THE IMPACT OF CHANGING TRAINING TIME ON SLEEP PATTERNS, STRESS, AND MOOD STATES IN RUNNERS
Circadian Rhythm, Chronotype, Sleepiness, Recovery
INTRODUCTION: Road running often requires activities to start in the early morning hours, imposing logistical challenges that may necessitate changes in training schedules and sleep adjustments to ensure athlete recovery. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of changing the training time of day on sleep patterns, stress tolerance, and mood states in amateur runners. METHODS: Thirty-two runners of both sexes (19 women and 13 men; age: 35 ± 6.09 years; weight: 66.43 ± 10.23 kg; height: 166.44 ± 7.86 cm) performed two non-consecutive weeks of training at different times of day (morning: 05:00–06:00 h; evening: 19:00–20:00 h), separated by a washout period. Following an initial assessment of anthropometric characteristics, body composition (DXA), sleep quality (PSQI), and chronotype (MEQ), participants followed individualized training protocols that were equivalent between weeks. During each experimental week, sleep (accelerometry and diary), daytime sleepiness (ESS), mood state (BRUMS), and stress tolerance (DALDA) were monitored, allowing for intra-individual comparison between training times. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in bedtime (22:36 ± 01:04 vs. 22:55 ± 00:57; p = 0.04) and wake-up time (05:06 ± 00:48 vs. 06:07 ± 01:05; p < 0.001) between the morning training week and the evening training week. Considering habitual training preference, athletes accustomed to training in the morning had a wake-up time 58 min later when training in the evening (t(20) = -3.256; p = 0.004). Conversely, those accustomed to evening training went to bed 33 min earlier (t(10) = -3.316; p = 0.008) and woke up 65 min earlier than usual (t(10) = -3.688; p = 0.004) when training in the morning. No relevant changes in mood or stress tolerance were found during this period. CONCLUSION: The training schedule modifies the runners' sleep behavior—delaying sleep timing when training at night and advancing it when training in the morning—without altering total sleep time, latency, or sleep efficiency.