The continuous supply of quality public goods and services maintains a close relationship with the financial health of governments in their various spheres and, consequently, with public administration. Therefore, identifying whether a government is in a strong or weak financial condition can represent a potential indication that society's basic needs are being or will be met satisfactorily. The literature highlights that there are several factors that can affect the financial condition of a government, such as natural disasters, economic crises, political and social influences, etc. This research aims to analyze the extent to which 11 socioeconomic indicators influence the financial condition of Brazilian municipalities in the period from 2018 to 2021. The construction of this work is based on the theory of government financial condition and uses the CAPAG score attributed by the STN as a model to classify the financial condition of municipalities. Considering the plurality of distinct and common characteristics among Brazilian municipalities, this work is justified on the premise that subnational governments have closer and more appropriate knowledge of local resources and needs. This is, therefore, exploratory research with a hypothetical-deductive methodological approach and a quantitative focus. It includes theoretical survey, identification of the financial condition of municipalities, collection and formation of indicators and statistical analysis. In the results, only the variable spent on investment - GINV was not significant in explaining the financial condition of Brazilian municipalities. The negative influence of the crime variables - CRIM and family bag - BFAM on the probability of obtaining a better classification of financial condition is highlighted. As a complementary contribution, it is highlighted that the presence of the accounting activity - ACONT is confirmed as influential, indicating that an increase in one unit of the variable increases the probability of a government being classified as having a strong financial condition by 5.6%. The complexity of the topic makes measurement and analysis challenging, being essential to provide information to managers and allow society to participate in the public management process.

In the realm of Accounting, one of its responsibilities is to promote transparency and reliability in financial information, which is used to support important decisions. Consequently, transgressions of ethical and legal principles can result in various consequences for information users, as well as for society and the accounting profession itself. Thus, the application of ethical and disciplinary sanctions is necessary both addressing the committed infractions and discouraging their recurrence. Given the discussions and inquiries found in the literature about how Accounting Boards discipline their members, this research aims to investigate the determinants of punishability within the framework of the CFC/CRCs System by mapping the sanctions applied in administrative inspection processes and relating the assessment criteria of these sanctions to the ethical and professional practices specified by the legislation. To this end, a quantitative approach was adopted, using descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA). The study sample comprised disciplinary actions against accounting professionals from 25 Brazilian States Accounting Boards. A total of 31,612 infractions were analyzed, associated with 24,808 disciplinary actions initiated in the period from 2018 to 2022, along with the respective sentences pronounced in cases that have been adjudged. The research results highlighted the predominance of violations related to the regularity of professional practice. It was also possible to observe a fluctuation in the frequency of infractions over the period, with some showing a decreasing trend, such as those related to the issuance of the “Decore”, which was the main violation according to previous studies. The results further revealed that the private reprimand associated with a fine was the main sanction applied, both in terms of categories of infractions and across the majority of the Accounting Boards. The study also pointed to the complexity of the relationship between types of infractions, geographical characteristics, and applied sanctions, where contextual factors may show association but do not determine the patterns of penalty application. This study contributes to the literature on the subject, regarding professional accounting ethics and the oversight of the CFC/CRC System, considering the discussion provided, the method used, and the period covered in the study. Moreover, the results contribute to the CFC/CRC System, considering the importance of evaluating outcomes and standardizing procedures among the Accounting Boards.

The main objective of this research is to analyze whether the accounting result of electricity distributors is managed in response to tariff review cycles. Thus, it was verified whether there is an association between accounting earnings management - represented by the discretionary accruals (DA) proxy - and the tariff review cycles of electricity distributors in Brazil (represented by the dummy variable that indicates whether or not there was a tariff review that year). To this end, it was evaluated whether companies make more use of DA in years that precede the tariff revisions (RTP's) carried out by ANEEL, the body responsible for regulating the electricity sector. The information needed to estimate discretionary accruals through the model proposed by Pae (2005) was obtained through the Economatica® platform and the ANEEL website, covering the period from 2012 to 2019. The empirical results support the research hypothesis and indicate a correlation between the use of discretionary accruals in the years preceding tariff reviews. Given that one of the functions of the regulatory body is to define the remuneration of companies through tariff revisions, which are calculated based on accounting and financial information, there is a need for informational quality to guarantee that the transfer of wealth between distributor and consumer occurs in a correct manner fair way.

With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions all over the world were strongly impacted, as the social distancing policy adopted in several countries made it impossible to carry out in-person classes. As a measure to promote the continuity of academic activities, the Ministry of Education instituted, through an ordinance, the Emergency Remote Teaching (ERE), whose implementation process, as in several countries, was carried out in an unplanned manner. This study has as general objective to evaluate the teaching and learning process of remote classes, from the perspective of Accounting Sciences Course professors at the IES of Natal/RN.
Therefore, it is intended to develop an exploratory study of a qualitative nature through a survey, using an online questionnaire in a sample of 38 HEI teachers in RN, seeking to capture the perception of teachers regarding the limiting and promoting factors in implementation of the ERE. Analyzing the teaching-learning process in the context of the ERE is necessary, especially in the Accounting course, due to the importance of the accounting professional in the country's economic development.

Significant efforts contributed to make Auditing and its practice more publicized and informative, due to the relevance of its execution. From this, the Independent Auditor's Report (IAR) included in its structure the communication of relevant information, such as the Key Audit Matters (KAMs). In this sense, this research aims to deepen knowledge about the Matters reported by brazilian companies on Water and Sanitation sector, Electricity sector and Gas sector, and also about the match between the opinion contained in the reports, the service provided by these companies and the scale of the audit firm involved. Thus, a qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and documentary research was carried out, seeking to describe, in the context of organizations in the public utility sector, the aspects of the IAR. With the help of the Phyton programming language, the reports released from 2016 to 2021 were analyzed, from 168 public utility organizations, adding up to 888 Reports. 245 of those were reported by Water and Sanitation companies,  543 of those were reported by Energy companies and 100 of those were reported by gas companies. Through content analysis, the most frequently reported KAMs were identified, noting that aspects related to concession assets, revenue recognition and provision for contingencies are the most present content in this section of the report. It was also identified that, since the beginning of IAR application, at each year the amount of content considered KAMs has been reduced, so that throughout the research, 1212 main audit matters were analyzed. In order to investigate the association of the types of opinions - without reservation, with reservation, negative opinion or disclaimer of opinion - with the utility services and the reputation of the audit company, a correspondence analysis was performed, through which a statistical association was identified between the unmodified opinion and the reports issued by Big Four organizations, in addition to finding that the electricity public utility sector tends to have more unmodified opinions, in relation to water and sanitaton services and natural gas. From the methods used and the results found, the research contributed to the advancement of the study about the changes in the Independent Auditor's Report, in addition to presenting an overview of its application in the context of concessionaires of natural monopolies. The present study is distinguished by the findings comprising a period of six years of application of the normative changes. Also, the research pointed aspects not yet investigated related not only to the analyzed sector, but also to the comparison between the organizational characteristics and the types of Independent Auditor's Reports.

This study aims to analyze the profile female participation in high-ranking positions in the light of the Upper- Echelons Theory in non-financial companies. Based on Upper- Echelons Theory, sought to identify observable female characteristics that serve as a basis for the selection and development of top-ranking executives, especially in the female corporate framework, in order to contribute to the reduction of historically and socially acquired prejudices through the preservation of the status quo, as appears in the Theory of Justification of the System. Thus, to achieve the expected objective, a mapping and quantification of female participation will be carried out during the years 2011 to 2022, as well as an analysis of the observable characteristics (age, profession, education, experience and dual roles) of 565 women in the last year of analysis. The research studied the Board of Directors, Fiscal Council, Executive Board and President (CEO) of 321 non-financial companies listed in Brazil, Bolsa and Balcão [B]³. For data analysis, the research is characterized by having a quali-quantitative approach, qualitative because the data collection is based on documents and their reading, as well as the consequent application of content analysis of the reports and quantitative because of the quantification of the studied variables and application through descriptive statistics. The results showed that the sectors with the highest proportion of women in their positions are public utilities, technology and education. It also identified that the position of the board has the highest proportion of women with an average of 11.90, just after the supervisory board and administration, with 10.57 and 9.81, respectively. Finally, it identified that 76% of women have some type of postgraduate degree, that their average age is 51.88 years, the area of training that most admits women in more prominent positions is administration, only 19 women have dual degrees. positions and 99.29% of the analyzed women have previous experiences.

Competitiveness is a significant element in the growth and development of companies and countries, in addition to being a valuable analysis tool for decision-making. Competitiveness indices have been widely used to identify and reference competitive and productive potential. Concerning the public sector, such a perspective is used as doubtful by some, since, in the government sector, the premises that govern the dynamics of this sector are opposite to those of the private sector. This research aims to analyze, among a set of factors, which explain the competitiveness ranking of Brazilian municipalities, using as a proxy the indicator prepared by the Center for Public Leadership (CLP) for the year 2022. The indicator was prepared for 415 municipalities and in this investigation, one was excluded due to lack of data. The ranking score was used as a dependent variable and explanatory variables related to social and economic factors, personal characteristics of managers (gender, age, political experience, level of education) and fiscal management and governance were established. The Agency Theory Applied to the Public Sector was used as theoretical support and the analyzes were performed with the GLM (Generalized Linear Models) with Tweedie distribution. Data were collected on the websites of the National Treasury Secretariat (STN), the Superior Electoral Court (TSE), the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), the Federal Board of Directors platform and the FIRJAN Index of Fiscal Management platform (FIRJAN). The results revealed statistically as explanatory factors of the ranking of competitiveness of Brazilian municipalities: Own Tax Collection (tax revenue), the FIRJAN Tax Management Index (IFGF) and the complete higher education level. The study collaborated with the advancement of the literature with discussions on the Agency Theory Applied to the Public Sector and the competitiveness of Brazilian municipalities. For society, it represents yet another instrument of social control to promote accountability and reduce informational asymmetry. For managers, the results can help in decision-making in order to improve the development of public policies.

The business environment has become increasingly competitive, complex, and demanding, giving rise to the need for integrated reports that showcase not only the financial reality but also the social and environmental aspects. The Integrated Report (IR) comes to supply the need that the market seeks, synthesizing all this information, assisting in the better decision-making of its stakeholders. Although there is a consistent trend of companies embracing the adoption of integrated reporting, there is a lack of national studies that assess the compliance of these statements and its consonance with the framework established by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), as well as which business characteristics can influence the quality of the statement mentioned. Therefore, the general objective of the study is to investigate the relevance of certain business characteristics to the level of quality of integrated reports in Brazil. The population designated for the analysis of this research will be composed of companies listed on [B]³ – Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão –, with its shares traded on the Brazilian stock market on 12/31/2021, and Brazilian state-owned companies. The exclusion of the financial and insurance sectors occurred because both have operational and asset activities distinct from the others. The sample comprises data from 448 companies with 1,673 observations. In that regard, data will be collected on the RefinitivEikon database, terms of reference, financial and non-financial statements on the companies' website. The analysis will cover the period from 2018 to 2020, justified by the regulation and mandatory disclosure of Integrated Report of state-owned companies according to Law Nº. 13.303/2016, which established a period of 24 months to make the necessary adaptations to suitability, as well as, the market incentive for private companies also adopt the disclosure of the integrated report. For the conduction of the analyses, the methodology of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression was employed, applied to unbalanced panel data. As for the results of the econometric models, concerning Model 4 (with companies from [B³] and compliance greater than 0), it is possible to observe that a significant result was found for one variable of interest: Company Size (FSIZE). Meanwhile, for Model 6 (with state-owned enterprises and compliance greater than 0), it is possible to observe that significant results were found for the variables of interest: Board Size (BSIZE), Financial Capacity (FCF), and Age (AGE).

The current study had the purpose of investigating the effects of the ownership and compensation structures on the performance of Brazilian real estate investment funds. The data concerning both structures was obtained from periodic forms made available in the
Portal de Dados Abertos da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (Portal of Open Data from the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission); the performance data was obtained in the periodic forms and the database from Economatica®, where 51 real estate investments funds that were continuously listed in the Brazilian Stock Exchange (B3) from 2017 to 2022 were analyzed. To accomplish these analyses and estimations, panel data regression models were used with the following variables: Market-to-book ratio, annual effective returns, and Jensen’s Alpha. Among the studies’ main results, one observes that there is a statistically significant relation between both structures with the funds’ performance, in contrast, when adjusting this relation by the investment risk, the ownership structure lost its statistical significance. Lastly, concerning the control variables, it was verified that the Net Operating Revenue and the Asset Size were positively associated with the funds’ performance.

Faced with the debate about the imminent possibility of social security bankruptcy and the negative consequences of this fact for society, the present study seeks to identify what are the determining factors for the social security management of the Social Security Regimes (RPPS) adopted by the State of Rio Grande do Norte and some of its municipalities, based on the Social Security Situation Index - extracted from the Social Security Secretariat's database -, in which it is intended to verify which variables determined the situation of the 41 social security entities in Rio Grande do Norte in the sample period from 2019 to 2022. For the analysis, the research uses a quantitative and descriptive approach, in the light of the logistic regression technique, using unbalanced panel data, with the scope of identifying the main explanatory variables of the social security result of the schemes potiguares themselves in the studied period. In summary, it can be stated that the result of the regression showed that of the 11 explanatory variables, only “CRP” was statistically relevant, indicating that if the RPPS has “CRP”, its chance of achieving a grade is 20.90 times greater your chance of achieving a “C” grade and every 1.0066 times for every million units increased by the ratio between your revenue and the ratio between your population and mass of insured people, you will achieve the highest grade achieved within the analysis. Furthermore, the general result of the RPPS in Rio Grande do Norte for the reported period was unsustainable, since in 2020, the balance was R$ -3,453.46 million and in 2021, R$ -2,302.57 million. In any case, the results found in the present study lead to the perception of a worrying social security situation in the RPPS in Rio Grande do Norte, which, for the most part, are deficient and, for this reason, disable skillful management as a necessary condition for improving sustainability. these entities.

Accounting information serves as a communication resource from an entity to its stakeholders, where it has the power to influence decision-making. Earnings smoothing is a possibility of earnings management that aims to create positive reserves in good times and use them to balance cash flows in difficult or crisis periods. This earnings management method is often used in for-profit companies. The vast majority of soccer clubs, for example, are not-for-profit entities, which aim to expand the assets of the legal entity constituted. However, it is observed that they move billions of dollars a year; therefore, based on the Disclosure theory, the study aims to analyze how the practice of income smoothing occurs in Brazilian soccer clubs. The data that will be collected refer to the period from 2017 to 2022, with emphasis on the years 2020 and 2021, the peak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. The information will be collected from the websites of the clubs and their federations. The study presents a differential, it will include two income smoothing metrics: (1) Eckel Index (1981) and (2) Smoothing factors proposed from the grouping of the metrics EM1 and EM3 of Leuz, Nanda and Wysocki (2003). Logistic regression and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The results show, through the Eckel Index, that the practice of income smoothing occurs in soccer clubs in specific periods. The logistic regression analysis for the Eckel Index with the explanatory variables Return on Assets (ROA), General Indebtedness (ENDGER), Leverage (ALAV) and Provision for Contingencies (PROV) were not significant for the study. Nevertheless, the Club Size (TAM) represented by the natural logarithm of assets proved to be significant.. Regarding the variable Smoothing Factor of Leuz, Nanda and Wysocki (2003), we used factor analysis to create a ranking of the clubs that smoothed the most. Therefore, the results suggest that the manager of soccer clubs is smoothing the profit at opportune moments, increasing the persistence of provision accounts to decrease the result. Consequently, investors, lenders and club financiers who base their investments on the cash flows of clubs that smooth net income the most through a greater amount of discretionary accruals may have their judgment compromised.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020, led to significant changes in education, including the widespread adoption of both face-to-face and remote learning and the integration of new educational technologies into classrooms (UNESCO, 2020). This study aimed to investigate the perception of accounting students on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the teaching and learning process in higher education institutions in the states of Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A representative sample of 122 questionnaires completed by accounting students from various institutions in these states was quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that students have a positive perception of the use of ICTs in teaching. Accounting students in these regions believe that ICTs have the potential to make classes more interesting and engaging, stimulate active student participation, contribute to learning progress, expand learning possibilities, promote collaboration and interaction between students, provide a personalized learning environment, and offer ways to express creativity and explore new ideas. In addition, no significant differences were found in students' perceptions of the use of ICTs when social and economic variables, such as the type of institution (public or private), the course period, and the students' age, were considered. Therefore, the positive perceptions of ICTs were consistent across the different groups. This study has important implications for educational practice. However, it is important to note  hat ICTs are not a cure-all for the problems of education. They are simply a tool that can be used to improve the teaching and learning process. Students and even teachers should be careful when using ICTs and ensure that they are used effectively and appropriately.

Public spending is an important component for economic growth, however, the level of corruption can impact the effectiveness of such spending. On the other hand, there is scarce literature investigating the effects of public spending on economic growth amid the effects of corruption, applied to developing countries, especially in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP). Therefore, based on Keynesian theory and the work of Devarajan et al. (1996), this study aims to analyze the influence of public spending on CPLP’s economic growth in the period from 2016 to 2021 with control for the level of public transparency through Transparency International’s corruption perception index. Public spending was first considered by economic category (current spending and capital spending) and then by function (public safety and order, education, infrastructure, and finally, health). To control for the endogeneity of economic-financial variables, we used the predominant model in this type of literature, GMM, in order to test the hypotheses of the positive influence of public spending on economic growth in CPLP. The results show that all variables were positive and statistically significant, that is, they positively influence CPLP’s economic performance. On the other hand, the control variable, Transparency, harms economic performance, which contradicts the literature on the influence of corruption on economic growth.

Capítulo 1: Although there are studies related to conservatism in periods of economic crisis, all studies focus on data from developed countries, that is, there is a scarcity of studies that carry out this research in Latin American countries. The objective of this study is to identify the behavior of conservatism in companies in Latin America (LA) before and during the economic crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, there was a selection of the countries that have the largest and main Stock Exchanges in LA, which were: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The period adopted was from 2014 to 2019 (before the crisis) and from 2020 to 2021 (during the crisis), and the Thomson Reuters Eikon® platform was used, through which a sample of 492 companies and 2,573 observations were obtained. The model used to measure conservatism was that of Ball and Shivakumar (2005), through multilevel regression from three levels on unbalanced panel data. Based on the results, it is inferred that companies in Latin America adopt a conservative stance both before and during periods of crisis. However, during these phases of economic recession, there is a tendency towards an increase in the level of conservatism, since organizations had opportunistic recognition of gains during the period of recession, followed by their reversal in subsequent periods, signaling accounting strategies that aim to deal with the uncertainties and volatility associated with this uncertain period of the pandemic. Furthermore, it was observed that organizations had a significant impact on reversing negative results.

Capítulo 2: The study aims to analyze the relationship between the restriction measures adopted by Latin American countries to combat COVID-19 and the level of conservatism of companies listed on their stock exchanges during the market downturn. To this end, an analysis was carried out on public companies in countries that have the main exchanges in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru), in the period from 2020 to 2021. Initially, the restriction measures adopted were calculated by each country, seeking to categorize them into groups with different levels of restriction, based on the measures implemented by each of them. Data for this analysis was obtained from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), developed by the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford. Next, an analysis of the degree of conservatism present in each of these groups was carried out, using the model proposed by Ball and Shivakumar (2005) through panel data regression. Finally, the variable that quantifies the restriction measures adopted by each group was incorporated as an integral part of this analysis process. The results show that Argentina, Colombia, Chile and Peru were the countries that most implemented measures to combat COVID-19, being considered more restrictive. On the other hand, Brazil and Mexico adopted fewer restrictions, being classified as less restricted. The analysis indicated that companies from less restrictive countries presented a more conservative stance in their financial statements, however, there was no evidence that conservatism was directly impacted by the restriction measures. The most restricted countries did not demonstrate statistically significant variables. 

This study aims to investigate the relevant relationship between ESG performance and accounting quality of the Latin American companies listed on domestic stock exchanges. For this, data were collected regarding the presence of ESG performance measures on Refinitiv® database. The necessary information to estimate proxies of accounting quality, including earnings management, timely-loss recognition, conservatism and value relevance as proxies of accounting quality were collected on Refinitiv® database. The models employed to measure the proxies of Quality of Internal Control (QIC) included: Modified Jones (Dechow, Sloan, Sweeney, 1995) for earnings management, using panel data regression with random effects; Barth, Landsman, and Lang (2008) for the Relevance of Accounting Information with random effects, employing panel data estimation; and Banker et al. (2016) for conservatism, utilizing panel regression estimation with a pooled estimator. As a distinguishing feature of this study, it focuses on developing countries in Latin America within the utilities sector. This sector, being regulated, is sensitive to sustainability issues and characterized by monopolistic industries. Based on the findings, a significant relationship was observed between performance and ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) transparency, and the Quality of Internal Control (QIC) through the Relevance of Accounting Information. However, other metrics such as Earnings Management and Conservatism did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship.

This dissertation aims to identify and analyze comparatively through the perception of managers/cooperators the possible mechanisms of cooperative governance adopted in cooperatives of family farming and solidarity in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Pará, and its specific objectives are to identify the mechanisms of good cooperative governance practices recommended by the Brazilian Cooperative Organization (OCB) and the Brazilian Institute of Corporate Governance (IBGC), in addition to identifying the convergences and divergences of the mechanisms adopted between cooperatives and ordering the most developed mechanisms among them. To achieve the proposed objectives, a semi-structured form was applied with open and closed questions concerning the best governance practices mechanisms elaborated by the OCB and the IBGC. For the analysis of responses, the treatment used was content analysis. Regarding the preliminary results, it was possible to identify that even though cooperatives were considered small, several points of adherence to the governance mechanism items were found in the cooperatives of the two States, as in the categories of analysis related to Cooperates and General Assembly, Administrative Organ, Supervisory and Compliance Authority and Ombudsman and Cooperative Relationship with the Cooperated, however, the category analyzed Advisory and Audit Bodies was not identified any mechanism used in the cooperatives analyzed. Regarding the originality of this dissertation, no other studies focusing on cooperative governance in cooperatives of family farming and solidarity in these states were found. As for the relevance, the economic and social representation of the cooperatives of family farming and solidarity stands out, these have an expressive role in the process of job creation and supply of free trade fairs, markets and supermarkets.

The present study aims to analyze the teachers' perception about the use of the conceptual map in the learning process in accounting science courses in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. To achieve it, the methodology of a qualitative approach was used, with a sample composed of 51 professors. The analyzed data were obtained through a questionnaire sent by e-mail. Regarding the structure of the questionnaire, aspects of the sociodemographic profile of the respondents, teacher qualification and questions about the knowledge and application of the conceptual map were addressed. To verify the clarity and precision of the data collection instrument, a pre-test was performed. In addition, in order to verify the reliability of the questionnaire, it was submitted to Cronbach's Alpha test. As for data analysis, closed responses were tabulated and underwent descriptive analysis, while open responses underwent content analysis. The findings indicate that the content covered in the disciplines of the accounting sciences course is favorable to the adoption of the conceptual map, as well as the use of the technique provides the relationship between theory and accounting practice. When applied at the beginning of the discipline, it is capable of activating prior knowledge. When adopted during or at the end of the course, it represents a synthesis and exposition of the knowledge acquired by the student. The methodology used in lectures can help in the understanding and assimilation of the information presented in the slides and, when they are used analysis and debates, learning happens together and those involved acquire greater intimacy with the technique. Teachers reported that they were motivated to use the concept map due to its power of assimilation, absorption, construction of concepts and propositions, synthesis and content fixation. However, some limitations were found in the application, such as inexperience of the students. Others showed resistance, lack of commitment and inefficiency in elaborating the activity. The results show the need for incentives for adoption, such as the inclusion of the technique in the CPP of HEI and teacher training. As a suggestion for future studies, it is recommended to replicate the research nationally or by regions, so that it is possible to study a larger sample and verify if there is convergence or divergence of these results. It is also recommended to apply the technique in any discipline of the course, seeking the perception of professors and students or to identify the occurrence of significant learning through the adoption of the conceptual map.

Based on the Signaling Theory, Agency Theory and Informational Asymmetry, the objective of this study is to analyze how the level of quarterly earnings management by discretionary accruals behaves in open market companies in Latin America. For this purpose, information will be collected from a sample of 616 companies present in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, as they stand out for their higher GDP, and the growing economic participation worldwide. In this way, the quarterly discretionary accruals from 2015 to 2019 will be estimated as a proxy for earnings management (2005). Then, a second regression will be used with the quarterly discretionary accruals and the dummies variables referring to each quarter and country, controlled by the variables of Size, Operating Cash Flow, Growth and Indebtedness, collected in the Thomson Reuters ® database. To achieve the proposed objective, the data will be organized through a panel and the descriptive statistics of the information will be analyzed.

Although there are theoretical arguments about the benefits of organizational factors in the financial condition, there are few studies on how these factors affect municipal and state governments finances in Brazil. This study aimed to verify the influence of managerial capacity of managers on the financial condition of large Brazilian municipalities. The theoretical foundation is based on the theory of human capital and the theory of financial condition, in addition to the support of empirical studies. Based on the theoretical framework, hypotheses were elaborated that the education and experience of mayors, as well as the education of administration and finance directors, and civil servants, can positively influence the financial condition of local governments. To measure the financial condition, indicators proposed by the by Vieira (2019) were chosen. Based on these indicators, factor analysis by principal components was used as recommended in Rusca et al. (2015) and Bunce and Goldberg (1979). To measure the managerial capacity of managers, education and experience were used as proxies. The study covered the 100 largest Brazilian municipalities in terms of GDP, from 2009 to 2019 and used the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) regression technique to test the proposed hypotheses. The results revealed that the mayor's schooling and experience related to public management contribute to improve the financial condition. Regarding the schooling of administration and finance directors, it was also found that professional qualification has a positive influence on the financial condition. Finally, regarding the education of public servants, a positive effect was found on the financial condition, revealing the importance of the educational level of the entire public administration in the government financial manangemnt. The research results corroborates to the human capital literature related to the financial condition, serving as instrument to support public finance management.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the integrated report on the relationship between the cost of debt and management of accounting results, in order to provide evidence regarding the role of integrated and quality information in the pricing of the cost of debt by creditors. To this end, the sample will be composed of a publicly traded Brazilian company listed on Brazil, Bolsa Balcão [B]³, considering the period from 2016 to 2019. The cost of debt will be measured by the ratio between financial expenses and onerous liabilities contained in the financial reports. Data regarding the voluntary disclosure of an integrated report will be collected in reference forms, annual reports and integrated reports, available on the websites of the Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM), [B]3 and companies, following the guidelines established by the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC). And the management of accounting results will be measured through the estimation of discretionary accruals. To carry out the analysis, three regression models will be used, based on the technique of statistical modeling of unbalanced panel data.

This study aims to analyze the behavior of the dividend distribution of publicly traded Brazilian companies according to the effects of economic cycles, comparing the phases defined by Schumpeter (1935) with the NBER model. Noting that the studies of cycles with 4 phases are important because it seeks to observe more economic phases, thus contributing to the market (investors) who will have more information about the behavior of dividends. For this, information was collected from 360 publicly traded companies listed in the market infrastructure company B3 between 1997 and 2021, a period that comprises the main crises of the Brazilian market: effect of the devaluation of the Real (1999), real estate crisis (2008), great Brazilian recession (2014-2016) and the crisis caused by the Covid pandemic (2019-2020). Data were obtained through the Thomson Reuters Refinitiv Eikon® database, using the tobit regression model to treat them. It was observed in the study that there is a significant relationship between dividend payments and the recessive economic cycle of Schumpeter's model, concluding that during this phase there is a greater distribution of dividends compared to periods of contraction, recovery and expansion.

The present work aims to identify the relevant components of the economic-financial performance of the public utility sector and their respective similarities in relation to the results observed between the Energy, Gas, Water and Sewage services. Discussing aspects about the importance of comparative analysis and the ideals of Institutional Theory that companies that operate in similar conditions present similar performances, the research has a quantitative and descriptive character. For this purpose, 15 economic and financial indicators calculated using financial data collected manually and available in the Financial Statements released by these organizations were analyzed from 2010 to 2021. The final result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis with 8 indicators was the extraction of 3 factors that explain 78.84% of the variance of the original data, with Factor 01 entitled Indebtedness, Factor 02, Liquidity and Factor 03, Profitability. The evidence found shows that within the Brazilian Public Utility Sector, the components of economic and financial performance Debt (Factor 01), Liquidity (Factor 02) and Profitability (Factor 03) are statistically different depending on the type of service they provide, and that energy service providers do not have better results if analyzed broadly. As for the comparison between publicly traded and privately held companies, the performance components were different depending on the service they provide, highlighting the publicly traded energy companies that presented the best results in all components in relation to the other companies providers of gas, water and sewage services. In addition, it was possible to identify performance differences between companies with private or public management, highlighting the influence that subsidies can have on the performance of public companies, mainly in Gas and Water and Sewage. The findings corroborate previous studies and endorse the research regarding the consideration of specific characteristics of organizations in their performance analyzes and their influence on the similarity of their performances. 

We aimed to identify the association between corporate ethics and the economic and financial efficiency of companies. Based on the Signaling and Agency Theories, we inferred that the implementation and dissemination of quality codes of ethics, in addition to being used as a risk control mechanism, is fundamentally important to present greater credibility to the market, thus being able to influence the financial and economic results of the entities. Therefore, we analyzed whether the implementation of a quality code of ethics could influence the economic and financial results by using a sample of 201 non-financial Brazilian companies listed on the Brazilian Stock Exchange (B3). First, we verified the quality of the codes of ethics, released by companies in 2018, based on a numerical scoring model, resulting from the sum of the quantity compliance with the criteria established by regulatory bodies. Then, we identified the economic-financial efficiency score using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and information collected from the financial reports, from 2015 to 2019, released by the companies, from which we considered as Inputs - Operating Expenses, Third Party Capital and Equity - and Outputs - Net Sales and Cash Flow from Operating Activities. Finally, we made the relationship between the quality indicator of the code of ethics and the economic-financial efficiency score by using Correspondence Analysis (ANACOR). Thus, we reached the conclusion that, on average, companies had a moderate quality indicator (QCE), with 42.78% presenting a satisfactory quality indicator. Regarding economic and financial efficiency, only 15.92% of companies were efficient and 52.24% had low (SE) scores. However, when looking at the association between the two variables (QCE and SE), we did not find a positive relationship between the variables observed. Thus, we were unable to validate the theoretical statement that the quality of the code of ethics positively influences the economic and financial results of companies.

The clarity of the textual narrative is vital for understanding and interpreting the information contained in financial reports. The lack of readability in these reports is significant in relation to agency problems and minimizing these problems can reduce costs on the information of institutions. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the relationship between the legibility of the Financial Statements and Agency costs, allowing to analyze the Brazilian context of readability in entities with Corporate Governance. In addition, it contributes to regulatory bodies by analyzing information disclosed by these companies. The research population consisted of 113 companies participating in the Novo Mercado for the period from 2017 to 2018. The survey used panel data and in addition to descriptive statistics, used results from OLS regressions to test the readability of the Financial Reports and the Costs of agencies of the companies participating in the New Market for Corporate Governance in Brazil. The results showed that when presenting greater legibility in the financial statements, companies also have higher agency costs, rejecting the hypothesis raised in the study. The Leverage variable was significant, suggesting that companies that have a higher proportion of debt in liabilities, have greater asymmetries between managers and shareholders. The variables Size and Tangibles did not report a significant coefficient in the statistical model.

The present work has the objective of studying the valuerelevance of accounting information presented by Brazilian banks. The study scope was delimited by the understanding that Banking is a segment with high concentration of financial instruments, leading, thus, to greater disclosure related risk susceptibility on such instruments. The sample here developed was chosen by the banking segment of classification on Brazil’s Stock Exchange, B3, resulting in a group of 24 publicly listed companies, whose data ranged from 2017 to 2019. The study was conducted using the disclosure index presented by Thai e Birt (2019), made with the intent to evaluate the disclosure adherence of a said company to the reporting standard, in this case, CPC 40, Financial instruments: Recognition, Evaluation and Disclosure, Instrumentos Financeiros: Evidenciação, Brazil’s interpretation of the International Financial Reporting Standards, IFRS, 7, enabling the determination of company adherence of accounting standards, on the market measurement of the value-relevance it was used the modified Ohlson (1995) model. The results show that, to the measured population and period, the Disclosure Index cannot be used as an explanatory variable for the market evaluation of the financial institutions hereby presented.

This research aimed to investigate the relationship between cash holding and value creation for shareholders of companies that practice market timing in the Brazilian stock market. The study sample consisted of 108 non-financial companies classified in [B]³ that carried out an IPO between 2004 and 2017, segregated into two groups, market timers and non-timers . In total, 202 IPO's occurred during the delimited period, in addition, the cash behavior was analyzed during the eight quarters following the IPO's, resulting in 864 observations. To achieve the objective, two econometric models were proposed, one for each formulated hypothesis, and the data analysis method used was a dynamic panel regression with one-stage GMM-Sys estimators (BLUNDELL; BOND, 1998). The financial data, necessary for the calculation of the variables that made up the econometric models, were collected using the Thomson Reuters Eikon® database. The evidence from the estimation of Model I confirmed the first hypothesis, that is: market timers hold more cash than non-timers. In turn, the evidence from the estimation of Model II rejected the second hypothesis, that is: there is no positive relationship between cash holding and value creation for shareholders of market timercompanies.  Thus, despite hold more cash than non-timers, companies that practice market timing in the Brazilian stock market showed a reduction in the value created for shareholders. It is possible to infer that this result derives from the high opportunity cost of idle cash, since, as market timing is an opportunistic practice, managers do not have an immediate destination for the constituted resource. Furthermore, in light of cash holding, the result obtained can be explained by the agency reason (JENSEN; MECKLING, 1976). The findings of this study suggest that market timing is not successful as a financial policy of value creation, furthermore, corroborate the work of Babenko, Tserlukevich and Wan (2020), whose conclusion is that market timing increases stock prices at the expense shareholders.

This study aims to analyze which factors have explained the effectiveness of budgetary expenditure in Brazilian municipalities. Data were collected from the websites of Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the National Treasury Secretariat (NTS) and the Superior Electoral Court (TSE). The variables used to explain Budget Expenditure Effectiveness (BEE) include: performed revenue, GDP per capita, location, territorial size, personal traits of governors (gender, age, level of education, and political experience) and political competition. To address the results, robust Tobit (censored) regression models were estimated. Results indicated that the performed revenue, the per capita GDP, the region of the municipality and the characteristics of managers, such as age (life experience proxy) and educational level have a positive and significant relationship with the Budget Expense Effectiveness. Statistically,  explanatory factors were considered as effectiveness of the budgetary expenditure the performed revenue, the per capita GDP, the territorial size (the small and medium size municipalities compared to the large ones), the location (the municipalities of the Southeast and Compared to the Midwest), as well as the characteristics of managers, such as age (between 60 and 69 years) and educational level (complete high school and complete higher education). This has represented options for citizens to choose the future municipal public managers and planning rules for the effectiveness of budget spending. The research contributions include the reduction of informational asymmetry between citizens and municipal public managers, the identification of factors related to the effectiveness of budget expenditures, the advance of literature on the theme about public administration performance, as regards effectiveness and the use of the variable political competition as an explanatory factor for the budgetary effectiveness.

The evolution of the business world has led to growing demands for information, beyond those found in traditional financial reporting. This has resulted in the sharp rise in companies that begun to embrace emerging reporting, such as Integrated Reporting (IR). Thus, the general objective of the study is to investigate the factors associated with the voluntary disclosure of Integrated Reporting in Brazil, during the period from 2016 to 2018 of the companies listed in [B] ³ - Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão. Hence, the data were collected, using reference forms, standardized financial statements filed on the CVM website and on the Bloomberg® data platform. Financial sector companies were excluded from the study due to specific characteristics, such as high leverage and differentiated accounting standards; and state companies, in consequence of Law n.13.303/2016, which now requires annual disclosure of the integrated or sustainability report by Brazilian state-owned companies. Therefore, an analysis of the sample of 227 companies, using multinomial logistic regression methodology (Y = 2 for companies that disclose according to the Integrated Report; Y = 1 for companies with reports with similar practices to IR and Y = 0 companies without reports) applied to the data under the pooled structure. Testing the validity of the hypotheses of the agency and signaling theories, reveals the positive impact of the size of the company and the board of directors, the profitability and the level of participation of independent directors and women in the implementation of RI in Brazil by companies. It can be stated that from a practical point of view, the results of this study, assist companies understand under what conditions IR will be more expected and, therefore, pay attention to aspects of their profitability, size and especially the aspects of their board that show relevant in this regard.

This study aims to understand the relationship between the stability of institutional
investors' ownership and the evidenced level of earnings management in their
investments, considering its two main types: discretionary accruals (AEM) and

operational activities (REM). For this purpose, the volatility of institutional investors'
shares in unregulated and non-financial companies classified on the Brazilian stock
exchange (B3) during the period from 2010 to 2018, which contained some institutional
investor in its shareholding structure was verified, totaling 159 companies. Thus, the
metrics STDI and PROP, proposed by Elyasiani, Jia and Mao (2010), were used. These
are calculated in their total values, for the entire group of institutional, and individual
investors, considering its four major types: Banks, Insurance Companies, Investment
Funds and Holdings. The results indicated that companies with stable Banks-type
shareholders are associated with lower levels of AEM, demonstrating an active monitor
profile, differently from what is estimated by the literature. It was also evident that
companies with stable Holdings-type shareholders have less adherence to REM-type
practices. However, for the latter, the literature already attributes institutional activism.
And in greater proportions of shareholder participation of the Insurance-type, the
highest levels of earnings management AEM and REM were evidenced, assigning to
this type of investor a passive monitoring relationship. These results indicate that the
stability of some types of investors can be an explanatory element in terms of the
quality of the information provided by their investees.

The present study aims to verify if firms with the best financial performance indexes have higher levels of earnings management. The ressearch sample comprises companies with shares traded on stock exchanges of BRICS members countries, excluding financial and insurance firms, totaling 28,225 observations. The time span analyzed comprised the years 2010 to 2017, in an unbalanced panel. The performance measurement was made based on the evaluation measures most used by analysts (earnings multiples and hybrid models). As a proxy for the level of earnings management, were used the discretionary accruals estimated by the PAE model (2005). The data needed to estimate discretionary accruals, the variables necessary to measure performance, and the control variables used in econometric models were obtained from the Bloomberg® database. From modeling panel data for fixed effects, the results indicate that the firms reporting the best performance indices in the future, as well as the growth of this performance, are associated with higher levels of results management by discretionary accruals.

The present study analyzed how the variables of the sociodemographic and professional profile of the student affects the dimensions of academic motivation of students of Accounting Sciences from the perspective of the theory of self-determination. To do so, he used the following sociodemographic and professional profile variables: gender; shift in which he studies, period; school where he attended high school; type of IES; whether or not living in the same city as the IES, time of travel; if you receive scholarship, activity performed; and participation in projects. To reach this objective, students from public and private HEIs from the State of Rio Grande do Norte were questioned. The institutions were selected based on the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC). In addition, the IES were selected to be part of the study based on the results obtained in the Examination of Sufficiency conducted by the Federal Accounting Council (CFC) in 2018.2. To collect data, a questionnaire was applied, consisting of four sections: the first one was composed of questions dedicated to the characterization of the students; in the second, it was understood the Academic Motivation Scale (EMA) proposed by Sobral, (2013). The instrument is composed of 28 items, contemplating the constructs of the self-determination continuum. The study sample in 810 questionnaires. With the analysis, 7 were eliminated due to inconsistencies in the padding, resulting in a total of 803 validated. This amount was further reduced due to the existence of Outliers that compromised the quality of the data. Finally, the final sample had 766 research instruments. The results of the mean difference tests, relating self-perception and characterization variables show that the variables gender and age did not present significant difference between the analyzed groups, these findings corroborate with those of Viana (2012). In addition, the variables, city where the student lives and whether or not a student, did not present a difference for the means between the groups studied. To analyze the influence of each construct on self attributed perception. In the model results, the MIS, MIVE and DESM constructs were statistically significant to explain self-perception. In other words, at the significance level of 1%, the MIS and MIVE variables contribute positively to explain the student's self-perception. The opposite happens with the DESM variable. Finally, a qualitative analysis of the students responses was carried out in relation to the impacts on their self-perception of performance. Based on the answers, it was possible to construct four codes, which are: work and study, possibility of a better future, relationship with classmates and relationship with the teacher.

This research aims to investigate the association of loss aversion behavior with the area of knowledge and the degree of academic instruction of the students of the Institutions of Higher Education (IES) of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. For that, a structured questionnaire composed of 16 questions based on the study of Kahneman and Tversky (1979) was applied. The data collection instrument was housed in google forms and sent to undergraduate and graduate students of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) and the Federal University of the Semi-Arid (UFERSA) of the nine major areas of knowledge, divided by the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), obtaining a final sample of 3864 respondents. As a technique of analysis, we used descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test, of adherence and independence. The main results suggest that, as evidenced by the study by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), the sample of the present study is significantly more averse to risk for gains and risk-prone to losses, indicating the presence of loss aversion. In relation to the influence of the area of knowledge, it was verified that the people of the Biological Sciences (CB) areas; Human Sciences (CH) and Linguistics, Letters and Arts (LLA) presented less vulnerability to the effects of loss aversion. Regarding the degree of academic instruction, there was no association with loss aversion.

This study aims to investigate in the view of orientandos and orientadores the guiding elements of this relation in the dissertation process of the MSc in Accounting Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. For this, interviews were conducted with 14 orientandos and 8 program leaders. The analyzes of the interviews were carried out through content analysis, with the assistance of ATLAS.ti®. The research approach was qualitative. The results on guideline practice demonstrate convergence in the dyad accounts when reporting unsystematic encounters during the writing of the dissertation. Regarding the competences, the interviewees mentioned those of a technical and behavioral nature. Regarding the behavioral difficulties, the majority of the orientandos and orientadores showed the inexistence of difficulties of this kind. Regarding the behavioral factors that facilitated the orientation, the subjects were informed by their involvement with the theme, their availability, the autonomy of choosing the theme, the supervisor's empathy, zeal, confidence, motivation, patience, independence in work and respect and punctuality as aspects that contributed to the relationship. The advisors cited humility, autonomy, resilience, responsiveness, synergy and determination. Concerning convergences, thematic and methodological issues were reported in pairs. On the divergences, the majority of the orientandos reported those of theoretical and methodological character. For the minority of the advisors, they pointed out the lack of discipline of the orientandos. Regarding the choice of theme, a small asicronia in the speech of the dyad was noticed. About the accounts of the ease with the writing, a tuning was perceived. In relation to the ease with the literature, there were similarities in the binomial speeches, indicating a lack of initial knowledge of the literature during the elaboration of the dissertation. On facilities with the methodology, the pairs reported that they immediately had no domain. Regarding the operational difficulties, some orientandos and orientadores revealed the methodological and thematic ones. On the operational factors facilitating orientation, the methodological, thematic and literary affinity was identified in the dyad's view. With regard to the misunderstanding between the pairs, orientandos and guiding ones revealed the nonexistence of these. On particular problems, there were similarities in the speech of the dyad about some reports of health problems, the profession and the family context. As a suggestion for improvement in orientation the orientandos recommended an alignment of the subject with the supervisor, timely feedback, a rearrangement in orientation, being accessible, understanding the side of the orienting, transparency in the relation of the dyad, the opening of the advisor to new subjects and the good sense of both sides. The advisors suggested an agenda of meetings with the students, the recognition of the orienting profile and the respect of their particularities, a better follow-up of the student from the beginning of the course, the synergy between the peers and the aspects of the research and the stimulation to the critical spirit of the student.

This study aims to investigate if the poison pills influences on the earnings management level of the companies listed in B3. For this, data were collected regarding the presence of this anti-takeover device. For this, data were collected regarding the presence of this anti-takeover device, as well as of accessory “eternity” clauses associated with the poison pills in the bylaws of 225 non-financial companies. In addition, the informations that are necessary to estimate the accruals discretionary by the model proposed by Dechow, Sloan and Sweeney (1995), as well as the control variables inserted in the econometric model, were obtained through the Bloomberg® database, comprising the period 2010-2016. Based on the results, it is verified that the simple adoption of the poison pills doesn’t influence the level of earnings management, considering that the poison pills didn’t have a significant relation with the discretionary accruals.  However, in an exploratory way, new evidences were observed in the national context, considering that the PoisonpillCP variable is positively and significantly related to discretionary accruals, indicating, therefore, that the managers of Brazilian companies insert accessory “eternity” clauses allied to poison pills as a form of entrenchment, aiming, therefore, to increase the level of results management. Finally, it can be seen that the control variables profitability, size and time dummies are statistically significant to explain discretionary accruals, unlike market-to-book and leverage, that contradict the theoretical assumptions that these variables have an influence on the level of earnings management.

This study aims to analyze the factors to the transparency of Brazilian municipal executive based on Índice Nacional da Transparência from Ministério Público Federal. To this, it uses empirical-analytical methodology applied to an aleatory data from this study with 525 Brazilian cities. In this case, the independent variable is Índice Nacional da Transparência from Ministério Público Federal and other explicative variable like social, economic and politic dimension. It has as base an econometrical model of regression Tobit, used to verify the best variables with an explicative capacity to the occurrence of this phenomenon of the best practices of public transparency. Results point that cities from South and Southwest show best levels of transparency and accountability comparing to the cities from North, Northwest and Center-west, this phenomenon comes from the best indicators from Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano related to cities in the South and Southwest regions from Brazil. It concludes that economic variables consolidated debt represented by Total Passive from Brazilian cities and Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano are significant in 5% with positive signal to configure best practices of public transparency of Brazilian municipal executive powers. The social variable population density also presents an explicative significance in 5% to evidence those Brazilian cities practices. The contribution of this research consists in the validation of a model to determine a predictive variable to explain the phenomenon Brazilian municipal public transparency based on institutional evaluation from Ministério Público Federal. 

The exercise of the accounting profession has challenged its practitioners to guide and make decisions in the context of complex variables and dynamic environment. To improve it, a preamble to new paradigms of learning and active methodologies is needed. Project Based Learning is an active teaching strategy that enables students to develop skills and abilities to solve problems in the business environment through the achievement of a project. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of the application of the Project Based Learning - ABP methodology in the development of competencies, skills and attitudes in the Business Controllership discipline. To reach the objective of this study, a descriptive research was carried out, with quantitative-qualitative approach to the problem. The data collection was done through participant observation, application of questionnaires with the students and documentary analysis. The analysis of the questionnaires was done by spreadsheets, by the t-student test and then it was made an analysis of the content of the reports delivered at the end of the application of the method. The results showed that the students agree that the ABP allowed the development of skills, abilities and attitudes for the exercise of the accounting profession. Students still claim to learn more from traditional methods of teaching but consider ABP also a good teaching methodology and it brings good contributions to accounting teaching. Finally, it is concluded that the application of Project Based Learning has shown to be effective in the development of skills, abilities and attitudes in the teaching of Accounting, specifically in the Discipline of Corporate Controllership.

The executive compensation has been constituted as interest object of actors like academy, government, investors and media. In the literature, compensation is perceived as a mechanism capable of aligning the interests between the principal and the agent, as well as acting as a corporate governance structure aimed at counteracting transaction costs. Nevertheless, remuneration can also be used as an instrument of discretionary actions. This study aims to investigate the main determinants that influence the composition of executives’ remuneration in the period 2011-2016, in the companies listed in [B]³. We collected data on reference forms and in Bloomberg® data base. The sample was restricted to 162 companies that provided the necessary data to estimate the determinants of executive compensation. To achieve the objective of this search, we estimated FGLS, PCSE e Logit models, which were arranged in randomized unbalanced panel data. The results show that, at the firm’s level variables such as age and size of the company Q de Tobin, Market-to-book, Market-to-book, ROA, ROA and on the presence of differentiated levels of corporate governance have influenced different forms of executive compensation. Concerning to Administrative Council level, the influence rested on the independence and size of the Board, Board Interlocking, existence of a compensation committee, duality of the CEO and presence of a former director of the Board. Finally, at the staff’s level, we fund significant factors: he average time that executives work in the company, age, academic education and gender, shareholding, presence of founding directors or relatives with the founder, size, existence of members who are related to members of the Board and number of members indicated by the controlling shareholder. We concluded that the analysis of the determinants of executive compensation is a complex subject, requiring for your understanding reflect on the different elements inherent in the structures of companies. It also requires take into consideration the objectives of the forms of remuneration granted.

This research aims to contribute to accounting literature to analyze the Alternative Dispute Resolution used in the Brazilian context as new niche markets for accounting professionals. For that, interviews were conducted with four arbitrators and mediators from three mediation and arbitration institutions located in Natal/RN and São Paulo/SP. Additionally, it was made a data collection of the profile of the procedures solved by the Mediation and Arbitration Chamber of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The results showed that there is a niche market to be explored by the accountants in both chambers surveyed, taking into account many of the cases discussed in these institutions involve patrimonial matters. Furthermore, the respondents already perceive the importance of the accountant contributing significantly to the development of the Alternative Dispute Resolution, and affirm that they can exercise diverse functions in both mediation and arbitration proceedings. Although the multiple opportunities for operate, it was verified that the participation of the accounting professional in these institutions is still incipient. The possible explanations for this situation are the preference of the entities for professionals with degree in law, the lack of knowledge of the professional about the possibility of acting in these areas, or even the lack of preparation, from graduation to lato sensu. Therefore, it is recommended for professionals and future accountants, who wish to dedicate themselves to ADRs, who seek beyond the technical knowledge necessary to perform the functions of mediator, arbitrator or accounting expert, it is necessary to be closer to professionals who already work in the area, participating the events promoted as congresses, workshops, meetings.

Studies on business executives’ compensation have been the focus of much discussion in academia and in the market. From the perspective of the Agency Theory, the theme constitutes one of the mechanisms of alignment of interests between principal and agent, capable of minimizing the existing conflicts between these two classes. To this end, it is associated with performance in order to alleviate agency costs and, consequently, avoid losses to shareholders. Thus, in this relationship, it is important to consider the persistence of the results, given that current performance is indicative of future performance. This research seeks to analyze whether executive compensation influences the performance persistence of the companies listed on BM&FBOVESPA. To achieve this objective, an econometric model was used with the variables - operating profit, fixed compensation, bonus, profit sharing, share-based payment, size, leverage and social responsibility level - for a sample of one hundred and four open companies, in the period from 2011 to 2015, whose information are available in the Bloomberg database. As a statistical tool, a dynamic panel approach was used by Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998) to estimate the system Generalized Moments of Time (GMM-SYS) method. The results show that only the family control companies did not present persistent results. Regarding the compensation, it was observed that the fixed compensation contributes to performance persistence reduction on institutional controlled companies, whereas in the absence of control there is positive relation. In addition, it was found that the payment of bonuses makes the results more persistent in institutional and family controls. On the other hand, profit sharing had a negative outcome with operating profit in the previous year in family-owned companies. The stock-based payment influences the generation profit in a more persistent way only when the control is familiar or diffuse, differing from the findings of Baber, Kang and Kumar (1998) and Ashley and Yang (2004), in which there was no significant variable change. It was also observed that variables such as size and social responsibility contribute to increase the persistence of profits, while leverage contributes to their reduction.

The Federal Constitution of 1988 transferred to municipal governments responsibility for provision a significant portion of public services, especially educational services related to Elementary Education. With the approval of the Fiscal Responsibility Law, a lnew standard in fiscal management was established in the Public Sector of the Country, including in the municipal scope. The main objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between the quality of fiscal management of municipalities, represented by the indicators of the FIRJAN Fiscal Management Index (IFGF), and the quality of education in municipal education systems, through the result in the Index of Basic Education Development (IDEB). To reach the proposed objective, a quantitative methodological approach was used, based on a regression with panel data, comprising 227 municipalities, in the period from 2006 to 2015. The statistical model considers as dependent variable the IDEB – Initial Years and, as independent variables, the five indicators that make up the IFGF. In addition to these, the model used as control variables, the percentage of taxes and transfers linked to education applied in MDE, as well as two qualitative variables to capture the regional effects on the educational result of the municipal entity. The results of the research showed that, regarding the fiscal management variables, the indicator of own revenue generation and the indicator of cost of debt are statistically relevant, with positive effects, to explain the results achieved by the municipalities in the IDEB. The indicator of application in MDE was statistically indifferent to the results of the municipalities in the IDEB. Finally, the qualitative variables of regional location also revealed statistical significance in the results of the educational indicator, indicating a significant negative influence in relation to the municipalities belonging to the North and Northeast regions. On the other hand, for the municipalities belonging to the South and Southeast regions, the indications indicate a significant and positive influence on the IDEB – Initial Years, observed by the education systems of municipalities with a population above 100 thousand inhabitants.

The present research deals with performance in the management of precatórios. These are payments due by the Public Treasury by virtue of a judicial decision, being classified as a differentiated form of judicial execution by virtue of specific characteristics of public entities. The objective of the study is to analyze factors that characterize and influence the performance in the management of these debts. In order to achieve this, a theoretical-empirical model was defined that would allow explaining the relationship between operational variables (Magistrate Training, Number of Servers, Quantity of Assessments, use of TI Tool, Extension Project implementation, Transparency and the Payment Month) and the performance (quantity of payments) of the management of precatórios. The research is characterized as a case study, and is carried out with data from the Division of precatórios of the Court of Justice of Rio Grande do Norte from the years 2012 to 2016. The results demonstrate that the payments of precatórios and RPVs take approximately 4 Times more than expected, and that the variables are the month of payment, training of the magistrate and the use of TI tool, are the ones that most influence in this performance.

The present study aims to present an analysis of the influence of the quality of the audit from the results management, about the fees charged by independent auditors in Brazil. During the last decade, the work on the audit fees gained relevance in the Brazilian scenario from the disclosure of the amounts paid to independent auditors, given that the requirement for such information gave only from 2009 through the CVM Instruction 480/2009 of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários. In this context, the discussion on the audit fees intensifies when the market share of the Big Four companies. Otherwise, it also discusses the quality of the services provided by the big firms, especially in events of financial fraud or improper procedures audit companies, as for example, issuance of opinion without the submission of working papers, which may reveal a flawed criterion of studies to determine the quality of auditing only due to be a big four. From the reality found, this research seeks to contribute to an analysis of the cost-benefit of services, monitoring the pricing policies of the auditing firms, in addition to enabling audit firms also to check the amount of fees collected as a function of the quality of service being provided, assisting them in negotiations and maintaining customers. To achieve this goal, the research uses data from Brazilian non-financial companies listed on the BM&FBovespa during the period from 2010 to 2015. Data collection occurred through the Bloomberg® and Reference Forms after tab, are submitted in regression models with panel data. The main analysis variables comprise the audit fees (dependent variable) and audit quality (variable of interest), this obtained through the model KS (1995) earnings management for discretionary accruals. The main results show that cannot infer statistical relationship between audit fees and the audit quality, however demonstrate that an analysis of the size and risk of the audited company are positively related with the fees, as well as the fact that the company be a Big Four.