Performance of CuO/In2O3 multilayer thin films in the photocatalytic degradation of dyes in solution under solar irradiation
multilayer thin films, In2O3, CuO, heterogeneous photocatalysis, organic dye degradation.
This study investigates the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured multilayer thin films composed of CuO and In₂O₃, aiming at their application in the photodegradation of organic dyes for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. The films were fabricated from copper(II) and indium(III) nitrate precursor resins using the polymeric precursor method (Pechini), and deposited on glass substrates by dip-coating. The fabrication process involved multiple deposition steps, drying, and controlled thermal treatments for the crystallization of the desired phases. Characterization of the films included: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for crystalline phases and crystallinity; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) for morphology, thickness, and elemental composition; X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) for surface chemical composition and oxidation states; Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for topography and roughness; contact angle for wettability; and UV-Vis Spectroscopy for optical properties and band gap energy. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and their mixture, under solar irradiation. The results demonstrated good photocatalytic potential, with degradation percentages ≥ 60% for MB and MG dyes in all assays. Additionally, the reusability of the films over multiple cycles revealed consistent maintenance of photocatalytic efficiency under solar irradiation. Finally, cytotoxicity assays with the treated effluents demonstrated viability for bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation, evidencing low residual toxicity and the potential for safe application of the technology.