A anatomia, conhecida há vários séculos, é uma disciplina de extrema importância na formação de profissionais na área da saúde. A utilização de cadáveres, que é essencial para seu ensino, faz repercutir discussões amplas sobre a maneira mais eficiente para utilização dessas peças. Atualmente, a maneira mais comum de ensino da anatomia é com conservação das peças cadavéricas conservadas em formaldeído, substância química, volátil com odor desagradável, e que causa irritabilidade nas vias respiratórias e na região dos olhos. Uma técnica inovadora desenvolvida pelo médico alemão Dr. Von Hagens em 1977, chamada de plastinação, favorece a minimização desses efeitos indesejados causados pelo formol. Essa técnica consiste na impregnação de polímeros de silicone, epóxi ou poliéster nos tecidos biológicos, retirando antes a gordura e a água ali presente, por meio da desidratação. Essa técnica possibilita uma maior durabilidade das peças cadavéricas e o torna com aspecto mais próximo ao natural. Por não apresentar substâncias conservadoras que causam malefícios à saúde, a plastinação facilita o manuseio e uso de peças cadavéricas para fins didáticos e científicos. Para que a visualização das estruturas se torne mais evidente, utiliza-se corantes específicos, bem como, a pintura das peças. Com isso se faz necessário o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de coloração dos tecidos musculares, associado à técnica de plastinação, tornando a técnica ainda mais eficiente. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho é utilizar corante extraído da casca do pau-brasil (Paubrasilia echinata) na técnica de plastinação. Para isso, será utilizado métodos de alocação do corante em etapas diferentes do processo de plastinação, bem como sua associação com substâncias desidratantes distintas, os quais utilizará acetona ou álcool etílico. A fim de avaliar a melhor eficiência do corante para produção de protocolo adequado no processo de plastinação. O que tornará o ensino da anatomia humana mais eficiente

The complexity of carcinogenesis requires detailed studies to assist in its understanding. The objective of the present study was to carry out the chemical induction of carcinogenesis, analyzing the histopathological evolution of epithelial changes that culminate in the appearance of Epidermoid Carcinoma in different regions of the digestive tract (oral cavity, esophagus and stomach) with different induction times. We used male Wistar rats as an experimental model of carcinogenesis induced by the compound 1-oxide 4 nitroquinoline (4-NQO), with histopathological analysis of the cases studied to establish the diagnosis, as well as histomorphometric analysis to obtain the area of the lesion. Correlating with the measurement of rat weights during the carcinogenesis induction process. Our sample consisted of two groups, one group at 8 weeks (G8) and a second group at 12 weeks (G12). At the end of the induction time, the groups were euthanized and the studied organs were removed, namely: Tongue and palate (oral cavity), esophagus and stomach, all of which were subjected to laboratory processing to create histopathological slides. In the histopathological analysis, we observed the presence of hyperkeratinization, and different degrees of dysplasia, the formation of squamous cell carcinoma in the tongue, palate, and esophagus was also described, while in the stomach, epithelial erosion was observed. Furthermore, we found that the neoplastic lesions appeared as well-differentiated carcinomas. The data on weight and lesion areas were normally distributed [Kolmogorov-Smirnov] and the ANOVA test was used for the lesion areas and showed a significant difference for the organ, therefore the Post-Hoc test was suggested. has a lesion area larger than the tongue, palate and stomach. The induction model proved to be effective for the formation of lesions for experimental carcinogenesis studies, highlighting the importance of these studies for understanding and substantiating oncological processes in humans.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from deficiency in insulin production by the pancreas and/or its action, leading to long-term complications. Pharmacological therapy for DM faces limitations due to the high number of side effects. Alternative treatments based on natural products have potential in the treatment of DM. The species Spondias tuberosa Arruda, known as umbuzeiro, has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat digestive diseases, infections and diabetes. Despite its frequent use, there are few studies on its benefits. However, a recent study demonstrated its antihyperglycemic activity. Considering the easy access to this species in the region and its pharmacological potential, the objective of this work is to evaluate the antidiabetogenic effect of Spondias tuberosa Arruda, in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin, including clinical, biochemical, morphological analyses, and evaluation of possible markers involved in the therapeutic effect of the species under study. Fifty-two Wistar rats were used, and diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin (40mg/kg i.p.). The groups were divided into 5: GC (control group animals), DM (animals with experimental diabetes), EX (non-diabetic animals treated with S. tuberosa extract), DMEX (animals with experimental diabetes treated with S. tuberosa extract ) and DMIN (animals with experimental diabetes treated with insulin). S. tuberosa extract (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and NPH insulin (10UI s.c.) were administered daily for 30 days after the onset of diabetes mellitus. The parameters analyzed showed that there was an increase in water intake, feed consumption and urinary volume, with weight loss in diabetic animals, a significant decrease in AST (aspartate aminotransferase) in the group treated with the extract, morphology and morphometry of the pancreas with considerable damage. representative samples showing atrophy and vacuoles in animals with DM and improvement in animals treated with insulin and extract. In the evaluation of liver morphology, there was an improvement in glycogen deposition in both extract and insulin treatments. In the evaluation of reactive oxygen species, it was observed that DM increased the immunofluorescence of this parameter, as well as the SOD enzyme by immunohistochemistry, however the extract was unable to reverse it.   Given these results, it can be concluded that the extract reduced the histopathological and morphometric changes in liver and pancreatic tissue, even without managing to alleviate hyperglycemia. Investigating this plant will contribute to a better understanding of the complex pathophysiology of DM1 and will encourage research into new therapeutic or complementary alternatives based on medicinal plants from the rich Brazilian flora.

Seeking appropriate methods to stimulate the cognitive and live experiences in teaching Science and Biology in non-formal teaching environments can perhaps corroborate the fixation of content and improvements in student learning. In this context, the present work was formulated with the aim of evaluating how the UFRN Museum of Morphological Sciences (MCM) can contribute to the learning of high school students about Human Morphology through a practical class. This museum space, here also recognized as a non-formal educational space, has a vast collection of formolized, taxidermied and also plastinated pieces, arranged in three exhibition rooms: Human Morphology, Marine Fauna and Animal Biodiversity, and has the presence of monitors capable of leading visitors on a fascinating journey of knowledge. Thus, 63 (sixty-three) students from 6 (six) classes of the 3rd year of high school at the Edgar Barbosa State School, located in the city of Natal/RN, participated in the research. Initially, students' prior knowledge was assessed through questionnaire 1, which also served as a guiding element for the preparation of the theoretical class. In the second moment, the biology teacher of the classes taught a theoretical lesson in the classroom on the Morphology of the Human Respiratory System, and after 24 hours the students answered questionnaire 2 containing 10 (ten) multiple choice questions, referring to the subject studied. . In the third moment, the students participated in a practical class in the MCM auditorium also on the Morphology of the Human Respiratory System, this time being taught by the museum's monitors. At MCM, students were separated into groups and then taken to a stand, organized with various anatomical pieces (synthetic, formaldehyde and/or plastinated), in which they received information passed on by the monitor about a region of the respiratory system, having access to vision and/or touch of available parts. After 24 hours of the practical class, students responded to questionnaire 3, identical to the previous one, aiming to quantify and compare the results between these two moments. There was a statistically significant difference between the answers to questionnaires 2 and 1, 3 and 1 and no difference between the answers obtained in questionnaires 3 and 2. Thus, we understand that the MCM can contribute to strengthening learning for high school students, showing- important for the school community, as a non-formal teaching space.

In March 2020, with the official declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic by the WHO, both theoretical and practical classes, such as those in human anatomy, were transitioned to a remote format. This shift deprived students of personal interaction, immediate feedback from instructors, and the rich exchange of ideas fostered by in-person classes. To mitigate the impacts of the pandemic and the abrupt technological transition, it became essential to adopt various methodologies, including synchronous classes, video lectures, forums, and continuous student monitoring by course assistants, with activities designed to stimulate students and facilitate their understanding of human anatomy. In this context, this research aimed to evaluate the learning process of students enrolled in the MOR-0048 Human Anatomy course for the Pharmacy program at DMOR/UFRN during the academic periods of 2021.1, 2021.2, and 2022.1, across both morning and evening sessions, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the various factors involved in this process. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to students enrolled in the course, totaling 227 students distributed among the remote (20.56%), hybrid (41.12%), and in-person (38.32%) teaching formats. When examining motivation levels, it was observed that the hybrid format produced superior results compared to in-person classes, while the remote format was statistically similar to the hybrid format in various aspects. However, the in-person format was associated with a decline in motivational levels compared to the other two formats, a trend significantly influenced by the adverse conditions of returning to in-person classes. This finding underscores the perception of the educational environment as a critical factor in students' relationship with the course and the teaching process as a whole. This correlation was further supported when evaluating behaviors adopted to prevent contagion, indicating that these social and personal practices remained prevalent among the groups, highlighting the enduring impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on students' daily lives. Additionally, the data pointed to distinct levels of coping strategy usage, particularly among the in-person cohorts, once again indicating that the return to in-person teaching posed a potential risk for students and that the teaching-learning process could be influenced by these factors, especially due to their repercussions on students' mental health, affecting levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. In conclusion, the teaching-learning process is significantly influenced by both the perception of the educational environment and the level of motivation, which are critical factors in students' relationship with the course and its overall impact on their academic journey. The coping strategies adopted by students were closely related to the transition from hybrid to in-person teaching, acting as a stress intensifier, suggesting the need for targeted psychological support for students to mitigate the negative impacts on mental health and ensure the healthy maintenance of the teaching-learning process. This consideration should account not only for content delivery methods but also for the broader context in which the student is immersed.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and represents a major challenge for global public health. As important as understanding the molecular and biological mechanisms underlying the development and progression of tumors is assertive diagnosis for effective disease management, directly impacting therapeutic choices, prognosis and patients' quality of life. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an important prognostic marker in the staging of malignant tumors, playing a critical role in assessing the aggressiveness and metastatic potential of cancer. The presence of tumor cells within lymphatic or blood vessels is considered a high-risk indicator for metastatic dissemination, directly influencing therapeutic decisions, such as the need for more intensive adjuvant treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. Histological analysis of tumors using the paraffin technique with H&E staining is still the most widely used in pathology departments. Fixation is a critical step in the proper preparation of these samples to ensure the preservation of tissue morphology and consequent diagnostic accuracy, a condition that also depends on the technical ability and experience of the pathologist who will be evaluating them. This study investigates the impact of 6-, 48- and 72-hour formaldehyde chemical fixation times on breast, colonic and uterine tumor tissues, with the aim of identifying whether there is any interference in pathologists' interpretation in differentiating lymphovascular invasion from retraction artifacts during the histopathological evaluation of tumors. After evaluation by 3 pathologists, the results indicate that fixation for 6 hours showed a lower percentage of doubts in differentiating between retraction artifacts and lymphovascular invasions, which may indicate a fixation time with better potential for structural tissue preservation. Fixation at 48 and 72 hours showed an increase of more than 50% in confusion when evaluating these artifacts with lymphovascular invasions.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is characterized as one of the most prevalent and disabling mental disorders in the world. The pharmacological treatment of depression has important limitations, such as low efficacy, several side effects and the delay in the onset of therapeutic effects, thus contributing to poor adherence to pharmacotherapy. In this context, the identification of fast-acting antidepressant drugs can contribute to improving the life quality of depressive patients. Given the ethical and practical limitations linked to clinical studies, animal models are useful tools to investigate innovative drugs. However, there are not still available animal models of depression sensitive to detect fast-acting antidepressants, and the development of an animal model with this profile could represent a substantial advance in the investigation of biological bases and treatment of MDD. To this aim, the present project evaluated chronic exposure to oral glucocorticoids as an animal model to identify fast-acting antidepressants. Male Swiss mice were submitted to pilot tests to select the glucocorticoid to be used in sequence and the appropriate experimental conditions for carrying out the behavioral tests. In a second step, mice were orally exposed for at least 28 uninterrupted days to mineral water (control) or hydrocortisone dissolved in water (0.1 and 0.033 mg/ml). Throughout the exposure period, Sucrose Preference Test, Open Field, Murble Buring, Tail Suspension, Object Recognition, Social Interaction and Forced Swimming Test were performed to investigate behaviors related to depression, anxiety, memory and locomotion. On the 21st day, mice treated with hydrocortisone were divided into groups that received, intraperitoneally, ketamine (10 and 100 mg/kg) or vehicle. Our findings suggested that hydrocortisone 0.1 mg/ml induced depression- and anxiety-related behaviors, hyperlocomotion, and significant weight loss and deaths. At a lower dose (0.033 mg/kg), hydrocortisone evoked anxiogenic effects in the first days of exposure, while anhedonic behavior appeared after 2 weeks oral glucocorticoid ingestion. Despite the small sample size, acute treatment with ketamine (depending on the dose), in turn, tended to attenuate hydrocortisone (0.033 mg/ml)-induced anhedonia, anxiogenic-like and hyperlocomotor effects, especially after 4 days of administration. Finally, the data presented herein indicate that the proposed model of repeated exposure to oral hydrocortisone was able to mimic the behavioral (symptomatic) changes presented by patients with MDD, thus presenting good face validity.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized as a metabolic and chronic disorder related to problems in the production, secretion and/or use of insulin. There are several complications evidenced in diabetic individuals, from neuropathies, heart diseases, retinopathies, among many OHBers, including infertility. Male individuals living with DM present alterations in their reproductive system, such as disturbances in spermatogenesis, reductions in testosterone levels, increased apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes, reduction in the number and mobility of spermatozoa and alterations in the distribution of Leydig cells. Among the techniques that can prevent or mitigate the various damages caused by DM in the individual, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HTO) is considered one of the most promising. In this technique, 100% oxygen at pressures greater than sea level or an absolute atmosphere (ATA) plays an influencing role in oxidative metabolism enabling the reduction mainly of edema and inflammatory processes, offering benefits related to maintenance and/or tissue repair as in the case of wound healing. This study aims to analyze the action of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in preventing testicular morphological changes in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) (60 days old), weighing 220-280g were divided into four groups: C (normoglycemic animals), n=7; C+OHB (normoglycemic animals submitted to HBOT), n= 7; DM (diabetic animals) n= 7; DM+OHB (diabetic animals submitted to HBOT), n=7. DM was induced by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and treatment with HBOT was carried out for six weeks, on continuous days. After treatment the animals were weighed and euthanized and had the testicles collected and weighed. In the collected testes, histological analysis of tissue integrity was performed on slides stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, as well as morphometric analysis on slides stained with toluidine blue, and immunohistochemistry with immunostaining for testosterone receptors. The treatment was not able to reduce the glycemia of the animals nor did it positively influence the biometric parameters. As for the morphometric parameters, the treatment was not able to mitigate the morphological changes in the testicular tissue, there was no significant differences between the DM and DM+HBOT groups in relation to epithelium height, seminiferous tubule diameter and lumen diameter. In the diabetic groups, there was less availability of testosterone receptors and HBOT treatment possibly did not promote an effect in reducing the loss of these receptors. The results showed us that HBO seems to interfere with the cell cycle of the germ line, causing a possible deleterious effect in relation to the height of the seminiferous epithelium, and consequently the diameter of the lumen.

Major depressive disorder can present as a single or recurrent episode, lasting days, with different symptoms influencing everyday relationships. One of the main causes of this disorder is chronic stress, and the biological response to these stressors can cause dysregulation in the human response. This diversity in the possible causes of depression leads to other focuses of studies, and our group aims to identify the neuroprotective competence of Ayahuasca on the brain of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) subjected to an induced chronic stress protocol. The results were evaluated through stereology applied to histological sections. 4 males and 4 females were used, allocated into 3 groups, 02 in the family group (GF), 02 in the isolated group (GI) and 04 in the treated group (GT), all selected randomly. We selected only specimens in juvenile phase I and II equivalent to 7 to 9 months of age. The behavioral record was collected using the continuous focal sampling method, collecting frequency and/or duration of behaviors. A fraction (1/6) of the sections obtained were subjected to histological staining with Nissl techniques, using thionine as dye. To estimate the morphoquantitative parameters, stereology, a three-dimensional histological quantification technique, was used. Among the behaviors, we did not find significant differences between the groups in the experimental phase, except in food intake (H(2) = 6.00, p = 0.050). Regarding the total volume of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), no significant difference was found between groups (H(2) = 3.00, p = 0.223). With regard to neuronal density, it visually appeared to be more intense in GF and GT compared to GI in the three selected areas of the prefrontal cortex. Regarding the mean neuronal volume of the medial prefrontal cortex (VN-mCPF), no significant difference was found between groups (H(2) = 4.00, p = 0.135); in the mean neuronal volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VN-dlCPF), no significant difference was found between groups (H(2) = 4.50, p = 0.105); in the mean neuronal volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VN-dlCPF), no significant difference was found between groups (H(2) = 4.50, p = 0.105). In this study, we observed a subtle reduction in the volume of the marmoset's prefrontal cortex when comparing the GF with the GI, which can be corroborated by some behaviors, dependent on social command, which also showed a reduction. In the mCPF and dlCPF we observed an average reduction of 25% in neuronal density when comparing the GF with the GI, whereas when comparing the GF with the GT we observed similarity in quantities. The atrophy of neurons in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depressive and anxiety disorders. This characteristic was identified in marmosets from the GI region of the three regions of the PFC (medial, dorsolateral and ventral), suggesting that it is a marker of the depressive state. These results indicate that Ayahuasca provided protection in the total volume of the cortex, as well as in the density and neuronal volume of the marmosets, in relation to the changes caused by the depressive state. Therefore, more studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and determine whether ayahuasca tea has potential as a preventive intervention for depression.

The hypothesis of neural efficiency suggests a more efficient use of the cortex in intelligent subjects performing cognitive tasks. This hypothesis is supported by electroencephalographic data, which shows  higher event-related spectral perturbation of alpha band (alpha ERSP) in individuals with higher intelligence scores, reflecting alpha synchronization and lower cortical activation. However, the inhibition-timing hypothesis suggests that high or low amplitudes of ERSP could occur simultaneously in different or in the same cortical areas, in accordance with the task demand and complexity. The main objective of the present study was to identify correlations between alpha ERSP, intelligence quotient scores and behavioral data from adolescents with high intellectual abilities and with average intelligence during the mental rotation task. All procedures were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFRN. Volunteers recruited into the high abilities group (N = 15) were adolescents (13-21 years) with a total intelligence quotient (IQ) score equal to or above 129. The control group (N = 15) was age-matched and had a total IQ score between 80 and 128. Participants in both groups performed the classic Shepard-Metzler’s mental rotation task, while having their electroencephalogram recorded. A multiple linear regression was performed to analyze whether the alpha ERSP recorded by the parietal and frontal electrodes was predicted by the total IQ scores, its subscores and the behavioral data. Our results show that response accuracy has an inverse correlation with alpha ERSP, and that there is also an inverse correlation between alpha ERSP with total IQ and working memory scores. We observed that the lesser the alpha ERSP value over the parietal cortex, the greater the total IQ, working memory score and accuracy. Working memory scores also predict alpha ERSP values over parietal cortex. These correlations are not observed during the pretest interval before stimuli presentation. Considering that accuracy and Wechsler’s intelligence scale scores are negatively correlated with alpha ERSP during the mental rotation task, reflecting lesser synchronization and greater cortical activation in individuals presenting higher intelligence scores, our data support the timing-inhibition hypothesis.

The initial effects of alcohol on the body are well-being and pleasure, however the continued use causes dependence and deleterious effects on organs that are important for life, especially in the female body. We can observe in the literature that the alcohol consumed by women during pregnancy and / or breastfeeding passes into the organism of the offspring, bringing negative effects to the fetal and baby development, being one of the main known teratogenic agents. Excessive and prolonged exposure to alcohol in the body of adult individuals affects liver structure and function causing changes in Alcoholic Liver Disease (ADL). In view of the importance of the liver for the functioning of the organs, it is important to observe and describe whether exposure to alcohol in pregnancy and / or lactation can cause damage to the liver of the offspring, similar to ADL. Thus, the objective of this work is, through histopathological and stereological analyzes, the morphology of the liver of mice generated under the effect of ethanol during pregnancy and / or lactation. For this, 23 young male and female mice (Mus muscullus) were separated into 4 groups: The Control Group (CG) (n=6): offspring from mothers who did not receive alcohol during pregnancy and lactation; Gestation Group (GEtG) (n=5): offspring from mothers who received 15% alcohol only during pregnancy; Lactation group (GEtL) (n=6): offspring from mothers who received 15% alcohol only during lactation; and Gestation + lactation group (GEtGL) (n=6): offspring from mothers who received alcohol during the entire period of pregnancy and lactation. After 34 to 36 days of life, the animals were weighed and euthanized, the liver removed and preserved for further processing and histological analysis. The histopathological diagnosis was obtained through the qualitative description of the tissues and semi-quantitative scores. Stereological analyzes were performed to obtain the volume of the figure using the Cavaliere method. The data obtained were submitted to analysis by ANOVA and post hoc by GABRIEL, with a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). There was a reduction in body weight at weaning of the animals of the GEtL and GEtGL group when compared to the other groups, there was also a decrease in the final body weight and liver weight of the GEtL group when compared to the GEtG. All groups treated with alcohol had tissue damage characteristic of alcoholic liver disease, such as: presence of micro and macro vesicular steatosis, edematous degeneration and areas suggestive of necrosis. According to the semi-quantitative analyzes, the GetGL group showed more liver damage when compared to the other groups. The exposure of alcohol during the lactation phase has negative effects on the nutrition of the offspring, compromising body weight and liver, due to the fact that alcohol intervenes in the production and composition of breast milk, as well as in its consumption. Histopathological changes arise due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species produced during alcohol metabolism, affecting the structure of hepatocytes. Thus, the exposure of alcohol in an acute form in the stages of pregnancy and / or lactation showed deleterious effects for the offspring, compromising the development and the hepatic morphophysiology.

Sucrose is the most commonly used sugar in diets. Excessive sugar consumption is associated with liver disorders and metabolic syndrome due to sucrose metabolism. Furthermore, sucrose withdrawal has been associated with the development of mental disorders such as anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Alterations in oxidative stress and expression of indoleamine-2,3dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme responsible for shifting tryptophan metabolism from serotonin synthesis to the kynurenine pathway, are reported in mental disorders and metabolic syndromes. Thus, this work aims to investigate metabolic changes in oxidative stress, IDO activity and biochemical parameters related to metabolic syndrome and anxiety and depression disorders, in serum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and striatum of Wistar rats subjected to sucrose exposure and withdrawal. The two-bottle sucrose choice paradigm was adopted, the animals had access to one bottle of water and the other available according to the group, control (water), short-term withdrawal (unlimited 5% sucrose for 16 days and withdrawal for 3-4 days), long-term withdrawal (unlimited 5% sucrose for 16 days and withdrawal for 23-24 days) and continuous sucrose (unlimited 5% sucrose for 19-20 days). Serum biochemical parameters, IDO enzyme activity and levels of oxidative stress from protein carbonyl and lipid peroxidation in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum were analyzed. The results showed that 5% sucrose consumption is able to alter lipid metabolism, but the withdrawal for 3 days reverses changes related to triglyceride levels. The 5% sucrose consumption or withdrawal did not show significant differences in the oxidative stress parameters or the IDO enzyme activity, in the analyzed tissues, compared to the control group, although a trend of increased oxidative stress was observed in sucrose withdrawal groups. It was also possible to observe the consumption and preference of sucrose by age, pointing to adolescence as the phase of greatest consumption.

The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a vegetable native to the Northeast region of Brazil commonly used in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, astringent and healing properties. However, it is also used for abortion, with no scientific evidence regarding the effects related to its use during pregnancy, with little information regarding its chemical composition in aqueous extracts. Considering that the use of plant extracts during pregnancy can cause both maternal and fetal toxicity, the aim of this study was to characterize phytochemically the chemical composition of the aqueous extract (Eaq) of A. occidentale bark tree, as well its possible toxic and teratogenic effects, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an experimental model. Acute toxicity tests on embryos and females of D. rerio followed the recommendations of the OECD. The plant extract was prepared and phytochemical characterization by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS / MS), followed by tests to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) in embryos and females, behavior tests, evaluation of developmental deformations, testing for abnormalities in DNA, estimation of the fertility rate in the parents, and microscopic analysis of embryos and larvae exposed to Eaq. The results of the phytochemical characterization confirm the presence of phenolic acids, a variety of tannins, gallohexoside, catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid. The results obtained in the toxicity tests suggests a toxic effect in adult females with changes in their behavioral profile, a tendency to decrease changes in the level of DNA, with no effect of the extract on fertility. In embryos exposed at 6, 12, 24- and 48-hours post fertilization (hpf) to sublethal doses of Eaq, there were little teratogenic effects. However, it were observed deformation in the chorionic membrane and delay in hatching, indicating toxic effects of the extract. Although the specialized metabolites found in this species are related to antioxidant activity, it is known that these metabolites in excess can be toxic. However, it could be concluded that the Eaq of A. occidentale shells, in addition to showing signs of teratogenicity to zebra fish in sublethal doses, presented evidence of toxicity in higher doses, both for embryos and adult females.

The present study aims to describe the morphology of the tympanic-periotic bone complex (T-P) of different species of cetaceans, as well as to investigate the influence of seismic research activities in the strandings of this group. The data analyzed in this work were obtained by the Cetáceos da Costa Branca-UERN Project (PCCB / UERN), in partnership with the Center for Environmental Studies and Monitoring (CEMAM), during the execution of Beach Monitoring Projects, or through actions by the community. Specimens that died or died during rehabilitation had their tympanic complexes removed during necropsies or carcass analysis procedures, being identified on the right and left and submitted to the maceration process. For each specimen, data related to the development phase, sex and species were recorded. 58 TP complexes were collected from 31 cetacean individuals, distributed in 6 species: Peponocephala electra (N = 2), Pseudorca crassidens (N = 2), Sotalia guianensis (N = 20), Stenella attenuata (N = 2), Stenella longirostris (N = 3) and Tursiops truncatus (N = 2). Biometrics and morphological description were performed for each complex of each species, and possible ontogenetic and taxonomic variations were evaluated. The six species shared similar morphological characteristics because they belong to the same family (Delphinidae); however, the species S.guianensis, S attenuata and S. longirostris had a greater number of characteristics in common, which may indicate a greater evolutionary relationship between them. No significant ontogenetic variations were observed for the species S. guianensis, P.electra and S.longirostris. It was observed that the most representative morphological characteristics for the identification of the species would be, for the tympanic: the posterior process, the internal and external prominences and the sigmoid process. For the periotic: the cochlear portion and the cochlear and vestibular aqueduct openings and the parabular crest. Still with the data obtained from the monitoring of beaches, a description of the diversity and patterns of cetacean stranding was carried out, in the periods of occurrence of two Seismic Research projects, denounced from PCS01 and PCS02 being compared with the same periods in previous years , without the occurrence of seismic research activities, PSS01 and PSS02. It was possible to observe, during the period of seismic activities 01 and 02, a reduction in the number of stranding records in the areas of greatest impact, concomitant with the increase of these in other less impacted areas. Assuming a possible departure or change of route, due to the impact caused by seismic noise. In addition, three stranding cases were presented that presented morphological changes and signs of gas embolism, compatible with possible impacts caused by the seismic activities.

Podocnemis expansa, considered the largest freshwater chelonium in South America, presents temperature-dependent sex determination during the thermosensitive period of gonadal development. At this stage, the presence of temperature-influenced hormones triggers the formation of a testicle or ovary in the undifferentiated gonad. Of the hormones present in embryonic development, estrogen is a significant constituent for determining female sex. In this context, high incubation temperature regulates aromatase activity and estrogen production; in contrast, low temperatures cause a reduction in estrogen production and the increase of androgenic hormones. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of androgen (AR), estrogen (ERα and ERβ) and aromatase steroid receptors by means of immunohistochemistry in different regions of the gonad in the bipotential phases (22° - 29 ° day of incubation), thermosensitive period (24° - 42 °) and differentiated (more than 37 days) of P. expansa, as well as macro and microscopic changes during gonadogenesis using light microscopy and transmission electronics. These findings will be related to information from the incubation period and the temperature indices and will allow establishing possible factors responsible for the determination and differentiation of sex, which provides data that will contribute in the future with the maintenance and conservation of the species.

Diabetes Melitos (DM) is a complex, endocrine and diffuse disease that requires continued medical assistance for glycemic control as well as detection of risk factors. DM is marked by metabolic abnormalities and chronic complications, with infertility being one of the most recently mentioned. This infertility is characterized by reduced testosterone levels and changes in the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules. The use of herbal medicines, in the combat or prevention of some diseases, has been increasing over the years, since it is a low cost alternative and easy to reach for the population. The extract of Allium cepa L. (onion) has already been reported as hypoglycemic and antilipemic. The amino acid extracted from this extract, called Smethylcysteine, presents even more positive results in several studies. The acquisition of new therapies that may aid in the treatment of diabetes is extremely important, since it has a direct impact on the well-being of society. Thus, this work aimed to investigate the morphofunctional, biochemical and morphometric aspects of the testicular tissue of diabetic rats, induced by streptozotocin, treated with extract of A. cepa L. and with the amino acid S-methylcysteine. Male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into the following groups: normoglycemic control, diabetic without treatment, diabetic treated with the extract of A. cepa L. (400 mg / kg) and treated diabetic with the amino acid Smethylcysteine (200 mg / kg). DM was induced by streptozotocin (40 mg / kg intraperitoneally) and the treatment was performed by gavage daily for a period of 4 weeks. After euthanasia, the testes were collected for histological analysis of tissue integrity (Hematoxylin and Eosin). Morphometric parameters were analyzed by toluidine blue staining. Immunohistochemical marking was performed to determine the presence of testosterone receptors in the testicular tissue. The onion extract presented positive results as a form of therapy, mainly in the availability of receptors for testosterone. The isolated amino acid was able to present even better results in a generalized way in the improvement of the integrity of the testicular tissue.

Chronic alcohol use may cause adaptive changes in neural cells, modifying signal transmission and release of neurotransmitters, and impairing the normal functioning of the central nervous system. It has been observed that the serotonergic system is affected by the action of alcohol, being dysfunctional both during chronic use and alcohol withdrawal, which favours the development of emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Women constitute a risk group for these emotional disorders, so that in this study it was evaluated whether chronic consumption and withdrawal of alcohol promoted changes in serotonergic cell density in the dorsal raphe nucleus of Wistar female rats. The animals were submitted to increasing concentrations of alcohol (2%, 4% and 6%) as the unique source of liquid diet for 21 days or water (control group). Both groups had free access to the food. For the withdrawal protocol, on the 21st day of consumption, alcohol was replaced with water and the animals were submitted to transcardiac perfusion and brain removal 72 hours after replacement by water (short-term withdrawal group) or 21 days after replacement by water (long-term withdrawal group). Immunohistochemical analysis for the detection of serotonin immunoreactive cells in the dorsal (DDR) and caudal (CDR) parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus showed that short- and long-term alcohol withdrawal increased the density of immunolabelled cells in DDR. In addition, chronic exposure, as well as short- and long-term withdrawal periods increased immunostaining in CDR, when compared to control animals.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for 90% of malignant pancreatic tumors. Generally, the diagnosis is made at an advanced stage or in metastasis, making surgical treatment impossible. Overall survival within 5 years is only 7% of cases. One of the major risk factors for pancreatic cancer is type 2 diabetes mellitus, in addition to smoking and obesity. Metformin is an oral antiglycemic agent widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Recently, metformin has been reported with anti-tumor activity. The aim of the present study is the in vitro evaluation of the anti-apoptotic effect of the combination of metformin and nanoparticle of PLGA associated methotrexate, a standard chemotherapeutic used in anti-neoplastic treatment, but also used as anti-inflammatory in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The combination of metformin and PLGA-MTX nanoparticle was performed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, PANC-1. A pharmacological screening was performed from the viability test based on the use of resazurin to define the drug combination doses. Afterwards, flow cytometry was used to evaluate the induction of apoptosis by the combination of metformin and PLGA-MTX nanoparticle. Finally, immunofluorescence evaluated the expression of bcl-2 and caspase-3. The results show that the combination of drugs was efficient in inducing apoptosis in PANC-1 tumor cells. In addition, treatments showed reduction of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 and increase of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, through in vitro experiments, the effect of photobiomodulation using low-level laser irradiation on the proliferation and viability of human endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured and divided into four groups: C - control (without irradiation) and L1, L4 and L7.5 groups - cells irradiated with doses of 1, 4, and 7.5 J/cm², respectively, of diode laser (InGaAlP, wavelength of 660 nm, power of 30 Mw, in a single dose). The metabolic activity of the cells was assessed at the 24, 48 and 72 h after irradiation by the Alamar Blue assay. Cell viability and proliferation were also evaluated at 72 h through the Live/Dead, Annexin V/PI assays, cell cycle phase analysis and Ki67 protein immunostaining. Data from the Alamar Blue assay showed that at 72 h all irradiated groups exhibited significantly greater reduction percentages than the non-irradiated control group (p <0.01), the difference being even more evident in L4 and L7.5 (p <0.001). The analysis of cell viability by Live/Dead demonstrated a large number of viable cells in all groups, which was also observed through Annexin V/PI immunostaining, which showed a high percentage of cell viability in the studied groups (C: 95.2%, L1: 96.1%, L4: 96.1%, L7.5: 96.9%). The evaluation of the phases of the cell cycle showed that the irradiated groups exhibited a gradual increase of the percentage of cells in the proliferative phases of the cycle (S and G2/M), in a dose-dependent manner (C: 36.9%, L1: 38.0 %, L4: 38.3%, L7.5: 40.4%). Irradiation promoted a significant increase in Ki67 nuclear protein expression, with a more pronounced result when the G7.5 group was compared with the other groups. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that photobiomodulation, especially at a dose of 7.5 J/cm², promoted increased proliferation and viability of HUVEC cells, which may suggest the potential use of the laser in the parameters studied as a stimulus to endothelialization in the vascular tissue engineering techniques.

The white tufted marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small primate native to Brazil and has been widely used in research models worldwide. The spinal cord of the tuff sagui has the main characteristics of a spinal cord typical of mammals. This similarity of the marrow to other primates and to humans, as well as the ease of management, short gestation and rapid colony formation, allow the marmosets to be increasingly used as alternative models of primates in biomedical research. Although we observe several studies associated with the nervous system of these primates, we have little information on possible morphological differences in the gray matter of the spinal cord of marmosets. Thus, this work aims to characterize the morphological differences between sexes and by age in the posterior gray column of the spinal cord of the sagui. Rexed neural slides will be analyzed through morphometric, stereological and cytoarchitectonic techniques, thus verifying the main differences between sex and age. The major neurochemical populations in the posterior column of these primates will also be characterized by immunohistochemistry. With the results of this research, we hope to contribute to the characterization of the posterior column of the spinal cord of the white tufted marmosets, differentiating by gender and age differences. In addition to providing background for future experimental studies related to gray matter and the posterior column of the spinal cord of tufted marmosets.

Cancer-related cachexia leads to metabolic changes leading to increased oxidative stress and inflammation that may promote morphological and physiological changes in different organs. This work aimed to describe morphologically the glomerular changes due to cachexia and the effect of supplementation with L-glutamine (2%) on renal protection. Twenty male Wistar rats were used, distributed in four groups: control (C); tumor carriers of Walker-256 (TW); control supplemented with 2% L-glutamine (CG) and Walker-256 tumor carriers supplemented with 2% L-glutamine (TWG). The results demonstrated a reduction of the glomerular density in the TW group and a decrease in the glomerular loss in TWG. There was an increase in the area of the glomerular tuft and reduction of the urinary space in TW. The area of the glomerular mesangium was larger in the TW and TWG than in the C groups, but TWG was smaller than TW. The percentage of the area occupied by extracellular matrix in the glomerular tuft was higher in TW and TWG. The glomerular area occupied by collagen was higher in TW and TWG, but it was lower in the treated group. FGF-2 expression was higher in the TW group, whereas TWG showed the lowest immunolabelling of all groups. The data indicate that the cachexia in the kidney changes the glomerular morphology with loss of glomeruli and glomerular fibrosis. Such changes can lead to functional renal impairment compromising renal filtration and levels of eliminated substances, which serve as indicators for drug dose adequacy and for treatment. On the other hand, supplementation with L-glutamine improves most of the analyzed parameters, minimizing the effects of cachexia in the treated animals, especially glomerular density and renal fibrosis, justifying its use in the treatment of cancer patients.

Seven species of sea turtles are known in the world, among them, five species occur on the coast of Brazil: Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata and Lepidochelys olivacea. According to the Red List of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature all species of sea turtles in Brazil are threatened with extinction, with C. mydas classified as "Endangered" and E. imbricata "Critically endangered". The species C. caretta, L.olivacea and D. coriacea are classified as "Vulnerable". Little is known about the neurobiology of these animals. Studies on the external morphology of the nervous system of sea turtles are known, however, works that describe the cytoarchitecture of their brain are nonexistent. This research proposes to characterize the dopaminergic nuclei of the midbrain of sea turtles through a cytoarchitectonic description and by immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The dopaminergic system plays a critical role in a wide variety of functions and is present in the central nervous system of all vertebrates, being responsible for dopamine neurotransmission. Dopamine is recognized for its activity in the control of complex processes, such as motor activity programming and motivated behaviors. Fifteen specimens of beached sea turtles that died at the Rehabilitation Base of the Projeto Cetáceos da Costa Branca or those found stillborn at the nest openings between the years 2014 to 2017 were used. These animals were necropsied and the brain was removed. The material was fixed in 4% formalin and stored in 30% sucrose for the description of external morphology and microtomy through cryostat. Histological slides of the brainstem sections were made and stained by the Nissl method and/or submitted to immunohistochemistry for TH. The slides were described using an optical microscope and images were taken through a digital camera for documentation through photomicrographs. There were 339 coronal sections of the brainstem of sea turtles. The brainstem in the rostral to caudal direction exhibited the presence of small, rounded catecholaminergic nerve cells located throughout their ventral region in a dispersed form. This preliminary result brings to light differences in the cellular organization of what is observed in other representatives of vertebrates. In this way, we enabled the first descriptions of the dopaminergic system that can aid in the understanding of ecological issues and provide the neuro-anatomic basis for future functional motor studies.

The vampire bats are the only mammals that feeds exclusively on the blood of mammals or birds. Due to this peculiarity, and your relationship with the transmission of the rabies viruses, they arouse great attention and curiosities, being necessary the development of conservation managements that will enable the rational control of these species. To this end, it is essential that their reproductive cycles are known. Therefore, we aimed to describe the testicular activity of the species Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata. The animals were collected in Lajes-RN. After euthanasia procedures, its testicles were processed histologically for inclusion in historesin for morphological and morphometric analyses under light microscopy, Spurr’s resin for analysis of cellular ultrastructure under transmission microscopy electron, as well in histological paraffin for immunohistochemical analysis of expression of androgen receptors, aromatase, FGF2 and BCL-2. D. rotundus presented the percentage of seminiferous epithelium, number of Leydig cells per gram of testicle, and population of Sertoli cells and of A-type spermatogonia significantly higher in the rainy season, while the percentage of lumen, mitotic index, support capacity performed by Sertoli cell and spermatogenic yield were higher in the dry season. D. ecaudata presented gonadossomatic index of 0.49%, tubulossomatic index of 0.47% and length of seminiferous tubules per gram of testis 32.20 m. Pre-meiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic phases accounted for, respectively, 56.20%, 9.30% and 34.50% of the seminiferous epithelium cycle of this species. Ultrastructure of spermatogenesis of both species were similar to that described in other mammals, and the perforatorium seems to be absent in their sperm. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed activity of the enzyme aromatase in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, spermatocytes and spermatids, and the presence of androgen receptors in the cells of Sertoli and Leydig. FGF2 activity was more evident in the primary spermatocytes in zygotene and pachytene, as well in secondary spermatocytes and spermatids. On the other hand, the activity of the protein BCL-2 was more evident in the primary spermatocytes in pachytene and round spermatids. In D. rotundus, while the activity of aromatase, BCL-2 and androgen receptors were higher in the dry season, FGF2 activity was higher in the rainy season. It can be concluded that D. rotundus and D. ecaudata presented testicular pattern similar to that of other mammals, and characteristics that are common to those described in other bats species. The seasonal study of spermatogenesis in D. rotundus suggests a greater production of sperm in the rainy season at the Caatinga biome. This study is also the first step toward the knowledge of the reproduction of D. ecaudata, being this the first description about its spermatogenesis.

In diabetes mellitus (DM) the accumulation of advanced glycation end products promotes structural and biochemical changes in the tissues, contributing to the development of clinical complications, especially delayed skin wound repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of laser therapy and topical application of green propolis extract on collagen production, vascular density and the presence of mast cells and myofibroblasts in cutaneous wounds in rats with DM induced by streptozotocin. Male Wistar rats (n = 90) were divided into five groups according to whether or not the DM Induction and the therapy employed in surgically produced cutaneous wounds: (N) normoglycemic without therapy; (C) diabetic control without therapy; (L) laser therapy (660 nm, 30 mW, 4 J/cm²); (P) topical administration of green propolis (30% alcohol extract); and (LP) combined laser and propolis therapy. The treatments were performed at the immediate postoperative moment and daily for six days. At intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days, wound closure was assessed by digital image of the surgical site and the animals were euthanized. Histological sections of the healing area were stained with Picrosirius Red for quantitative analysis of the occupied area and the organization pattern of the collagen under polarized light microscopy and fluorescence; and with Toluidine Blue for counting of intact and degranulating mast cell. The microvessel density and the number of myofibroblasts were evaluated by immunohistochemical expression of CD105 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), respectively. Data show that the treated groups (L, P and LP) exhibited an accelerated contraction of the surgical wound (p<0.05) and a higher collagenation index, both in polarized and fluorescence light microscopy (p<0.05). These two methods of evaluation had a strong correlation index in healthy tissue (r=0.7559; p<0.0001), and moderate in the wound bed (r=0.5446; p<0.0001). The treated groups showed a more random morphological organization (p <0.05) by collagen orientation index and a progressive replacement of fine fibers by a thick collagen fibers. A higher number of myofibroblasts was evident in the wounds treated with P, LP and L, on days 7, 14 and 21, respectively. A smaller amount of degranulating mast cells was observed in the treated groups (p <0.05), with an even greater reduction in LP group. The vascular microdensity remained higher in the treated groups, with a better neovascularization index in the P groups on days 7 and 21, and in LP on day 14. It is concluded that the association of laser and propolis promotes a faster repair of wounds in diabetic rats by lower degranulation of mast cells, increase in vascular density and greater production and organization of collagen through the higher density of myofibroblasts.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule that acts as a neurotransmitter, regulating synaptic events and participating in neural functions such as memory and learning. In the nervous system, NO is synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). As a gaseous molecule, NO can diffuse freely trespassing the cells membrane. Because of this NO can act as a retrograde neurotransmitter and is usually treated as a local moderator. NO and nNOS are highly conserved among species and are present in the nervous system of many vertebrates. We performed immunohistochemical anti-nNOS and histochemical for NADPH-diaphorase in order to investigate the distribution of nitrergic cells in the subcortical compartment of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris) telencephalon. The data show a heterogeneous distribution of neurons immunoreactive to nNOS or with NADPH-diaphorase activity throughout the subcortical compartment. Neurons immunoreactive to nNOS were observed in the nucleus accumbens, associating NO with mechanisms of addiction and reward; in the nuclei of the amygdala and in the hippocampus, that are associated with learning and memory; in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, associated to defense behaviors, analgesia and cardiovascular functions; and in the basal nuclei, suggesting a putative neuroprotector role and neural regulation of the movement, being still associated with neurodegenerative diseases in these regions. The distribution of NO in the subcortical telencephalon of rock cavy is broad, heterogeneous and complex, which can mean a broad role of NO in the cerebral functions of this species. In addition, the mapping of nNOS distribution is being important for the morphological definition of the rock cavy's brain areas in comparison with other species of rodents and other mammals.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an endocrine and diffuse disease, defined by high concentration of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) and marked by metabolic abnormalities and chronic complications. One of the most important of these complications is diabetic nephropathy (ND), characterized by loss of podocytes and expansion of the mesangial matrix, with consequent marked proteinuria. Currently, regular exercise, combined with diet and insulin therapy, has been considered one of the main approaches in the treatment of DM, whereas sedentary lifestyle presents itself as a predictor of complications and mortality. Recent studies have reported that physical exercise is capable of slowing the progression of kidney disease. However, most of the studies verified renal changes in DM only in the long term. In addition, knowledge about the effects of physical exercise on diabetic nephropathy is still scarce. This work aims to investigate the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on the morphofunctional, biochemical and molecular aspects of the renal tissue of diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups (n = 12 / group): sedentary (CS), trained control (CT), sedentary diabetic (DS), trained diabetic (DT) (DTP). DM was induced by streptozotocin (40mg / kg, i.p.). Soon after the confirmation of diabetes, the exercise program consisted of six weeks of swimming (3 days / week and 30 minutes / day) for the CT and DT groups. The DTP group underwent four weeks of previous exercise in relation to the beginning of the training of the other trained groups. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis (blood glucose, creatinine and albumin). The kidneys were collected for histological analysis of renal parenchymal integrity (Hematoxylin and Eosin), formation of fibrotic tissue (Picrosirius red), and thickening of the basal glomerular membrane (Schiff's Periodic Acid). The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation by the thiobarbituric acid reaction (TBARS) were also analyzed. The animals in the diabetic group had a higher glycemic index when compared to the control groups (p <0.05). There was also an improvement in the trained diabetic groups, when compared to the sedentary diabetic group, but it was not significant. Creatinine was increased in all groups when compared to control (p <0.05). Albumin, as well as weight, were decreased in the diabetic groups, compared to the control group (p <0.05). DM resulted in renal hypertrophy in the diabetic groups, compared to the control groups (p <0.05). As well as an increase in the size and number of glomeruli of the diabetic groups, when compared to the control groups (p <0.05). As for oxidative damages, these were lower in the treated groups. Thus, it is observed that physical activity prevents complications due to diabetes.

Detritivory is the common freshwater fishes, especially in the Neotropical region, and for many species are scarce information about the digestory tract, as is the case of the species Steindachnerina notonota, in which, it has ecological importance as links in the food chain, serving of feed for carnivorous fishes, and acting in the depuration of aquatic ecosystems subject to organic pollution. The objective of present study consists of analyzing the morphological adaptations of the digestory tract, of this endemic species of the caatinga, Brazilian semiarid region. Thus, 10 adult specimens were used (males and females), necropsied for macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the digestory tract. All structures were observed in the stereomicroscope. The organs were fixed in 10% formalin and submitted to hematoxylin and eosin staining, and PAS - periodic acid Schiff (gill rakers, epibranchial organ, esophagus, stomach, midgut and hindgut) and analyzed by light microscopy. The gill rakers were also fixed in 10% paraformaldehyde for analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The specimens analyzed had total length of 8,66 ± 3,38 cm, standard length of 6,74 ± 1,95 cm, and weight 11,72 ± 11,59 g. The structural adaptations in the digestory tract were: mouth of the terminal type; the particular complex bucopharyngeal; absent from tooth and tongue; it has three types of formats of gill rakers with mucous cells and taste buds; possess the epibranchial organ with its peculiarities; a mechanical stomach with highly developed musculature in the pylorus; and a very long and coiled intestine, which internally has exclusive helical fold. The morphological aspects of digestory tract of S. notonota are related to detritivore-ilyophago specialized feeding habit.

Liver cancer is considered one of the most prevalent in the world and does not present promising treatments, necessitating alternative forms of fighting the tumor. Gold nanoparticles have emerged as an important modality of treatment for various diseases due to the characteristics of their nanoconjugates. In addition to this, the antihypertensive carvedilol has been shown in the recent literature to be antitumor potential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor action, isolated and synergistic, of the gold nanoparticle and the antihypertensive carvedilol on tumor cells (HepG2) and human normal (HEK-293). The viability test was carried out by exclusion of tripan blue at doses of NPO (1 μg / ml, 3 μg / ml, 6.25 μg / ml, 12.5 μg / ml, 25 μg / ml and 50 μg / Ml) and carvedilol (1.5 μM, 3 μM, 6.25 μM, 12.5 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM and 300 μM) were used to select those that would cause low inhibition of growth of HepG2 cells. The selected doses of NPO and carvedilol were used, isolated and in synergism, for analysis of cell death by flow cytometry by the labeling of Anexins V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI). Subsequently, tumor cells were analyzed for expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2, caspase-8 and MAPK / ERK proteins by immunofluorescence microscopy. Then, mRNA levels of FADD, Apaf-1, survivin, MDR-1, EGFR, Akt and mTOR were measured by relating them to resistance and cell death. The evaluation of intracellular NPO targets, isolated and in synergism, was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Observing the synergy, the cells were submitted to gold nanoparticle and 24 hours after the treatment, treated with carvedilol. The best doses of the cell viability test with NPO (3 μg / ml and 6.25 μg / ml) and carvedilol (1.5 μM and 3 μM) showed, by flow cytometry, pro-apoptotic activity on cells (HepG2) with statically significant results for synergism (P <0.001). Relative to normal human cells (HEK-293), these same doses did not prove to be statistically significant apoptosis promoters at both times. There was a reduction in total apoptosis (P <0.05) for the highest dose of synergism. There were strong markers for caspase-3 and caspase-8, in the groups treated with NPO (6.25 μg / m) and carvedilol (3 μM), alone and in synergism, and lack of labeling for Bcl-2 and MAPK / ERK for The same groups. In addition, mRNA expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (EGFR Akt, mTOR) and resistance (MDR-1) was shown to be overregulated, while the gene expression of proapoptotic proteins (FADD) was overregulated . MET demonstrated the internalization of NPO alone, in the vicinity of the plasma membrane and, in synergism, in the vicinity of the nucleus. With this, it can be concluded that the synergistic action of NPO and carvedilol shows proapoptotic action on tumor cells and protection of normal cells.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a spectrum of chronic inflammatory disorders and is classified into two major subtypes: Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Chron's Disease (DC). The treatment of UC is based on the use of anti-inflammatories, but these drugs in their conventional form generate numerous adverse effects, which stimulates the development of research focused on the search for new therapies and technologies applied to the drugs. The objective of this work was to evaluate the activity of microparticles coated by chitosan and guar gum biopolymers containing as active principle triamcinolone in order to observe the anti-inflammatory response in the macro and microscopic parameters of the intestinal mucosa, as well as the activity of the disease In response to the experimental model of 4% acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in Wistar rats. G2: Colitis (absence of colitis and absence of treatment), G3: Sulfasalazine (SSZ) (colitis + G5: free TR (colitis + 10mg / kg / day drug), G6: free TR (colitis + 5mg / kg / day drug) Kg / day drug), G7: Microparticle of triamcinolone (colitis + 15mg / kg / day drug) and group G8: Biopolymers (Colite + vehicle Chitosan-Gum guar). The experiment lasted eight days and induction of colitis occurred on the third day. The treatments were administered every day of the experiment, except on the 8th day, in which the animals were euthanized for posterior macro and microscopic analysis of the colon. The results obtained for the macroscopic evaluation showed that the lowest degree of injury, except for the negative control group, was found in the Biopolymer group (score 2.7) when compared to the other groups: Colite (score 6.6), SSZ (score 3.2), TR 5mg (score 7.5), TR 10mg (score 4.4), TR 15mg (score 3.3) and TR microparticle (score 3,7). In the statistical analysis of this parameter, the groups treated with SSZ 500mg / kg / day, TR 15mg / kg / day, TR microparticle 15mg / Kg / day and Biopolymers (microparticle vehicle) differed statistically when compared to the Colite group (p < ), This difference being more significant in the Biopolymer group (p <0.01). In the analysis of weight loss, the TR microparticle reduced this parameter by 8 to 12% when compared to the free Triamcinolone groups, differing statistically (p <0.05), suggesting that the technology employed was satisfactory in terms of reducing this adverse effect . In the histopathological evaluation the TR group 15mg / kg / day obtained the lowest tissue damage, evidencing the anti-inflammatory potential of the free drug. In view of the results, it is suggested that nanotechnology with the use of microparticles was able to reduce adverse effects, such as weight loss and, in addition, obtained better results when compared to the free Triamcinolone 10mg group, since there was release of Only 69% of the 15mg of triamcinolone encapsulated in 24 hours. Thus, studies aimed at the application of nanotechnology and new assets should grow and expand in order to seek new therapies and elucidate mechanisms of action that have not yet been discovered.

The five species of sea turtles that occur in the brazilian coast are classified as species at risk of extinction by global lists of threatened species. Such status is due to the different threats that these animals have suffered over the past decades, among them the destruction of natural habitat, fotopoluição, incidental fishing, vehicle traffic and predation of eggs. Another significant threat to these animals, described in the literature, is the occurrence of fibropapillomatosis. This disease affects sea turtles, especially juveniles of the species Chelonia mydas, although it was also described in other species. This work intends to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of records of sea turtles with fibropapilamatose stranding, living or dead, from the beaches of the municipalities of Icapuí / CE by Caiçara do Norte / RN, and to characterize the histology of these lesions. For this daily monitoring were performed, using quads in order to record the occurrence of sea turtles in the Bacia Potiguar RN / CE of beaches. Dead animals, depending of the decomposition state, they were evaluated for the type, number and positioning of tumors, photographed and georeferenced. The live animals were rescued and translocated to the rehabilitation base of the project Cetáceos da Costa Branca / UERN-Areia Branca where we performed the count procedure and location of the tumors. For the development of the research are being used data collected between 2011 and 2015. Among the 3.960 stranded sea turtles, 680 had tumors caused by fibropapillomatosis, values which grew during the years studied. In relation to the variation between the monitored sectors, the highest frequency of animals affected by the disease was recorded in the sector “C” "Guamaré-Macau." As the development phase, most of the affected individuals were in the immature stage, but there were also adult animals record and subadult affected by the disease. The lesions are configured for presenting papillary projections and epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratinisation regions within the connective tissue and points with suggestive of inflammation erythrocyte clusters. In addition, we observed parasites and leech eggs present within tumor structure. The Bacia Potiguar RN / CE has been shown to be an excerpt with features shared by other areas of fibropapillomatosis occurrence and with factors that may have contributed to the increase of the records of affected animals. Because it is a debilitating disease, which affects mainly juvenile animals with etiology not yet well defined, fibropapillomatosis promotes research aimed at a better understanding of the disease for the conservation of sea turtle species. 

Nitric oxide (NO) is a simple molecule (N=O), a gas with a free radical property whose until the 80s was considered a member of a family of environmental pollutants and a potential carcinogen. Since its discovery in the nervous system, NO has been implicated in several functions, what suits with its wide distribution in the brain. NO has been described in the brain of many animal species, but it was not described in the brain of the rocky cave (Kerodon rupestris), an endemic rodent of the Brazilian caatinga that inhabits rocky areas and have crepuscular habits. Due to these interesting characteristics we aim to describe the NO distribution of the rocky cavy diencephalon. Using standard immunoperoxidase against nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the NO synthesis enzyme, and histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase, we were able to indirectly identify the presence of nitrergic neurons throughout the entire diencephalon. The hypothalamus showed a high density of NOS-IR neurons in several nuclei, among them the supraoptic nucleus, supraoptic decussation and the lateral part of the retrochiasmatic area. With moderate density we have the lateral pre-optic area, the preocular magnocellular nucleus, the anterior parvocellular part and the medial parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the ventrolateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, the peduncular part of the lateral hypothalamic area and the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus. The anterior division of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dorsal hypothalamic area presented low density, and the lateral part of the medial pre-optic nucleus presented very low density. In the thalamus, immunoreactive NOS neurons were present in the ventral geniculate nucleus with high density. In the lateral part of the lateral habenular nucleus, the ventral posterodorsal thalamic nucleus and the mediocaudal part of the posterior thalamic nucleus with moderate density. The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, zona incerta and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus, presented low density. Comparing our results with those described in other animals we can say that the nitric system is an evolutionarily well-conserved neurotransmitter system.

O metotrexato (MTX) é um composto pró-oxidante que inibe a dihidrofolatoredutase, enzima importante na síntese de DNA. É amplamente utilizado no tratamento de leucemia e outras malignidades. A eficácia de metotrexato é muitas vezes limitada pela mucosite e lesão intestinal, que são as principais causas de morbidade em crianças e adultos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Olmesartana (OLM), um antagonista do receptor da angiotensina II, em um modelo de mucosite intestinal (MMI) induzida por MTX em ratos Wistar. MMI foi induzido através de injeção intraperitoneal (i.p.) de MTX (7 mg/kg) durante três dias consecutivos. Os animais foram pré-tratados com OLM oral a 0.5 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg e 5 mg/kg e com solução salina, 30 minutos antes da exposição ao MTX. Os métodos utilizados nesta investigação foram aprovados pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Norte (UFRN) (Número de aprovação: 016/2013). Fragmentos de intestino delgado foram homogeneizados para ensaio de pesquisa das citocinas L-1β, IL-10 e TNF-α, atividade do Malonaldeído (MDA) e da Mieloperoxidase (MPO). Além disso, análises de imunohistoquímica da MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANK / RANKL e SOCS-1 além da análise da co-localização da expressão de SOCS-1 pela microscopia confocal foram realizadas. O tratamento com MTX+OLM 5mg/kg resultou numa redução da infiltração inflamatória da mucosa, ulcerações, vasodilatação e áreas hemorrágicas (p<0,05), bem como as concentrações reduzidas de MPO (p<0,001) e as citocinas pró-inflamatórias IL-1β e TNF-α (p <0,01). Além disso, o tratamento combinado reduziu a expressão de MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANK e RANKL (p<0,05) e aumentou a expressão citoplasmática de SOCS-1 (p<0,05). Nossos achados confirmam o envolvimento de OLM na redução da resposta inflamatória através do aumento da sinalização imunossupressora em MMI. Sugerimos também que o efeito benéfico do tratamento com a Olmesartana é especificamente exercida durante o dano através do bloqueio de citocinas inflamatórias.

A radiofrequência (RF) é uma forma de corrente elétrica emitida por um aparelho de alta freqüência com corrente alternada entre 3 KHz a 24 GHz que promove diatermia, ou seja, o aquecimento através de calor profundo, convertendo a energia elétrica em energia térmica. É um tratamento dermato-funcional não invasivo, que leva ao melhor aporte circulatório e de nutrientes, hidratação tecidual, aumento da oxigenação, aceleração da eliminação de catabólitos e contração do tecido conjuntivo. Promove reorientação de fibras de colágeno e seu aumento em espessura, bem como do tecido epitelial. A própolis é uma substância resinosa oriunda da abelha melífera européia Apis Mellifera colhidas de brotos, flores e exsudatos de plantas e possui em seu componente a quercetina, substância com efeitos antioxidativos. Este trabalho busca investigar os efeitos da própolis associada à radiofrequência, na morfologia da epiderme e derme de ratos Wistar. Assim, esperando uma ação positiva na neocolagenogênese. A metodologia utilizada foi composta por 36 ratas Wistar, pesando entre 250  a 300g. Divididas em 4 grupos, contendo 9 animais em cada grupo ocorrendo 3 aplicações de radiofrequência e/ou própolis em três semanas, sendo:. G1 – Controle (C); G2 – Própolis (P); G3 – Radiofrequência + Própolis (RP); G4 – Radiofrequência (R). Após 24h do término do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados e subsequentemente coletados fragmentos da pele que foram fixados em paraformoldeído 10% e submetidos a técnicas histológicas de rotina (desidratação, diafanização e inclusão em parafina), microseccionados a 5 μm e corados com HE-Hematoxilina Eosina, Picrosírius Red e imunomarcação para TGFα, FGF2, FGF7 e VEGF. Para análise e comparações da epiderme, derme papilar e reticular entre os grupos, e ainda da espessura e morfologia das fibras colágenas, microfotografias foram obtidas e microprocessadas pelo Software ImageJ 1.49J. Nossos resultados revelam que a epiderme do grupo própolis foi a mais desenvolvida, bem como a marcação para o FGF7. O colágeno total foi mais expressivo em todos os grupos que sofreram tratamento, entretanto a derme papilar e reticular apresentou-se menor nos grupos tratados com RF, possivelmente devido a contração do colágeno após a aplicação. Foi observado que o FGF2 apresentou maior expressão nos grupos radiofrequência com própolis e radiofrequência. O TGFα mostrou maior imunopositividade no grupo radiofrequência com própolis, entretanto este grupo não apresentou tecido de granulação.  O VEGF não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Nenhum grupo apresentou edema ou inflamação. Concluimos que ocorre formação de colágeno em todos os grupos tratados,  e a própolis funciona como um ativador da proliferação de queratinócitos. Dessa forma, nossos achados são de extrema importância científica, pois contribuirão para incrementar novas tecnologias, relacionadas aos mecanismos de neocolagenogênese dérmica, questão fundamental para novas possibilidades de aplicação na engenharia tecidual e área dermato-funcional.

Neste estudo foram utilizados 06 exemplares de Cichlasoma orientale, com objetivo de caracterizar morfohistologicamente o trato digestório dessa espécie. A cavidade bucofaringeana deste peixe foi investigada por meio de lupa e microscópio eletrônica de varredura e exibiu características como boca terminal com protractibilidade, lábios liso sendo o superior de menor espessura que o lábio inferior, a língua triangular e pigmentada, maxila arredondada com pregas palatinas, valva respiratória e placas dentígeras com dente cônico. Na faringe temos a presença de duas placas dentígeras com dentículos cônicos, os rastros se apresentam curtos, apenas no primeiro arco braquial e exclusivamente presentes em espécimes jovens. As técnicas de coloração HE-Hematoxilina de Harris, Eosina e Periódico Schiff foram utilizadas para caracterizar morfologicamente as camadas do tubo digestório com auxilio do microscópio optico. O esôfago é curto com pregas na mucosa revestidas por epitélio pseudoestratificado com células mucosecretora que se intercalam com células não secretórias. A camada muscular esofágica é espessa com predomínio de fibras de músculo esquelético estriado que pode ser evidenciado inclusive próximo ao estômago.  Estas características, provavelmente estão envolvidas ao hábito de deglutir presas maiores e proteção. O estõmago tem formato em Y possuindo três regiões, todas revestidas por epitélio simples e provavelmente absortivo. A cárdica, sem camada muscular da mucosa, com lâmina própria glandular; a fúndica com muitas pregas mucosas, delgada muscular da mucosa e grande quantidade de glândulas gástricas; por fim a região pilórica é também glândular e  a camada muscular mais espessa quando comparadas as outras regiões. As características morfológicas estomacais indicam um estômago especializado na digestão química, ácida e proteica. O intestino apresenta-se, anatomicamente, curto com duas alças intestinais e com três regiões anterior, média e posterior bem distintas. Quanto à camada da mucosa, o epitélio por todo o intestino, tem revestimento do tipo cilíndrico simples observando-se células caliciformes e enterócitos, vilosidades também estão presentes. O órgão é totalmente aglandular e provavelmente responsável, mais intensamente com a absorção, sendo a digestão intestinal possivelmente dependente de secreções hepatopancreáticas.. A morfologia identificada em Cichlasoma orientale apresenta órgãos adaptados ao habito alimentar onívoro com tendência alimentar à carnivoria.

A ansiedade, embora conceituada como um sentimento vago e desagradável de medo e apreensão derivados de antecipação de perigo de algo desconhecido ou estranho, é também caracterizada como um estado emocional de grande valor adaptativo. Dentre os sistemas de neurotransmissão envolvidos na expressão de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade, o sistema serotoninérgico tem sido amplamente estudado. Considerando a presença do receptor de serotonina do tipo 7 (5-HT₇) na porção dorsal da substância cinzenta periaquedutal (DPAG), uma estrutura bastante implicada nos comportamentos defensivos, o presente estudo verificou se a manipulação farmacológica do receptor 5-HT₇ alteraria as respostas comportamentais relacionadas à ansiedade em ratos. Ratos Wistar (90±5 dias) foram submetidos a dois protocolos experimentais. No experimento 1, ratos submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica para implante de cânula-guia receberam a administração intra-DPAG de veículo (Salina + DMSO) ou do agonista de receptores 5-HT₇ AS19 nas doses de 0,05, 0,1 e 0,2 μg. Cinco minutos após a administração, os animais foram testados no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Vinte e quatro horas depois, estes mesmos animais passaram pelo teste do campo aberto. Já no experimento 2, os animais receberam a infusão do antagonista de receptor 5-HT₇ SB 269970 (5, 10 ou 20 nmols) ou veículo seguida de administração intra-DPAG do agonista AS19 (0,1 μg) ou veículo previamente aos testes comportamentais. Os resultados mostraram que, quando administrado isoladamente, o agonista AS19 na dose de 0,1 μg, mas não nas doses de 0,05 e 0,2 μg, diminuiu a porcentagem de entradas e tempo gasto nos braços abertos do LCE, sugerindo efeito do tipo ansiogênico. A administração intra-DPAG do antagonista SB 269970 na dose de 10 nmols promoveu efeito do tipo ansiolítico, quando observado o aumento na porcentagem de tempo gasto nos braços abertos do LCE. Este efeito foi revertido pela administração do agonista AS19 na dose de 0,1 μg. Nenhuma das drogas testadas alterou parâmetros de locomoção analisados no teste do campo aberto, sugerindo que os efeitos relacionados à ansiedade não estejam associados a alterações na locomoção dos animais. Os dados aqui obtidos permitem a conclusão de que receptores do tipo 5-HT₇ da DPAG, quando ativados, modulam um efeito do tipo ansiogênico. Ainda, o bloqueio de receptores 5-HT₇ nesta área favorece um efeito do tipo ansiolítico, que vem sendo descrito na literatura após a administração periférica de antagonistas destes receptores.

As doenças inflamatórias intestinais abrangem um conjunto de desordens crônicas
inflamatórias, entre elas a colite ulcerativa (CU). O tratamento da CU se baseia no uso
de anti-inflamatórios, porém estes fármacos podem apresentam efeitos colaterais, o que
estimula a busca de novas terapias. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do
extrato hidroalcoólico de Turnera subulata na colite ulcerativa aguda induzida por ácido
acético em ratos. CU foi induzida em ratos Wistar com a instilação de 1ml de ácido
acético 4% via retal. 42 animais foram distribuídos em 6 grupos experimentais: Grupo
Controle, Grupo Colítico, Grupo Sulfasalazina 500mg/Kg/dia (SSZ), Grupo T. subulata
50mg/Kg/dia (TS 50mg), Grupo T. subulata 100mg/Kg/dia (TS 100mg), Grupo T.
subulata 200mg/Kg/dia (TS 200mg). Durante o experimento foram avaliados
diariamente, o consumo alimentar, ingestão hídrica e peso dos animais. Os animais
foram eutanasiados e o colón foi exposto para análise macroscópica. Fragmentos do
cólon foram utilizados para análise microscópica e avaliação do estresse oxidativo. A
diferença entre as médias foi analisada por ANOVA a um nível de significância de 5%
(p<0,05) com o auxílio do Software GraphPad Prism. A análise dos resultados
demonstrou que o Grupo Sulfassalazina teve a maior perda de peso ao longo do
experimento, 14,78% e o menor consumo alimentar de 6,23g de ração ao dia, os grupos
tratados com o extrato de T. subulata não apresentaram perda de peso significativa
quando comparados com o Grupo Controle. O Grupo Colítico apresentou o maior
escore macroscópico 6,5; enquanto o Grupo TS 50mg teve um menor escore 1,0. A
avaliação microscópica mostrou a presença de edema, hemorragia, ulceração em todos
os grupos experimentais, exceto o Controle. No entanto, o Grupo TS 50mg apresentou o
processo inflamatório em menor intensidade. A avaliação do estresse oxidativo revelou
que os grupos tratados com o extrato de T. subulata modularam a atividade das enzimas
catalase e superóxido desmutase. Observou-se ainda redução na peroxidação lipídica e
protéica. Assim, é possível concluir que o extrato hidroalcóolico de T. subulata teve
ação anti- inflamatória e antioxidante na colite ulcerativa experimental.

A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma doença de origem genética recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X caracterizada pela ausência da distrofina, que induz a fibrose e necrose muscular devido ao estresse oxidativo. No coração, estas lesões podem levar à insuficiência cardíaca e a morte. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do estresse oxidativo identificado pela expressão da cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) na morfologia do tecido cardíaco de camundongos mdx, bem como os efeitos do ácido ascórbico (AA) sobre estes parâmetros. Foram utilizados 60 camundongos machos, sendo 30 C57BL/10 e 30 C57BL/10Mdx separados em seis grupos de acordo com a idade e tratamento (n=10/grupo): controle com 30 dias de idade (C30); distrófico com 30 dias de idade (D30); controle com 60 dias de idade (C60); distrófico com 60 dias de idade (D60); controle com 60 dias de idade suplementados com AA (CS60); e distrófico com 60 dias de idade suplementados com AA (DS60). As amostras de tecido cardíacos foram corados pelas técnicas de Tricrômico de Masson, Picrosirius red sob luz polarizada e Imunohistoquímica da COX-2. Os resultados demonstraram aumento de fibras colágenas em D30 e diminuição na área ocupada por cardiomiócitos em D60. A expressão da enzima COX-2 foi maior nos grupos C30, D30 e D60 indicando, provavelmente, em C30 um processo de desenvolvimento celular e, em animais distróficos, aumento do estresse oxidativo que levaram à fibrose. A suplementação com AA preveniu a perda muscular em DS60 em relação ao D60, bem como diminuição da fibrose e da expressão de COX-2 em DS60, comprovando a ação protetora do AA no coração de camundongos mdx.