Journal of Food Composition and Analysis Obtaining Anthocyanin-Rich Extracts from Syzygium cumini Using Emerging Extraction Techniques: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Potential, and Cytotoxicity Assessment
jambolan; anthocyanins; antioxidant activity; emerging technologies; cytotoxicity.
The fruits of Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) are rich in anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, molecules associated with high antioxidant potential, whose instability demands optimized extraction processes. This study established the ideal extraction conditions for recovering bioactives from jambolan peel and pulp, evaluating the impact of different extraction techniques, solvents, and times on the contents of total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity by the ABTS+ radical scavenging method, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Subsequently, phytochemical characterization was performed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the extracts that showed the best results for bioactive compound quantification and antioxidant capacity, and the best-performing profile was selected for biological safety evaluation against HepG-2 and CHO-K1 cell lines. Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) stood out as the most promising method, achieving TMA and TPC contents of 17.92 mg·g-1 and 897.73 µg GAE·g-1, respectively. The ABTS+ radical scavenging activity reached 2.38 µmol TE·g-1, and TAC recorded 220.12 mg AA·g-1. HPLC identified four anthocyanins, predominantly pelargonidin-3,5- diglucoside (114 μg·g-1) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (112 μg·g-1), as well as malvidin-3- glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside, along with organic and phenolic acids (highlighting gallic acid, 711 μg·g-1), stilbenes, and flavonoids, such as procyanidin A2 (201 μg·g-1) and epigallocatechin gallate (101 μg·g-1). Regarding biological safety, a stimulus to cell proliferation was observed in the HepG-2 lineage (1000 μg·mL-1 at 24 h and at all concentrations at 72 h), with viability values ranging from 121.6% to 133.1%. In contrast, biocompatibility was verified against CHO-K1 cells at all concentrations at 24 h and up to 500 μg·mL-1 at 72 h. The use of PLE allowed the procurement of a robust and safe phytochemical matrix, enabling its potential use in future technological and pharmaceutical applications.