movements was elaborated to areas defined as high risk (R3) and very high risk (R4). The indexes were calculated through weighted statistical analysis of thematic classes of geology, geomorphology, land use and cover, slope, vegetation and extreme precipitation events. The risk map is essential to strengthen the understanding of coastal areas and provide, to the public managers responsible for the coastal environmental and the community at large, with information that assists in decisions regarding the interventions that could be taken to reduce the degree of risk and in the preparation of contingency plans, as well as for licensing and inspection decisions on coastal regions.

Static liquefaction failure of sloping grounds has resulted in significant damage to built structures and loss of lives. Often, constitutive models, through a Finite Element approach, are used to identify the risks. NorSand is a constitutive model based on critical state soil mechanics for particulate materials that integrate the state parameter into its constitutive framework to model dense and loose sands material with the same parameter set. Importantly, it can identify the liquefaction potential by simulating softening behavior due to pore pressure increase of loose soils in undrained conditions. This work aims to validate the drained and undrained behavior of aeolian dune sand from Natal, Brazil, and predict static liquefaction. The geotechnical software PLAXIS was used to perform the model. The model was validated by comparing simulations to 16 real drained and undrained tests performed on contractive and dilative samples. Undrained triaxial tests were performed at a confining pressure equal to p’₀ = 100 kPa in loose states to show the model performance. The results showed the ability of the model to simulate liquefaction failure resulting from the excess pore pressure in undrained stress paths, along with the capability to dilate and compact in drained triaxial compression.

Pile caps are foundation elements that presents a complex structural behavior and are characterized by the presence of several sets of reinforcement that aim to improve their characteristics when loaded. In this context, this paper aimed to study the influence of the inclusion of complementary vertical reinforcement in two pile caps with partially embedded socket with shear key interface and to propose new configurations of auxiliary reinforcements for its detailing. Non-linear three-dimensional numerical analyzes were developed using the ABAQUS finite element software. The numerical study was preceded by a peak force calibration step based on experimental results obtained by Barros (2013). After calibrating the model, numerical studies were carried out containing the complementary vertical reinforcement, first, presenting the experimental parameters shown by Barros (2013) and then another study where the fck of the cap was varied between 35, 40, 45 and 50 MPa, which also considered different reinforcement arrangements and steel areas. Stress levels in concrete and reinforcement, shape of struts, slope of stress vectors, cracking and failure mode were analyzed. The results showed that the inclusion of the complementary vertical reinforcement did not cause significant changes in the models studied, even when magnified by four times their steel area. However, the studies identified high tensile stresses in the concrete mass located in the region between the column and the pile with inclinations angle close to 30º, which are caused by the shear of the cap. Based on the reinforcement of such tensile stresses, this research analyzed four proposals for complementary reinforcement. With the exception of the “MA” proposal, the other reinforcements showed satisfactory results in terms of increasing the inclination and shape of the connecting rod, reducing internal cracks in the concrete mass, reducing tensile stresses in the cap and transfer the central loads to regions over the piles. Such benefits translated into an increase in the load capacity of the block by 6.79% to 12.79%.

This dissertation presents designs of flexible pavement structures developed considering two different methods, which make use of the resilience modulus (MR) and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), applying soil mixtures with construction and demolition residues/wastes (CDW), and soil-gravel mixtures in base layer and/or sub-base, in order to develop a cost comparison between these methods and between materials. The soil, coming from the city of Ipueira/RN, was identified by the MCT assay as NG’, with non-laterite behavior, the CDW and gravel used had nominal sizes of 19mm. Mixtures of soil-gravel and soil-CDW were made using pure soil and aggregates in the percentages of 15%, 30%, 45% and 60%, by mass. Resilience modulus tests were carried out in all mixtures and permanent deformation (DP) in mixtures with soil-CDW in the proportion of 70% soil and 30% residue. The MR tests were carried out at 1 Hz and the permanent deformation tests with a minimum application of 150,000 load cycles, at 2 Hz frequency. The characterization and analysis of the mixtures showed that the evaluated proportions did not obtain adequate framing in the granulometric ranges for use in the base layer. The results obtained in the RM tests were satisfactory and the mixtures of soil-gravel 70-30 and soil-CDW 70-30 presented the highest values of mean MR. The parameters of the regressions (R²) obtained in the Statistica 10.0 software through the composite model executed based on the data from the MR tests, showed that the mixtures have a significant influence of the confinement and deviation stresses considered simultaneously. Based on the regression parameters, pavement structures designed with the MeDiNa software were proposed. The material selection criterion for the design using the CBR method made it impossible to use the soil-CDW 70-30 in the base layer, but in the design performed in the MeDiNa software it was found that this material can be used in base and sub-base layers, in certain design situations, since it was possible to adjust structures that met the fatigue criteria of the coating and permanent deformations for the useful life period.

In the Civil Construction scenario, the thermal and acoustic performance of buildings is a relevant topic for scientific research, especially after the publication of ABNT NBR 15575:2013, known as the performance standard. Under this bias, the objective of the work was to analyze the mechanical, thermal and acoustic behavior of lining mortars, using different contents of a fine fraction of expanded clay as a partial substitute for the conventional aggregate. To carry out the work, the thermal conductivity of the mortars was determined and laboratory tests were carried out with the aid of incidence and heat transfer and noise simulators in the samples, as well as tests to determine the physical properties of materials and mechanical properties of the mixtures. The results show that the mortars incorporating expanded clay did not show significant impacts on their mechanical properties and with regard to sound insulation. On the other hand, it was observed that the increase in the expanded clay content in the composition of the mixes reduced the thermal conductivity and increased the thermal insulation of the samples. Thus, the influence of light aggregate on the thermal behavior of the mortars under study is evident, without compromising their mechanical and acoustic behavior.

The exploration of aggregates involves the extraction of non-renewable natural resources, and with that, it modifies the environment, causing environmental impacts. In 2019 alone, Brazil produced around 312 million tons of sand, an aggregate that is usually extracted from river beds, causing various damages to the environment, such as erosion, siltation of rivers, and soil contamination. In this context, the reuse of waste is an alternative that connects the economy to sustainability, mainly due to its ability to reduce production costs and, at the same time, promote the reduction of consumption of natural resources, as well as providing adequate management for by-products from various industries, such as those from the scheelite beneficiation process and rock crushing. The state of Rio Grande do Norte concentrates the largest reserves of scheelite in Brazil, which are explored to obtaining tungsten, one of the most used minerals in the production of various industrial segments. During the extraction of this element, tons of solid waste are generated and stored outdoors, occupying large areas, providing impacts to the environment. Stone dust is the fine by-product originating from the rock crushing process to obtain gravel for civil construction, which, in turn, is usually deposited in the quarries yard, in large volumes, providing various environmental impacts and respiratory diseases. In Brazil, this by-product is used mainly in the production of concrete and industrialized mortar, however, its use in the production of mortar and concrete in construction works is still very limited. Faced with this problem, this research aims to study the performance of coating mortars produced with total replacement of natural aggregate by residual binary sands consisting of stone dust and scheelite by-products. For this, the characterization of waste and materials used in the manufacture of mortars was carried out, including FRX, DRX, and SEM analyses. Then, mortars were formulated at a ratio of 1:3 in volume, with total replacement of natural sand by residual scheelite sand and crushing.  The mortars were analyzed for their properties in the fresh state (consistency, mass density, incorporated air content, and water retention) and hardened (tensile strength, compression strength, immersion absorption, capillary absorption, bulk density, and microstructure). In the end, coatings were performed, which in turn, were evaluated for adherence to traction. The study of the packing and particle size distribution of the aggregates allowed the production of high-quality residual sand from the combination of stone dust and coarse scheelite residue, which are significant environmental liabilities of mining in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The mortar produced with this composition, in the fresh state, although denser, had better consistency, greater water retention, and incorporated air content similar to the reference mortar. In the hardened state, the formulation achieved high mechanical strength, higher mass density, lower absorption, both by immersion and capillarity, among all the evaluated mortars, as well as a tensile adhesion performance close to the reference mortar and, above the minimum values established by Brazilian standards for mortar coatings, which confirms the feasibility of using the composition of crushing sand and scheelite as an aggregate for mortars.

This work aims to promote a spatial analysis of the real estate developments that were registered from 2005 to 2014 in the city of Natal/RN, in order to analyze how the real estate developers acted in the urban space, producing what? Where? and when? For this, one of the content analysis techniques was applied to the documents that make up the real estate development registry, in order to develop a methodological sequence that can be replicated in any Brazilian city, thus favoring dissemination of the production process and systematization of a nationwide georeferenced database. By following this methodological itinerary, an analysis universe was formulated containing more than 300 developments, arranged in 5 different types of real estate projects. This information was analyzed from some perspectives that favor the detailing of the phenomenon studied, namely: number of floors, construction pattern of housing units, composition of real estate production and annual volume of launches. The results indicate that 75% of the city's real estate production is arranged in 4 urban agglomerations, relatively homogeneous, with their own location, predominant construction typology and well-defined expansion period. This type of analysis transcends the spatial and collaborates to identify the existence of factors that contributed to the formation of such characteristic types of production, such as: urban legislation, the population's wage income, the circulation of international tourists in the city and the Federal Government housing programs.

The construction industry is one of the biggest consumers of energy and materials. Understanding how this consumption occurs during its life cycle is extremely relevant for planning changes for the sector. Thus, considering the importance of analyzing the environmental and economic aspects of these materials from the perspective of the life cycle, this research sought to identify the impacts caused by the production of cementitious materials, in particular the ACII mortar, based on a study of case in a company located in the interior of the Northeast, using a life cycle cost (LCC) methodology. Costs were assessed using a costeffective approach, associating the internal and external lifecycle costs of the crib to the gate. The production of mortars was analyzed using alternative scenarios in order to minimize the uncertainties inherent to the process. For each scenario, mitigating alternatives for the main associated environmental impacts were analyzed, in order to verify their feasibility and effectiveness. The CCV results showed that cement has a high economic and environmental impact and that internal costs are the biggest contributors to the total costs of the process, due to the high amounts of raw materials and inputs used and the company's quest to become more sustainable. The heated economy scenario enabled better results in terms of economic viability, mainly motivated by the low dollar exchange rate. The scenario with economy in retraction, on the other hand, can make it difficult for measures to reduce environmental impacts to be implemented, thus making it difficult to improve production. The use of personal protective equipment, together with the installation of an exhaust system and the replacement of common portlant cement with LC3 cement, proved to be a viable and effective way to mitigate the associated environmental impacts, however, they require many resources and time for its implementation. The study concludes that the inclusion of life cycle thinking in the decisionmaking process proved to be of paramount importance for obtaining a more sustainable production, since it considers the different stages of the life cycle. 

A significant fraction of Brazilian bridges is at risk of becoming functionally obsolete and structurally deficient if they are not reinforced and widened to conform to the new dimensional and load patterns. Still, technical literature mainly focuses on designing and constructing new structures, leaving the field of bridge widening relatively unexplored. In this context, this research aims to analyze the distribution of bending moments and shear forces due to the mobile load in curved bridges that have undergone a process of widening. This approach allows an analysis of how the transverse variation of stiffness affects bending moment and shear force distribution. The study considered the variation of additional segment's concrete strength, curvature radius, girder number, and cross-section type, as well as diaphragm insertion, 72 models were developed. The results were based on Bending Moment (BMDF) and Shear Force Distribution Factor (SFDF), which were obtained through FEM, using the CsiBridge v22. The analysis considered the design truck in two different positions on the deck, constituting the load cases 01 and 02. Additionally, this work contemplates two approximated analytical methods (V-Load and M/R), whose results were confronted with those determined through FEM. In conclusion, the variations tend to grow with the strengthening of the additional segments. Regarding load case 02, in general, stresses relocate toward the additional and stiffer areas, relieving the original girders. However, concerning load case 01, more often than not, the additional internal girders also experience stress reduction, which is not desirable. In relation to the curvature radius, it was found that this parameter does not alter the effects provoked by transverse stiffness variation. Comparing the results from MEF with those from the V-Load Method, it was verified that the divergences tend to increase with the reduction of curvature radius. Also, this comparison is not significantly affected even in models with variable stiffness along the cross-section. The M/R method was found inadequate, considering that its results for the internal girders tend to be unconservative.

The dynamic analysis of 2D frames is a relevant topic for structural engineers, since the civil construction advances, in a quick way, technologically as the time passes. This allows the creation of increasingly taller structures which are highly stressed due to dynamic loads, such as the wind. Thus, this work aims at the development of a computational code using MATLAB software and its language of the same name. The code solves 2D portals problems through the Finite Elements Method (FEM), using frame elements, obtaining the internal efforts of the structure, and in addition it analyzes certain displacements, at the user's discretion, through two methods consolidated in the study of structural dynamics, the methods of Newmark and Houbolt. Additionally, the load intensity varies over time, through a sinusoidal function, and the deformed configuration of the structure is plotted.

The production of Construction Waste (CW) has been growing every year, and to dispose of it correctly has become a necessity. One solution is to reuse it as recycled aggregate in concrete. However, its use as a substitute for natural aggregates in concretes shows that there is a reduction in durability properties, as well as mechanical strengths. To alleviate this problem, the addition of fibers to the concrete and the use of self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be alternatives to improve the mechanical behavior, since the SCC use low water / cement ratios. Recently, the research has intensified the study of CW in concrete, with the objective of understanding its behavior. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical behavior under to compression and bending stress, the tenacity and the durability of self-compacting concrete with the addition of steel fibers and commercial polyethylene, combined with the use of recycled aggregate as fine aggregate with recycled aggregate from CW, fighting the action chloride ions through accelerated physical salt attack cycles. The definition of the fiber content and superplasticizer additive was carried out by means of the study of mortars to then verify the behavior of the SCC in the fresh state. In the hardened state, the behavior of compression, bending and toughness must be applied before and after cycles of wetting and drying in saline solution, in addition to the determination of the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions. Compressive strengths, flexural tensile strength and toughness are expected to show better results in SCC with fibers compared to SCC without fibers, especially in SCC with steel addition fibers. As for the behavior against the attack by chloride ions, there is no consensus on the behavior of concretes using CW, as there are works that indicate better behavior and there are works that indicate worse, in addition, there are few works that replace the fine aggregate with CW.

The municipality of Parelhas-RN can be considered as one of the main producers of ornamental stones,
mainly composed of granites and marbles, from the state and the northeast region. Nowadays, due
the great concern with the environment, the debate about reusing materials is increasing, aiming the economic impacts and environmental issues. Based on that and the large volume of waste generated by the mining company, the main objective of the present work is to characterize waste from the granite mining process of a mining activity located in the city of Parelhas-RN and to identify the potntial uses for the waste, replacing natural aggregate, in geotechnical purposes. The following characterizations were carried out: microstructural and chemical characterization, physical characterization and mechanical characterization. The microstructural and chemical characterization was carried out  by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The physical characterization was composed by tests to determine the specific mass, absorption and porosity accordind to ABNT NBR 15845-2: 2015 standard, the mechanical characterization was performed to determine the mechanical streght of the samples, according to ABNT NBR 15845-5: 2015. In general, the samples collected, at the three collection points, obtained high mechanical strength, indicating that the unaltered samples can be used as a natural aggregate for geotechnical purposes.

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POTENTIAL OF THE USE OF LIMESTONE MINING WASTE FOR STABILIZATION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS

Integral and semi-integral bridges are alternatives for conventional bridges, which routinely present problems associated with expansion joints and bearings. However, the cyclic lateral displacements of the superstructure, induced by temperature variations, lead to a complex interaction between the backfill and the abutment of an integral or semi-integral bridge, which requires in-depth assessment of the behavior of these bridges. In this research, ISSS’s Rocky software was used to build a computational model based on the discrete element method (DEM) for investigating the response of a granular backfill to the cyclic displacements a semi-integral bridge abutment located in Texas, USA. In order to bring the stresses and strains in the numerical model to the same level of the stresses and strains developed in the bridge abutment in the field, the numerical simulations were carried out with a gravitational acceleration equal to 3 g. The cyclic sequence of imposed lateral displacements was chosen to simulate the completion of the bridge in the summer. The prescribed lateral displacement magnitude of ± 5 mm was selected to represent the annual cyclic response of the bridge. Results indicated an increase in the lateral earth pressure coefficient on the abutment’s face and an increase in  settlements on the backfill surface with the cycles. A good agreement was found between the results obtained in the present work and results obtained from simulations performed for the same bridge using the finite element method (FEM). Additional DEM simulations were performed to investigate the influence of the lateral displacement amplitude, the completion season of the bridge construction and the type of abutment movement. Variations of the lateral displacement amplitude and variations of the abutment movement type were found to play a significant influence on lateral earth pressures on the abutment wall and on vertical displacements of the backfill soil, while variations of the completion season of the bridge construction had little influence on the results.

The use of mining residues within production chains, such as civil construction, is an important environmental solution for mining activities in Brazil. Researchers have shown that different types of mining residues can be incorporated into some types of geotechnical works, fulfilling the function of hydraulic barrier. In this scenario, the use of scheelite residue in environmental geotechnics works could be an environmentally sustainable solution for this material. This work aims to evaluate the technical viability of using scheelite mining residues as a compacted coating with hydraulic barrier function in waste landfill covering systems. Physical characterization, compacting, hydraulic conductivity on rigid and flexible wall permeameters, XRF/XRD and SEM and erodibility tests were performed on four materials formed by mixing two residues generated during the scheelite processing at the Brejuí Mine in Currais Novos/RN. During the hydraulic conductivity tests, it was observed that, in the samples that contained a higher percentage of fine particles (< 0,075 mm), there was a progressive decrease in the permeability of the compacted material, from 1,76x10 -6  to 2,18x10 -8  m/s, but not necessarily a significant variation in the density or porosity, indicating that the incorporated fines filled the voids of the larger particles increasing the flow tortuosity. The decrease in permeability can be explained by morphological factors specific to the material used, indicating that its behavior differs from the expected behavior for a soil. The F100 and F75G25 samples proved to be viable for the intended application (hydraulic barrier in landfill covering), meeting international normative requirements. The other composites (F50G50 and F25G75) could be applied for other purposes within a waste landfill: as regularization and/or protection layers. The obtained results demonstrate the technical viability of the intended use of the material.

The Brazilian territory is not uniform and has specific bioclimatic contexts for each region, categorized into eight bioclimatic zones with different parameters and conditions to achieve comfort, however they are not taken in account when thinking about new materials and construction techniques in the country. The Bioclimatic Zone 07, which cover part of the Brazilian savanna and savannah in which walls with high thermal mass are recommended, and 08, which comprises a good part of the North of Brazil and the coast of the Northeast, with the suggestions of
light constructions, cross the state of Rio Grande do Norte, but there are no options for building systems that meet the recommendations of Zone 07 in the civil engineering segment. Thinking about it, techniques that allow the use of soil for construction, very abundant, still guaranteeing high thermal mass and other thermo-acoustic properties without compromising cost would be a great solution. At the same time, some qualities observed in the study of the substitution of water by cassava waste water, the residue of washing cassava, usually discarded, indicate its potential to be applied in blocks. In this scenario, this work goes through the construction system proposed from two perspectives: regarding the bioclimatic context, focusing on climatic conditions; and as for the properties of construction materials, studying their shape, constitution, resistance and even the treatment of their surfaces. Therefore, the aim of this work is to propose an earth construction system based on Brickeradobe with incorporation of cassava waste water instead of tap water. It starts from a reference study and experimental research in the laboratory in order to characterize the materials in terms of their properties, not only physical-mechanical, but also chemical- mineralogical, in which the form, the casing and the composition, the latter being defined through the formulation proposals and after the mechanical tests have been carried out. Among the main tests carried out, we did resistance compression tests at 07 and 28 days, water absorption by capillarity and thermal conductivity at 28 days for soil and water (SA), soil and manipueira (SM), soil with 10% cement and water (CA) and soil with 10% cement and manipueira (CM) cmpositions. With all formulations showing results of compressive strength above 1 MPa, with three of them above 2 MPa, and the composition with only soil and manipueira obtaining resistance values similar to the cement and water formulation, the potential of manipueira as a catalyst by favoring some cationic exchanges and improving the workability of the material, facilitating its compaction and generating denser blocks. Subsequently, two houses with 1m² of internal area and 1.50 m in height were built at UFRN, in which execution time, costs and their thermo-acoustic performance were measured through monitoring. Regarding the thermal properties, the Thermal Resistance, Thermal Transmittance, Solar Callus Factor and Thermal Delay of the blocks isolated and inserted in the system were also evaluated, obtaining excellent performance, while still being about 20% cheaper than the conventional masonry system, but requiring more physical effort.

Wind turbine support structures are dynamically sensible structures. With the rotor diameter rise, in order to increase energy production, this situation tends to get more critical, giving rise to the needing of more accurate studies regarding system’s dynamic behaviour. It is known that, due to previous researches and design practice, soil-structure interaction plays a major role in the wind turbine natural frequencies of vibration, as well as in the stresses and displacements when applying dynamic operational and wind loads. Considering this scenario, the present research seeks to study non-linear soil-structure interaction models for analysing wind turbine towers. It was used a wind turbine model from National Research Laboratory (NREL) with nominal power of 5 MW and geotechnical data of Wind Power Plant Miassaba 3, located in the Rio Grande do Norte State. Four different SSI models were used: an analytic model with the expressions from DNV (2002); non-linear numerical FEM model (ABAQUS) using p-y, t-z and Q-z load transfer curves from API (2005); non-linear numerical FEM model (ABAQUS) calibrated with pile load test from Miassaba’s construction site; non-linear FEM model (ABAQUS) with elasto-plastic constitutive model (Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria) also calibrated with the same pile load tests. The results shows a discrepancy between analytical and numerical models, where the former provides larger values of global foundation stiffness, the differences being more critical for extreme load case scenarios. This fact brings attention towards to the needing of non-linear models for the dynamic behaviour assessment, in order to have more reliable foundation design. Additionally, the effects of SSI were evaluated in term of dynamic amplificatory factor of 1P load, which revealed a 16% and 20% foundation load increasing, respectively, in overturning moment and horizontal force.

The lack of diverse infrastructures (transport, sanitation, energy, etc.) in Brazil is known and the public sector is the largest owner of this type of enterprise. Infrastructure is considered fundamental for a country's productivity and economic development, it integrates markets and connects economic agents, helps reduce costs and the flow of information. In most countries, investment in infrastructure is on the list of political and economic priorities. However, Brazil is one of the countries that invests less in the sector: the current contribution is around 2% of GDP. China and India apply rates of 7% and 5.5% of GDP. The United States invests about 2.5% only with maintenance in water and transportation. Besides being scarce and poorly applied, part of the Brazilian investment ends up withheld in paralyzed works. According to the Ministry of Planning, Development and Management, in 2017, 18.5% of the paralyzed projects were in the infrastructure sector. BIM may be a solution for the infrastructure sector, given its characteristics in terms of assertiveness, accuracy, compatibility and extraction of reliable information. Recognizing the relevance of BIM, the federal government recently published Decree nº. 9,983, of August 22, 2019, which provides for the National Strategy for Dissemination of Building Information Modelling and established the Strategy Management Committee and began to require the adaptation of Brazilian public sectors to the BIM paradigm. Studies point out that the implementation of BIM in infrastructure has occurred in several countries ¬– especially in the USA, with emphasis on studies in the area of transportation ¬– and the existence of a gap when it comes to infrastructure of public services, specifically in water supply and sewage systems. In this study, no nationwide research on BIM in infrastructure was identified, as well as a characterization made in the public agencies of the RN that showed the almost non-existent use of BIM by the sector. Faced with this situation, the interest and importance of analyzing and evaluating the applicability of the Construction Information Modelling in infrastructure projects arises, given that, in Brazil, this type of undertaking is under the responsibility of public authorities and has a strong influence on the economy and development of a nation. This master's thesis aims to develop a method for implementing BIM in the infrastructure sector of public services, specifically in water supply and sewage systems. The research method used is the Design Science Research which had as its final product the proposition of a method (artefact), formed by a set of guidelines, which guides and orders the adequacy of the sector of projects studied to BIM. The proposed method is the greatest and most important contribution of this work, with the systematic review of the literature, which addresses the applicability of BIM in the infrastructure sector, and a diagnosis on the use of BIM in public agencies (responsible for infrastructure enterprises) in the RN. 

Integral abutment bridges (IABs) and semi-integral abutment bridges (SIABs) are structural systems built without thermal expansion joints at the abutments. In view of this peculiar characteristic, the abutment undergoes combined movements of translation and rotation due to expansion and contraction of the superstructure caused by temperature variations. Such behavior favors the increase of lateral earth pressures on the abutment and vertical displacements of the backfill surface, due to a complex soil-structure interaction mechanism associated with the cyclic lateral displacement of the abutment. The purpose of the present investigation is to assess the effects of cyclic lateral displacements on the response of the backfill-abutment system of a SIAB. A finite element model was developed and validated based on field data from an instrumented SIAB located in the State of Texas, USA. Field data were obtained from pressure cells installed against the abutment, and from temperature sensors positioned under the bridge superstructure. The soil stress-strain behavior was represented by a hyperbolic constitutive model, and the effects of expansion and contraction of the superstructure were given by prescribed horizontal displacements estimated from the temperature variations measured by the temperature sensors. Predictions with the proposed numerical model were found to produce a good match with the field data. After the validation phase, numerical simulations were performed to predict the daily and annual response of the backfill- abutment system, as well as to analyze the influence of the completion season of the bridge construction, the pile foundation stiffness, and the displacement magnitude on the response of the system. The lateral earth pressures on the abutment and the vertical displacements of the backfill surface increased with cycles. Earth pressures presented a nonlinear distribution along the abutment height. The largest settlements occurred near the backfill-abutment interface and decreased with increasing distance from the abutment. A heave was formed at a certain distance from the abutment. Earth pressures tended to reach a steady state after some cycles while vertical displacements were not found to stabilize. The completion season of the bridge construction influenced the vertical displacements but not the earth pressures. Earth pressures and vertical displacements were not affected by the pile foundation stiffness. The displacement magnitude influenced in both the earth pressures and the vertical displacements.

The Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) bridge-supporting walls are structures in which the bridge abutment is supported directly by the reinforced fill, allowing the reinforced soil structure to function both as a retaining element and a foundation one. The advantages associated to the use of retaining walls includes cost reduction, rapid construction, capability of supporting differential settlements and good seismic performance. However, due to being a fairly recent method, there are scarce studies published regarding this topic. Especially in relation to the effect of vertical spacing between reinforcements layers, considering a constant ratio of geosynthetic stiffness (J) to the vertical spacing (Sv). This research investigated using numerical simulations the influence of the vertical spacing between geosynthetic layers on the reinforced soil mass performance for the same J/Sv ratio. Small values of vertical spacing were assumed, according to the typically used distances in GRS bridge-supporting walls. The finite element method computer software PLAXIS 2D (2016 version) was used to perform the numerical simulation. The validation of the numerical model was made using results of laboratory tests performed at The University of Texas at Austin, USA. The tests were conducted using a rigid box of large dimensions, in which the frontal wall allowed lateral movements. Thereby, it was possible to simulate displacements from the frontal side of the real retaining structure at the bridge abutment in the field. The numerical simulations used to parametric analysis were performed by variating the vertical spacing, the reinforcement stiffness, the height and the length of the reinforced soil. The results indicated that the increase in the stiffness and decrease in the vertical spacing of the geosynthetic layers led to smaller lateral displacements and smaller settlements. Nevertheless, the decrease in the vertical spacing was perceived as a more significant aspect than the reinforcement stiffness. To smaller values of the J/Sv ratio, the modifications of the vertical spacing caused different displacements however, to larger values of that same ratio, changes were not noticeable.

Não consta.

Floods have become frequent events in urban spaces around the world and have been analyzed both as a consequence of events related to climate change and disorderly changes in urban space. In the Municipality of Mossoró/RN, there was an accelerated process of urban occupation in the last 10 years, fostered by the Federal Government program Minha Casa Minha Vida. Even though it is a program where the projects precede planning under good engineering practices, in which the implementation of drainage infrastructure is observed and, mandatorily, require evaluation and seal of the municipality authority, problems of flooding occurred in Alto Sumaré neighborhood, treated as a study area. In the analysis of urban growth, remote sensing images available in Google Earth Pro were used and treated in Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. This analysis allowed estimating for the Alto Sumaré neighborhood the percentage of urban sprawl of 180.75% between 2010 and 2017 and 112.75% between 2017 and 2019. The elaboration of Digital Surface Model (DSM) calibrated with control points in the field, based on planialtimetric surveys techniques with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and referred to the Brazilian Geodesic System, allowed the evaluation of flooding points. The results indicated that the drainage devices installed in the residential developments of the Alto Sumaré neighborhood were guided by the concept of incomplete cushioning, because most of the damping ponds implanted do not have bottom discharger. The absence of this equipment promoted a false safety effect, as it imposes rapid flow when the volumes of the ponds are reached, which increases the contribution area and, therefore, the flow downstream, causing flooding. Accumulation volumes for recurrence times of 5, 10 and 25 years, appreciating the contribution sub-basins of each pond and low topographies identified in the DSM, indicated greater accumulated volume than accumulation capacity reserve at pond Cidade Jardim 1 and Res. Monte Olimpo, for instance, in the 3 recurrence times. Thus, the calculations show that the damping capacity of most ponds is insufficient.

In this paper, the pull-out load behavior of instrumented helical piles subjected to cyclic loading in sandy soil is evaluated. The used pile had three bearing plates and was instrumented with resistance electric strain gauges in three sections along the shaft. Three pull-out load tests were performed, two with quasi-static cyclic loading and one with static loading, to verify the effects of cyclic loading. The tests with quasi-static loads were made with different values of average cyclic load and load amplitude. The results showed a great influence of the way in which the load increments were used due to the densification and disturbance of the surrounding soil. The accumulated displacements tended to stabilize after the 10th cycle, low rates of mean displacement accumulation were not obtained and the number of cycles before failure showed to be dependent on the average load and cyclic amplitude. With the instrumented sections, a reduction in residual cyclic rigidity was observed with the increase in depth along the shaft. Through the analysis of the mobilized loads in the bearing plates along the cycles, it was verified that the contribution to resistance from the lower bearing plate was responsible for most of the load capacity. It was also observed the influence of the interaction factors, which, by causing reloading of the pile, increased the soil rigidity and, consequently, reduced the corresponding displacements. Finally, the application of the quasi-static load cycles, in general, increased the static bearing capacity. In addition, the prediction method that approaches the value obtained in the load test was the individual bearing method.

The construction industry is, admittedly one of the biggest consumers of natural
resources on the planet. The amount of research aimed at reducing the impacts caused
by the sector has grown considerably in recent years. The development of new

construction materials, which contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts in
the sector, while complying with current standards, has been debated and studied by
researchers. One of these materials is soil-cement brick, considered an ecological brick
and has presented enormous potential for the incorporation of waste from several
industries, which need studies for treatment and/or reuse such as ceramic residues, rice
husks, residues of PET bottle, etc. An environmental liability that requires research to
be reused is cassava wastewater, an industrial byproduct (effluent), from the pressing of
cassava in flour houses, which has a great degradation power due to its high toxicity and
concentration of matter organic. Some authors have researched alternative solutions for
the treatment or destination of this residue, and the production of bricks is one of them.
Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the physical, mechanical and microstructural
properties of solid soil-cement bricks, produced with cassava wastewater instead of
water. After the characterization of the materials composing as soil-cement
formulations, 3 complete 2k experimental designs with 3 central replicates were
designed with the aim of reducing the number of samples produced. The bands of the
materials used were defined in 6% and 12% of cement, 0% and 100% of cassava
wastewater replacing the water and the age of the tests at 7, 28 and 49 days. Thus, 5
formulations were studied. The compressive strength tests were performed at 7, 28 and
49 days. And the water absorption and modified durability tests were performed at 7
days. In the later age, the microstructure of the bricks with 12% cement and 0% and
100% of cassava wastewater and 9% of cement and 50% of cassava wastewater was
studied by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The
formulation with 12% of cement and 100% of cassava wastewater presented the best
result in the 7 days compressive strength test, reaching 4.9 MPa. In the water absorption
test, the same formulation also showed the best performance with the absorption of
13.45%. In relation to the modified durability test, the composition 6% of cement and
100% of cassava wastewater had the lowest mass loss, with 0.4%. In tests of X-ray
diffraction, it was possible to identify the phases kaolinite, quartz, calcite, CASH
(calcium aluminate silicate hydrate) and CSH (calcium silicate hydrate) in all samples
analyzed. In the SEM, it was possible to verify the good densification of the samples,
the soil particles, and typical CSH structures. It is worth mentioning that the bricks
produced with cassava wastewater presented higher results than those obtained in the
formulations that did not use the residue. It is possible to conclude that the results

demonstrate the technical feasibility of the use of cassava wastewater instead of water in
the production of soil-cement bricks, for use in masonry without structural function.

Urban floods motivated by heavy rains have caused significant loss of
life and economic damage in several urban areas of the world. This flooding type have
become frequent in many Brazilian cities. In Natal City, Rio Grande do Norte (RN)
State Capital, Northeast Brazil, the urbanization process over the last four decades
promoted significant soil sealing, which has reflected in numerous urban floods per
year. This study aims to identify and evaluate areas susceptible to flooding in Natal,
specifically in the region of Tirol, considering Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Digital
Surface Model (DSM) of high precision, pluvial drainage system, historical records of
flooding and hourly precipitations, in addition to reflecting the type of occupation of
urban lots in the neighborhood. Methodological approaches were conducted and
integrated into the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, with the support
of in loco high accuracy database of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for
urban flooding analyses. The results showed that in the study area two topographic
depressions in sectors of intense commercial and social activities stand out because they
present geomorphological and anthropic characteristics highly favorable to flooding in
events of Intense precipitation. Furthermore, the results allowed the generation of a
superficial flow models with parameters of high applicability for the improvement of
projects of urban drainage systems and urban management. This study also
demonstrated that methodological approaches based on the use of Geotechnologies can
subsidize risk management plans and reduce public expenditures with more effective
works and emergency actions.

One of the problems faced in construction is the difficulty in visualizing and
understanding the planning of the work by traditional planning tools, such as the
Precedence Diagram Method, the Gantt Chart and the Line of Balance. This happens
because of the generation of inaccurate and confusing interpretation schedules, due to
the large number of activities and their precedence, as well as not providing sufficient
context information, resulting in an abstract representation of the planning. 4D BIM-
based modeling softwares represent a solution to this problem, since their models are a
three-dimensional digital representation of an enterprise, associated with the activities
durations, which allows the visualization of the execution sequence. Previous studies
have shown that 4D BIM is, yet little discussed in the literature, while national surveys
reveal a low BIM utilization rate for planning. In order to obtain more accurate regional
data, BIM was characterized in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) and
Paraíba (PB) and the results showed that local companies still do not use 4D BIM
modeling. Adopting Design Science Research as a research method, the present work
aimed to propose a method for the 4D implementation in construction companies,
focused on the building process simulation using Autodesk Navisworks Manage
software. The main contributions of this work are the mapping and systematic review of
the literature regarding on 4D BIM papers, the scenario of the BIM utilization in RN
and in PB, and the construction of an artifact to guide construction companies to the
implementation of BIM 4D modeling, showing the potential of using BIM as a support
tool for planning works.

The self-compacting concrete (SCC) with low comsumption of cement is an
alternative to produce concretes that less attack the environment. The
comercial pozzolans, such as metakaolin (MK), and the agroindustrial residues,
for example the sugarcane biomass waste (RBC), can be used for the benefit of
the sustainability, associated woth the possibility of maintaining, or improving,

the rheological, mechanical and durability properties of the SCC. Among the
mechanisms of concrete degradation, the main causers of corrosion are the
attack by carbonation and the attack by chloride ions. Thus, the present work
aims to analyze the performance of self-compacting concretes with high levels
of MK and RBC submitted to the independent and combined action of
carbonation (CO2) and chloride ions (Cl ̄). The CO2 attack occurred in an
accelerated way through a carbonation chamber and the exposition to the
chloride ions was done through cycles of wetting and drying. For this, SCCs
with partial cement substitution in percentages up to 50% were analyzed, with
five traces being performed: one with cement only, one with 30% RBC, the third
with 20% RBC and 20% metakaolin, the fourth with 30% RBC and 10%
metakaolin, and the latter with 30% RBC and 20% metakaolin. Subsequently,

the SCCs properties were evaluated in the fresh state to attest the self-
adherence criteria recommended by NBR 15823 (ABNT, 2017). In the

hardened state, were made the tests of compressive strength, depth of
penetration of CO2 and Cl ̄, diffusion of chloride ions by the non-stationary
method, ultrasonic pulse velocity, electrical resistivity, corrosion potential, water
absorption by capillarity and physicial indexes. The results showed being
possible to produce self-compacting concretes with low comsumption of cement
using RBC and MK and with resistances above 40MPa. The poor performance
against carbonation of SCCs with mineral additions can be mitigated by
increasing the coating thickness. On the other hand, when exposed to chloride,
the concretes with additional cimentitious show better performance. The
presence of free chloride in the samples of the SCCs causes a lower
carbonation front. The Cl ̄ attack occurs much more severely than the
carbonation. Finally, among the aggressive environments analyzed, the
combined carbonation and chloride situation was the one that caused the
greatest damage in relation to the corrosion of the reinforcement.

This paper aims to study the thermomechanical behavior in bidimensional solids, taking
into account the physical and geometric nonlinear effects. To consider the thermal
effects, a formulation based on the first and second laws of thermodynamic and the
Helmholtz free-energy is presented here. It is essential to analyze the thermoelastic and
thermoplastic behavior in dynamic structural response. The Finite Element Method
based on nodal positions, instead nodal displacements, is employed as geometric
nonlinear formulation. For dynamic problems, a temporal discretization by several
temporal integration algorithms conduces to the equation of motion solution. In
addition, this formulation can be extended to impact problems. Therefore, the
development of computational routines for the proposed formulation induces numerical
results are compared with examples from the specialized literature.

The urban equipment are essential elements in the population's daily lives. It is through them that the city is able to provide a better life quality to its inhabitants, through access to education, health, commerce, etc. However, in Brazilian cities, the distribution of the equipments still happens in an uneven way, strengthening socioeconomic inequalities and harming a significant part of the population. Assuming that the real estate market aims to get the real estate developments closer to these equipments, in order to aggregate the externalities of the surroundings and value its products, the following research question is brought up: is there really attractiveness between the housing production and the urban equipments? This study focus on higher education institutions, hospitals and shopping centers. To accomplish that, it is pointed out the usage of spatial visualization tools such as ArcGIS®, through which it is possible to spatialize, manipulate and create distribution
maps that aid in the analysis of the areas around the developments. The data used about the real estate developments are collected at the registries of the city. The characteristics gathered are: number of housing units, verticalization and pattern. On the other hand, the ones about the urban equipments are collected through the databases e-MEC, CNES and ABRASCE. As results, it is noticeable that educational institutions are the ones which concentrate the biggest amount of housing units in their surroundings. The hospitals are distributed in the most verticalized region and with developments presenting the highest standards among the ones analyzed - the east zone. The shopping centers are located at the spots with the biggest concentration of units. The north and west zones are the ones which present the biggest lack of equipments. Lastly, it is concluded that the study contributes in the distribution planning of new urban equipments and it is realized that the promoters concentrate the developments where there is the biggest offer.

The gridshell structures are formed by lamellar or tubular grid-shaped
elements, being designed and constructed in different materials, such as steel, wood and
composites. The differential is the use of a reduced amount of material in buildings with
large internal space, without the need for the presence of auxiliary pillars along the
span. Thus, works of great extensions like pavilions, hangars and sheds can be executed
in a short time. This research analyses and demonstrates the gridshells assembly
process, details the existing construction methods and the types of connections used to
join the pieces that form the set, giving priority to studies that highlight the use of wood
as a raw material. A Systematic Mapping Study was also carried out with an emphasis
on the scientific papers published in the area. This survey helped to chart the world's
gridshell studies all over the world, identifying the countries and institutions that more
contributed to spread articles in a 35-year window of time. The work also includes: (i)
the listing of some existing constructive achievements; (ii) the design process and the
projected structure modelling; (iii) the execution of small scale and full-size mock-ups;
(iv) the theoretical and experimental evaluation of project parts; (v) the fabrication of
the lamellar elements; (vi) the description of the construction of a grid called Dunas
Gridshell in real scale using the pine woods (genus Pinus), showing its technical details,
execution time and cost.

An essential means for locomotion of people and cargoes throughout
the territory, the road transport gains an important role in the social and economic field.
However, the low investment in infrastructure causes it to develop pathologies that need
to be inspected, as well as the mechanisms that originated them, so the proper
restoration or prevention alternatives can be chosen. Aiming to extend the service life of
the pavement and to provide for users efficient trafficability conditions that meet
comfort, economy and safety requirements, technologies have been developed and the
use of reinforcement in road construction can be highlighted. Geosynthetics has
increasingly been used in pavements due to reduction of time execution, costs and even
environmental impacts. Nevertheless, if improperly handled or subjected to external
agents, polymeric materials may exhibit unsatisfactory performance during its service
life. Accordingly, this research was developed in an urban area of Natal, Rio Grande do
Norte, in order to investigate the thermal and mechanical damages in geosynthetics in a
pavement construction and compare the results obtained with the available literature
data, since most of the studies are performed in laboratories. Therefore, samples with
different types of geosynthetics were exposed to high temperature of the CBUQ and to
compaction activity and then exhumed and tested by means of uniaxial tensile tests.
Thereby, tensile strength, strain, coefficient of variation, secant tensile modulus and
reduction factor were evaluated and compared before and after the damage. The results
showed that subjecting geosynthetics to damages as those occurring in a pavement
construction, in general, a decrease in tensile strength and strain is observed. Moreover,
some reduction factors expressed higher values than those available in the literature.

The coastline of the State of Rio Grande do Norte is a dynamic region. This area, which
is composed of sandy beaches and alive cliffs of Barreiras Formation, has natural
beauties that motivate occupation. Urbanization increases the rate of mass movements
and sea cliff retreat. This process is an important socioeconomic issue, involving loss of
land and risks to the population. Previous research on this topic has performed slope
stability analysis through deterministic methods of assessment of mass movements
risks. However, conventional slope stability analysis does not account for uncertainty in
soil properties. In other words, the deterministic factor of safety cannot precisely
address the state of the slope. In light of this fact, this study will perform a probabilistic
approach through Monte Carlo simulations to assess directly the state of the cliffs of
Barra de Tabatinga beach, in the city of Nísia Floresta/RN. Field survey, and
computational analysis will be carried out. The probabilistic analysis will be performed
using the software Rocscience - Slide 7.0. This research will use search methods for
circular and non-circular slip surfaces to search effectively failure types identified in the
area. Moreover, in order to identify the significant geotechnical parameters affecting the
factor of safety, sensitivity analysis will be performed. This project expects to
contribute to a better understanding of coastal retreat and represents an additional
reliable information to the factor of safety. This methodology shall provide an
acceptable criterion for risk assessment of the coastal cliffs.

SCCs can reduce their high content of their contributions to become a support material for minimizing CO2 production by the cement industry. In addition, as the properties can be reduced in the mechanical properties and durability of the concrete. The performance parameter is the material of the stage in the extreme situations when it is warmed up, the ones similar to those reached in a fire. In this situation, the elasticity and modulus strength, color change and porosity, as well as effect fragmentation, can occur in concrete due to loss of water and microstructural changes. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the high temperatures of self-compacting concretes with the contents of residues of sugarcane biomass (SCBA) and metakaolin (MK). For this, the cement was replaced by 30% by 50% by the mineral additions. No fresh state, as already existing, proved a workability of ready-made concrete. In the hardened state, as the samples were analyzed at room temperature, 200 ° C, 400 ° C, 600 ° C and 800 ° C and analyzed for tactile-visual changes, mass loss, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, absorption of water by immersion, voids index, mass, absorption by capillarity and X-ray diffraction. CAA search results with up to 40% of their emissions are more sensitive to high temperatures and higher metakaolin insertions are left at high temperatures. Also, the mineral content content consumes the Ca (OH)2 of the medium and forms calcium silicate and aluminum hydrated.

In the past years the production of ornamental rocks have been intensified at Brazil, especially at Espirito Santo, that it´s the major state that product that kind of rocks. Associate with the demand increase on the confection of ornamental pieces there were concerns about the amount of waste produced and its correct conduction, considering that during the process of cutting and polishing of rock, the water is used for the refrigerated the diamond disc. With that, the water used to carry the solids particles of the rock, resulting in an abrasive sludge that are generally conducted, in Brazil, to septic tank and sewage systems causing silting of the water courses due to the deposition of the solids or the sludge were deposit for decantation processes with the reuse of water. But this procedure has little effectiveness and it takes a long time to complete the desiccation because of the thinness of the solid material contained in the slurry. Due to this fact, has been known of the efficiency to use geotextiles in the desiccation of materials with small particle sizes. The present study sought to evaluate the dewatering of the sludge produced in the marble industry using three different types of geotextiles. At the beginning it was developed a prototype with small dimensions in which the geotextile was inserted in its interior. Therefore, procedure successive fillings that symbolized the fillings performed between the cutting stages at the marble industry. Observing the flow rate behavior and the reduction of the total solids content through the prototype developed, in each filler and for each geotextile under study. It observed that the geotextiles had a typical behavior in the flow outflow over time, independent of the geotextile used, besides a significant reduction in the solids content of the prototype showing the efficiency of the use of the geotextile for the drying of this type of abrasive sludge. Finally, it was concluded that the GTX300 obtained the best response in the reduction of solids content and a better distribution of the flow over time.

Coastal zones are studied by several areas of science, either
because of their socioeconomic importance in the emergence and
development of society, or because of the environmental importance of
these fragile transitional environments located between continental and
marine domains. Currently, demographic growth and the occupation
rising of these areas has been the object of higher attention worldwide
due to the severity of the damages caused by the rapid changes resulting
from the interaction of waves, tides and currents with the coastal
morphology. Allied to the lack of planning in the occupation of these
areas, there is still a great gap in the studies carried out on the processes
and variables inserted in this environment, which exposes to danger the
balance between the development of social and economic value activities

and the preservation of the unique ecosystems developed in these
regions. The study of the coastal zone is based on the observation and
analysis of the seasonal changes of these areas that, due to their high
environmental sensitivity, are subject to modifications that are often
irreversible. In this context, the State of Rio Grande do Norte includes
tourist cities equipped with dense coastal infrastructure that over the
years presents more and more problems related to the coastal dynamics,
especially regarding to erosion of sandy beaches. In this context, the
present study aimed to analyze the evolution of Jacumã and Muriú
beaches, eastern coast of Rio Grande do Norte, using the Digital
Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) and the Coastal Modeling System
(SMC). The use of these tools allowed the analysis of the variation,
amplitude and mobility of the shoreline between 1984 and 2014 and the
characterization of the bathymetry, wave climate, currents and sediment
transport during the 60 years (1948 - 2008). Finally, information from
the DSAS and SMC were integrated, providing the volumetric variation
between 1984 and 2014.The analysis allowed the identification of
deposition episodes (mean of +0.7 m / year) from 1994 to 2004 and
erosion episodes from 1984 to 1994 (mean of -0.9 m / year) and from
2004 to 2014 (mean of -0.5 m / year). In addition, it was possible to
determine the hydrodynamic characteristics (predominance of east-
southeast direction waves and southeast direction currents), as well as
morphological characteristics (sediment transport rate of 54,000 m³ / year
(SMC) and 64,000 m³ / year (DSAS-SMC)). The study of Jacumã and
Muriú beaches allowed to construct a greater understanding of the
processes involved in the coastal evolution of these beaches. In addition,
it allowed the visualization of the active dynamics and the identification
of the sectors of greater sensitivity and susceptibility to changes, thus
providing relevant information to the management and maintenance and
preservation of the area under study

Among all income brackets included in the mass brazilian housing
program named “Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCMV”, track 1 (families
with a monthly income of up to 3 minimum wages)deficit is still the one
with the highest housing deficit percentage, despite of the houses already
constructed. However, this same range presents low financial
attractiveness to construction companies, due to the Program policies. In
addition, there is a strong demand for innovative design processes due to
the critics existing have received: poor quality, design inadequacies and
poor user needs. This context is a fertile field for applying Target
Costing(TC) and Value Methodology (VM) principles. Although
previous studies have focused on the application of TC and VM in
PMCMV projects, the use of Function Analysis is still little explored in
these two approaches. Therefore, this research aimed to propose a
method for integrating Function Analysis in the cost reallocation design
process of range 1 PMCMV projects (social housing), developing it in an
track 1 PMCMV project conceived in a concrete wall system. Design
Science Research was the research method. As a main result, a method
was generated. The main contribution is to provide a way to reallocate
costs in the design by splitting it into functions, directing the
professionals involved to think first about the functionalities of
compartments and spaces, later identifying design solutions, as well as
advocates VM literature.

The use of lightweight aggregates (LWAs) is a consolidated practice in
the construction industry. Its characteristics are relevant to various
engineering services. However, commercial manufacture of this product
is still quite limited. Brazil, for example, has only one LWA factory.
Over the years, the use of expandable clays has been supporting national
production; however, the gradual scarcity of natural resources requires
the use of more sustainable practices. Thus, this research aims to develop
LWAs suitable for use in engineering works and services, from the reuse
of scheelite residue (RPS), sewage sludge (SS), and rice husk ash (RHA).
Recent studies have shown that the production of these three wastes is

increasing in several countries. However, in opposition to this scenario,
the control agencies have been increasing the strictness of environmental
laws, making various traditional methods of disposal unfeasible. Thus,
this research can help in the preservation of natural resources and in
reducing the environmental impacts caused by such residues. It is also
intended to establish comparative analysis between manufactured and
commercially available LWAs, and to evaluate the effects of sintering
temperature and raw materials on the properties of sustainable LWAs.
All the raw materials were benefited and later analyzed by laser
granulometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence
(FRX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis
(STA). Then 50 distinct mixtures were formulated from the substitution
of clay for up to 100% of residues. The samples were dried and then
sintered at 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250 ° C. The manufactured aggregates
were then characterized by analysis of swelling index (BI), mass loss
(LOI), particle density (ρd), water absorption (WA24H), crush strength
(S), mineralogical composition, thermogravimetric behavior and
microstructure. Finally, the feasibility of using manufactured LWAs was
evaluated by comparative analysis with commercial LWAs. The
resulting aggregates showed a maximum (BI) of 77.44%, (LOI) of up to
43.6%, (ρd) ranging from 0.63 to 2.01 g / cm³, (WA24H) of a minimum
of 0.7%. and (S) up to 17.3 MPa. In all, 102 specimens have
demonstrated properties at least similar to those found in commercial
LWAs, showing the possibility of use in at least 1 major application of
this product in engineering works and services. The results obtained in
this experimental program reveal that it is technically feasible to use
RPS, SS and RHA to produce lightweight aggregates with properties
suitable for major commercial LWA applications. In addition, it was
found that sintering temperature and raw material proportions exert a
strong influence on the main properties of LWAs, and that the prediction
of swelling based on the chemical composition of the mixtures proved to
be unreliable when applied to elaborated LWAs. with RPS, SS and RHA.

The interest of the thermal performance of buildings is increasingly frequent due to user requirements and improvements in the supervision of the performance standard NBR 15575 (ANBT, 2013), which establishes the minimum efficiency criteria of a building. We highlight the charges related to thermal behavior, because they impact on the construction, the environment and affect the comfort and costs of users. An alternative to solve this problem is to change the constituent materials of the building systems, such as the use of lightweight aggregates with thermal insulation potential. In this context, the objective of the present work is to analyze the thermal and mechanical performance of natural mortar with expanded vermiculite. The experimental procedure began with the characterization of the materials and the production of the mortars with the trace volume 1: 1: 6 (cement: lime: sand) with replacements of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50% of the sand by vermiculite. , and then fresh tests (consistency, density and water retention), hardened tests (density, tensile and compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, capillary and immersion absorption and adhesion resistance) and finally thermal testing with the KD-2Pro appliance and thermal performance through a prototype simulating the incidence of heat on a wall. The results show that the workability was improved according to the incorporation of expanded vermiculite, the density in the fresh and hardened state was reduced, the compressive strength decreased slightly, the voids index and the bond strength increased. All sealing systems with ceramic bricks coated by the mortars under analysis met the requirements established by NBR 15575 (ANBT, 2013). The thermal performance evaluated by the prototype showed an improvement in thermal insulation according to the incorporation of expanded vermiculite, obtaining more significant results for mortars with 45 and 50% substitution, which came to isolate 34 ° C and 40 ° C, respectively. Therefore, the expansion of expanded vermiculite in cement mortars is able to benefit from thermal insulation without causing major damage to other mortar properties, making it a product with good thermal and mechanical performance.

The search for building materials that lead to advances, especially as regards to the aspect of energy efficiency of buildings, is increasingly constant nowadays. In Brazil, the Performance Standard (ABNT NBR 15575: 2013) establishes the minimum standards about the efficiency of buildings in the country, bringing among criteria of structural stability and useful life, the guidelines to obtain thermal and acoustic comfort, and fire safety. In this context, there is a growing number of studies aiming to investigate the use of lightweight aggregates, such as expanded vermiculite, which has important properties, specifically low thermal conductivity and high fire resistance. Thus, the current research sought to evaluate the thermal performance of mortars in the 1: 1: 6 volume, with the addition of expanded vermiculite (superfine) in defined percentages of replacement to the small aggregate (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). The experimental procedure was initiated with the chemical, mineralogical, microstructural and thermal characterization of the expanded vermiculite, and with its physical characterization and with the constituent sand. The analysis of the properties of workability, water retention, retraction, capillary absorption, and mechanical strength of each mixture was performed. In order to determine the energy efficiency of the coating, thermal characterization tests of the mortar were carried out using the KD-2 Pro and a prototype. In the results of the fresh and hardened state, it was observed that the mortars containing expanded vermiculite presented higher water consumption, lower mass density, higher water retention capacity, reduction of mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity, and increased capillary absorption and index of voids. In the analysis of the thermal performance, it was observed that, in ceramic brick sealing systems, whatever the mortars used and the bioclimatic zone chosen, all meet the thermal transmittance requirements required by NBR 15575: 2013, and only the mortar with 100% of vermiculite does not meet the established limit of thermal capacity. In the concrete block fence system, only 75% and 100% replacement mortars contribute with all the thermal transmittance requirements required for the system. However for the thermal capacity limits, all are considered adequate. The good thermal performance was also confirmed in the experiment with the prototype, when the heat reduction propagation from one environment to the other with the addition of vermiculite in the mixture. Thus, it is indicated that the addition of expanded vermiculite in mortars results in coatings with good thermal performance, which can meet, according to the situation, the requirements established by the ABNT NBR 15575:2013.

Wood is a sustainable material with multiple purposes, with civil construction among them. Much of the wood consumed in Brazil comes from the Amazon Forest, and although the country has great forest potential, a culture of masonry construction is predominant. The Caatinga is a rich and special biome with great exploitation potential for civil construction. Caatinga tree species have characteristics of short height and tortuous stems with small diameters. The main destination of these species is for use as firewood and coal. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the feasibility of using Caatinga wood species in the composition of constructive systems and structural elements. Caatinga species with potential use in construction have been identified, and the species Angico, Jurema Preta, Mororó and Pereiro were selected. Samples were collected from 48 trees, corresponding to twelve of each species from the Riacho do Cabra Farm located in the Municipality of Santa Cruz-RN. Wood splitting was carried out at the Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí (EAJ) in the Municipality of Macaíba-RN and characterization tests were carried out at the University of São Paulo (USP) in São Carlos-SP. The characterization corresponded to assays for density, dimensional stability, compressive strength, traction parallel to the fibers and shear strength according to the NBR 7190:1997. The data were analyzed in accordance with the Standard NBR 7190:1997 by calculating the characteristic resistances, the mean values and the standard deviation of the variables. The Spearman Correlation test was used and the level of significance was set at 5%. The density test result evidenced denser woods with values close to wood commonly used in construction such as Maçaranduba and Jatobá. The species presented good values for compressive strength parallel to the fibers and the shear strength, both being classified as average. The other mechanical and stiffness properties were classified as weak. Angico stood out with the highest values of compressive strength, traction parallel to the fibers and stiffness. Jurema Preta had the highest shear strength value. A statistical significance was found between the apparent density and the compressive strength parallel to the fibers in Angico (p = 0.002) and Mororó (p= 0.006); compressive strength parallel to the fibers and modulus of elasticity for compression parallel to the fibers in Angico (p=0.055) and Pereiro (p=0.022); modulus of elasticity for traction parallel to the fibers and tensile strength parallel to the fibers in Jurema Preta (p=0.040); and highlighting the Angico species with a strong strength correlation of apparent density and compressive strength parallel to the fibers. Thus, the physical properties, the strength and stiffness values were representative for all species, evidencing their possible use in civil construction as fences, braces, scaffolds, roofing elements, frames in general, beams, wainscoting/paneling, panels, mountings/trimmings, linings, and skirting boards/footers, as well as in construction systems such as the lamellar structural system.

The real estate market represents a large share of the construction
industry, accounting for a significant percentage of Brazilian economy’s GDP. In
the last few years, this sector has been experiencing an increasing influence of
the financial market, represented by the opening of capital of great companies of
the branch, as well as by the expansion of the housing credit by public and private
financial institutions. These facts contributed to the expansion of the real estate
production to others Brazilian cities, affecting, significantly the local markets. In
the specific case of Natal (RN), the entrance of external companies had a strong
impact on the quantity, typology and location of the housing units produced,
especially between 2008 and 2011. After four years of intense real estate
production, it is remarkable the decline in the number of projects launched and
even the closure of the activities of some companies in the local market. The
large number of housing units offered apparently led to a rapid saturation of the
consumer market, which, combined with the advent of the economic crisis and
mainly the contraction of credit, resulted in a drastic reduction in launches. Thus,
the present research sought to understand how real estate production in the local
market occurred between 2000 and 2015, by comparing the production of
external companies with the locals companies. By analyzing and interpreting
quantitative data obtained from real estate registries, we sought to deepen our
understanding of the process, and it was concluded that, despite the apparent
disparity, the real estate production of the external companies studied was
quantitatively smaller, but with standards and spatialization similar to the local
companies.

Lean construction is a production philosophy that seeks to reduce or eliminate wastes in
construction processes. Making-do is a category of waste related to the occurrence of
improvisations by the work teams. Rework consists of a new execution of a task that
has already been executed. Unfinished work refers to the non-completion of the tasks.
The study of wastes in construction is of fundamental importance in improving the
performance of construction processes as well as in cost reduction. There are important
cause and effect relationships between the categories of making-do, rework, and
unfinished work that are often related to failures in management systems that have not
prevented the spread of wastes. Thus, the main objective is to propose a method of
preventing wastes of the type making-do, rework and unfinished work in construction
sites. To do so, the research approach is called Design Science Research composed of
five phases: (1) "Problem awareness" in which the knowledge gap was obtained; (2)
"Suggestion" of the prevention method; (3) "Development" of the second version of the
method, where the refinement of the first version of the method occurred. (4)
"Evaluation" consisted in evaluating the practical utility of the second version of the
artifact through the focus group with professionals from one of the three companies
studied, in this sense some of these assessments were incorporated in the last version of
the method; (5) "Conclusion" in this last phase was identified the practical and
theoretical contributions. The results obtained in case study 1 and 2 indicated that most
of the wastes by making-do were materials / components and the impacts are rework,
unfinished work and decrease of productivity. In the case study 3, the informal packages
caused by unfinished work are mostly masonry of sealing and internal coating and were
the most increase of deadlines and costs had. The main contributions of this study are
related to the understanding of the wastes from a systemic perspective from its origin to
the impacts on the production system, as well as to make the management systems more
robust and to seek the reduction or elimination of wastes in a more effective way.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative product that has fluidity and cohesion to traverse the entire length of the part and fill the spaces between armatures, optimizing the execution of concrete and reducing costs with labor. For this it is necessary to increase the content of fines, and consequently of cement, the main pollutant compound of the concrete. The use of mineral admixtures rich in amorphous silica and aluminum such as Metacaulim, pozzolan rice husk and sugarcane biomass are an alternative to the reduction of cement, since they confer benefits to the cement matrix and are industrial waste. However, the admixtures cause the reduction of Calcium Hydroxide, the protective barrier of concrete against carbonation. In this attack there is reduction of alkalinity and formation of carbonate products that alter the porous structure of the matrix and make the environment aggressive to the reinforcements. As the pore network is responsible for the entry of CO2, the present project intends to investigate the influence of porosity and realcalinization with hydrated lime on self-compacting concretes, with low cement content and high levels of mineral additions from industrial and agroindustrial residues, submitted to carbonation processes. It is expected to correlate the fluid transport properties within the SCC with the carbonation process, evaluating the action of the realcalinization through the hydrated lime in the fight against CO2 penetration, due to the pozzolanic reactions and the high cement substitution content; And, the alteration of the behavior of the SCC with different residue rates of sugarcane biomass.

The extraction of bathymetry by satellite image is an activity that has been evolving in its methodology due to the aerospacial technological advances. Satellite images of a wide electromagnetic capture are able to bring information that are beyond traditional photographs. They are images that, through some specific calculations methodologies can show, for example, the depth of the ocean. The literature shows that it is not yet known which calculation methodology is most appropriate. Another key point involved in the process is the generation of bathymetric maps by interpolation from clouds of points, there are several methods of interpolation today, but much is still debated about which are the most appropriate for each case. The mapping of the seabed is an activity performed for several purposes. It can be used for navigation, oil reservoir prospecting, environmental monitoring, wave modeling, coastal erosion study and others. Brazil has one of the largest coastlines in the world with more than 8500 km of extension, many of its cities have been installed on the coast and are submitted to the consequences of problems associated with the sea, such as undertow, coastal erosion, urban disorder, landscape impact, ecological impact etc. This necessitates a deeper study of ocean floor mapping models. Moura (2010) did the interpolation analysis using bathymetry data obtained by Nautical Charts and bathymetry data obtained in loco. In his work a series of 12 interpolators were evaluated. A satellite image of Gomes et al. (2007) was used to aid in a visual evaluation of the results. The present work has as general objective to complement the analysis of Moura (2010), providing a quantitative reference to make this evaluation, from a bathymetry extraction of a Landsat 8 Satellite Image of the region. The methods of bathymetry extraction used were Mcfeeters (1996) and Philpot (1989). The extraction of bathymetry was done with the software Arcgis, Envi and Matlab. The interpolations were made in the Surfer and the data were compared to each other using the statistical analysis of Correlation Coefficient (R²), concordance index (d), MAPE, RMSE and Cross Validation. In terms of the results of the bathymetry extraction, Mcfeeters (1996) was the method that brought better representation of the region. In terms of result of the interpolations of the in-situ bathymetry data, the Interpolators Local Polynomial, Inverse Distance, Minimum Curvature were chosen the most representative methods. For nautical chart data, the Natural Neighbor, TIN, Kriging, and Radial Base Function interpolators were classified as the most appropriated interpolation methods because they had the best statistic results.

The systematic work of the structural masonry construction system in the brazilian civil construction market currently demands technical solutions that aim to evaluate the quality of its components in a quick, economic and effective way. Although the compressive strength of masonry walls is represented by the joint action of its components (block, laying mortar and graute), blocks are responsible for the largest share of this resistance. To ensure the quality of the blocks, NBR 6136 establishes requirements. Among them, the blocks must have sharp edges and must not show cracks, fractures or other defects. The most common way to identify such defects is by performing a visual inspection, a time consuming process in the middle of a production line. In this context, the article presented an alternative for the identification of failures in concrete blocks by means of non-destructive tests. After analyzing the spectra of the blocks obtained experimentally by the impulse excitation technique - using microphone and accelerometer - and theoretically by the numerical modal analysis, it was possible to perceive patterns in the acoustic response of the intact blocks of the M-15 and M-20 family (brazilian blocks sizes). Thus, it was established criteria for the quality control of the blocks by using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The main objective of this study was to try non-destructive testing methodologies in order to evaluate the conformity of concrete blocks for structural purposes, where a standard spectrum has been established and its efficacy assessed on hollow components.

A problem involving structural masonry refers to the impossibility of reforms. Partial or total removal of structural masonry walls may result in cracking, excessive spans or even progressive collapse of the structure. However, there are few studies about the behavior of structural masonry, in terms of stress redistribution, through inadvertent structural wall removals, as well as the possible progressive collapse associate with these situations, especially in structural masonry buildings above concrete floor structure. Thus, it becomes evident the importance of more studies about this topic. This research aimed to evaluate the stress redistribution and their implications in other elements of the structure, such as reinforced concrete masonry lintels, as well as to evaluate the influence of the concrete floor structure in this redistribution, indicating the verifications to be made for the progressive collapse study in these structures. For this, two buildings were modeled in SAP2000® commercial software using the equivalent frame model. The stresses were evaluated at the base walls and at vertical cross sections, in addition to the normal forces in the lintels, on near floors to the occurrence of removal walls caused by supposed inadvertent reforms. The results showed that: the stresses dissipate considerably along the floors from which the removals are considered; the masonry lintels have an important function in the stress redistribution, among other conclusions.

A historical building has great importance for its characteristics and relevant values that portray the history of a particular people or social group over time, forming a kind of identity. In recent years, several old buildings have suffered damage representing irreparable losses. Therefore, in order to guarantee the enjoyment of these constructions in present and future generations, it is necessary to preserve them. In order to do so, it is essential to be aware of some attributes, such as: its conception, the construction techniques used in its construction, the alterations suffered and, finally, its current state, with the survey of the processes of property degradation. In this way, the combination of scientific and cultural knowledge with the experience for the study of all the architectural patrimony becomes ideal, which demands a multidisciplinary approach. In this context, civil engineering enters as a scientific support - analyzing the attributes - in the field of Restoration to achieve this result. In view of this, the study, carried out in a regional scope - state of Rio Grande do Norte -, analyzed in a qualitative way the characteristics of the masonry of the Church of Our Lady of the Presentation, Natal-RN; of the Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Acari-RN; and the Church of Nossa Senhora do Ó, Serra Negra do Norte-RN. The method used was based on the study of the historical dimension - using the concept of Constructive System - and the formal dimension, through inspection of masonry made in loco. As a result, the systematization of information regarding masonry was obtained, as well as the elaboration of a GUT Matrix that can assist Restoration professionals, identifying the most relevant damages of each building. In this way, the Church of Our Lady of the Presentation, visually, is in better conditions of operation and use than the others, being the one with the highest historical value among them. The Church of the Rosary eventually works and shows a lack of care for the patrimony, presenting a greater magnitude in the pathological manifestations. Finally, in the Church of Our Lady of the Oth, there is a serious problem of presence of humidity, which is causing other damages and degrading the building, needing to undergo urgent repair activities. In addition, it was possible to conclude that historic buildings have a regular degree of conservation, and although they have undergone significant interventions recently, they present a reasonable amount of pathological manifestations that degrade the historical patrimony and diminish its useful life.

Deterministic methods are traditionally adopted for reinforced soil structures design, similarly to other types of Geotechnical Engineering structures. This design method does not adequately consider the inherent uncertainties associated to both, the construction work and the variability of the soil and other used materials. Following the deterministic approach, safety factors that promote separation between the mean values of resistance and applied loads are typically used. Nonetheless, reliability based design allows considering uncertainties using statistical tools, which provides a rational way to incorporate uncertainties into geotechnical design. According, the present work intends to evaluate the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) wall using reliability analysis, considering sand as backfill and geotextiles, as reinforcement layers. The study was conducted for external and internal failure mechanisms. Different methods of reliability analysis were used, specifically, the first order reliability method (FORM) and point estimate method (PEM). Parametric analyzes were performed in order to evaluate the influence of the variables involved in the problem with respect to the value of the reliability index. The coefficient of variation for the tensile strength of different types of geotextiles was obtained by analyzing the results of tensile tests and creep rupture tests of geotextiles commercially available in Brazil. The results showed that the increase in the coefficient of variation of both the tensile strength and the friction angle provided the decrease of the reliability index related to the internal stability of the structure. In addition, structures using woven geotextiles have resulted in higher reliability index than those designed with non-woven geotextiles. The higher the height of the structure the lower the reliability index. For all failure modes related to external stability and for pullout failure, the FORM method resulted in higher reliability index values than the PEM method, indicating that the point estimates method is more conservative in relation to the first order method. Nevertheless, for the geosynthetic rupture failure mode there was no well-defined trend regarding the more conservative method for calculating the reliability. Overall, reliability based design for GRS walls was found to provide consistent results, corresponding to a conceptually more adequate design approach.

Helical piles are foundation types used to support compressive, tensile, or lateral loading. The capability of being loaded right after installation, the high production rate and the possibility of reutilization in different projects are a few advantages of helical piles. Despite the increasing use of helical pipes, the amount of data collected from field experiments with instrumented helical piles is still relatively small. In this work, the tensile behavior of an instrumented helical pile embedded in a sandy soil deposit is evaluated along the effect of disturbance caused in the ground after installation. The three-plate pile used in this investigation was instrumented with electric resistance strain gages attached to five distinct sections along its shaft. Two sections were used for measuring torque and the other three sections were used for measuring axial load. The performance of the instrumented pile was monitored during installation by measurements of the installation torque. The axial load in the instrumented sections was monitored during two static pullout tests. The disturbance caused by pile installation was evaluated with the results of tests with a dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) and by radargram renderings from a ground penetration radar (GPR). Measurements of the installation torque along with the pullout test responses resulted in torque factors lower than the typical values found in the literature. Results of the instrumented sections showed that the contribution from the top helical plate in the overall bearing capacity is smaller than that from the truncated cone between the bottom and top plates. The results from the DCP and GPR apparatuses suggest that the passage of the helical plates during pile installation reduced soil compaction within a zone of influence from the shaft of approximately three times the diameter of the largest plate.

The traditional forms of development of Brazilian public projects are targets of social dissatisfaction because they cannot align the delivered value of the product with the desired value of the end-users. Target Costing (TC) is a cost management strategy that seeks to reduce cost wastage to reach the target cost and increase the value delivered, as desired by future users. Its applications present excellent results in the world civil construction, especially when there is the Public Engagement (PE) from the beginning of the product design. However, no results of its application in works of the Brazilian public sector are known. The main objective of this research is to apply the TC strategy in a Brazilian federal public project. In order to operationalize the TC strategy, a Value Methodology (VM) approach was used, adapted from Moraes (2017), which proved adequate for the construction context. The methodology of the research was Design Science Research (DSR) and two exploratory case studies supported it: a pilot case study, building an office kitchen, to understand the process of development of public works; and a main case study of the construction of an “Art and Culture Space” (ACS) to implement the TC strategy. As a result, the research was able to achieve the cost goal by reducing unnecessary costs (21.28%) and employing improvements that add value to end-users. Despite this, the proposed method still needs to be tested for other works of the same context.

The Brazilian mineral production is an extremely important activity for the country's economy, since in addition to contributing to gross national product - PIB, it is responsible for the generation of many direct and indirect jobs. Therefore, the Tomaz Salustino Corporation Mining (Brejuí Mine) is a important northeastern representative of this sector. Data for 2012 show that the production of the Brejuí Mine was around 20 tons per month (MACHADO 2012), representing more than 300 jobs generated, in addition to the development of the municipality where the company is located. However, due to the ore (scheelite) processing, since 1943, tons of waste have been generated, and it is currently estimated around 7 million tons (4.5 million thick fractions and 2.5 million fine fractions), disposed in piles and waste basins, generating several environmental impacts, such as the modification of the local landscape. Due of this large stock of waste, jointly with the great extraction of natural raw material to compose the usual layers of a pavement, the present study evaluated the technical feasibility of the residues from the Brejuí Mine in the composition of asphaltic concretes, replacing the natural small aggregate by the thick fractions of the residue, and the conventional filler by the fine fractions of the residue. For this, chemical and mineralogical characterization of fractions of the residue and of the natural aggregates used in the research, besides Marshall dosages in compositions of asphaltic concretes was carried out to analyze the volumetric parameters and the stability of the materials as for the use in road works. From the proposed experimental program, it can be verified that the thick fractions of the scheelite processing residue presented a high potential to be used in natura as a small aggregate, because the analyzed specimens showed good performance in relation to the volumetric parameters and the Marshall stability. The fine fraction has also proved feasible to be used as an artificial filler, however, for this application, it is necessary to improve the quality for that the fraction of the residue fits as asphalt mixtures filling material since, in natura, it did not present the 65% passing material in the 0.075 mm sieve required by DNER - EM 367/97 (BRASIL, 1997).

This work aims to analyze the use of construction and demolition waste in Natal/RN as recycled aggregates for precast concrete paving blocks. In the first stage, the detailed characterization of the aggregates (fine and coarse) was carried out. The tests used for this purpose were grading curves, bulk density, dry specific density, pulverulent material, organic material, water absorption, swelling, X-ray fluorescence (FRX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy of Scanning (SEM). From the characterization tests of natural and recycled aggregates is possible to analyze physical, chemical and microscopic properties. Ten different mixes were analyzed with an effective water/cement ratio of 0.4 for recycled rates of coarse and fine aggregates of 100%. This research analyzed the conditions of the recycled aggregates in the mixture (dry, washed and saturated), evaluation of the performance of aggregates in a concrete mix. The tests to analyze the technical viability of the concrete blocks, according to the specific norm NBR 9781 (2013), were compressive strength (at ages of 7, 14, 28 and 270 days) and water absorption. To evaluate the durability, a prototype was constructed, which was analyzed after one year of construction. The blocks made with only recycled sand showed an increase in the results of compressive strength when compared to the reference blocks. The blocks made with recycled coarse obtained the smallest resistance. It was also observed that when the recycled aggregates are washed present better performance in the final product. The results obtained were satisfactory for the application of the blocks in streets of low movement and low load. With the intense growth of waste from civil construction, the relevance of this research is proposes the manufacture of a sustainable product that aims to minimize the use of natural resources and promote a proper destination for the waste generated.

Masonry is a composite material, consisting basically of units and mortar joints (vertical and horizontal), and may also be associated with other materials, such as steel and grout. In Brazil, from the 1980s, structural masonry consolidated itself as a highly productive, rational and economical construction system due to characteristics as: simplification of execution techniques, less diversity of materials employed, reduction of labor and speed execution. In structural masonry, one of the execution possibilities that can be explored is the non-filling of vertical joints, also called dry joints. The adoption of this practice generates certain advantages as the reduction in the execution time of the construction, the reduction of the consumption of materials and the minimization of the cracking caused by the intrinsic deformations, such as retraction and thermal deformations. However, despite be employed to some years in country, the implications of its use often has been not properly considered in the projects, this is due to the fact that there is few research that deals with this subject. Moreover, the existing researches sometimes present results that diverge from each other, mainly with respect to the resistance to compression and shear. In this work, numerical simulations of small walls of ceramic and concrete units, with and without vertical joints, were carried out in accordance with the requirements of NBR 15812-2 (2010), NBR 15961-2 (2011) and NBR 14321 (1999). The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of non-filling of vertical joints on the compressive strength and shear strength of the masonry.

This work presents a study considering the thermal effects in the dynamic behaviour of nonlinear 2D-frame structures (physical and geometric), in which the effects of bending and shear are predominant. A formulation substantiated on the first and second laws of thermodynamic and the Helmholtz free-energy is presented in this work to consider the thermic effects on this type of structure. The Finite Element Method based on nodal positions, rather than nodal displacements, is used as structural analysis tool. The solution of the nonlinear dynamic problem is given through the combination of Newton-Raphson iterative process with several explicit and implicit time integration methods, wherein the numeric results are compared with the ones found on specialized literature. As well, it is presented a description of one technique to solution of impact problems.

The Açu Dam is an important geotechnical built in Rio Grande do Norte and in Northeast Brazilian, especially because of its size and complexity. In addition to its size and importance, it has gained prominence in the national and international literature because of the collapse in upstream slope in the end of construction period. This paper aimed to analyze its behavior in stages of dam construction, first filling and operation of the reservoir. In each step, were analyzed: the stress-strain behavior, the flow and the pore-pressure variation, and the slope stability. These analyses were performed with the software Sigma/W, Seep/W and Slope/W, which are components in a suite of geotechnical products called GeoStudio, produced by Geo-Slope International Ltd. The results were compared with the instrumentation dates available in Rocha (2003). In the comparative analysis of vertical displacements, the largest difference between modeling results and instrumentation data was 8.9 cm, in the T7 extensometer, at the end of the first filling. In the stability analysis, the lowest safety factor was 1.3 for the upstream slope in the reservoir operation phase, but the media of the safety factors obtained by the methods based on limit equilibrium was 2.4. For a downstream slope, this factor was equal to 1.6 in all stages. These results confirm the dam stable condition. In pore-pressure analysis, the pneumatic piezometers presented greater divergences between modeling and instrumentation than those of the Casagrande type. The most significant difference was 46% (23 kPa), in the PZP1 piezometer, at the first filling of the reservoir. However, considering the differences obtained by other authors who also studied the water flow in this dam, we conclude that the results of the present analysis are satisfactory and that the adopted parameters are adequate to characterize the soils modeled.

This Dissertation treat of obtaining geotechnical properties of sediments of Barreiras Formation and the stability analysis of the cliffs located at the Barreira do Inferno Launches Center, Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte State. Coastal areas attracts great interest for the population in general, and developments in these regions are quite common, causing erosive processes to be studied in order to provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the Stability of the cliffs and consequently their safety. The study site in question, being a protected military area, is completely free of human interference and without any edification at its top, making the analysis representative of natural conditions imposed on the slopes studied. The activities developed during the elaboration of this dissertation are grouped in four stages: bibliographic revision, fieldwork, laboratory tests and stability analysis of the cliffs. Based on visits accomplished in situ, information was collected for the subsequent retrieval of the critical profiles of the cliffs for stability analysis. It was observed that the profiles in general aren’t steep, with the presence of basal incision in some areas. It was verified in analyzes that the tensile tensions acting are low. The main mechanism responsible for triggering the instability processes is basically the soil saturation caused by rainfall, which decreases its resistance and generates mass movements. From the tests carried out, it was observed that the cohesion of the saturated soils is around 26% of the soil cohesion in the natural moisture content. However, the angles of friction in both cases suffer inexpressive variations It was concluded that the presence of the basal incision had no significant effect on the reduction of stability in the configurations analyzed by the limit equilibrium methods, while stress analysis showed an increase in tensile stresses on the face of the section. The study of the stability analysis performed in this work effectively represented the types of rupture observed in the cliffs of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, being more coherent than those obtained by traditional methods.

The risks associated with dam failure are high. Problems of instability involving this frameworks bring catastrophic consequences to the society. The Açu dam is a geotechnical embankment with significant importance in the Northeast, mainly in Rio Grande do Norte state. It is the largest dam in the state and has gained prominence in the national and international literature with the slice of the upstream slope at the end of the construction period. In cases of failure, back analysis is a reliable and economic technique to calculate the shear strength parameters of the soil in order to avoid similar cases. From the evaluation of strength data available in the academic environment, this work had as purpose to analyze the failure occurred to obtain the average shear strength parameters of the black clayey material that constituted the Açu dam core before the accident occurred. In the first stage of the work the slope stability of the dam was analyzed and in the second stage the deterministic and probabilistic back analysis. The analyzes were performed in Slide 7.0 belonging to Rocscience platform. The results were compared to the data available in Mello (1982); Penman (1985) and Rocha (2003). At the end of the research it was possible to define the possible average shear strength values of black silt clay and to establish the causes and mechanisms of dam failure. Stability analyzes showed that the slope would fail with strength parameters of the black silt clay in the saturated condition, with values of probability of failure ranging from 60 to 97% between the equilibrium limit methods used in the analyzes. Finally, the cohesion and the friction angle value obtained at the instant of failure in the deterministic back analysis for black silt clay was c_u=47.1 kPa and ϕ_u=0º. In the probabilistic back analysis the cohesion and the friction angle value obtained at the instant of failure was c_u=33,8 kPa and ϕ_u=3,1º, with a probability of failure of 52,7%. With this, it is concluded that the Açu dam upstream slope failure occurred because of errors of strength parameters of the clay soil adopted in the design accompanied by the poor compaction and loss of the soil strength due to the excess of poropressures generated during the construction.

The Master Plan is the main document, in accordance with the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, which guides the development and planning policy of the urban expansion of a Municipality. Since successive modifications and revisions of the plan affect a real estate production capacity, as well as a dynamic of appreciation and the differentiated growth of some areas of the city to the detriment of others. In Natal, the use and occupation of the ground, is submitted to the capacity of urban infrastructure installed in the locality. In this regard, the approval of Law No. 27, on November 3, 2000, modified the urbanistic prescriptions for a part of Ponta Negra, implying the transformation of a large area, linked to this greater capacity of urban densification due to the expansion of Sanitary sewage network, considered at the time a deficit infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the application of law on real estate production in Ponta Negra, which is different when compared to another neighborhood. For this purpose, a collection of information was carried out on all real estate development approved and registered in notary offices, as well as characteristics of the population, housing and infrastructure of Ponta Negra. The results show that the urban expansion was not decisive for the rate of civil construction, since more than half of the real estate developments are located out of the properly zone. The natural scenery of Ponta Negra for tourism, linked with infrastructure works aimed at the development of this activity, attracts external investments to the real estate market, implying in a large production and appreciation of real estate in a short time, excessive verticalization, market focused mainly for foreigners interested in second residences and, consequently, modification of the landscape.

Helical piles are foundation systems used for supporting compression, tension, and lateral loads. Advantages of helical piles over other foundation systems include fast installation and possibility to apply load immediately. Despite the significant growth around the world in the last 25 years, studies on the behavior of helical piles remain scarce. Field test results in pure sand deposits are particularly needed. In order to fulfil this demand, a field testing program involving helical piles subjected to vertical uplift loads has been conceived. A full-scale prototype of a helical pile with three bearing plates has been designed and built. Seven axial pull out tests with cyclic loading have been performed in a pure sand deposit. Five tests were carried out with static cyclic loading, and included up to 15 load-unload cycles. The other two tests were conducted with quasi-static cyclic loading. The results of the static load tests revealed that soil-pile system stiffness increases after completion of each static loading cycle. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to predict pile ultimate uplift static capacity, and gave conservative predictions as compared to the experimental field test results. The tests with quasi-static loading were carried out with distinct mean cyclic loads and load amplitudes. The results of these tests revealed that increasing mean cyclic load and load amplitude tend to reduce pile stability and soil-pile system stiffness. Soil-pile system static capacity was found to improve after application of quasi-static cyclic loads. Numerical models using the finite element method were developed to evaluate how the behavior of a pile under static loading and embedded in a sandy soil profile is affected by variations in important design parameters, such as helical plate diameter, spacing between helices, and depth of installation. Parametric analysis results gave insight into the distribution of stresses and strains in the soil mass around the pile, and into soil-pile failure mechanisms. According to the investigated conditions, optimum geometrical design parameters for a helical pile include 300 mm diameter plates, depth to diameter ratio of the shallowest helix equal to four, and inter-helix spacing equal to three helix diameters.

In the past decades, real estate involvement in the occupancy process of urban space has been growing. This phenomenon emerges from both the demographic growth and economic changes Brazil went through in the past 30 years. Such facts, combined with a lack of accurate geographic information about the local real state, create obstacles on strategic decision making for the city, by both public administration and private enterprise. In front of this perspective, searching for new alternatives and technologies that aim to facilitate processing current data is necessary for optimizing real state analysis in Natal/RN. Therefore, this study aims making a first approach on spatial distribution of developments from 1990 up to 2015 found in real estate registry offices in Natal/RN, using tools based on Geographic Information System. For so, it was necessary georeferencing all developments registered in the period through an existing database. Using such methodology confirmed an increase on verticalization during the period, especially in the south and east zones, as well as a concentration of small units in peripheral areas. The municipality’s southern zone stands out for its intense housing production, confirming a need for expanding urban infrastructure and services. Finally, using georeferencing tools proved to be a valuable tool for the analysis of the spatialization of real estate development. 

Não consta.

O Brasil é um país em desenvolvimento dotado de imensa quantidade de recursos naturais que necessitam ser preservados a fim de que o crescimento econômico seja associado ao desenvolvimento sustentável. A gestão de resíduos sólidos é um desafio contínuo para as indústrias no Brasil, incluindo as que produzem materiais cerâmicos. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a utilização de Resíduo de Polimento de Porcelanato (RPP) para a execução de aterros compactados. O RPP é um resíduo em consistência de lama gerado durante a etapa de polimento do material cerâmico porcelanato, composto por material pulverulento desprendido da peça cerâmica polida, por material abrasivo gasto e por água de resfriamento e lavagem. O RPP utilizado nesta pesquisa foi coletado em empresa localizada no município de Conde/PB e será estudado em misturas com solo areno-argiloso, para a execução de aterros. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização e de resistência mecânica com o solo puro, o RPP puro e misturas de solo e resíduo nas proporções de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% da adição de RPP em massa seca de solo. Os ensaios de caracterização realizados em todas as amostras foram: massa específica dos sólidos, granulometria conjunta, granulometria a laser, limites de Atterberg, fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e compactação. As amostras também foram compactadas e submetidas ainda a ensaios de cisalhamento direto e provas de carga em placa. Este último ensaio foi realizado em placa circular de 30 cm de diâmetro, sobre amostra moldada em caixa metálica no laboratório de Mecânica dos Solos da UFRN. A capacidade de carga do aterro foi avaliada para as amostras compactadas de solo puro e da mistura de 5, previamente selecionada. Todos os ensaios de resistência mecânica foram desenvolvidos na condição inundada, a fim de minimizar possíveis influências de sucção matricial. Os resultados dos ensaios de caracterização apontam que o RPP é um material fino, com granulometria inferior a 0,015 mm, rico em sílica e alumina, com partículas de formato angular. O solo em estudo é uma areia argilosa, caracterizado como laterítico, com altos teores de alumina e óxido de ferro, e com partículas de formato arredondado. Tanto o solo puro quanto as misturas foram identificados como materiais fracamente plásticos, enquanto o resíduo se mostrou medianamente plástico. Os resultados dos ensaios de cisalhamento direto apontam que a adição de resíduo no solo não provocou variações significativas nos valores de ângulo de atrito interno das misturas, em relação ao solo puro, mas, no que diz respeito aos valores de pico da resistência ao cisalhamento, ocorreu uma tendência a um decréscimo na resistência das misturas com o aumento da quantidade de resíduo adicionada. Tanto o solo puro quanto a mistura de 5% apresentaram ruptura por puncionamento, para a prova de carga em placa. O resultado da prova de carga em placa mostrou também que a mistura de 5% apresentou tensão admissível 44% maior do que o solo puro. Os recalques da Mistura de 5% também foram menores do que os do solo puro.

Considerando a situação ambiental atual das grandes cidades, bem como a impermeabilização do solo, o que acaba por diminuir a capacidade de infiltração da água, este trabalho apresenta o telhado verde como alternativa viável e compensatória no controle do escoamento superficial urbano. Os telhados vivos, coberturas vegetadas ou ecotelhados como também são chamados, além de contribuírem no controle do escoamento superficial urbano, proporcionam vantagens, como a diminuição de ilhas de calor em centros urbanos, bom isolamento térmico em climas frios e quentes, melhora da qualidade do ar e outros. As coberturas verdes são relativamente populares na Europa, especialmente na Alemanha, país onde há uma ampla e crescente utilização do sistema. Os geossintéticos mostram-se importantes para o avanço da técnica, podem ser utilizados com diferentes funções, como na impermeabilização da base, na proteção contra raízes, como filtro, na drenagem, no armazenamento de água e na estabilidade do substrato. Como objetivo geral desta pesquisa, buscou-se a partir de modelos físicos experimentais e um simulador de chuvas, observar a capacidade de retenção de água para diferentes configurações de telhados verdes. As variações foram no material geossintético utilizado como camada drenante e na inclinação dos módulos. Aspectos construtivos e de funcionamento dos módulos também foram observados. Como resultados, comprovou-se que os telhados verdes mesmo que com 4 cm de altura de substrato, conseguem reter considerável quantidade de água, que somado ao atraso no inicio do escoamento, os torna uma medida compensatória nos sistemas de drenagem urbana. A capacidade de retenção, do módulo que teve uma geomanta como camada drenante ficou entre 47% quando inclinado e 65% quando plano. Essa retenção foi obtida para intensidades de precipitação de 44 mm/h e 42 mm/h respectivamente, para simulações de 20 minutos. Para este mesmo módulo, o atraso no inicio de escoamento foi de 9 minutos quando inclinado e 15 minutos quando plano, comprovando que a inclinação da cobertura verde influencia na capacidade de retenção e no tempo de inicio de escoamento. O módulo em que apenas um geotêxtil separava o substrato da camada de impermeabilização apresentou uma excelente capacidade de retenção de água, mas a capacidade de drenagem foi insuficiente, ou seja, a intensidade de precipitação foi superior a vazão apresentada pelo sistema, levando-o a transbordar. No módulo com a geomanta como camada drenante o sistema funcionou perfeitamente, não apresentando transbordamento em nenhuma ocasião. Quanto à utilização dos geossintéticos, eles possibilitaram a montagem dos módulos sem maiores problemas, de forma simples e rápida, bastando apenas algumas horas para fixar os materiais e plantar a vegetação.

Esta pesquisa foi pautada no projeto e construção de uma câmara de carbonatação acelerada, em quatro etapas distintas, capaz de equipar um laboratório destinado a estudar a durabilidade das edificações, principalmente no tocante às pesquisas relacionadas às análises de materiais cimentícios. A primeira etapa foi determinada no projeto propriamente dito, onde se pensou em dimensões e materiais a ser utilizado. A segunda etapa destinou-se a construção da câmara de carbonatação e finalizou com o teste de estanqueidade com o intuito de garantir sua vedação. A pesquisa teve continuidade em sua terceira etapa, com a automação e microcontrole da câmara de carbonatação através de um algoritmo desenvolvido e programado, capaz de interagir com a programação presente nos sensores e válvulas adquiridos comercialmente. Esta etapa, ainda contou com a calibração do sensor, utilizando padrões rastreáveis internacionalmente e a realização de pré-testes em modelo reduzido, antes da instalação definitiva na câmara de carbonatação. A quarta etapa foi submeter ao ensaio de carbonatação acelerada, amostras cilíndricas de concreto com dimensões de 100mm x 200mm, no interior da câmara de carbonatação acelerada, conforme os padrões da Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil – LNEC  E-391 (1993) e especificação FINAL DRAFT FprCEN/TS 12390-12, da European Committee Standardization de novembro de 2010. As amostras foram submetidas ao ensaio de carbonatação acelerada aos 7, 14, 28, 42 e 56 dias de exposição e obtiveram respectivamente, profundidades médias de carbonatação de 0,00mm, 1,62mm, 2,65mm, 3,35mm e 3,72mm. Por fim, a pesquisa cumpriu seus objetivos em projetar e construir uma câmara de carbonatação acelerada em laboratório, bem como teve sua eficiência avaliada através da calibração de seus dispositivos avaliadores de CO₂ e sua estanqueidade, e garantiu sua funcionalidade através do ensaio de carbonatação acelerada em um concreto convencional com 365kg/m³ de cimento.

The standard penetration test (SPT) is the most commonly used in situ test for obtaining the required geotechnical parameters for foundation analysis and design in Brazil. Since in most situations only SPT data is available, the search for new SPT-CPT correlations is necessary. However, most of the available SPT-CPT correlations in Brazil have been established for soils of southern regions of the country. New local correlations for other soil types are therefore necessary. This study aims at determining correlations between the SPT resistance number (N_SPT), and the CPT tip resistance (q_c) and sleeve friction resistance (f_s) for a silty sand deposit at the city of Natal, at the Northeast coast of Brazil. Using linear fittings and a simplified geostatistic approach, correlations were obtained for 88 SPT boreholes and eight CPT boreholes. The N_SPT blowcount values where corrected for the energy of 60%. SPT-CPT correlations were devised using the following approaches: variogram analysis, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging. 

With the growing industrial advancement, solid waste management becomes a constant challenge in society. This scenario is also a fact in Brazilian industries, including those producing ceramic materials. The polishing step in the production of porcelain tiles in ceramic industries produces large amounts of a residue consisting of ceramics remains, water and traces of abrasive discs used in the polishing step. This residue consists in a white powder of fine grain and variable chemical composition, known as Porcelain Tile Polishing Residue (RPP). In this study, was researched the use of mixes of soil and RPP for use in road embankments. The residue used was collected in a company located in Conde / PB and was studied in mixtures with a sandy-clayey soil. In the present study, was used different dosages of residue, specifically, 0% (pure soil) 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 40% added in relation to the dry mass of soil. Besides the characterization of materials by conducting tests to determine Atterberg limits, grain size distribution and specific solid weight, soil compaction tests were carried out to determine the CBR (California bearing ratio) and oedometer consolidation tests.  A plate load test was conducted in the laboratory with the 10% blend, comparing to plate load tests data on specimens of pure soil and 5% blend obtained in the technical literature. In virtue of the chemistry of the material, a preliminary study was conducted on the influence of pozzolanic activity on results. Finally, there was an environmental character analysis, based on the chemical collection and analysis of solubilized extract obtained from a sample of pure residue. The mechanical tests performed were conducted under inundated conditions, willing to reduce the influence of soil suction. The evaluation of the soil and mixtures California Bearing Ratio was made using normal and modified proctor energy. The tests showed a reduction of the average resistance of the blends compared to the pure soil’s one. For the consolidation tests, it was observed that the blend with 5% added RPP had a smaller deformation than the specimen of pure soil in the same stress values, unlike the others mixtures which were more deformable. The results of the plate load test showed that the 10% blend has a lower bearing capacity than the pure soil and the 5% blend with bigger settlements for the same stress values. The effect of pozzolanic activity on the results was studied from tests with samples that stood drying for a time after flood, so that the reactions could occur. The results showed that the tests with drying period generally show a slight improvement on mechanical characteristics. With all the data obtained in this study, it can be said that, in general, the residue does not significantly change the mechanical behavior of soil to levels up to 10% addition. For values above that, there is a poorer mechanical performance, but depending on use, does not preclude its application, making all mixtures studied potential materials for execution of embankments in road works. The pure soil and 5% blend compressed in modified energy can also be used as sub-base material pavement layers. The other mixtures can be used as subgrade improvement layer, if their CBR value is higher than the subgrade in question. Regarding the environmental character of the research, it was observed that for the studied parameters, the concentrations are below the limits suggested by NBR 10004.

The construction sector has been consolidated as one of the most relevant in the Brazilian economy, partly due to the development of urban centers. One of the challenges of our country has been the inadequacy of the current construction requirements of sustainability. Currently, the sector is considered one of which cause most environmental impacts due to the high volume of extracted natural resources; the generation of solid waste and; the greenhouse gas level emitted into the atmosphere. In order to minimize the impacts caused by the construction, several studies have been undertaken to obtain technologies and practices associated with the management plan make the most sustainable buildings. This study aims to establish guidelines to contribute to the sustainable development of construction companies in the city of Natal/RN from the planning phase to the implementation of vertical residential developments. We conducted an exploratory study through the application of a questionnaire and the completion of a checklist on developments under construction. The evaluation of the results was performed with the help of SWOT analysis where the particularities of each company to the subsequent exchange of data were identified. Finally it was possible to draw up model improvements, aiming to use the strengths to seize opportunities (SO) and overcome the threats (ST), and minimize the weaknesses to take advantage of the opportunities (WO) and avoid possible threats (WT) in the local construction scene. The study showed that the industry culture and unskilled labor-work are not the only aggravating to achieve sustainable development have been identified in the companies the lack of investment in technical training, environmental planning, integration of alternative materials and the introduction of environmental measures that do not generate immediate profits. If the technological and managerial strategies are used properly and in line with the environmental quality processes in order to optimize the use of materials, minimize waste generation and ensure the quality of life for residents by reducing environmental impacts. Thus, it is possible to generate continuous improvements in the production process of enterprises, and collaborate with the sustainability of the construction industry.

The number of paving works performed in Brazil in recent years has increased considerably, especially the works whose rigid flooring solution has been adopted. However, compared to countries like the United States - US and developed European countries, for example Germany, it appears that the number of paved highways in Brazil is still small, especially with regard to the percentage of highways paved with Portland cement concrete (rigid pavement) compared to the use of asphalt concrete (flexible pavement). The increasing use of Portland cement concrete as paving solution has led to the development of several studies looking improve enforcement techniques and the improvement in the choice of materials and features that may favor the durability of the pavement as a whole. Despite this reality, this study aims to analyze the influence of coarse aggregate on the mechanical strength and fracture properties of concrete for rigid flooring, used in duplication of work and adjustment capacity of the BR-101 / RN, Northeast corridor between the cities of Parnamirim / RN and Ares / RN. In the first analysis, it was varied coarse aggregate the content of the mark, where the percentage of coarse aggregate in terms of the total number of households was 59% to 69%. For the second analysis was the reference mark reproduced only with aggregate maximum diameter 12.5 mm, 19 mm and 25 mm. For both analyzes were made to axial compressive strength test, traction in flexion and diametrical compression, elastic modulus, fracture toughness and fracture energy. The analysis results of the effects of the contents showed that stroke with less content of coarse aggregate - T (59%) showed higher mechanical resistance with respect to the mark - REF (64%), with 8% increments for resistance to compression and tension in flexion, while its fracture toughness and fracture energy decreased by 7% and 12%, respectively. But the trace-added content - T (69%) had a decrease in the mechanical strength by 12% for compressive strength and traction in flexion, but increased fracture toughness and energy of 4% fracture and 2%, respectively . Since the results of analysis of influence of the maximum diameter of coarse aggregate showed that reducing the maximum aggregate diameter caused increased mechanical strength and decreased fracture parameters. The VAR trace. 12, showed increases compared to the reference line (REF) of 12% for the compressive strength and 19% for the tensile strength in bending, but with 38% reductions in fracture toughness and 22% for energy fracture. The greatest results of fracture parameters in this analysis were presented by the mark - REF, but with the difference to be insignificant in relation to the VAR trait. 25

The state of Rio Grande do Norte has a large concentration of scheelite, the main source of tungsten, an important chemical element for production in various industries. When extracting the raw mineral material, tons of waste are generated and lunges in the environment. This work aims to analyze the use of this waste as a substitute for sand in the formulation of coating mortars, due to its favorable characteristics. Scheelite waste samples were collected in Brejuí mine, Currais Novos/RN, and after its initial characterization, it was observed the application of the thick residue in the mortars in study. Were analyzed mixing mortars by 1:1:6 and 1:3, both in volume with percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the sand replaced by scheelite thick waste. It was used Portland cement CP II-Z 32 and CH-I hydrated lime with ratio water/cement between 0.18 to 0.16 and a consistency of 260 ± 5mm. Subsequently, the mortars were analyzed in the fresh state through the consistency testing, bulk density, water retention and incorporated air content and in the hardened state by the compressive strength test and tensile strength in bending, bulk density, water absorption by immersion, water absorption by capillary and dynamic modulus of elasticity. The results showed a reasonable improvement in the properties of mechanical strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity and water retention of mortars produced with scheelite residue. However, some properties such as bulk density, water absorption by immersion and by capillarity presented results above what was found for reference mortars, causing heavier mortars, with less workability and more water absorption than reference mortars.

A mineração no Brasil possui papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico e social, contribuindo diretamente na melhoria de vida da população. Entretanto, a atividade mineradora ainda que seja feita de forma responsável e com um estudo adequado de gestão de resíduos para diminuir o impacto dos seus efeitos, pode vir a causar danos nocivos ao meio ambiente. Outras formas de poluição também são geradas devido à atividade mineradora. A poluição visual provocada pelo armazenamento dos resíduos a céu aberto, além da poluição sonora provocada pelo barulho excessivo das máquinas tanto na extração do minério, como no beneficiamento. Uma forma alternativa de diminuir os impactos ambientais provocados pela mineração é a utilização dos resíduos nas camadas que irão compor os pavimentos das rodovias. Sendo assim, este trabalho se propõe a dar uma destinação adequada aos resíduos oriundos do beneficiamento do minério de ferro, decorrentes da atividade mineradora do grupo de mineração Mhag Serviços e Mineração, na mina do Bonito, localizada no município de Jucurutu, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os resíduos do minério de ferro foram estabilizados com um solo granular proveniente do município de Macaíba, também no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, o qual está sendo utilizado da duplicação da BR-304 referente ao trecho intitulado de Reta Tabajara. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas, sendo a primeira dividida pelos ensaios químicos e mineralógicos, pelos ensaios de caracterização física e pelos ensaios de pavimentação para os resíduos do minério de ferro.  A segunda etapa corresponde aos mesmos ensaios, sendo realizado para o solo granular. A terceira etapa contempla os ensaios citados para três diferentes misturas de resíduos de minério de ferro e solo granular, sendo elas: 15% de resíduos de minério de ferro e 85% de solo granular, 25% de resíduos de minério de ferro e 75% de solo granular, 50% de resíduos de minério de ferro e 50% de solo granular. Os ensaios de limite de liquidez e limite de plasticidade foram realizados a fim de encontrar os índices de consistências, porém os resíduos se comportaram como materiais não plásticos. Foi verificada a viabilidade técnica da utilização dos resíduos oriundos do beneficiamento do minério de ferro, compactado na energia intermediária e modificada, para utilização em camadas de base, sub-base, reforço de subleito e subleito. A incorporação dos resíduos oriundos do beneficiamento do minério de ferro em rodovias proporcionará uma alternativa ao uso de agregados convencionalmente utilizados na pavimentação, além de preservar o meio ambiente.

Os esforços estatais visando alcançar uma melhor infraestrutura para o país têm encontrado algumas barreiras, em especial o atendimento de intransponíveis requisitos de preservação ambiental. Há a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas técnicas que abandonem o exagero na exploração dos recursos ambientais sem pesar contra o ponto de vista técnico-econômico. O presente estudo trata da avaliação da capacidade de carga de um compósito formado pela mistura de solo laterítico (classificado para estudo como uma areia argilosa) e desbastes de pneumáticos inservíveis. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido um modelo de aterro rodoviário para se avaliar a capacidade de carga do compósito. Foi avaliado o comportamento do compósito para proporções de mistura de 0, 10, 20 e 40 % em peso. Provas de carga em placa foram realizadas em modelos compactados com cada proporção de mistura. Os modelos foram confeccionados em uma caixa de aço de 1,40 x 1,40 x 0,80 m. Após a compactação de quatro camadas do compósito, um ensaio de placa foi realizado, sendo obtida a curva tensão-deslocamento para o compósito. Dificuldades executivas foram observadas na compactação do aterro com teor de 40 % de borracha. Verificou-se uma redução significativa da capacidade de carga do sistema solo-placa com o aumento do teor de borracha. Uma das principais causas para essa diminuição é a mudança no modo de ruptura entre o solo de referência e os compósitos estudados. O compósito que obteve o melhor desempenho foi aquele com um teor de mistura c = 10%. Além dos ensaios de capacidade de carga através de ensaio de placa, um outro aspecto foi avaliado: a capacidade de suporte dos compósitos comparados com o solo de referência em termos do valor do ISC. Os resultados apontaram uma queda abrupta da capacidade portante nos compósitos. O compósito com o melhor desempenho foi, também, aquele com um teor de mistura c = 10%.

Nesta pesquisa será realizado o estudo da incorporação do resíduo de fluido de perfuração de poço de petróleo em formulações cerâmicas, avaliando a sua influência nas propriedades do material cerâmico. Os percentuais de substituição de resíduo serão de 10%, 20% e 30% em relação à massa cerâmica, a sinterização será realizada nas temperaturas de 850°, 950° e 1050º C. As propriedades a serem avaliadas serão Absorção de Água, Retração Linear de Queima, Tensão de Ruptura à Flexão, Porosidade Aparente, Massa Específica Aparente, MEV do ponto de ruptura e Ensaio de Cor.

A durabilidade das estruturas de concreto armado tem motivado muitas pesquisas, considerando os altos custos dos reparos em muitas situações, como é o caso das pontes, bem como os prejuízos causados pela necessidade de interdição quanto aos serviços de recuperação. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as condições de durabilidade da Ponte do Rio do Carmo com 90,90 metros de extensão. Esta foi construída em 1976 e está localizada no Km 36 da rodovia brasileira BR-110, entre os municípios de Areia Branca/RN e Mossoró/RN, em região de elevada agressividade ambiental. Para realização deste estudo, foram identificadas as manifestações patológicas presentes, utilizando metodologias de inspeções: Norma DNIT 010/2004 – PRO e a GDE/UnB. Com isto, a partir delas, pôde-se verificar que, as maiores incidências dos danos sofridos foram na superestrutura, na mesoestrutura e em outros elementos estruturais, como as vigas de fachada. Ademais, de acordo com este levantamento, foi possível quantificar a deterioração da estrutura; de forma que se obteve nota técnica igual a 3 segundo a norma DNIT, caracterizando-a como uma obra “potencialmente problemática”, e grau de deterioração global da estrutura (Gd) igual 65,05, classificando-a em nível “Alto”. Em comparativo entre ambas metodologias aplicadas, a mais conservadora foi a GDE/UnB, devido a riqueza de detalhes em sua análise. Quanto, a realização dos ensaios não destrutivos, mostrou-se boa homogeneidade do concreto perante o ensaio de esclerometria. Para as medidas de ultrassom, foi identificada a qualidade do concreto como “regular” e possibilitou a estimativa do módulo de elasticidade e resistência em 17,60 GPa e 13,51 MPa, respectivamente. Já o ensaio de profundidade de carbonatação, foram aferidas medidas em valores de 0,00 a 19,00 mm e, no o ensaio de presença de cloretos, verificaram-se maiores medidas, sendo a maior delas igual 22,80 mm. Porém, ambas não atingiram a profundidade do aço, 30 mm. No ensaio de potencial de corrosão, a maior parte da medição foi numa faixa de -150 a -250 mV, que indica probabilidades de 10 a 90% de corrosão. Todos esses resultados podem concluir que, a Ponte do Rio do Carmo, necessita de reparos nos elementos estudados nesta pesquisa e aliados outras inspeções mais detalhadas, poderá se planejar a solução mais adequada quanto aos aspectos de segurança e economia.

Neste trabalho, avalia-se o desempenho de argamassas à base de cimento Portland para rejuntamento de placas cerâmicas tipo II com adição de pó de borracha de pneus inservíveis. Apresenta-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema (SEGRE, 1999; MENEGUINI, 2003; FERREIRA, 2009; GUIMARÃES, 1997; FIORITO, 1994), em que se faz a ancoragem teórico-metodológica de todo o processo investigativo. O universo analisado compreende uma amostra de argamassa para rejuntamento de placas cerâmicas tipo II convencional (amostra de referência) e de mais cinco amostras de argamassas para rejuntamento de placas cerâmicas tipo II, compostas com adição de pó de borracha de pneu inservíveis, nas respectivas proporções de 4, 8, 12, 16 e 20 %.

Essas amostras de argamassas foram submetidas aos ensaios de determinação do índice de consistência (NBR 13276:2005), retenção de água (NBR 14992 Anexo B:2003), permeabilidade aos 240 minutos (NBR 14992 Anexo G:2003), Absorção de água por imersão (NBR 9781:2013), resistência à compressão (NBR 14992 Anexo D:2003), resistência à tração na flexão (NBR 13279:2005), resistência de aderência à tração (NBR 14081 Parte 4:2012) e densidade de massa no estado endurecido (NBR 13280:2005). Constatou-se, a partir das análises dos resultados obtidos nos ensaios, a seguinte situação: a argamassa de referência utilizada atendeu às exigências estabelecidas nas normas de especificações correspondentes para apenas seis do total de oito parâmetros avaliados na pesquisa; a argamassa com adição de 4,0 % de pó de borracha de pneu atendeu às exigências estabelecidas nas normas de especificações correspondentes para, apenas, a resistência à compressão e a resistência de aderência à tração; as demais argamassas com adição de 8,0 %, 12,0 %, 16,0 % e 20,0 % de pó de borracha de pneu atenderam às exigências das normas de especificações correspondentes, apenas quanto à resistência de aderência à tração. Esse resultado evidencia a conclusão de que a adição de pó de borracha de pneu não confere melhoria de desempenho às argamassas.

O uso de lodo de esgoto como matéria-prima se insere dentro do processo de reciclagem de resíduos, fundamental no modelo de sustentabilidade ambiental atual. A reciclagem de resíduos vem se consolidando como uma solução sustentável, técnica e ambientalmente correta. Apesar de apresentar composição e características muito variáveis, o lodo de esgoto, pode ser considerado como um resíduo com alto potencial de reciclagem no setor da construção civil. Neste trabalho foi estudada a viabilidade de utilização de cinza de lodo de esgoto como adição em argamassa de cimento Portland no traço 1:3 em massa considerado o traço padrão. Foram estudadas adições desta cinza nas proporções de 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% e 30% em relação à massa de cimento. A metodologia foi centrada na caracterização dos materiais por meio de ensaios físicos, químicas, mecânicos, ambientais e microestruturais, seguida pela produção das argamassas, e finalizada pelos ensaios de caracterização das argamassas no estado fresco, através do índice de consistência, teor de ar incorporado, densidade de massa e retenção de água, e no estado endurecido através da densidade de massa, absorção de água por capilaridade, coeficiente de capilaridade, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração na flexão, resistência de aderência à tração e da análise microscópica. Após comparar a argamassa padrão com as argamassas com adição da cinza, conclui-se que a cinza de lodo de esgoto não comprometeu a integridade e propriedades das argamassas com adição, inclusive aumentando a resistência à compressão e tração, sendo 20% a porcentagem mais indicada. Assim, torna-se viável a adição de cinza de lodo de esgoto em argamassa de cimento Portland para o traço estudado. 

O controle sobre os processos erosivos é uma necessidade constatada em vários segmentos da engenharia. A movimentação de terra necessária para a execução de taludes rodoviários, por exemplo, pode resultar em taludes de corte ou aterro vulneráveis à erosão superficial. Dentre as alternativas tecnológicas para controle de erosão a utilização de geossintéticos se apresenta como uma solução potencial. A referida aplicação encontra-se em amplo desenvolvimento em alguns países como, por exemplo, nos EUA. No Brasil, a especificação de geossintéticos para controle de erosão é limitada pela ausência de caracterização desses produtos e de normas nacionais, sendo a única fonte técnica de informação, os catálogos dos fabricantes. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é construir um equipamento e desenvolver métodos de ensaio para caracterização e avaliação de geossintéticos utilizados no controle de erosão superficial. Além de um simulador de chuvas, o equipamento é composto por uma bancada de testes formada por: rampa de escoamento, mesa de suporte e núcleos de solo. Utilizando a bancada construída, foram realizados ensaios para avaliar o funcionamento do equipamento e o desempenho de uma geomanta na redução da taxa de erosão superficial. Os ensaios foram realizados com intensidades de precipitação de 100 ± 4mm/h e 150 ± 4mm/h, durante 30 minutos, com intervalo de leitura de 5 minutos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios sem a presença da geomanta mostraram uma perda de solo acentuada durante as chuvas simuladas, com uma tendência de crescimento linear da perda de solo acumulada em função do tempo de ensaio. Nos ensaios realizados com a presença da geomanta observou-se a ação de proteção do geossintéticos com uma redução da ordem de 90% da perda de solo acumulada para todas as intensidades de chuvas utilizadas.

A partir de ensaios de provas de carga de estacas pré-moldadas de concreto e sondagens do tipo SPT, realizou-se um estudo da obtenção da carga de ruptura da fundação através de métodos semiempíricos, elásticos e de extrapolação da curva carga-recalque. Após isso, realizaram-se comparações entre os diversos métodos utilizados para dois tipos de solo, um de comportamento granular e outro coesivo.
Para obtenção dos parâmetros do solo a serem utilizados nos métodos estabeleceuse correlações empíricas com o índice de resistência a penetração (NSPT). As curvas carga-recalque das estacas também são analisadas. Diante das comparações estabelecidas indica-se o método mais confiável para cada tipo de solo.

O objetivo deste trabalho é a simulação numérica do desempenho Mecânico de elementos estruturais de concreto afetados pela Reação Álcali-Agregado. Refere-se à patologia, reportada por Stanton em 1940, que assumiu ênfase a partir da década de 80, quando foram relatadas suas consequências, incluindo fissuração, ruína e perda de funcionalidade. A carência de formulação teórica conclusiva, motivada sobretudo pelo fato de os ensaios experimentais demandarem grandes períodos de tempo, dificulta a solução dos problemas decorrentes da RAA. A simulação numérica do fenômeno em pauta é instrumento útil para a previsão de danos, bem como para a especificação dos serviços de recuperação da estrutura deteriorada e da época apropriada para realizá-los. Constitui, inclusive, recurso eficaz para respaldar modificações normativas direcionadas a projetos estruturais. O código computacional de suporte deste trabalho utiliza-se da aproximação por elementos finitos sobre formulação ortotrópica não linear, e, um modelo termodinâmico para avaliar as deformações por RAA.

A busca pela preservação do patrimônio cultural deve ser uma constante, para que
não haja a perda da identidade histórica e cultural de um país. Como parte deste
patrimônio cultural, destaca-se a importância das edificações históricas. Para que os
princípios de restauro sejam atendidos é de suma importância conhecer o estado de
conservação desses bens e os materiais existentes. Diante do exposto, este
trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as manifestações patológicas presentes nos
revestimentos argamassados, bem como caracterizar as argamassas, de maior valor
patrimonial, do Grupo Escolar Augusto Severo. Para isso, foi realizado um
levantamento histórico da edificação, visitas in loco com observação visual e registro
fotográfico, coleta de amostras de argamassas de revestimento e caracterização por
meio de análise visual e laboratorial, FRX, DRX, TG/DTG e MEV-EDS. A partir das
observações realizadas, foram identificadas manifestações patológicas como:
fissuras, desprendimento do revestimento, sujidade, eflorescência, mofo e bolor,
além da utilização de material inadequado à base de cimento. Constatou-se que as
manifestações patológicas foram intensificadas devido à falta de cobertura em
alguns pontos e, sobretudo pelo abandono da edificação, que há muitos anos não
passa por restauração ou qualquer outro tipo de manutenção preventiva e corretiva.
Os resultados das técnicas em laboratório indicaram que as argamassas estudadas
são à base de cal, de natureza calcítica, e agregado silicoso, com presença de argila
em duas amostras. Das amostras coletadas, duas são compostas por cal, areia e
argila e duas por cal e areia. Neste sentido, ressalta-se que é de relevante
importância a realização de inspeções e manutenções periódicas, bem como a
realização de restauração com a utilização de material compatível com o original.

Existem várias formas de deterioração do concreto, dentre elas, a reação álcali-agregado (RAA) está inserida na categoria de degradação através de processo químico. Como resultado ocorre uma interação entre os componentes do concreto que o fragilizam, podendo causar fissuração, perda de resistência, aumento da deformação, redução da durabilidade, além de outros prejuízos. Existe bastante conhecimento difundido sobre a prevenção da reação, porém o mesmo não pode ser dito acerca do seu mecanismo, inclusive sobre formas de reparo e maneiras de evitar sua continuidade. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as características dos agregados comercializados no Rio Grande do Norte (RN), enfatizando o seu comportamento com relação à reação álcali agregado através do ensaio de reatividade recomendado por norma, além de análises das propriedades da argamassa após exposição às condições do ensaio de reatividade, avaliando a resistência à compressão, tração na flexão, propriedades elásticas e análises microestruturais, empregando diferentes tipos de cimento. Os resultados não indicaram presenças de formas reativas nos agregados do RN, houveram apenas pequenos pontos onde a reação se desenvolveu mas no geral não foram encontradas expansões acima das especificadas pela norma. Com relação à comparação do comportamento dos dois tipos de cimento, não foram encontradas grandes diferenças nas propriedades da argamassa.

A  grande  extensão  de  uma  dutovia  pode  conduzir  a  inúmeras  situações  particulares  de interação  longitudinal  com  o  solo.  Apesar  do  grande  progresso  alcançado  sobre  a  compreensão  dos  mais  diversos  aspectos  do  comportamento  de  dutos  enterrados,  pouca atenção tem sido dispensada ao comportamento longitudinal dessas estruturas. O presente  projeto  de  pesquisa  tem  como  objetivo desenvolver  um  estudo  através  de  análises  numéricas  tridimensionais  sobre  o  comportamento  mecânico  de  dutos  enterrados  em  condições  que  mobilizem  sua  interação  longitudinal.  Serão  analisadas  instalações  de  dutos sujeitos a perda de apoio e a elevação em uma determinada região  da   tubulação.   Serão   realizadas   análises   paramétricas   amplas   das   diversas   variáveis  envolvidas nas condições propostas para estudo, como, por exemplo, altura de cobertura de solo,  rigidez  relativa  solo?duto  e  extensão  da  zona solicitada.  Dentre  outros  aspectos,  os  resultados  obtidos  permitirão  uma  avaliação  detalhada  da  redistribuição  das  tensões  no maciço de solo e dos esforços e deflexões ao longo do duto. Espera?se, com este trabalho, esclarecer  importantes  questões  com  respeito  ao  comportamento  longitudinal  de  dutos enterrados,  contribuindo  de  forma  significativa  para  a  melhoria  do  projeto  geotécnico dessas estruturas.

A solução da equação diferencial parcial de problemas de percolação é difícil de ser encontrada, sua utilização é de extrema limitação porque apresenta resultados exatos apenas para situações bastante definidas. Para contornar este problema usualmente são utilizados softwares com base em diferenças finitas e elementos finitos. Nesta dissertação apresenta-se a utilização de um software de elementos finitos, o GEO5, para a resolução do problema de percolação numa barragem de seção bastante complexa, a Barragem Eng. Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, que no final de sua construção sofreu ruptura do talude de montante da barragem central, devendo ser adequadamente monitorada. Por isso é importante verificar se o comportamento da barragem pode ser corretamente simulado pelo programa por estar em concordância com os resultados das leituras dos instrumentos instalados e se o mesmo pode prever futuras situações de risco de forma que possam ser contornadas. 

As estruturas de concreto armado são largamente utilizadas nas edificações em todo o mundo. Quando da ocorrência de incêndio em edificações, é consenso entre os estudiosos, que o concreto apresenta uma elevada resistência ao fogo, devido principalmente a sua baixa condutividade térmica. No entanto, isto não significa que esse material não seja afetado pela exposição a elevadas temperaturas. Redução de resistência à compressão e no módulo de elasticidade, alteração na coloração e aparecimento de fissuras, são alguns dos efeitos causados pela exposição térmica. No caso de concretos com resistênc ia mais elevada, ocorre ainda desplacamentos explosivos, expondo as armaduras ao fogo, e contribuindo assim para a redução da capacidade suporte do elemento estrutural. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como a resistência à compressão e a porosidade do concreto são afetadas quando submetido a elevadas temperaturas. Foram avaliados concretos de diferentes resistências, e ainda foi verificado se a incorporação de fibras de politereftalato de etileno (PET), em matriz de concreto, pode ser usada como alternativa a prevenção do lascamento. Os resultados indicaram que lascamentos explosivos acometem não somente concretos de alta resistência, como também o concreto convencional de média resistência, e que a faixa de temperatura para o qual o concreto começa a sofrer alterações expressivas em sua resistência fica entre 400 ºC e 600 ºC.

Nesse trabalho são discutidos os critérios da norma NBR 15421:2006 para o desenvolvimento de um projeto de estruturas de concreto, considerando a análise sísmica. Inicialmente fez-se um levantamento dos conceitos fundamentais da engenharia sísmica, das principais ocorrências, globais e regionais, abordando-se a análise dos efeitos geradores de sismos, seus conceitos e particularidades. Apresentando posteriormente o detalhamento de todos os coeficientes sísmicos presentes na NBR 15421:2006 e comparou-se com as principais normas sísmicas internacionais. Foi desenvolvida uma comparação entre edifícios modelados através de espectro de resposta e através das forças horizontais sísmicas equivalentes, também se desenvolveu um estudo comparativo de uma edificação comercial submetido ao vento e a solicitações sísmicas. Destaca-se ainda a apresentação das principais recomendações e orientações técnicas em termos de concepção e detalhamento estrutural que devem servir de condicionantes para projetos atuais. Demonstra-se que os efeitos sísmicos incorrem na necessidade de detalhamentos específicos na estrutura, comprovando-se que a necessidade de uma abordagem diferenciada é essencial.

A construção civil brasileira, nos últimos anos, tem passado por mudanças como estabilidade da moeda, aumento da concorrência, escassez de mão de obra qualificada e aumento da importância da qualidade requerida pelo cliente, que fizeram que as empresas do setor procurassem soluções através de novas práticas de gestão buscando se tornarem mais eficientes. Uma alternativa é conhecida como Construção Enxuta (Lean Construction), que é derivada do Sistema Toyota de Produção. A Construção Enxuta visa reduzir a parcela de atividades que não agregam valor, aumentar o valor do produto através da consideração das necessidades do cliente, reduzir a variabilidade e tempo do ciclo de produção, simplificar o processo através da redução do número de passos ou partes, aumentar a flexibilidade na execução do produto e a transparência do processo, focar o controle no processo global, introduzir melhoria contínua no processo, manter um equilíbrio entre melhorias nos fluxos e nas conversões e ainda buscar aprender com as práticas adotadas pelas empresas concorrentes, contudo à indústria da construção civil é caracterizada por possuir atividade nômade, que empreende produto único, com custo elevado de produção e grande inércia para mudança comportamental, deste modo, torna-se difícil a implantação da filosofia da construção enxuta nas empresas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de criar uma metodologia de implantação dos princípios da Construção Enxuta, e ainda de elaborar documentos (procedimentos e formulários) que facilitassem este processo. A metodologia para implantação dos princípios da Construção Enxuta foi concebida utilizando a ferramenta 5W2H, e o processo de implantação foi dividido em quatro etapas, sendo a primeira com a finalidade de conhecer os produtos e/ou serviços gerados pela empresa, de qual o seu público alvo e ainda de entender de uma forma macro como é o funcionamento da organização; a segunda fase consistiu em desenhar a empresa através de organogramas tanto no setor administrativo como produtivo; a meta da terceira etapa foi de estabelecer quais os documentos (procedimentos e formulários) são necessários e de estabelecer as competências de cada colaborador; e a quarta fase foi destinada ao controle dos processos onde através do Planejamento Estratégico seriam definidos os objetivos da empresa com suas respectivas metas e indicadores com a finalidade de manter o sistema funcionando visando a melhoria contínua com foco no cliente. O estudo de caso foi realizado com uma empresa de porte médio com mais de 17 anos de atividade e certificada há quase 10 anos na ISO 9001 e nível A do PBQP-H, sendo realizada uma análise minuciosa nesta empresa com a finalidade de propor melhorias em seus processos, inclusive identificando quais os documentos deveriam ser elaborados com base nos princípios da construção enxuta. Ao longo do trabalho foram criados 10 documentos e modificados outros 19. Ao término deste trabalho a empresa estudo de caso encontrava-se em fase de implantação da presente metodologia.

O desenvolvimento das grandes cidades tem gerado um dos maiores desafios ambientais enfrentados na atualidade, que é a gestão eficaz de resíduos sólidos. A grande variedade e quantidade dos resíduos produzidos diariamente, tem tornado a destinação ecologicamente correta e sustentável destes materiais cada vez mais difícil. Dentre os vários resíduos produzidos diariamente destacam-se os lodos oriundos de estações de tratamento de esgotos, denominados de lodos de esgoto, cuja destinação final segura tem sido discutida mundialmente em diversos estudos, tendo em vista que a tendência de geração deste tipo de resíduo tende a crescer com o aumento do saneamento das cidades. Uma forma amplamente difundida nos países desenvolvidos para destinação dos lodos de esgoto é a incineração destes materiais para posterior envio das cinzas geradas neste processo a aterros sanitários. Porém, tem-se estudado formas alternativas de disposição, destacando-se a utilização destas cinzas como adição mineral em concretos e argamassas de cimento Portland. Sabe-se que o desempenho de resíduos de incineração como adição mineral em matrizes cimentícias, depende em grande parte da capacidade de atuação destes materiais como elementos pozolânicos ou como fileres, podendo estas características serem influenciadas pela temperatura de queima ao qual estes resíduos foram submetidos. Neste sentido, verificou-se com esta pesquisa a influência da temperatura empregada na queima dos lodos sépticos no índice de atividade pozolânica (IAP) das cinzas geradas como resíduo deste processo, aqui denominadas de cinzas de lodo séptico (CLS), sendo em seguida, avaliadas as implicações técnicas e microestruturais da utilização deste resíduo em teores de 10%, 20% e 30% como adição mineral em concretos de cimento Portland. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram não haver alterações significativas no IAP das CLS em decorrência da temperatura utilizada durante o processo de queima dos lodos de esgoto. Além disso, verificou-se que embora a utilização das CLS tenham provocado diminuição da trabalhabilidade dos concretos para todos os teores de incorporação, estas melhoraram a resistência mecânica à compressão, o índice de vazios, a absorção de água e o comportamento microestrutural dos concretos contendo 10% e 20% de resíduo.

Um estudo experimental foi realizado para investigar o comportamento de estacas hélice contínua e estacas metálicas, com perfil H, cravadas submetidas a carregamentos laterais em solo arenoso. As estacas foram ensaiadas em duas áreas diferentes no mesmo local. Ambas as áreas eram compostas por um aterro superficial de 3 m de espessura de areia fina, seguidas de camadas naturais de areia fina a grossa. Os aterros diferenciam-se pela densidade relativa com que foram compactadas, 45% e 70%, respectivamente. Cada área recebeu um par idêntico de estacas hélice contínua e dois pares idênticos de estacas metálicas. Em cada par de estacas foi executada uma prova de carga estática. Neste trabalho, os resultados das provas de carga são apresentados e interpretados. Os coeficientes de reação horizontal do solo foram determinados através dos resultados das provas de carga e comparados com valores dos mesmos coeficientes determinados por correlações baseados no NSPT corrigido. Curvas p-y foram construídas para prever o comportamento de estacas submetidas a carregamentos horizontais. Os parâmetros necessários para modelagem das curvas p-y foram obtidos por retro-análise das curvas carga versus deslocamento horizontal obtida experimentalmente. Além disso, obtiveram-se valores de carga de ruptura e carga admissível horizontal, para métodos teóricos e baseados nas provas de carga, verificando sua validade.

As mudanças naturais e antrópicas que vêm ocorrendo na zona costeira em todo o mundo representam um dos maiores problemas para a sociedade neste século. Essa importância se torna mais evidente devido à elevada densidade das cidades litorâneas, à crescente especulação turístico-imobiliária dessas áreas e às alterações climáticas que tendem a desencadear e acelerar esses processos. Nesse contexto, percebe-se cada vez mais um aumento significativo dos problemas relacionados à erosão costeira e recuo de falésias no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A área de estudo desta pesquisa localiza-se na zona costeira do município de Baía Formosa/RN, no litoral oriental-sul do Rio Grande do Norte, e possui uma extensão de cerca de 1200 m ao longo da praia do Porto. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a estabilidade dessas falésias, através de investigações de campo, ensaios e análises computacionais utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos e o Método de Bishop. Para atender aos objetivos deste trabalho, a área foi subdividida em quatro trechos, e foram aplicados checklists e também realizados ensaios de caracterização e de cisalhamento direto com materiais obtidos ao longo desses trechos. Os segmentos de falésia nessa zona costeira possuem alturas variando em torno de 4 m e 14 m e inclinações de aproximadamente 40º a 90º. Os solos constituintes das falésias foram classificados, em termos gerais, como areias argilosas ou siltosas e argilas arenosas, sendo os solos mais argilosos e variegados pertencentes à base da falésia. As análises de estabilidade mostraram que os fatores de segurança variaram, no trecho 01, de 2,38 a 6,06, no trecho 02, de 1,01 a 1,62, no trecho 03, de 1,29 a 1,78, e no trecho 04, de 0,83 a 2,48. Assim, os trechos 02 e 03, foram considerados como mais instáveis. Entretanto, pode-se considerar o trecho 03 como o mais crítico devido à ausência de estruturas de proteção costeira e à estreita faixa de praia. Fato que não ocorre no trecho 02, o qual possui uma extensa faixa de praia e é protegido por um muro de arrimo que restringe o acesso dos banhistas às áreas adjacentes do pé da falésia.

 O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo numérico através do método dos elementos finitos (MEF) utilizando-se o aplicativo computacional Plaxis 2D, com o objetivo de verificar aspectos do comportamento de estruturas de contenção atirantadas em areia. As análises foram dirigidas ao desenvolvimento dos deslocamentos horizontais, das tensões horizontais e dos esforços internos (esforço cortante e momento fletor) durante o processo construtivo da estrutura. As simulações numéricas incluíram avaliações da inf luência do comprimento da ficha, do espaçamento horizontal entre os tirantes, da espessura da parede e do comprimento do trecho livre. O perfil de solo utilizado nas simulações numéricas é representativo de uma determinada região da Cidade  de Natal – RN, na qual são construídas com frequência contenções do tipo analisado no presente trabalho. Usou-se o modelo constitutivo de Mohr-Coulomb para simular o  comportamento do solo e o modelo elástico linear para simular o comportamento dos elementos estruturais. Os parâmetros de resistência do solo foram obtidos por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento direto. Já os parâmetros de deformabilidade foram obtidos através de correlações empíricas obtidas de resultados de ensaios SPT executados na região em estudo. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que variações no comprimento da ficha praticamente não influenciam o comportamento da estrutura, no âmbito dos parâmetros avaliados. Já o espaçamento horizontal entre os tirantes apresenta forte influência sobre essas grandezas. Verificou-se também que a espessura da parede apresenta considerável influência sobre os deslocamentos horizontais e sobre os esforços internos, porém, apresenta pouca influência sobre as tensões horizontais.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo da estabilização química de um solo com cimento e a avaliação do uso de cinza de lodo como aditivo estabilizante, investigando o comportamento mecânico das misturas solo-cimento e solo-cimento-cinza para uso em base e sub-base de pavimentos rodoviários. Os materiais envolvidos no estudo foram: solo silte-areno argiloso, cimento Portland comum e lodo esgoto calcinado de uma lagoa anaeróbia. A metodologia envolveu o estudo dos materiais, com ensaios de caracterização geotécnica do solo e mecânica das misturas solo-cimento e solo-cimento-cinza de lodo (SCCLE). As moldagens dos corpos de prova para o ensaio de compactação do solo e solo-cimento foram nas energias (normal, intermediária e modificada) e os teores de cimento adicionados ao solo foram (0%, 3%, 6% e 9%), no qual para cada traço/energia foram moldados 3 cp´s, sendo nesta etapa confeccionados 36 cp´s. A adição em percentual do cimento ao solo foi feita em relação massa do solo seco. Com os pontos da umidade retirados da curva de compactação do solo na energia normal foram moldados 5 cp´s para o ensaio de CBR, o melhor resultado foi do cp com umidade próximo a da umidade ótima, seu valor foi 6,13% e com uma expansão de 0,02%. Foi verificado a partir dos resultados do ensaio de CBR do solo a necessidade de sua estabilização tendo em vista que para o uso em camadas de sub-base e base são exigidos valores mínimos de 20% e 80% respectivamente segundo a especificação do DNER – ES – 301/97. No estudo da estabilização do solo foi utilizada como referência a resistência mínima à compressão simples para base e sub-base que é de 21 kgf/cm² de acordo com o DNER – ES – 305/97. Os cp´s de solo-cimento foram compactados nas energias e teores de cimento acima citados. O traço T₄I foi o escolhido para adição de cinza, composto por (91% de solo + 9% de cimento na energia intermediária), sua resistência foi de 22,61 kgf/cm², este valor lhe credenciou aos padrões de camadas de base e sub-base.  A adição cinza de lodo foi feita nos percentuais (5%, 10%, 20% e 30%), o percentual de cinza foi calculado em relação à massa do solo seco e sendo nesta fase moldados 12 cp´s. Foi observado incremento da RCS em todos os traços contendo a cinza, sendo mais satisfatório o traço T₇I com um ganho de 25,87% de resistência em relação ao traço T₄I de referência contendo solo-cimento. A partir do estudo de estabilização podemos inferir que o solo não é expansivo podendo ser usado em camadas de pavimentos após a estabilização com cimento, e a cinza de lodo pode ser usada como aditivo estabilizante, uma maneira de reduzir os custos com o cimento e diminuir a poluição com o descarte do resíduo no meio ambiente. A avaliação ambiental segundo as normas (10004 e 10005 ABNT) mostrou que a cinza não oferece risco ao meio ambiente, abrindo oportunidades para futuros estudos com a adição de cinzas nos diversos traços e energias que não foram analisados neste trabalho.