Epigenic karst evolution and tufa precipitation in the Potiguar Basin: Structural and stratigraphic controls in continental carbonate deposits
Epigenic karst; Calcareous tufa; Inception horizon; Karstified reservoir; Carbonate reservoir analog.
Continental carbonate deposits, such as tufas, are high-resolution paleoenvironmental archives. While their geometries often reflect paleohydrology, the genetic link between subterranean karst dissolution networks and surface carbonate precipitation remains poorly constrained. This study investigates this dynamic in the Potiguar Basin, northeastern Brazil, using a multiscale approach that integrates remote sensing, UAV photogrammetry, LiDAR, field mapping, petrography, and cathodoluminescence (CL). Regional mapping reveals that tufa deposits are structurally controlled, nucleating over an epigenic karst network guided by reactivated fracture corridors and the mechanical stratigraphy of the Jandaíra Formation along the Apodi-Mossoró incised valley. High-resolution 3D models of the Urubu and Sicários cave systems capture the critical transition from structurally confined groundwater flow to turbulent subaerial discharge. Furthermore, petrographic and CL analyses reveal how local geomorphology strictly dictates facies distribution and diagenetic heterogeneity. The high-energy Sicários system developed a stepped cascade architecture stabilized by early meteoric cementation, whereas the lower-energy, confined Urubu pool-barrage system is dominated by rhythmic laminated cements. We demonstrate that Potiguar Basin tufas are not isolated geomorphological features, but rather the terminal exokarst expressions of a continuous regional fluid-routing network and robust markers of subaerial exposure. This framework successfully links structurally localized dissolution in the subsurface of the Jandaíra Formation to the surface tufa depositional architecture. Ultimately, it provides a highly predictive outcrop analog for understanding facies distribution and diagenetic heterogeneity in complex, fractured carbonate reservoirs.