A self-healing additive for cement pastes consisting of epoxy resin and catalyst (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) encapsulated separately in silica microspheres was developed. Once dispersed in the cementitious matrix, the microspheres with encapsulated material break under the action of cracks or damage, putting the epoxy resin and the catalyst in contact so that the product of the polymerization reaction seals or retards the growth of the defect. The encapsulation process was based on a variation of the Stöber Method, widely used in the literature, for obtaining silica micro/nano spheres with encapsulated material. It was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Infrared Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy with EDS and BET Surface Area Analysis. The XRD result showed an amorphous disposition of the materials (encapsulated resin and catalyst), the FTIR result showed peaks related to resin and relative to methyl ethyl ketone peroxide for the encapsulated resin and encapsulated catalyst, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis showed mass decay in the expected temperature regions for the decomposition of the materials involved and that the synthesized material is stable up to temperatures above 300°C. SEM-EDS showed that the method used was efficient in synthesizing silicon microcapsules and that these capsules are breakable under the incidence of mechanical stress. It also showed that the average size of the synthesized particles is in the range between 50 - 250 m. XRD analyzes showed the absence of crystallinity in the material obtained. The results obtained show that the synthesis process was successful for both the encapsulated resin and the encapsulated catalyst.

Climate change, in recent years, has been more intense and explicit for society, as a result, energy from renewable sources has increased its installed capacity in different countries. In this context, green hydrogen is considered one of the main alternatives to enable the substitution of fossil energy sources for energy from non-fossil sources, acting as an energy vector to balance supply and demand for renewable energy. This thesis aims to develop a functional model of an electrolysis system using seawater to produce green hydrogen. The research is characterized as applied, in terms of nature; quali-quanti approach; regarding the objectives, it is exploratory and descriptive; and as for the methodological procedure, it is characterized as bibliographical research and case study. The research procedure included three stages: i) theoretical research, involving exploratory bibliographic research on the topics: hydrogen production, functional product modeling and technological prospecting and patent analysis methods, and systematic bibliographic review on electrolysis technology with use straight from sea water; ii) search and analysis of patents for direct seawater electrolysis technologies; iii) functional modeling of a seawater electrolysis system. As a result, 138 patent documents were identified and the main trends for this technology were presented, in addition to the construction of the state of the art for direct electrolysis of seawater. Furthermore, a functional model of a direct seawater electrolysis system was built based on the study of technologies available in scientific and patent documents, as well as using product development tools (Functional Structure, Morphological Matrix and Decision Matrix ), contributing to scientific and technological advancement in the area of direct electrolysis of seawater, in addition to contributing to the development of a system capable of producing green hydrogen without the use of fresh and potable water, an important factor for arid and coastal regions, that suffer from water scarcity and are favored by the presence of solar and wind energy.

The increase in the number of onshore wind farms reaching the end of their useful life in different parts of the world makes the process of decision making to define the future of the farm a challenge for owners. The present thesis aims to develop a decision-making model regarding the extension of the useful life or deactivation of onshore wind farms. The research method includes four stages: 1) construction of the state of the art based on theoretical research through a theoretical foundation and a systematic review of the literature using the PRISMA protocol based on articles in the Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE databases to identify the factors and variables that influence the decision-making process at the end of the life cycle of onshore wind farms, 2) development of the conceptual model, 3) field research of the survey type to identify the main actions of managers of wind farms in operation regarding the extension of the useful life or deactivation, and 4) field research through cases with wind farm managers to validate the decision model identified in the literature. Considerations and suggestions of experts and researchers were used to validate the conceptual model (4^th stage). As a result, the conceptual model presents eleven possible alternatives inserted in two scenarios: the deactivation and completion of operational activities and the extension of useful life of the farm. The factors and variables that influence the decision-making process are systematized and grouped into the following categories: external factors [national energy guidelines (national aspects), public policies and regulatory aspects, logistical and infrastructural aspects, and technological development in the sector] and internal factors (economic-financial aspects, operational aspects, environmental aspects, regional aspects, and human resources). The main factors identified are operation and maintenance costs (OPEX), layout review and wake effect and technological evolution. In addition to the theoretical model, the results showed a global scenario of few academic publications on the topic and an unequal number of empirical studies (based on experiences) with real decisions taken and supported versus total number of studies. They also point to research gaps on the theme, providing insights for prospective research, such as, for example, further studies on other experiences, empirical studies, periodic review of planning for the growth of the electrical matrix considering the impact of decisions for deactivation and extension of the operational life of projects, building partnerships between universities and investor groups for application and validation with practical integration in wind farms and development of an specialized system to support decision making.

Seismic processing involves a large number of analytic tools that, step by step, transform seismic field data into interpretable images of the subsurface. To obtain a seismic image that represents the geological model accurately, considerable time and computational resources are needed, as well as accurate physical models that are close to the actual solution. Unlike analytical methods, deep learning doesn’t need to have an exact knowledge of the physical behavior, changing how to make adjustments to the seismic signal. On the other hand, having a good amount of data set suitable for training the model becomes a limitation because the field data are limited and all are used for building a seismic image. In this work, we used Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), initially designed to generate new images from a reference image, these types of networks don’t require a large amount of training data set and use low computational resources. In this work, two scenarios are presented. The first, proposes a new interpolation methodology applicable to OBN acquisitions, for 2D and 3D. This methodology describes the selection and preparation of training data and a workflow to train a GAN model and make a prediction using the same seismic data acquisition. The second scenario makes predictions of seismic images migrated with full-track processing, taking fast-track data as input to the model. The training methodology is performed conventionally, that is, a part of the data was used for training and another for testing, obtaining an efficient model in its predictions with the possibility of being used with time-lapse data. For both proposed scenarios, the same GAN is applied, modifying the training data for each case, demonstrating the flexibility of this type of network performing different tasks related to seismic processing with a small amount of data.

The Net Present Value (NPV) is recognized as one of the most fundamental and widely adopted metrics in the financial analysis of oil and gas exploration projects. This metric assumes critical importance, considering that oil extraction from a well is not carried out until the resource is exhausted, but rather as long as it is economically viable. Given the intrinsic volatility of oil prices, the decision to shut down a well, even when it still contains oil, is a reality when extraction and maintenance costs exceed potential profits. Although NPV has been extensively studied in the literature, a common simplification in calculations is observed, where a fixed Minimum Attractiveness Rate (MAR) and the costs to construct the NPV are also fixed. This approach does not adequately reflect the volatility of the financial market. Therefore, this study proposes the implementation of a new NPV, a dynamic NPV (DNPV), where a variable MAR will be used, aligned with Brazil's risk-free interest rate (Selic Rate), which plays a crucial role in controlling inflation in the country. Unlike previous studies that consider fixed costs in the NPV calculation, this work also adopts an approach where all costs are variable and indexed to inflation, estimated by the IGP-M index. The use of this index is essential to update oil and gas prices and accurately reflect the economic conditions that varied throughout the analyzed time series. Furthermore, the research advances beyond traditional temporal analysis, proposing a spatio-temporal study of DNPV in oil well reservoirs using real data. To prove the efficiency of the proposed DNPV, its calculation was applied to real data, proving a rate of over 97% accuracy in the decision to maintain or shut down an oil well according to its profit, measured by the DNPV. By developing the temporal analysis of DNPV, it was possible to estimate ARIMA and SARIMA models for the analyzed oil wells. From these models, forecasts were made, generating confidence intervals with 92.50% accuracy in the predictions. By developing the spatial analysis, it was possible to detect the regions and wells with the highest profit, as well as recognize the regions with the lowest DNPV. After conducting spatial predictions, a degree of 95% accuracy was confirmed. The DNPV is expected to provide a more in-depth financial analysis of the profitability of oil and gas production, considering both time and space. This two-dimensional approach may serve as a valuable decision-support tool for the continuity of oil exploration in specific wells and adjacent regions.

Historically, Portland cement has been widely used to carry out the most varied interventions in oil wells. It is known the numerous advantages of using this material. However, in recent years, the use of alternative materials for some types of interventions has increased, as is the case of some abandonments, as they have specific characteristics for application in scenarios where the use of cement is limited to its performance.

Among the alternative materials to cement for oil wells, resins have been gaining prominence due to their compatibility with the fluids contained in the wells. The resins are free of solids and this property increases the success rate of works in wells whose injectivity is too low for the penetration of conventional slurry. Another very interesting feature of the resins is their high compressive strength when compared to conventional cement slurry systems, in addition to their very low permeability.

One of the biggest challenges for the application of alternative materials to replace Portland cement is the control and characterization of its technological properties. The API (American Petroleum Institute) standards, specifically SPEC 10A and RP 10B-2, were developed decades ago with a focus on testing for Portland cement. The adaptation of some procedures for the characterization of alternative materials, such as resins, is the key point to guarantee operational success during field application, especially the compressive strength.

Based on the above, in this work a methodology was developed to analyze the compressive strength (CS) by the ultrasonic method in polyester-resin systems. The control of the CS of the resin systems was carried out through the addition of the chemical inhibitor 4-tert-butylcatechol (TBC).

The response to the addition of TBC in the polyester resin system was quite consistent, as it was possible to observe a variation in the time of onset of CS development, proportional to the percentage of TBC in the system.

The last equipment in the solids control process, in an oil well drilling, has a wet outlet that needs to be dried, for transport and disposal, through an environmentally sustainable mechanism. In this perspective, the objective of this work is to compare the drying of cuttings from oil drilling, with water base and paraffin base, in a microwave and a fryer, using the following parameters: time, temperature, power and energy factor. The paraffin based gravel from the centrifuge disposal, with 11.27% oil, in the oil concentration in the gravel discarded from the dryer, is 5.98%, resulting from the retort of the paraffin-based gravel. In the experiments with the microwave, the heating time ranges from 0 to 30 minutes, considering 6 min at high power, 10 min at medium power and 15 min at low power. In addition, such experiments were analyzed in the total time capacity of the equipment, with 30 minutes at low, medium and high powers and water-based gravel, as there was a pre-test with paraffin-based gravel that exceeded the flash point of 200 °C. In the electric fryer, with a single power of 1500W, 6, 10 and 15 minutes were used in the experiments, while, in the equipment capacity test, with a time of 30 minutes, paraffin-based and water-based gravel were used. Therefore, the use of both equipment allowed the analysis of the energy factor with a wattmeter, with an average tariff of R$0,610/kWh, in the Northeast region, and the drying of water-based and paraffin-based gravel.

Exploring new oil fields remains a constant pursuit, as well as increasing production in fields considered mature, in order to increase reserves and increase global energy supply. For this, optimizations are needed that contribute to the reduction of operating costs in drilling wells and that are more sustainable, in order to reconcile the use of new technologies while ensuring greater integrity of the wells constructed and lower environmental impacts. With the advent of technology, it is already common to reach more aggressive oil and gas reservoir scenarios when it comes mainly to parameters such as high temperature and high pressure. However, under these conditions there are greater challenges to be considered, especially in relation to the cementation project, since at temperatures above 110 °C the cement undergoes changes in its hydration, which tend to favor the formation of phases with greater permeability and causing the retrogression of its mechanical resistance, making the cement vulnerable to the hydraulic isolation of the well and compromising its integrity. On the other hand, the industrial sector, in general, generates a significant amount of waste, many of which do not have adequate applications or destinations. As an example, the mortar production industry generates a by-product that was previously discarded and the objective of this work is to apply this waste in cement pastes subject to the high temperatures and pressures of oil and gas wells in order to add value through the development of a commercial blend to be potentially used in the cementing of wells as a technologically efficient product that provides a significant reduction in the use of cement without losing the required properties, which also contributes to the reduction of costs and environmental impacts. The studies were conducted with the characterization of the residue using X-ray diffraction techniques, granulometric analysis and analysis of chemical composition, and the pastes were formulated with different proportions of the residue + cement blend in curing scenarios in high and low conditions. Temperature and pressure with subsequent characterization of the formed phases and technological tests of resistance to compression, comparing the data obtained with the data of standard pastes. Preliminary results demonstrate the potential of using a cement blend with mortar residue to replace the currently marketed products, favoring positive impacts, being considered a sustainable product, providing adequate mechanical properties to operational requests and with an environmental appeal that, still, can generate cost reduction in the manufacture of pastes, facilitating the viability of operations in several fields, with high temperature conditions and where thermal recovery techniques will be applied.

The development of oil fields that have wells with high viscosity oil, with only primary production, would result in a small volume of oil recovered due to the low productivity of the wells. In this way, there is a need to use in these fields, a supplementary thermal recovery method, where the most used is the cyclic and continuous steam injection. High temperatures cause deleterious changes in hydrated products of Portland cement, compromising its physical properties, mainly, the compressive strength. This phenomenon is known as strength retrogression and occurs when the CaO/SiO2 ratio is close to 2.0. To deal with this condition, silicon dioxide (SiO2) rich materials are added to cement. This work aims to use blast furnace slag (BFS) and rice husk ash (RHA) as alternative materials to compose cement slurries systems for application in wells that are subjected to high temperature. A statistical mixing planning was carried out to determine the number of cement slurries to be formulated as well as the concentrations of BFS and RHA, which varied from 0% to 50% of BWOC (By Weight of Cement). Samples containing BFS and RHA and reference samples were submitted to two scenarios: low temperature (47ºC) and high temperature (300ºC). The low temperature samples remained for 7 days in the thermostatic bath at 47°C. In the high temperature thermal cycle, the samples were subjected to 300°C and 2000 psi for the last 3 days out of 7 in a pressurized curing chamber. All experimental procedures were performed according to API RP 10B-2. The performance of these slurries systems was evaluated for compressive strength (RC) through uniaxial compression tests. This parameter was chosen due to its relevance in the approval of Portland cement-based materials for high temperature wells. It was held too crystallographic characterization of the material tested through the technique of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The standard slurry, without silica, was strongly damaged by the resistance retrogression phenomenon after the 300ºC heat cycle. The results showed that in the low temperature scenario, the samples containing BFS showed higher compressive strength and in the high temperature scenario, the samples containing a higher percentage of RHA showed great potential as resistance anti-retrogression agents. BFS is a by-product of the steel industry and its cost is much lower than Class G cement. In addition to being economical, the use of BFS in wells is environmentally sound. And RHA is a renewable source of silica, whose sustainability makes it an interesting alternative to the usual silica flour.

Sustainable development is based on the need to rethink how resources are used in all economic activities. When it comes to the energy sector, more specifically wind energy, the massive use of materials for its development, including raw materials derived from fossil fuels, has motivated the scientific community and authorities to demand paradigm changes. The wind industry's transition to a circular model depends on changes in the management and operational systems of the plants, as well as support from the government. According to the literature, the circular economy applied to the wind energy sector is still incipient. This thesis aims to propose a framework for a circular maturity model for wind power plants. The research method was based on four stages: i) planning, ii) theoretical foundation, iii) conceptual modeling, iv) development of the measurement tool, and v) Validation of the model by specialists. As a result, the model presents five maturity levels (non-existent, initial, intermediate, advanced, and optimized) supported by four dimensions: governance, decommissioning, design, and life extension. The circularity measurement tool also includes circular economy strategies that will guide the actions of managers and owners of wind power plants toward more advanced levels of circularity. Guidelines for applying the model are presented as a way to contribute to the advancement of circular practices in the wind sector.

The growing demand for sustainable products and services has become a constant requirement for the various stakeholders of an organization. Higher education institutes (HEIs) play a fundamental role in training conscious and competent professionals to lead these changes. Chemical analysis laboratories bring together characteristics where the adoption of mature and efficient management systems proves to be essential not only for the better training of the institution's human resources but can also corroborate with the capture of research projects and other services intended for society. Maturity models help in the necessary steps for this growth in a sustainable way. This work propose a Maturity Model (framework) based on standardized norms to guide adjustments in quality, risks, safety and environment of chemical analysis laboratories inserted in public institutions of higher education. For that, a survey was developed, with the aim of evaluating the relevance of management systems and maturity models for the managers of HEI laboratories. The research procedure included four stages: theoretical research on the themes Maturity Model, Integrated Management Systems and Sustainability; survey research with laboratories; case study in a chemical analysis laboratory of an HEI; and structuring and validation of the maturity model. The Maturity Model includes 8 dimensions (Strategy, Leadership, Management, Operations, Continuous Improvement, Sustainability, Culture and Integration), 31 sub-dimensions and 204 management practices for evaluating and conducting chemical analysis laboratories at sustainable levels of maturity.

Pre-salt drilling has brought huge challenges, among the main ones, we can highlight circulations losses. Fluid loss to the formation is one of the most critical problems that can be encountered during oil well drilling. Therefore, any circulation loss increases the total cost significantly when added to the non-productive times (NPT) to contain the problem. During the drilling of pre-salt carbonate reservoirs, when invading macroporosity intervals such as vugs and natural fractures, there is a risk of severe loss of drilling fluid, reaching in some cases a loss rate of more than 700 barrels/hour. Most of the time, traditional techniques are not effective against severe circulation losses in macroporous carbonate reservoirs with vugular structures and/or natural fractures, due to the nature of the rock formation, and it is necessary and good practice to fight with cement slurry (cement plug). Cement plugs are effective in combating loss of circulation in carbonate reservoirs, but they cause irreversible damage. The permanent damage caused by the cement plug alters the original permoporosity conditions of the reservoir, strongly interfering with the production of the reservoir in question. In order to mitigate the problems caused by the use of cement plugs, it is necessary to study and develop new alternative materials that replace the use of cement with constituents that can be reversible, regarding the damage to the formation, when applied in order to combat the loss of circulation in the reservoir. Acid-soluble slurry systems formulated with W/RM ratio were studied to evaluate their potential as a buffer against lost circulation. First, the slurries systems consistometry study was carried out at 9500 psi and 54 °C conditions, mechanical strength tests, and phase identification by x-ray diffraction of the systems cured at 9500 psi and 80 °C. The results indicate that the consistometry time and mechanical strength are consistent with the intended application. The cured Slurries systems underwent static acid attack test in 9 and 15% HCl, showing excellent results, with total dissolution of the specimen. It was also evaluated the effects of saturated CO2 atmosphere in specimens for a period of 30 and 45 days, the results indicate that the specimens have undergone changes in their microstructure causing physicochemical changes in the specimens. Finally, the plugging and acidification tests were performed, where the paste was injected under pressure into the pores of a carbonate rock testimony. This rock was previously evaluated by µtomography, in addition to the basic petrophysical properties. After the injection of the paste into the rock core, the µtomography and basic petrophysical data were collected once again. Subsequently, the buffered plug underwent acidification in coreflooding to evaluate the removal of the damage caused by the acid-soluble paste, providing the removal of the buffer with the return of the permoporosity of the rock.

The fluid flow measurement is a fundamental activity for the oil and gas industry. The correct produced volumes mensuration provides a good reservoirs management, reducing production losses, guiding plans of the production system optimization and of the lift and production flow methods. The use of flow estimation techniques in real time using Virtual Flow Metering (VFM) has shown to be a promising field due to the provided results precision and their low-cost implementation. Deep learning models have been applied successful in the oil and gas industry. Combining technological advances and the great importance of fluid measurement for the oil industry, the study aims to develop a model for the flowrate of liquid applying an approach combined of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models and hydrodynamical modelling. The data used were power, frequency, pressure and were collected from two offshore wells with electric submersible pumps (ESP) in Northeast region of Brazil. The LSTM results compare favorably with the results of hydrodynamical modeling and increases its powerful, they can be useful joint to accurately estimate the flowrate behavior in real time in transient and steady states and to forecast the flowrate for a sequence of future time instants, supporting better production management. It is expected that the results obtained with the LSTM neural networks can be integrated with other technologies of Industry 4.0 and contribute to the digital transformation of the oil and gas industry.

The artificial lifting system progressive cavity pumping (PCP) has become an important method and is a frequent object of studies. PCP performs well in the production of viscous oils or in the presence of sand. With the advancement of technology, this method was expanded and being applied to deeper wells. As the PCP expanded its use to deeper and deeper wells, the increased torque in the rod string created a serious operational safety issue. The present work developed a computational simulator for oil wells, using this artificial lift method, capable of representing the dynamic behavior of critical variables of the system during the reversion phenomenon of the rod column. The tests were carried out with simulations using virtual wells and showed good performance, enabling the determination of the maximum reversal speed and torque of the system when the well stopped.

The petroleum industry accounts for a significant portion of the clay market share, where they are used in drilling fluids as thixotropic agents. It is responsible for some important physicochemical characteristics, which must be controlled so that the fluid can perform its functions properly. Among the important functions of clays in drilling are cooling the bit, waterproofing the geological formation and maintaining solid suspension. In water-sensitive drilling operations, the use of oil-based fluid is often necessary, and in this case, clays lose their thixotropic properties, since their natural state is hydrophilic, they cannot be used without undergoing an organic treatment to make them hydrophobic. Different studies have been carried out to obtain organophilic clays, by different methods, capable of meeting the necessary requirements for their use. In this context, this research aimed to determine the ideal content (maximum point of surfactant adsorption) of palygorskite (Plg) to obtain organophilization using cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) at different concentrations. The adsorption tests were carried out in a finite bath, varying the content of Plg and CTAB in the solution. In these tests, parameters such as time, temperature, pH and thermodynamic characteristics were observed. To analyze the results, mathematical models for adsorption processes (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevitch (D-R) and Tempkin) were used. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (FRX), X-ray diffraction (DRX), Thermogravimetric and differential analysis (TG and DTG), measurement of contact angle, and rheological analysis were performed. The collected data showed that an increase in clay content in the dispersion leads to a decrease in surfactant adsorption on clay. However, it was possible to obtain the ideal clay content for the organophilization of Plg at different concentrations of the CTAB surfactant. The data obtained in the experiments fit well with the Freundlich model. The Dubinin-Radushkevitch and Tempkin isotherms confirmed the chemical adsorption of CTAB on clay Plg. X-ray fluorescence identified the main constituents of the Plg sample. X-ray diffraction showed that organophilization does not change its crystal structure. The thermogravimetric and differential analysis allowed observing the main events associated with thermal degradation of Plg. The contact angle test showed that there was a change in wettability after the adsorption process, which is influenced by pH, as was observed in the results of the zeta potential that measured the charge on the surface of the Plg and rheological analysis, confirming its affinity for oil phase due to the increase in rheological parameters.

This work proposes a new tool for Preliminary Sustainability Analysis of the Enterprise-PSAE for facilities projects applied to onshore oil production. The PSAE was inspired by consolidated projects practices, which favors its acceptance with the analyses of traditional projects. This tool complements the analyses usually applied to new enterprise, such as: technical and economic feasibility studies; environmental impact studies; risk analysis applied at the start of the projects (design). The PSAE uses project management concepts, and proposes a preliminary analysis of new ventures sustainability. This tool identifies Actions pro-Sustainability-AS's, and estimated the impacts on the three pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental and social) of an enterprise. The sustainability pillars assessments are guided by the "principle of materiality", and in accordance with the company's sustainability reports. Evaluating the prospect of the materiality principle contributes to align the new ventures to the company sustainability policy, facilitating the evaluations, in addition to improving the assertiveness in decision-making processes. Then, the global sustainability indexes of project alternatives was calculated, and a qualitative analysis selects the most suitable option for the sustainability of the enterprise. The obtained results show that this tool complements the usual practices, facilitating the transition of the current management system to a more balanced management model between the economic, environmental and social aspects of these projects.

Worldwide, thousands of offshore platforms are forecast to be decommissioned in the coming years. The decommissioning process is complex, costly, involves decision-making with conflicting objectives and generates environmental, socioeconomic, financial, safety and technical impacts. This thesis aims to propose a decision support framework for evaluating decommissioning alternatives for fixed offshore oil and gas platforms, considering the criteria for satisfying stakeholders. Initially, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify the factors that influence the decommissioning decision and build a conceptual framework for the decommissioning process. Subsequently, a decision framework was developed and applied to an offshore fixed oil platform, using the ELECTRE III multi-criteria method. The scenarios were analyzed, with different perspectives, to evaluate the ranking of alternatives in the decommissioning of a fixed offshore platform. According to the specialists' point of view, in all scenarios the best ranked alternative was to leave in place.  The other alternatives varied according to each scenario, with the second place varying between the alternatives partial removal (leave at sea and take to land) and complete removal, the third was the partial removal (take to land) and the last place varied between complete removal and partial removal (take to land). The sensitivity analysis of the ranking of the alternatives with the variation of the weights, preference and indifference thresholds, showed no changes in the ranking. The model applied in the ELECTRE III method had low sensitivity with changes in these parameters. The main problems found in applying decommissioning alternatives in Brazil are associated with the lack of robustness in the legal framework and gaps found in some areas of decommissioning. The decision framework can be used by stakeholders to make decisions about decommissioning, requiring a case-by-case analysis. In addition, there should be more partnerships between universities and companies in the offshore industry, for the development of new research about decommissioning of offshore platforms.

The ambitious search for fossil fuels has caused serious environmental concerns, attracting more and more attention from the industry and the scientific community to the research and development of sustainable and ecological alternative fuels. Therefore, to mitigate environmental concerns and meet the growing demand for energy, vegetable oils, especially soybean oil, have attracted great attention from researchers for developing an environmentally friendly and high-quality fuel through pyrolysis. Based on this reflection, the present thesis aims at the production of renewable hydrocarbons from the copyrolysis of soybean oil/diesel using bentonite (acidic, pillared and impregnated with nickel) as a catalyst. The bentonite clay-based catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET and FTIR and presented results according to the literature. The thermal and thermocatalytic study showed three characteristic events of soybean oil biomass degradation, (1) stage: humidity evaporation (20 - 150°C), (2) stage: decomposition zone or active pyrolytic zone and (3) step: above 500°C is the final carbonization step. Finally, the kinetic study was carried out from the thermogravimetric data, it was possible to calculate the activation energy (Ea) for each conversion using the isoconversional methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) that showed R2 values above 0.9, demonstrating a satisfactory adaptation of the models to the process. Soybean oil biomass with nickel-impregnated acid bentonite clay obtained the best result, that is, the presence of the catalyst reduced the activation energy of the soybean oil from 385.61 and 356.04 kJ/mol for the KAS and FWO method. respectively, to 99.88 kJ/mol for the FWO method and 138.77 kJ/mol for the KAS method, which can be considered as a promising raw material for the pyrolysis process. Then, the thermal and kinetic study of the co-processing of the soybean oil/diesel mixture was carried out.

One of the most common problems in the oil industry is the excessive accumulation of
liquids at the bottom of the well. This phenomenon often results in reduced production
rates due to high values of flowing bottom hole pressure. The Plunger Lift represents a
low-cost solution to this problem that uses a controller to calculate operating parameters.
The development of a mathematical model for the Plunger Lift control is considered
a difficult task, since it consists of a highly non-linear system with aspects of hybrid
dynamics. Thus, the application of a fuzzy controller for this type of system represents
a good alternative, since it does not require the use of a mathematical model, based on
the experience of an expert. In addition, fuzzy can be designed to manipulate a secondary
valve at the wellhead in order to increase the operational safety of the system. This work
presents the application of a fuzzy controller to a Plunger Lift process for production
optimization and regulation of the average piston ascent speed. The application results
were compared with those of a conventional controller of the fixed time method. Production
line disturbances and static pressures are present in the tests to approximate the application
to a real system. An analysis of graphics and performance indexes was performed and
the controller implemented successfully maintained optimal production rates. The gas
and oil production of the fuzzy controller was approximately 55% higher than that of the
fixed-time controller. The fuzzy controller reached safe operational values for the average
rise speed of the plunger, about 4.5 m/s.

The water produced in the oil fields has a variable composition, depending on factors such as the age of the well and the geological characteristics of the source basin. However, the presence of several organic and inorganic substances with a high potential for toxicity is common to these effluents generated in the oil industry, and represents a serious environmental problem, since, depending on the destination given to them (reinjection, disposal or other purpose), there may be contamination of water bodies, air, soil, as well as bioaccumulation through the food chain: among these contaminants, heavy metals can be listed. In order to meet the parameters established by law and aiming at reducing the environmental damage that can be caused by these substances, monitoring techniques need to be studied. In this sense, voltammetry presents itself as a promising option for the quantification of trace metals in situ. That said, the objective of this work is to characterize the electrodes of graphite paste chemically modified with cork (GrRAC and GrRGC) and test their applicability in the quantification of Pb2 + ions in water produced from an offshore oil field located in Rio Grande do Norte. The efficiency of the synthesized electrodes was also evaluated according to the variation in the mass ratio between graphite powder and powdered cork. The electroanalytical techniques used were: Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and electrochemical impedance analysis

Northeast of Brazil has thousands of non-productive oil and gas wells may that be caused
by low production, maintenance problems, companies decisions. Many are closed with
no observance to the recent plug and abandonment rules of the SGIP (Well Integrity Management System) brought by Regulation ANP 46/2016. So it has been with the main
fields of North and Northeastern areas of Brazil. Resolution 46/2016 from ANP controls
the general procedures for stablishing a Well Integrity Management System. Thus the new regulation marks the setting of how to abandon an oil and gas well, always seeking the north of well integrity, aiming the security to the people and to the environment. Then, the non-desirable hydrocarbons flows to the surface or between different zones (formations) will generate strong accountability, at present, for the field operators since plug and abandonment modern regulations are based on double solidary sets of barriers (CSBs) that aim to make the well as or more intact than virgin formations / reservoirs. Thus, this work has as main objective to present a diagnosis of the current level of integrity risk that thousands of wells in the northeast of Brazil can represent for the onshore environment, according to the method given by the Brazilian Petroleum Institute, characterizing the actions that are necessary to make them conform in terms of abandonments. To reach it, this paper presents the recent rules for onshore abandonments in Brazil, also arising from the best international practices in the subject. A parallel is made between the old ANP decrees of 1997 and 2002, analyzing the main changes in the ways of conceiving abandonment interventions, reflecting in the professionalization of practices, operational discipline, safety, and especially the search for economics. The time and cost to abandon a well where mechanical integrity has been sought throughout the entire life cycle is considerably less.

A alta demanda no consumo de combustíveis fósseis torna necessário encontrar alternativas para sua substituição como os biocombustível a partir de biomassa. Entre as técnicas de conversão de ácidos graxos está a pirólise, considerada notável para substituição de combustíveis fósseis por renováveis, que favorecem o consumo sustentável de energia, com menores prejuízos ao meio ambiente. Este trabalho propõe a utilização de suportes catalíticos zeólita H-Beta, AlSBA-15 e óxido de alumínio (Al2O3), impregnados com molibdênio, como catalisador, a fim de obter hidrocarbonetos renováveis a partir do óleo de fritura. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de Raman, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); a estabilidade térmica dos materiais foi estudada por análise termogravimétrica (TGA) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). A estudo cinética do óleo de fritura, na ausência de catalisadores e com H-Beta, foi realizada por meio de dois modelos com métodos integrais livres: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) e Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) sendo determinada a energia de ativação (Ea). Os catalisadores AlSBA-15 e Al2O3 foram aplicados na reação de pirólise do óleo de fritura em um forno de leito fixo e em escala de bancada, e os produtos foram analisados a fim de ser utilizados com biocombustíveis..

Contamination by oil products has become increasingly common in nature and treatment methods are increasingly sought to remedy this type of contamination. Electrochemical reactors are increasingly being studied in order to facilitate the various types of electrochemical treatments. The study of the reactor hydrodynamics as well as the mass transport are important factors that must be observed to improve its efficiency. The reactor hydrodynamics showed a predominantly turbulent flow regime with an experimental mass transport constant higher than the theoretical one, indicating that the mass transfer is not homogeneous due to the presence of gases generated in the electrodes. Electro-oxidation using ADE (Ti/RuO₂) electrodes to present low cost, greater durability and relative efficiency has been studied in the removal of organic substances derived from petroleum. The complete factorial design was used as a statistical technique to evaluate the best conditions for the development of the synthetic effluent, analyzing the miscibility of diesel oil in a saline matrix, as well as to verify the best conditions used in the electrochemical reactor on the main factors worked and their effects. in the electro-oxidation of this saline matrix contaminated with diesel oil. From the prepared synthetic effluent, it was possible to apply an electro-oxidation as a treatment technique in a flow-top bench reactor through a Ti/RuO₂ anode and a titanium cathode, both mesh type, arranged parallel to each other and perpendicular to the reactor. Through the TOC analysis, Test 6 with a current density of 50 mA/cm², initial pH 3 and NaCl concentration of 70 mM, showed the best result, with 63% mineralization, as it could also be followed through the spectra of fluorescence and UV absorption, indicating the reduction of the bands corresponding to the compounds present. The UV-Vis spectrum also observed the presence of active chlorine substances, electrochemically generated compounds during the electrochemical process using this type of anode. 

Full waveform inversion is an advantageous technique to obtain high-resolution subsurface information. In the petroleum industry (mainly in reservoir characterisation) it is common to use information from wells as previous information to decrease the ambiguity of the obtained results. Consequently, we propose to add a relative entropy term to the formalism of the full waveform inversion. In this context, entropy will be just a nomenclature for regularisation and it will have the role of helping the converge to the global minimum. The application of entropy in inverse problems usually formulates the problem to allow statistical concepts to be used. To avoid this step, we propose a deterministic application to the full waveform inversion. We will discuss some aspects of relative entropy and we show three different ways of using them to add prior information through entropy in the inverse problem.  We use a dynamic weighting scheme to add prior information through entropy. The idea is that the prior information can help to find the path of the global minimum at the beginning of the inversion process. In all cases, the prior information can be incorporated very quickly into the full waveform inversion and this leads the inversion to the desired solution. When we include the logarithmic weighting that constitutes entropy to the inverse problem, we suppress the low-intensity ripples and sharpen the point events. Thus, the addition of entropy relative to full waveform inversion can provide a result with a better resolution.
In regions where salt is present in the BP 2004 model, we obtained a significant improvement by adding prior information through the relative entropy for synthetic data. We show that the prior information added through entropy in full-waveform inversion formalism can help to avoid local minimums.

To satisfy an increasingly demanding and complex market, competition in the industrial field estimates for greater productivity and safety in the plant control systems.  Therefore, the appearance of failure may compromise the functioning of a plant system and may even lead to a hazardous situation.  Therefore, the area of FDD fault detection and diagnosis contributes to avoiding any unwanted event, since several techniques and methods have been the purpose of study for fault detection, isolation, identification and consequently fault diagnostic. In this work, a methodology will be applied through fault emulation aiming to obtain parameters similar to a benchmark reference model for the digital signatures determination step of the faults.  This whole process will be carried out incorporating techniques such as clustering, data resizing, waste generation, neural networks, signature acquisition, and the decision tree method, which are necessary to perform the detection steps and, finally, to diagnose abnormalities that are present.  To validate the methodology understudy, the DAMADICS benchmark model will be used, which is widely consolidated in the literature mainly due to its set of flaws, which served as the basis for the emulation process in a didactic plant system.

We have designed a target-oriented methodology to perform Full Waveform Inver- sion(FWI) using a frequency-domain wave propagator based on the so-called Patched Green’s Function(PGF) technique. Originally developed in condensed matter physics to describe electronic waves in materials, the PGF technique is easily adaptable to the case of wave propagation in spatially variable media in general. By dividing the entire compu- tational domain into two sections, namely the target area and the outside target area, we calculate the Green Functions related to each section separately. The calculations related to the section outside the target are performed only once at the beginning of inversion, whereas the calculations in the target area are performed repeatedly for each iteration of the inversion process. With the Green Functions of the separate areas, we calculate the Green Functions of the two systems patched together through the application of a Recur- sive Dyson equation. By performing 2D and time-lapse experiments on Marmousi model and a Brazilian Pre-salt velocity model, we demonstrate that the target-oriented PGF re- duces the computational time of the inversion without compromising in accuracy. In fact, when compared with conventional FWI results,the PGF-based calculations are identical but done in a fraction of the time

Petroleum is responsible for a large part of the energy generations and is currently used due to the intense consumption of its derivatives in combustion engines, industries and commercial products. In its exploration and production, heavy oil can be obtained, in which differentiated treatment is needed to increase the production of light hydrocarbons, characteristics of oil derivatives with high commercial value. Using fluidized bed catalytic cracking, heavy oil can be cracked into lighter fractions using hybrid catalysts, one of which is bimodal meso-macroporous silica, being this promising material in this area, as it facilitates the mass transport process and decreased diffusion limitations. Thus, the bimodal catalyst was synthesized and then impregnated with aluminum (Al) obtaining two types of bimodal materials, Si-BMM and Al, Si-BMM, characterized through the techniques: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction ( XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS). In order to verify the catalytic activity, the heavy oil with ° API = 17.2 was mixed with 10% Si-BMM catalyst, as well as 10% Al, Si-BMM, then analyzing through analysis thermogravimetric the process of thermal and catalytic degradation of heavy oil, using the kinetic model of Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW), obtaining the apparent activation energy of the decompositions. The results obtained from TG, provided the final temperature of calcination of the samples, the DRX had the characteristic of a tetrahedral structure of (SiO4) n, the BET provided a surface area of 489 m2 / g, adsorption isotherms and nitrogen desorption with characteristics of meso-macrostructured material, the mapping via EDS showed the presence of metals in bimodal materials and the SEM analysis of the calcined material allowed to visualize the honeycomb arrangements characteristic of the material. Through the kinetic study, it was observed that the use of Si-BMM and Al, Si-BMM catalysts showed low activation energy, performing excellent catalytic activity.

Currently the Petroleum industry is suffering with the acknowledgment and entrance of new sources of energy becoming viable for the society. This kind of situation puts this productive chain in a vigilant state and its own search for survival implicates in a need of new ways its activities economically viable. Therefore, the innovation has been a new goal inside the intrinsic methodology that new eyes must go for on the optimization of processes searching for the way out for this difficulty that are being faced today. Methods that recover petroleum today increase the recovery factor associated with a field, but can be extremely burdensome and end up with a self-sabotage due to the attractiveness rate be unsatisfactory for the risk taken. With this in mind new methods or those who has been bypassed at first, exactly for these more traditional methods has had an advantage of the once lived scenario, take new perspectives capable of bring back those glorious days of an industry as consolidated as the one of hydrocarbons. The Glycerin injection, little observed during the golden years, proves itself a clear alternative of lowering the costs of the production once, compared to the polymer injection, this fluid has a price below its aggregated value and can be found in different forms, brute and purified, opening, even more, its range of applications. Comparing those, more advanced techniques with the most simple and pioneer one, the water injection, thought computational simulation, can be noted that, technically, an advantage in the application of more recently developed methods. With this, this work was developed in a search for the characteristics of each technic and its associated return with the use of mathematical modelling, the software of CMG. The final argument in the comparation of projects comes to the financial profitability associated to each one of them and, in this context the Net Present Value shows itself as a solution to this doubt. Comparing the water, polymer and glycerin injection was possible to see how the consolidation of the more traditional technics and how each fluid affects the operation financially. For that reason, for a reservoir with the Brazilian northeast characteristics, where can be found a good portion of the onshore industry, and taking as technical and economical conclusions can be, through computational simulation, solved the question about the future of petroleum industry.

Polymer flooding in oil reservoirs has been one of the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods most applied in the last decades. The main objective of the technique is to increase the viscosity of the water, adjusting the unfavorable mobility ratio and increasing sweep and displacement efficiency. On the other hand, the polymer is subject to the effects of adsorption and mechanical retention, which may cause formation damage, and, in consequence, the injectivity loss. In this context, it is imperative to develop robust and accurate computation models in order to analyze the technical feasibility and to propose optimal scenarios for oil recovery. Therefore, in this work, a new mathematical and computational model applied to polymer flooding in porous media is proposed. The mathematical model proposes the Darcy's Law for the water and oil phases, where the water viscosity is a function of the polymer concentration. Furthermore, the polymer transport in the water phase is modeled by a transient differential equation in a convection-diffusion-reaction regime, where the reactive effects are associated with adsorption and mechanical retention. From a computational perspective, Darcy's velocity of the water phase is obtained analytically and the discreet solution for the motion of the water and the polymer transport is obtained making use of the finite volume Central-Upwind method, considering 2D and 3D domains with unstructured meshes. Finally, we propose several numerical simulations aiming to analyze the stability and accuracy of the semi-discrete formulation proposed to numerically simulate the process of polymer flooding in oil reservoirs

The growing demand for fuels that are alternative to fossil fuels, such as ethanol, has resulted in the exacerbated expansion of sugar cane causing invasions in food lands. In order to eliminate this problem and maintain the growing production of ethanol and other fuels, Cane Energy was developed, presenting high resistance to water stress, pests, drought and soils poor in nutrients, its production is three times greater than the production conventional cane. This biomass can be transformed into renewable hydrocarbons by going through a pyrolysis process and obtaining higher quality hydrocarbons in a thermocatalytic pyrolysis. Thus, this work, in an unprecedented way, aims to synthesize the MCM-41 support and impregnate the metals zinc and molybdenum in 2% when in simple metal oxides and 1% of each when in mixed metal oxides and to study the thermal decomposition and kinetics in the absence and presence of Cane Energy catalysts as a preliminary study to the pyrolysis of this biomass. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) showing that the support had a hexagonal structure according to the literature and the metals were inserted without destroying the structure. For a better advantage of the biomass, it was acetylated and analyzed by techniques of elementary analysis (CHN), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal analysis (TGA/DTG) in which the modification of the groups –OH by acetyl groups. The thermogravimetric study and the kinetic study were carried out for biomass with and without catalyst using the kinetic models Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). Based on the R² values, it was noted that the KAS model was more suitable for the study of the present work. From the results of Ea, these indicated that the catalysts MCM-41, MoO₃/MCM-41 and ZnOMoO₃/MCM-41 decreased the Ea of the biomass thermal decomposition process, in values of 159,69 kJ/mol; 142,33 kJ/mol e 99,15 kJ/mol, respectively.

Natural Gas (NG) production in Brazil has shown a significant increase in recent years, mainly with the operations of pre-salt platforms. Oil and Natural Gas exploration and refining activities account for 86% of estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, posing a serious problem for environmental issues related to greenhouse gas emissions and rising global warming., since CO2 is primarily responsible for these climate effects. Thus, new technologies using CO2 capture materials have been shown to be efficient in relation to conventional processes. In this work, a hybrid meso-macroporous silica adsorbent for NG CO2 adsorption was synthesized, promising for use in natural gas treatment systems, as they have specific textural properties for the capture and storage of this gas. The adsorbent was obtained from silica by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and specific surface area by BET method. Adsorption capacity tests were performed for CO2, methane (CH4) and their mixtures, in a magnetic suspension microbalance, demonstrating that the adsorbent was selective for CO2 and obtaining a good adsorption capacity (9,10 mmol.g-1). The experimental values obtained were compared and adjusted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. Thus, the hybrid silica adsorbent developed in the research proved to be excellent for CO2 adsorption and not for CH4, being a promising material for the treatment of NG.

The bioengineering studies the principles of biological systems. It is a field that has inspired the development of several technologies that take part of our world. In this work we use concepts from the fish lateral line sensing mechanism and apply them to the processing of seismic images. The lateral line is a sensory system composed by an integrated set of mechanical sensors spanning along the fish body. We made a parallel with the geophysics exploration in which it is usual to employ an array of equally spaced identical mechanical sensors on theearth surface. In both situation the mechanical sensors capture and process mechanical vibrations from the environment to produce useful information. We explore the strategy that is called low-pass and high-pass sensors schema of fish lateral line in the geophysics exploration technique. We use the full wave inversion method to compare the conventional acquisition procedure of identical sensors with the alternative set of different sensors which mimics the fish lateral line. Our results show that the alternate sensors arrangement surpasses the conventional acquisition using just half of input information. The results pointed out that the image process technique is more efficient and economical than the costly usual seismic processing.

With an increasing demand for liquid fuels, it is important to research and develop environmentally friendly alternatives. The aviation industry requires a type of fuel that requires specific properties, where alternatives, such as aviation biofuel, must be compatible with existing engines. Biofuel can be synthesized in a number of ways, including thermal pyrolysis and thermo-catalytic pyrolysis. Thus, this paper aims to obtain aviation biofuel from Licuri oil by catalytic pyrolysis in the presence of a mesoporous catalyst. Therefore, the synthesis and characterization of AlSBA-15, as well as impregnation of the catalyst with Nickel (Ni) in percentages of 1%, 5% and 10% by mass were studied. The catalysts were characterized by thermal analysis TG / DTG, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nitrogen Adsorption (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM / EDS). The catalysts showed XRD reflections consistent with the hexagonal P6mm structure of the AlSBA-15, demonstrating that the molecular sieve remained structured even with the impregnation of the metals. The thermal and thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of the licuri oil were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetic study was performed using the OFW and KAS model, in which a significant activation energy decrease in the presence of the catalyst with nickel, between 63 and 80 KJ / mol, was observed in comparison with the pure oil sample, in average 110 KJ / mol.

Produced water (PW) is the main effluent formed due to extraction of petroleum and is characterized by a large amount of contaminants, requiring the application of treatment processes to reduce the amount of these pollutants. Reuse of treated water is important in combating the scarcity of water resources, especially in the agricultural sector, the main water consumer in the world. With this, the current work aimed to evaluate the removal of metals Ba⁺, Ca²⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe³⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Sr²⁺ from the PW  using a microemulsion system consisting of biodegradable componentes and to evaluate the effects of treated produced water (TPW) on the sunflower seeds germination. Two sytems were used for the study, containg in its compositions Tween 20 as surfactant (S), Ethyl Acetate as organic phase (PO), Produced Water (PW) and Water Supply (WS) as aqueous phase (PA). For the system using PW, seven points were chosen within the Winsor II region, in which case the excess aqueous phase was collected for analysis. The optimum removal point was P3 (25% S, 20% PO, 55% PA), obtaining a removal of more than 50% for most metals. For the system where WS is the PA, three points were chosen within the region of Winsor II where the microemulsion of these were collected and mixed with the PW in volumetric ratios of application 1, 2 and 3 of PW/Microemulsion. The removal of greater was found when using the microemulsion of point C (20% S, 50% PO, 30% PA) with the application ratio of 2 (PW/Microemulsion), obtaining a removal of more than 60% for most metals. The greatest removal of metals was found when the microemulsion of the C point (20% S, 50% PO, 30% PA) was used with the application ratio 2, obtaining a removal of more than 60% for most metals, this was the selected point for for evaluation in germination of sunflower. For most of the metals, concentrations found on TPW fits within the ideal parameters for use in irrigation. In the application for sunflower germination the TPW and its dilutions had satisfactory results for all germination parameters studied, presenting performance similar to supply water. It was possible to verify that the microemulsion system used was efficient, with irrigation being an alternative for the reuse of the treated produced water.

 One of the main challenges facing the oil industry today is improving land field recovery. Of the hydrocarbon land reserves, a significant portion is made up of heavy and extra-heavy oils. Thermal and miscible methods help to increase hydrocarbon production by reducing viscosity, capillary forces and interfacial tension. They can be combined by steam and solvent stimulation. One of the most versatile solutions for heavy oil recovery is cyclic steam and solvent stimulation, as it delivers sizable volumes and returns on a short time. Therefore, this work aims to technically and economically evaluate the cyclic steam and solvent coinjection process in a heavy oil reservoir with characteristics of Brazilian northeastern. The simulations were performed in a commercial oil reservoir modeling program. For this analysis, a complete 2x3⁴ experimental design and a 3⁵ design were performed, varying factors such as: solvent type, molar solvent percentage, injection temperature, fluid injection flow rate, rock compressibility, injection time, soaking time and duration of cycles. A study of the behavior of the temperature along the well (in the blocks) and the energy losses was performed. The accumulated volume of oil produced was analyzed. The results show that the analyzed variables that had the greatest influence on the accumulated oil production were formation compressibility, injection flow rate, solvent percentage, cycle interval and injection phase duration. The compressibility was the variable that influenced the most. And among the three solvents used (pentane, heptane and diesel), heptane presented superior performance and the other two presented similar performances. The temperature along the well was more influenced by the injection flow rate. The temperature along the well was more influenced by the injection flow, higher flow rates provided greater heat losses. The temperature along the well was different, with the upper part warmer and changes occurred when analyzing equivalent periods of different cycles. Economic analysis has shown that higher amounts of steam and solvent make the project economically unviable.

Pumping systems are widely applied in industry, where each process has specific characteristics,
requiring pumping systems that meet these specifications. Given this wide
application and diversity, the development of models and controllers for these systems
have varied methodologies. In order to study a specific case of a pumping system, we
developed in this work the modeling and control of the B-mesh pump-flow system of the
AUTHOMATHIKA PDH1002 plant. This plant corresponds to a didactic plant, used for
academic purposes and is present in the Laboratory of Petroleum Automation (LAUT)
of UFRN. For the development of the model, it is necessary to observe the behavior of
this system, observing its limitations and nonlinearities. Thus, it was observed that the
system to be identified has nonlinearities, making its representation impossible through a
single transfer function. Thus, the system was subdivided into operating points, so that
the models operate within an approximately linear range, close to an specific operating
point. From these models, controllers that operate within these operating regions were
developed. Finally, the takagi-sugeno method was used to ensure the integration between
the controllers, so that they can operate together without a sudden transition between
them. Obtaining this control is essential for the development of other projects that may
be undertaken at the plant, including one involving plant identification and control.

The continued use of petroleum fuels is widely recognized as unsustainable. In addition, the concerns associated not only with increased consumption and dependence on oil products, but also, mainly with environmental problems make it necessary to search for new, cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. Because of this, the production of clean, renewable and carbon neutral fuels is necessary for environmental sustainability. Thus, the present work aims to study the application of thermal and thermocatalytic conversion of Desmodesmus sp microalgae biomass using as catalyst HBeta 38 zeolite. The catalyst was chacterize by several characterization techniques, which were: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA / DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (FRX), Nitrogen Adsorption and Desorption and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Microalgae biomass was characterized by the following techniques: Elemental Analysis (CHN), TGA / DTG, FTIR, SEM and EDS. All results of catalyst and biomass characterization were satisfactory, as well as the kinetic study from thermogravimetric data (TGA / DTG) of pure microalgae biomass and in the presence of catalyst. The samples of pure biomass and biomass in the presence of the catalyst presented R² values above 0.9, for the conversion of 5 to 80% of the process, showing a satisfactory behavior of the applied kinetic models. The microalgae biomass in the presence of the catalyst presented the lowest activation energy range of 146 to 164kJ/mol for the OFW method and 320 to 361kJ/mol for the KAS method in the range of 5 to 10% conversion, can be considered as a promising raw material for the pyrolysis process.

The decision whether or not to abandon an oil-producing field is complex. The uncertainty inherent to the estimates used as premises makes that only the passage of time points out whether the decision made was correct. However, companies need to make this decision continuously, based on the information and techniques available at the time of evaluation. The valuation of a petroleum field considering the abandonment real option is a modern way of supporting such a decision. Unlike traditional techniques, such as discounted cash flow, which only consider average values in valuation, the analysis of real options contemplates the possible values that the estimated variables can assume. The Fuzzy Payoff Method (FPOM) is a technique that simplifies complex academic solutions for valuation of real options, since it is based on scenarios and fuzzy logic. During this work, to overcome an inconsistency identified in the original FPOM, the Center of Gravity Fuzzy Payoff Method (CoG-FPOM) was developed and presented. Hence, the model intended to support the oilfield abandonment decision proposed here has the CoG-FPOM in its core. The results obtained with the application of the model show the expected conceptual advantage and the value added by the analysis of real options in the abandonment decision. By using scenarios and fuzzy logic, the model achieves simplicity and ease of implementation, allowing the industry's interest.

We analyzed hydrothermal silicification along the Afonso Bezerra strike-slip fault system in the Potiguar Basin, Equatorial margin of Brazil, to assess the role of Si-rich fluids on fault geometry, properties, and evolution. The fault cut across the whole basin, including its crystalline basement, a late Cretaceous siliciclastic and a lower carbonate unit, and a Paleogene-Neogene upper carbonate unit. Intense fault-controlled silicification caused by upward migration of hydrothermal fluids and their diffusion occurred repeatedly. Fault zone is characterized by multiple events of syntectonic (dynamic) silicification with hydraulic brecciation at all scale in the fault core and static silicification, where no lattice orientation or deformation occurred, in the damage zone. In the carbonate units, silicification resulted in the complete replacement of the carbonate mineralogy by quartz, chalcedony and opal, and the Si0₂ content increased from 3-15% in the host carbonate units to as much as 94-97% in the silicified portions of the fault. The silicified fault zone presents an abrupt widening from 150 m in the siliciclastic unit to as much as 800 m in the lower carbonate unit. The matrix of the siliciclastic unit exhibits porosity reduction from 27% to 4%. By contrast, the matrix porosity of the lower carbonate unit exhibits primary porosity around 5-10%, which is either reduced to ~less than 1% or increased to more than 15% in the silicified zone. In both carbonate units,centimeter-scale vuggy porosity along fractures occurs in the silicified zone. This anomalous vuggy porosity could serve as reservoir pore space. The special proximity and chronology of basalt intrusions along and at the vicinity of the fault suggest the volcanic intrusion play an important role in silicification. This work may shed light on the origin and likely geometry of the fault-controlled silica distribution causing heterogeneities within carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs.

Oil refining comprises a series of physical and chemical operations whose function is to separate their various fractions and process them, generating products of great use to society. One of the steps of refining is atmospheric distillation, when a bottom product called atmospheric residue (ATR) is formed, which consists of a high molecular weight fraction composed of saturated, aromatic, resins and asphaltenes. Recovery of this waste is important as there is an increase in world demand for oil. This points to the need for the development of new processing technologies, including waste. Catalytic distillation is a method that combines component separation with reactivity process to obtain lighter derivatives such as gasoline and diesel. In this work, ATR was distilled under atmospheric pressure in its pure form (conventional) and also with the addition of zeolite HY and mesoporous material MCM-41 (catalytic). The effectiveness of beneficiation was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatography. In order to characterize ATR, physicochemical and rheological parameters were determined. The products obtained by conventional and catalytic distillation, here called distillates, were evaluated by non-isothermal thermogravimetry and their composition estimated by high temperature gas chromatography. The results showed that the residue used can be classified as heavy and high pour point oil.

The rheological parameters indicate that ATR viscosity increases with decreasing temperature, however, the increase in shear rate decreases this characteristic. Regarding the distillation curves, the use of HY as a catalyst showed lower temperatures throughout the analysis, which indicates a higher efficiency in cracking atmospheric residue molecules. Furthermore, in the presence of this zeolite there was a greater variety of formed products, being produced gasoline, kerosene and, mainly, diesel. The data also indicate that the HY/MCM-41 catalyst mixture was selective for diesel formation. Thermogravimetric data showed two mass loss events for pure ATR and the appearance of a third initial event for distillates. Among these, the one produced from distillation of the residue with HY had the lowest temperature ranges in the second and third mass loss events, confirming the results found in the boiling range. These findings show the efficiency of the distillation process and the application of zeolite and mesoporous material as a catalyst, since mass losses were anticipated. The anticipation of the onset of thermal degradation reactions is even more evident with the use of zeolite HY.

Activities involving fuels of petroleum origin are liable to serious environmental risks when associated with the contact of these products with the environment by any means of entry, including corrosive processes in underground storage tanks for liquid fuels at reseller stations. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of free-phase remediation in a fuel resale business from 2012 to 2016. The study of the free-phase thicknesses in the monitoring wells as a function of the remediation systems denominated as Multiphase Extraction and Dual Phase, applied in the area by signing a term of adjustment of conduct between the entrepreneur and the Public Prosecutor, with the purpose of correcting the environmental liabilities arising from the activities developed by the enterprise. In the monitoring wells, attenuation was observed in the free phase thicknesses, a factor associated with the positive response to the application of remediation in the area. It was also observed an inversely proportional relationship between the free-phase thicknesses and the rainfall index of the region and it can be observed that rainfall is a factor that interferes with the remediation result. After 29 months of pumping, 2000 m³ of groundwater were treated and 2,469.79 liters of combustible product were recovered, demonstrating the efficiency of the techniques applied in the area as effective mechanisms in proposing the remediation of areas contaminated with fuels of petroleum origin.

In the world, there are countless oil reservoirs with a long production history, but their production was ended, because they reached the limit of their economic viability, even still having a significant amount of oil. In the northeast of Brazil, this history is also repeated, because in this region it presents a long production of heavy oil. The oil within those reservoirs has high viscosity and low oil mobility that minimizes the displacement efficiency in the porous media, but can be mitigated by the application of thermal methods and miscible methods to make possible improving oil recovery. One of the promising process for recovery of this oil is the steam and solvent alternate injection which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well, and the injection always occurs alternately. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/solvent. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. The present study aims to apply the process of alternating steam and solvent injection, in a homogeneous reservoir model that contains as main characteristics of the reservoir those of the brazilian northeast region to verify the optimization of the method, minimized the amount of solvent injected, increasing oil production.  The numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator form CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: the flow of solvent injection, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells, steam quality and time between alternated steam injection and solvent injection. The results showed that high solvent injection flow have a lower oil production. However, with a lower solvent injection flow it was possible optimize the process with very satisfactory results.

The full waveform inversion (FWI) is a quantitative seismic imaging method that can provide a high degree of reliance on subsurface structures. However, modeling wave propagation is computationally very exhaustive, thus limiting FWI. Nowadays, with the evolution of hardware, it is already possible to use parallel computing to accelerate FWI calculations. However, to make use of these tools, a different programming approach is required. In this work, the CUDA platform is used to develop a code that makes use of the parallel processors available in graphic cards (GPUs) to model the propagation of the acoustic wave 2D using data of speed and density, besides the use of staggered grid. In order to verify the performance of the code in different architectures, it was tested in two different ways: Intel CPUs, where the code was only in C language; Nvidia GPUs, where the code was modified for the CUDA platform. The results show that using GPUs with CUDA can greatly speed up computations when compared to CPU usage. 

Geostatistics aims to spatial characterization of a variable by means of studies of its distribution and spatial variability, it is an important tool in reservoir modeling. It promotes interdisciplinary, improving the relationship among geologists, petroleum engineers and statisticians. The two main components of Geostatistics are the estimation and simulation. Nowadays, geostatistical software encompasses a wide range of products in terms of price, operating systems, user-friendliness, functionalities, graphical and visualization capabilities. In the present study, it was built to geostatistical software with an academic purpose and open-code that allows users to modify and improve the algorithms. Named GeoLEAP, the software allows 2D and 3D analysis with a user-friendly interface. The GeoLEAP is capable of variography and model-building using estimation and simulation. Two set of data were studied to validate the software, one two-dimensional and the other three-dimensional. In both cases, it was done the variography analysis. The results showed that the techniques implemented in GeoLEAP are capable of building heterogeneous models that present global and local precision.

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The Produced Water (PW) is one of the oil industry main problems due to its large production volume and high complexity. To carry out its disposal in marine environments it is necessary the removal of toxic substances present in the environment, among these substances are metals. Metals when present in the aquatic environment, even at low concentrations, are capable to provocate bioaccumulating in organisms, mainly the filter bivalve molluscs, such as oysters. The present study aimed to evaluate the metal quantification in bivalve molluscs (Crassostrea brasiliana), which serve as marine's waters contamination bioindicators by metals. For this purpose, it was simulated a real produced water discard from the Potiguar Basin, using distinct concentrations in sea water from the Areia Preta / RN beach. The physical-chemical parameters of the water, such as pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids and conductivity were evaluated daily, as well as the tissue of oysters exposed to this citaded conditions. In order to determine the metals Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel and Lead, the samples were decomposed with a closed system assisted by microwave radiation using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) for quantification. A decrease in the concentration of all metals in water over time was observed, as expected, according to evidenced by their absorption by oysters. In an environment with higher water content, this absorption is limited. In aquaria containing the highest concentration of produced water, survival was only 70 hours. It was also observed that with a lower concentration of PW and metals in the medium, higher was removal's rate. The results obtained after oyster analysis showed that how lower metal's concentration in water, greater the oysters absorption potential. Therefore, it is concluded that oyster exposure tests in front of the produced water show that these can function as indicative species for contamination of aquatic environments and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry technique was efficient in determination of metals in the studied matrixes, showing good linearity (r²>0.998 for all metals determined with DPR <5%) and quantification limits between 0.0003 and 0.0045 mg L-1.

The oil industry has a significant and important share in the world energy matrix with an estimated production of 1/3 of the global energy. With the high world oil consumption, resource management needs to be better managed in order to reduce the associated environmental impacts. One of the main environmental concerns associated with the exploration and production of oil fields is related to the generation of water produced from petroleum. The water produced from the production of oil and gas is a strategic challenge for companies, as it generates the largest share of waste from the oil industry. In this perspective, this work aims to analyze the performance of environmental sustainability, based on the generation of oil produced water, from the onshore fields of the coastal oil basins of Brazil. The data were made available by the ANP (National Agency of Petroleum) in its electronic site making a total of 156 oilfields belonging to the basins of Alagoas, Camamu, Espírito Santo, Potiguar and Sergipe. The years analyzed were 2014, 2015 and 2016. In order to reach the proposed objective, a conceptual model was formulated with 12 hypotheses. The results were presented in six stages: stage I - presentation of the results of the descriptive statistics; stage II - analysis of multiple regressions; stage III - application of the median; stage IV - Dynamic modeling analysis (DDEA); Stage V - presentation of a two-dimensional graphical analysis of DDEA; and stage VI - analysis of logistic regressions. Two statistical tests were used to validate the hypotheses: T-test and Wald test. The expected results will help the managers in the managerial decision making from the model proposed for the petroleum sector. The results had a positive effect on the variables directional wells, vertical wells and age, and, with these two first ones, a fundamental role in the determination of the environmental efficiencies. The oil fields produced low rates of dynamic efficiency, both for Group 1 (27.30%) and Group 2 (38.58%), represented by dynamic two-dimensional graphical representation and validated by means of logistic regression. The results allow to say that there is a poor management of the technological resources of the onshore fields of the Brazilian coastal basins, causing excessive amounts of the oil produced water.

The dry reforming of methane - DRM is a promising technology, since it uses two of the greenhouse gases - GHG (CH₄ and CO₂) to obtain H₂ or syngas (H₂ + CO) which, besides being an interesting product from the industrial viewpoint, it can reduce GHG emissions to the environment. The use of nickel-based catalysts supported on non-reducible oxides such as alumina is very common in DRM. In general way, high conversion levels are reported for such catalysts, however, carbon offsets and nickel toxicity are still a problem. Active with more than one element has been investigated with the intention of potentiating the catalyst with the characteristics of its constituents, either to reduce cost, toxicity and coke, or to increase the conversion. In this context, statistical mixing planning is the best option to evaluate catalysts with active compound phase. In this work, it was used simplex-centroid statistical mixing planning with 50% restriction of the active phase composed of Ni and the other 50% of Ni, Co and Mn in different proportions following the experimental design adopted with the purpose of evaluate the synergistic and / or antagonistic effects on methane conversion, hydrogen yield, H₂/CO molar ratio and cost of the active phase. The α-alumina, used as support, was obtained by microwave assisted self-combustion method and characterized by XRD, BET and SEM. The active phase was impregnated by wet way and the catalysts obtained were characterized by XRF, XRD (Before and after activation), TPR and SEM-EDS. The reducibility in atmosphere H2 and catalytic activity during the dry reforming reaction of the catalysts were investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction. The catalytic tests were performed at 700 °C with a space velocity of 36 L.h^-1.g^-1 and their data were used in the planning generating the mathematical models, which in turn, were used to model a catalyst named Cat mod. The main results show a performance of Cat mod against the catalyst used as reference (Cat 1 -10% Ni) with cost reduction (- 35%) and toxicity, considering that there was a considerable reduction in the amount of Ni used . The Pareto diagram reports that any proportion of mixture between two of the studied elements results in an antagonistic effect, but when the three elements are combined, they have a synergistic effect. SEM and TG-EGA characterized the catalysts after catalytic tests. The analyzes after the catalytic tests show that Mn inhibits the formation of coke when used in amounts above 17 % (considering the composition of the active phase). Finally, a reaction mechanism was proposed that ideally illustrates the set of phenomena that compose the main reactions of the specific DRM for the catalysts studied in this work.

This paper discusses the onshore oil exploration that occurs in the Potiguar Basin, in the limits of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, under the focus of changes in the albedo index and surface temperature associated with them. The albedo is considered a significant variable in the understanding of the energy balance that is part of the analysis of global climate change. Through the use of remote sensing and GIS tools using the scenes produced by the Landsat-8 satellite OLI sensor, it was possible to determine albedo index variations in the eighty-six oil fields there. The influence of these forms of exploration in the reserve areas in the study area, the Sustainable Development Reserve of Ponta do Tubarão and the Assú National Forest were also analyzed. The survey indicates, with the determination of the amounts processed, that although this is the largest onshore exploration area in the country, the oil exploration areas have lower rates of change compared to other areas of energy exploration considered renewable due to geosystemic changes. The variations in surface temperature, an important climatic variable, stand out with higher rates of change, even if it is one of the regions with the highest temperature indexes in the country.

Currently, oil is the energy source most used in the world, however, the greatest application is produced by produced water (PA). This water doesn´t have a commercial price and treatment is necessary for disposable or for reinraft, during the recovery methods. In this way, the water produced management is costly and, therefore, it needs tools that support it. In addition, the water production levels proportion in relation to oil production levels is a variable that supports the field economic viability analysis. So, the present work proposes a methodology 
for continuous monitoring of the water-oil ratio based on control charts. However, the water-oil ratio data are autocorrelated, which generates needs to fit a model that minimizes this correlation for the application of these charts. In this way, the data were adjusted according to ARIMA models and the control charts were elaborated based on the resulting residues. The control graphs studied were Shewhart's charts and CUSUM. After this application, a simulation was performed to evaluate the performance of each of the graphs to determine the best monitoring method. 

Research on sustainable energy sources has encouraged alternative conversion processes. Based on this context, the present work reports the co-pyrolysis of the mixture of lignocellulosic biomass (eucalyptus wood chips) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) using Beta zeolite as a catalyst. The Beta samples employed have different Si / Al ratios (18 and 80) and are formed by aggregates of nanocrystals, which gives them significant mesopore / outer surface area and, therefore, with appropriate accessibility for the conversion of voluminous molecules. The reactions were performed in a two-stage system (thermal / catalytic), operating at 550 and 500 ° C, respectively. All the fractions produced (coal, coke, bio-oil and gases) were quantified and characterized by standardized analytical techniques - for the solid products (coal and coke) thermogravimetry and elemental analysis (CHNS-O) were used - while the product (bio-oil) was analyzed by Karl Fischer, CHNS-O and Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrum and, finally, the gaseous product monitored by the Gas Chromatograph. The evolution of the product distribution with the variation of the ratio catalyst / blend of biomass and polyethylene (C / M) was investigated. A maximum organic fraction yield (bio-oil) was observed for both samples at the intermediate C / M ratios, ie with 1.6 and 2.0 g of catalyst, due to the conversion of the wax, consisting mainly of linear hydrocarbons produced by cracking of LDPE, on the acid sites of the zeolite. The yield corresponding to this maximum was higher for the Beta sample with higher acidity (Si / Al = 18). The cracking of the wax fraction was accompanied by a significant reduction in the oxygen content of the bio-oil, which markedly improved its fuel properties, indicating that positive synergistic effects occur during the co-pyrolysis of the mixture of lignocellulosic biomass and polyolefin plastics. Finally, it was observed that for the high C / M ratios, relative to 3.0 g of catalyst, the main components of the bio-oil fraction were aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons from wax cracking, oligomerization / cyclization / aromatization of light olefins and Diels-Alder condensation between furans and light olefins. These results confirm the potential use of co-pyrolysis by using zeolite Beta that efficiently catalyzes the conversion of the blend (biomass / polyethylene) to low molecular weight hydrocarbons, reaching a high degree of deoxygenation.

The dispersion of short fibers to oil well Portland slurries may improve the compressive strength and fracture energy of the hardened cementing material. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of the addition of ball-milled basalt fibers to Portland slurries. Initially, samples were prepared with and without silica flour (40% BWOC) and milled basalt fibers (5% BWOC) in the composition, and cured for 7 days under different Bottom Hole Static Temperatures (BHST): 80 °C (176 °F) and 300 °C (572 °F). Subsequently, samples were prepared with silica flour (30%, 35% and 40% BWOC) and milled basalt fibers (5% BWOC), in addition to silica blend (30% silica flour and 15% metacaulim) and a higher content of milled basalt fibers (10% BWOC) in the composition, and cured for 7 days under 80 °C.The mechanical properties and the microstructure of the hardened pastes were evaluated by compressive strength tests, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that milling basalt fibers was a cost efficient method to adjust the length of the basalt wool fibers assuring slurry mixing and, therefore, adequate pumpability. The roughness of the fiber obtained after milling may be responsible for a higher fiber-matrix adhesion. The combined addition of silica flour and basalt fibers improved the fracture energy of samples cured at 80 °C, therefore below the strength retrogression temperature. The effect of the silica flour content (30%, 35% and 40% BWOC) combined with milled basalt fibers (5% BWOC) resulted in a better fracture energy increase of ~36 J to 45 J for addition with 30% silica. However, The effect of the milled basalt fibers content (0%, 5% and 10% BWOC) combined with silica flour (30% BWOC) resulted in fracture energy increases of ~ 36 J - 45 J - 52 J, to the measure that fiber content added was increased. Curing at 300 ºC resulted in significant fiber consumption by pozzolanic reactions that could not be prevented by the addition of silica flour. Therefore, ball-milled basalt fibers can be a cost-efficient and environmental-friendly solution to improve the mechanical properties of oil well cement slurries used below the retrogression temperature.

The passage of a PIG is a technique quite used in inspection of big length and principally buried pipes using the pressure differential on it to impulse itself. But, during the inspection, one of the problems that may occur is the stop of the PIG because of severe incrustations or fabrication/installation defects of the pipes, doing the halt of the instrument and its posterior release with high velocities due to the accumulate of pressure at back part. This work purpose the use of neural networks in order to model the relation between the differential pressure on the PIG and its velocity during your path in the tube. Therefore, it was used a supervisory system to capture the pressure data along the test pipe and an odometer coupled to the PIG for the velocity data. It was considered two neural network models, in the case the MLP and NARX networks, the latter being a recurrent network.  The training and validation results showed that the models by neural networks were efficient to estimate the velocity of the PIG. 

The oily sludge presents a complete aggregate of hydrocarbons, organic and inorganic impurities, and water. One of the main bottlenecks currently found in oil industry it's the manegement (packaging, storage, transportation and destination) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promissing in oil refining processes and as absorvents to enviromental protection. The focus of this work was study de oily sludge from primary processing, with applications of thermal degradation and thermocatalytic with nanomaterials, aiming the production of oil derivates. The catalyst NaY was sintetized with a silica/aluminum molar ratio of 50 (Si/Al = 1,5), using sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as source of silicon e sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), as the aluminum source and, posteriorly was done a ion exchange to obtain its acid form - HY. The samples of the nanostructured materials by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), X-ray diffraction (DRX), scanning electro micorscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region with Fourier transform (FT-IR). The characterizations showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a nanostructured catalyest according to the existent literature. The thermal and catalytic degradation of the oily sludge was performed in the temperature ranges of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C, varying with time of 0 to 60 min to each temperature. The curves obtained through degradation showed a faster deterioration of oily sludge when there a presence of catalyst on the midst. These datas were corroborated by the activation energy and were studied by Arrhenius parameter, where was possible to observe the activation energy to thermal and thermo-catalytic degradation of the oily sludge.

Sulfur is the third most abundant element in petroleum and is considered one of the main contaminants present in this matrix, and may occur in the forms of sulfides, thiophenes, polycyclic molecules containing oxygen and nitrogen etc. They can cause corrosion, poisoning of catalysts used in refining and in automobiles. In fuel combustion, when present, they give rise to SOX oxides, which contribute to the formation of acid rain, soil acidity and respiratory problems in the population. Therefore, the determination of sulfur is of primary interest for the petrochemical industry as well as for analytical chemistry. Considering this situation, it is proposed the development of a procedure for the preparation of petroleum samples for the determination of the sulfur content of sulfur (SO4-2) by Ion Chromatography (IC). For this, the wet decomposition assisted by microwave radiation, assisted by the oxidative action of H2O2, was the adopted procedure, where the maximum temperature and power of 230 °C and 1000 W, respectively, were used in the program of heating. Six petroleum samples (°API between 18.75-5.17) were analyzed, with the mean concentrations of sulfur being between 377.50 and 3321.74 mg Kg-1, with a standard deviation between ± 1,02 and ± 9,56. For the purposes of the evaluation of the obtained results, the sulfur content in the samples under study was evaluated using the UVF technique, based on the official standard ASTM D 5453-12, where correlations between 85.43 and 106.43% were reached, evidencing the efficiency of the Method proposed in the conversion of the sulfur species contained in the samples to sulfate and its determination by IC. The efficiency of the adopted decomposition procedure was tested using RCC% and EDMO%, with levels between 6.72 and 15.73% and 85.85 and 94.14% being respectively achieved, demonstrating the efficiency of the decomposition procedure used.

os depósitos siliciclásticos da Formação Tombador, unidade basal do Grupo Chapada diamantina, de idade mesoproterozóica, ocorrem numa faixa aproximadamente Norte-Sul ao longo da serra do Sincorá, porção central do Cráton São Francisco (CSF), Nordeste do Brasil. Esses depósitos são constituídos por uma espessa sequência de rochas siliciclásticas. Realizou-se um estudo petrográfico e petrológico de seções delgadas de rochas aflorantes da Fm. Tombador, juntamente com o auxílio de técnicas especiais como a Fluorescência de Raios - X (FRX), Difratometria de Raios - X (DRX), Espectroscopia de raios - x por Dispersão de Energia (EDS) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Com base nas análises, verificou-se que essas rochas são constituídas predominantemente por meta-arenitos. Os seguintes eventos diagenéticos foram identificados: infiltração mecânica de argilas, compactação mecânica, compactação química, sobrecrescimento de quartzo, sobrecrescimento de turmalina, pseudomatriz, fraturamento de grãos, precipitação de óxido/hidróxidos de ferro, dissolução de grãos, caulinitização, ilitização e o mineral pirofilita que reflete os estágios de transição entre a diagênese e o anquimetamorfismo. Foram identificados através da fluorescência de raios - X em amostra total, os seguintes elementos químicos em ordem decrescente, Si, Al, K, Fe, Mg, Ti, Zr, Sr e Y. O elemento Silício (Si), com valores acima de 85%, aliado à alta quantidade de Quartzo (Q₉₅F₃FR_2, segundo Folk, 1974), indicam a alta maturidade mineralógica dessas rochas. Através da técnica de DRX, foram identificados os seguintes grupos de argilominerais: Ilita, Caulinita, Esmectita, interestratificados de Ilita/Esmectita e o mineral Pirofilita. Constatou-se, através do índice de cristalinidade da ilita ou “índice de Kubler”, que essas rochas atingiram a anquizona, chegando a atingir a epizona. A ocorrência de determinados argilominerais está diretamente relacionado ao sistema deposicional, mostrando que o controle estratigráfico e a composição do arcabouço são diretamente responsáveis pela evolução diagenética dessas rochas.

The massive reservoir of light oil found on Brazilian fields also has a significative amount of CO2 dissolved. This CO2 when produced can be treated and released or reused on the process of water alternating gas injection WAG. In this context, this study use WAG-CO2 immiscible injection in conditions similar to what can be found on Sergi-C field, high pressure and low temperatures, to create a model for reservoir simulation where will be analyzed parameters of relative permeability hysteresis. For this was modeled a light oil, similar to pre-salt, a homogeneous reservoir with similar characteristics to Buracica reservoir found on Bahia concave, producing from an inverted 5-spot mash with 20 years of project. Two models of relative permeability hysteresis were studied, Killough (1976) model and Larsen and Skauge (1998) model. An analyzes of each parameter of those models showed that in a few cases there can be oil recovery factor up to 98% while at others there can be a negative impact up to 20% of the model without hysteresis.

In seismic data processing, the data are irregularly sampled and often with missing traces, due to logistic restrictions in the geophones distribution. Therefore a prior regularization of this data is necessary, so that we can continue the other processing techniques. These irregular data can be manipulated in the Fourier domain and then interpolated to regular grid by an inverse Fourier transform, since a correct estimate of Fourier coefficients efficiently reconstructs the input data. In this work will be presented the MWNI (Minimum Weighted Norm Interpolation) and Matching Pursuit seismic regularization methods in the simplest cases, considering the interpolation in only one spatial dimension. Then, the numerical results obtained by interpolations with one and two spatial dimensions will be shown. Then, the results of the reconstructions of a seismic section (one shot of the Marmousi data) with both methods in the 2D regularization (with one spatial dimension) will be shown, and finally, the 3D regularization (with two spatial dimensions) of a complete seismic data of the Marmousi and a real land seismic data. We will show the advantages of 3D seismic regularization in relation to 2D regularization, and then a comparison will be made between the methods. In the numerical tests it will be shown that MWNI is faster than Matching Pursuit, but the last one produces slightly better results.

Contamination of soil by dangerous organic pollutants has been gaining attention in recent years. Within this scenario, this work studies and evaluates the efficiency of the application of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) in soils contaminated by petroleum. In association with the conventional method of EKR, we introduced oxidant electrolytes (Hydrogen peroxide and Fenton reagent) and also analyzed the SDS surfactant application to evaluate the solubilization of the organic component in the aqueous medium and in situ degradation in order to achieve some improvement in the treatment of this contaminant. The generated effluents (electrolytes contaminated with petroleum) were also treated by Fenton and Solar Electro Fenton (SEF) process. The results obtained were promising. Soil decontamination was more efficient when we used the fenton reagent (99% near the anode, followed by 97% in the intermediate zone and 94% near the cathode). For Exp-1 we had rates of 78%, 88% and 93%. For exp-2, 92%, 88% and 90%. Effluents also achieved excellent degradation rates for Exp-1, with 96.7% and 95.7%, for exp-2 with 88.7% and 93.3% of SEF and EF, respectively. At exp-3, we obtained 62.22% in SEF. Fe²⁺. Interferences in Exp-3 should be considered.

The exposure of oil wells to extreme conditions has led to numerous integrity issues. The use of recovery techniques such as the cyclic injection of steam submits the materials to severe temperature variations reducing the oil well useful life. Heating causes the casing to expand producing stresses on the cement sheath leading to failure. Cement sheath integrity plays an important role in maintaining the zonal isolation. In the case of wells subjected to cyclic injection of steam, the use of materials with addition of silica and with low modulus of elasticity has been indicated as solution. In the present work the cement sheath integrity when subjected to the cyclic steam injection was studied using an axisymmetric model in a numerical finite element method. The mechanical cement pastes behavior with addition of latex was analyzed. Three groups of cement paste were studied: reference paste with silica, and two other with latex additive at concentrations of 125 and 250 mL / kg of cement, respectively. The cement sheath thickness influence and the heating rate were observed as well as six coefficients of thermal expansion of the hardened cement paste. The cement paste with 250 mL / kg of latex cement was analyzed in a situation with different temperature gradients, 150 ^oC, 200 ^oC, 250 ^oC, 300 ^oC and 350 ^oC, typical temperatures encountered during the steam injection process as well as well as formations with various levels of stiffness. The use of latex was beneficial for situations of wells subjected to thermal load with the increase of normal stresses absorbed, and reduction of shear stresses. The study evidenced that for cements with thermal expansion coefficients below 6 x 10^-6 / ^oC, tensile failure occurs in the cement sheath. The geometric factor of increasing the thickness of the cement sheath did not present advantages as a criterion to guarantee the integrity of the cement sheath. It was found that in a more rigid surrounding area the same cement composition can have the shear stresses reduced.

In the seismic exploration, the subsurface characteristics have been investigated using Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) techniques which was approached as a nonlinear optimization problem. The FWI technique traditionally uses mathematical methods based on derivatives and therefore fails when an objective function is non differentiable. In addition, this entails a high computational cost and a precision limited to local minimum. Therefore, in this work, a Derivative-Free Optimization (DFO) methodology was adopted to find the global minimum. In this type of approach, the Random Jump (RJT), Controlled Random Search (CRS) and Adaptive Nelder-Mead Simplex (ANMS) techniques were used. A FWI-DFO algorithm which numerically solves the 2D acoustic wave equation by the Finite Differences Method (FDM) and uses a hybrid method RJT-CRS-ANMS as the optimization technique for the seismic inversion was developed. The strategy is to automatically balance global and local searches iteratively by CRS and ANMS, respectively. The methodology to five real subsurface models was applied. The results showed a significative agreement with the real models. The computational time presented reasonable values and the objective function showed to be very sensitive to small changes in the model parameters for the cases analyzed here. In summary, the FWI-DFO methodology proved to be very promising in the seismic inversion. 

With the wide use of electric machines in the oil industry, particularly in oil lifting methods, there is a growing need to extract information from the machines to optimize their maintenance.The present work shows the development of an embedded system to perform the monitoring of an squirrel cage induction motor rotor physical variables, providing further data for the machine maintenance diagnosis. The system comprises: circuit to acquiredesirable rotor variable(s) value(s) and send itto thecomputer; a rectifier and power storege circuit that besides converting an alternating current in continuous also store energy for a certain amount of time to wait the motor engine shutdown; and magnetic generator that harvestenergy from rotating field to power the circuits mentioned above. The embedded system is set on the rotor, making it difficult to power the system because it is rotating, problem solved with the construction of the magnetic generator eliminating the need of using batteries orcollector rings and by using a wireless NRF24L01 module to send data to the computer. For the proposed system validation a temperature sensor (DS18b20) was applied, variable known as the most important when identifying the need for maintenance. Tests were made getting satisfactory results proving the viability of using sensors on the rotor

A methodology for the determination of chlorine in petroleum samples prepared by emulsions was developed by high resolution molecular absorption spectrometry with continuum source through the diatomic molecule MgCl, in the wavelength 377.01 nm. The preparation of the emulsion was optimized through centroid-simplex design. The conditions of preparation of the emulsions were: 0.5 mL of 5% (v / v) HNO3, 0.5 mL of xylene and 2 mL of a mixture of n-Propanol / Triton X-100 solvents in the ratio 5:1. The crude oil mass used was about 0.20 g. Magnesium was used as the precursor of the molecule, the optimized concentration was 10 g L-1. The proportional studies between Mg and Cl for the formation of molecules show that to ensure the formation of a MgCl molecule is required for a mass ratio of at least 500 Mg: 1 Cl. A mass of 5 μg of Pd was introduced at each cycle that chemical modifier for increase the thermal stability of the molecular species. The optimized pyrolysis and vaporization temperatures were 800 ° C and 2300 ° C, respectively. For chlorine analysis, eight crude oil samples from the Potiguar Basin and two certified reference materials, lubricated oil (NIST 1848) and fuel oil (NIST 1634c) were used, to verify the accuracy of the method. The calibration strategy against aqueous standards was possible, obtaining the LOD of 5 mg kg-1. Addition / recovery tests were performed and the values obtained were between 92 and 117%, values acceptable analytically

The spill and leakage of oil and byproducts in water and soil, has been a challenge for Brazil and the world, due to the high toxicity and mobility of hydrocarbons. One of the most efficient methods to minimize this type of contamination is the use of Sorption processes. Currently, synthetic sorbets are the most used in oil spill, due to its great oleophilic and hydrophobic properties, however their high costs justified the search for alternative adsorbents. Biosorbets have been excelling as an alternative method to remove organic contaminants, once that they are biodegradable, have high natural availability, low cost, and a good absorption capacity. The objective of this research was to propose the use of Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) as alternative sorbet to remove diesel fuel S-10. The biomass was characterized by the following techniques FTIR,TG/DTG, DSC, SEM, CHNO, Wettability/contact angle, moisture and ash content. The dry tests were performed in static regime into granulometric ranges MS35 (≥ 500 µm), MS100 (< 500-150 µm), MS230 (< 75-63 µm). The sorption capacity increased between 42 and 78%, with the decrease in granulometry, showing the importance to control the particle size. The Microemulsion showed to be efficient, promoting an increase of oil sorption in all the modified samples, when compared to the untreated sample, promoting the oil/sorbet interaction. The modification MS100µ1 increased significantly the sorption capacity, 111%, changing the morphology, gain of surface area and porosity. The bicontinuous and reverse micelles also presented good results, increasing sorption between 54 and 21%, respectively. The results were satisfactory, once that they presented values consistent to ones reported by the literature. Comparing the MS100µ1 with Canadian Peat (PeatSorb ®), used by Petrobras to remediate oil spills, the modified Mandacaru presented a sorption capacity 29% higher, showing its viability in case of a dry spill, capable to replace the commercial sorbent. Also the use of the modified Mandacaru as biosorbent for oil spill is an opportunity to social and economic improvement at the semi-arid region in RN, through the generation of jobs, income, food supply and environmental protection, as well as strengthening of local agriculture.

In this work, spoke about the importance of 3D seismic data compression for the petroleum industry, it is known that the processing and storage of these data is always a challenge in large oil companies, to optimize the storage time and to store a number Information. Some tools are presented for the processing and storage of data in the wavelet domain. The proposal presented is based on the Peano function and the 1D wavelet transform. The storage system aims to optimize the computational space, both for storage and for data transmission. It is necessary for this, the application of the Peano Function to linearize the information with maximum concentration of neighboring points and the wavelet transform 1D to decompose it. These applications allow the extraction of relevant information for the storage of the data with a lower computational cost and a very small margin of error when comparing the data, original and processed, that is, there is little loss of quality when applying the presented processing system. The results obtained from the extracted information can be displayed on the screen in real time. The image processing programs via Peano Function and the Wavelet 1D Transform were developed in C ++ language, allowing a direct exchange of information between them and the user

Com um número crescente de campos maduros, a recuperação de óleo pesado tem se apresentado um dos grandes desafios do setor petrolífero. O Nordeste Brasileiro, por exemplo, possui inúmeros reservatório de óleo pesado que possam vir a ser explorados com a utilização de métodos térmicos. Dentre os tipos de métodos utilizados para óleos pesados, destaca-se o método da combustão in-situ, uma técnica no qual o calor é produzido dentro do reservatório, diferente da injeção de fluido aquecido em que o calor é gerado na superfície e transportado para o reservatório. Neste tipo de processo, é comum utilizar poços verticais como injetores e produtores. Contudo, métodos que utilizam poços horizontais como produtores de óleo são cada vez mais estudados devido à maior área de contato entre a formação e a frente de combustão. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi estudar as diferentes configurações de poços (CIS, THAITM e CAGD) no processo de combustão in-situ, na recuperação de óleo, utilizando um reservatório semissintético com características do Nordeste Brasileiro. O método “toe-to-heel air injection” (THAITM) é um processo de recuperação de petróleo avançado, que consiste na integração da combustão in-situ com os avanços tecnológicos na perfuração de poços horizontais. Este método utiliza poços horizontais como produtores de óleo, mantendo poços injetores verticais para a injeção de ar. O processo de drenagem de óleo por diferencial gravitacional assistida com combustão (CAGD) é um sistema integrado, nesta configuração o poço injetor horizontal é perfurado na parte superior de formação,com um poço horizontal produtor na seção inferior. As simulações foram realizadas em um programa comercial de processos térmicos, denominado “STARS” (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), da empresa CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Foi realizada uma análise da vazão de injeção de ar e verificou-se que cada método possuía um limite máximo de injeção para o modelo base, mostrando que passando desse limite de injeção de ar, havia redução da produção acumulada de óleo.  Foram realizadas análises dos parâmetros operacionais: vazões de injeção, configuração e completação dos poços. Na análise de sensibilidade foi encontrado que a vazão de injeção de ar apresentou maior influência no método THAI, já no método CIS a completação dos poços foi o parâmetro mais influente e no CAGD a configuração de poços foi o que apresentou maior influência na fração recuperada. Os resultados econômicos mostraram que o melhor caso obtido foi o método CAGD,pois, apesar de possuir maior custo inicial, foi o que apresentou melhor retorno financeiro quando comparado com os melhores casos do CIS e THAI.

O tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas por compostos orgânicos voláteis tem sido alvo de muitos estudos. Vários desses contaminantes, como por exemplo, os BTXs (benzeno, tolueno e xilenos) são capazes de causar sérios problemas ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana, devido a sua elevada toxidade, e por apresentarem potencial carcinogênico e mutagênico. A técnica de adsorção utilizando argilas minerais para remoção de orgânicos constitui um dos principais métodos de tratamento de efluentes, pois envolve materiais considerados eficientes pela existência e atraentes pelo seu baixo custo. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de remoção dos BTXs presente em uma solução sintética de gasolina, através do processo de adsorção utilizando a vermiculita natural, após processo de purificação para remoção de impurezas (VP), e a vermiculita ácida (VA) como materiais adsorventes. Os materiais foram caracterizados por FRX, DRX, MEV/EDS, TG/DTG, DSC e FTIR. Os ensaios de adsorção foram realizados à temperatura ambiente, com pH igual a 6,0 e variando-se a concentração das amostras da argila em 5, 10 e 20 g.L^-1, num tempo de reação de 120 minutos. Variou-se o pH em 3,0 e 9,0 para o ensaio considerado o mais eficiente na remoção dos monoaromáticos, a fim de comparar os resultados de adsorção com o pH natural da solução. Os resultados mostraram que para todos os ensaios, VA e VP apresentaram boa capacidade de remoção dos BTXs. Considerou-se a vermiculita ácida, na concentração de 5 g.L^-1, em pH 6,0, como sendo a condição mais efetiva nesse estudo de adsorção dos BTXs, apresentando remoção próxima a 90% para o tolueno e xilenos, e 80% para o benzeno.

No Brasil, em especial no Nordeste, há grande ocorrência de reservatórios contendo óleos pesados. Um dos processos promissores para a recuperação desse óleo é a drenagem gravitacional assistida com vapor e solvente (ES-SAGD) que utiliza dois poços horizontais paralelos, onde o injetor é disposto acima do produtor. A realização do processo se dá mediante a injeção de um aditivo de hidrocarboneto em baixa concentração em conjunto com vapor. O vapor contribui com calor para redução da viscosidade do óleo e o solvente ajuda na miscibilidade, reduzindo a tensão interfacial entre óleo/solvente. A principal força atuante neste processo é a gravitacional e a transferência de calor ocorre por meio da condução, convecção e pelo calor latente do vapor. A mobilidade do fluido deslocado é então melhorada, implicando num aumento do fator de recuperação. Para melhor compreender esse processo foi realizado um estudo numérico utilizando o método ES-SAGD num reservatório 2D, onde se verificou a sensibilidade de alguns parâmetros operacionais (temperatura, vazão de injeção de vapor, qualidade do vapor, tipo de solvente injetado, porcentagem de solvente e distância vertical entre o poço produtor e injetor) sobre o fator de recuperação. Foi encontrado que o solvente melhora a produção do óleo. Contudo, dependendo da distância vertical entre os poços e a quantidade de vapor injetado, não existe a antecipação do banco de óleo como observados em outros trabalhos, mostrando a importância da análise destes parâmetros. Com isso foi realizado a análise energética para diferentes distâncias verticais, constatando que quanto maior a distância vertical maior a perda energética e maior o fator de recuperação. Além de ter constatado que a adição de solvente ao sistema faz com que as perdas energéticas para as camadas sobrejacentes e subjacentes diminuam. Neste estudo, foram utilizados modelos semissintéticos, porém com dados de reservatório com características semelhantes ao do Nordeste Brasileiro. As simulações foram realizadas no módulo STARS (Steam, Thermal and Advanced Process Reservoir Simulator) do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), versão 2014.

Devido aos grandes desafios encontrados na perfuração de poços, há uma necessidade de se desenvolver fluidos com propriedades adequadas e capazes de atender todas as exigências da perfuração. As propriedades físico-químicas e reológicas devem ser cuidadosamente controladas para que um fluido possa exercer todas suas funções. Nas perfurações onde as formações sensíveis a água e “offshore”, torna-se necessária a utilização de fluidos de perfuração base óleo, porém as argilas bentoníticas não podem ser usadas sem uma prévia mudança superficial para que suas superfícies se tornem hidrofóbicas. Ultimamente, as empresas de petróleo no Brasil utilizam argilas organofílicas importadas na preparação de fluidos de perfuração a base de óleo. O trabalho teve por objetivo modificar uma argila cálcica visando aumentar a afinidade da mesma pela fase orgânica de fluidos de perfuração a base de óleo, aplicando três tensoativos (OCS, CTAB e UTM 150) em diferentes concentrações. O resultados indicaram que os tensoativos UTM 150 e CTAB apresentaram resultados superiores quando comparados com OCS. Considerando o tipo de tensoativo e concentração como variáveis utilizadas na análise estatística, os resultados indicaram que somente a tensão superficial e concentração de óxido de cálcio como resposta no processo de organofilização apresentaram os efeitos estatisticamente significativos. A argila organofilizada apresenta potencial para aplicação em fluido de perfuração à base de óleo.

A província pré-sal é composta por grandes acumulações de óleo leve, de excelente qualidade e com alto valor comercial, uma realidade que coloca o Brasil em uma posição estratégica frente à grande demanda de energia mundial. Nessa província encontram-se as maiores descobertas realizadas no mundo nos últimos dez anos; as áreas de Libra, de Franco e o Campo de Lula, todas com volumes superiores a 8 bilhões de barris de óleo recuperáveis. Para desenvolver e otimizar a produção desses campos, foi feito um estudo para escolha dos métodos de recuperação avançada, tendo como principais motivações a presença do dióxido de carbono (CO₂) como contaminante e a decisão estratégica de não o descartar, combinada à alta RGO (razão gás-óleo) do fluido do reservatório. O método deveria tirar vantagem dos únicos recursos abundantes: a água do mar e o gás produzido. Dessa maneira, o processo de combinar esses recursos na injeção alternada de água e gás (WAG) passou a ser visto como uma boa opção. Nessa dissertação, foi desenvolvido um modelo de reservatório com características do pré-sal brasileiro, sendo aplicado o método de recuperação avançada de injeção alternada de água e gás. O potencial de produção desse reservatório foi analisado por meio de parâmetros como: fluido que inicia o processo de injeção, posição das completações dos poços injetores, bem como vazões de injeção de água e de gás e o tempo de ciclo de cada fluido injetado. Os resultados mostraram um bom desempenho do método WAG-CO₂ miscível, com ganhos de até 26% no FR com relação a recuperação primária, já a aplicação da injeção de água e de gás, de maneira individual, não foi capaz de superar o patamar de 10% de ganho. O parâmetro de maior influência nos resultados foi o tempo de ciclo, com maiores valores de FR obtidos com a utilização dos menores tempos.

This work presents a semi-analytical fluid flow simulator for closed homogeneous reservoirs based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM) associated with the Green function for a point source in an infinite reservoir as the source equation. This method has known advantages over other discretization methods such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) including, but not restricted to, the reduction on discretization efforts. Coding has been done using the Python programming language associated to scientific libraries, thoroughly tested and applied on this area. The results were validated through a semi-analytical simulator previously tested generating accurate responses.

O presente trabalho relata o estudo de estruturas micro e mesoporosas, visando aplicação em pesquisas que atendam a atual demanda da indústria do petróleo, optando por um método paralelo de obtenção de biocombustíveis. Os materiais microporoso tipo zeólita HZSM5 na ausência de direcionador orgânico e mesoporoso tipo AlMCM-41 foram sintetizados hidrotermicamente e caracterizados pelos métodos de difração de raios X (DRX), infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), acidez superficial medidas através da dessorção de n-butilamina por termogravimetria (TGA), adsorção de nitrogênio e análise térmica (TG/DTG). Ainda foi realizado um estudo do comportamento cinético termogravimétrico do óleo de girassol sobre os catalisadores micro e mesoporosos puros e com suas misturas físicas. Usando curvas integrais da TG e o método cinético de model-free, foram estimados a energia de ativação, as taxas de conversão e o tempo degradação do óleo em função da temperatura. O material microporoso zeólita HZSM5 apresenta uma estrutura zeolítica MFI, característica da zeólita ZSM-5. Quanto ao material mesoporoso AlMCM-41 apresenta amostra com formação da estrutura hexagonal unidimensional. O estudo do comportamento cinético do óleo de girassol com os catalisadores HZSM5, AlMCM, e suas misturas físicas 75HZSM5-25ALMCM, 50HZSM5-50ALMCM e 25HZSM5-75ALMCM mostrou uma menor energia de ativação frente a energia do óleo de girassol puro, principalmente, a mistura 50HZSM5-50ALMCM. Na pirólise térmica e termocatalítica do óleo de girassol mostrou-se que os sítios ativos presente na zeólita HZSM5 foram fundamental na desoxigenação dos ácidos graxos em hidrocarbonetos; o material 25HZSM5-75ALMCM foi o mais seletivo para conversão da fração diesel do biocombustível,, devido ao fato do catalisador majoritário da mistura apresentar mesoporos; enquanto o material 75HZSM5-25ALMCM, onde o catalisador majoritário é microporoso com sítios ativos e maior acidez superficial, apresentaram maior seletividade para hidrocarbonetos leves, da faixa da fração gasolina do biocombustível.

Os poluentes presentes na atmosfera, estão principalmente relacionados à grande emissão proveniente dos veículos automotivos e postos revendedores de combustíveis. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo de amostrador passivo e um biosorvente para Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis – COVs específicos para aplicação em estudos de monitoramento ambiental da qualidade do ar. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o emprego de amostradores passivos para monitoramento ambiental de COVs e em especial o benzeno, devido seu alto grau de toxidade. A Agência Internacional de Pesquisa em Câncer (International Agency for Research on Cancer – IARC/OMS) classifica o benzeno no Grupo 1, ou seja, como uma substância química com evidências suficientes de sua carcinogenicidade em seres humanos. Os estudos de sorção dos COVs, na fibra da Ceiba pentandra ativada constituinte dos amostradores passivos, foram realizados no Laboratório de Tecnologia Ambiental – LabTam da UFRN e em um posto revendedor de combustíveis na cidade de Natal—RN. As amostras foram analisadas utilizando um dessorvedor térmico acoplado a um cromatógrafo gasoso com detector de massa (CGMS). O método de amostragem que utiliza amostradores passivos difusivos e a análise de COVs através do método da pirólise (CGMS) proposto neste trabalho, foi uma adaptação do método TO-17, da Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos - United States Enviromental Protection Agency. Este método proposto permitiu identificar a presença dos compostos COVs no ar ambiente. A partir dos resultados obtidos em laboratório e em campo, correlações empíricas foram propostas para correlacionar as concentrações dos poluentes com as áreas dos picos obtidos no CGMS. Esta correlação proposta pode ser utilizada para obter bons resultados em diferentes locais e estações do ano. O biosorvente fibra da Ceiba pentandra ativada, confirmou através dos resultados da área específica (BET), temperatura de degradação (TG/DTG) e a hidrofobicidade do material, suas qualidades na amostragem de COVs do ar, que além de proteger o sistema analito de eventuais quantidades de água, apresentou baixos níveis de ruído na faixa de eluição estudada no CGMS. O método de amostragem que utiliza amostradores passivos difusivos, permitiu identificar a presença de benzeno nos experimentos simulados no laboratório, como também, no ar ambiente. Diante dos resultados observados desta pesquisa, tecnologias ambientais inovadoras devem ser implementadas para contribuir com a redução dos riscos ocupacionais ocasionados pelos COVs, nas operações de abastecimento nos postos revendedores de combustíveis (PRCs) com o objetivo de proteger a saúde dos trabalhadores frentistas. É importante salientar que os resultados observados ao longo desta pesquisa devem ser encarados como indicativos e não conclusivos, pois um monitoramento maior se faz necessário para que conclusões definitivas possam ser elaboradas.

Oil fields when they reach their maturation are common the decay of the production of hydrocarbons being necessary, the opening of new producing zones. Eat the opening of these new zones, increase water production, and it becomes increasingly difficult to identify which zone is responsible for most of the volume of water produced. The cost for this identification is high because it is expensive operations that require expensive probes and special equipment. According to this panorama, this work aims at the study and the application of the discriminant analysis in the identification of standard signatures of each producing zones and the development of graphical tools that help in estimating the contribution of each producing zone in the volume of water produced in wells that produce in more than one zone at the same time. The ion chromatography was the proposed methodology for the quantification of the ions present in the samples, which was validated for the analysis of major cations and anions simultaneously. The data obtained presented satisfactory values for the figures of merit, such as precision, selectivity, linearity among others. Through the discriminant analysis it was possible to obtain a function that distinguishes chemically the production zones, and from experiments with mixtures of predefined proportions, it was possible to develop mathematical models and graphical tools to estimate the contribution of the zones in the wells that produce in more than one zone simultaneously.

This paper reports the zeolites study ZSM-5 with Hierarchically structures of pores, synthesized using as silanizante agent phenylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane (PHAPTMS) at concentrations of 15mol%, 17mol% and 20mol%, aiming at implementing the best material in térmocatalítica Pyrolysis waste generated and derived from the oil industry. The synthesis of ZSM-5 were also conducted without organic template, assisted by the seed induction method in the form of powder, subjected to 180 °C for 27 hours, the crystallization interrupt periods at 8, 12 and 16 hours for addition of PHAPTMS. The materials were synthesized and characterized by the methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal analysis (TG / DTG), surface acidity measured by n-butylamine desorption thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption. Although it performed a kinetic study of behavior by thermogravimetry of pure RAT and HDPE waste and on catalysts. Through model-free kinetic method using the integral curves TG, were estimated activation energy, conversion rates and time degradation of waste in function of temperature. It was noted that for the materials synthesized with 15mol% of PHAPTMS in periods of 8, 12 and 16h showed higher concentrations of the active sites, surface acidity, making promising in HDPE degradation. The kinetic study of HDPE by Vyazovkin method showed a lower activation energy for the HZ-15mol% material in the 16-hour period. Also a lowering of the activation energy was revealed when used this material in the kinetic study for the RAT. In the thermal pyrolysis of waste and  thermalcatalytic carried out at temperatures of 500°C, 475°C, 450°C. It was chosen for use in termocatalítica pyrolysis, the material (HZ-15mol% -16h) due to better acidity and lower energy required for the degradation of HDPE. In thermalcatalytic pyrolysis of HDPE selectivity afforded products with added values, which can be used in the petrochemical industry. In thermalcatalytic pyrolysis RAT This material potentiated C₁-C₄ hydrocarbon groups; C₅-C₁₂, C₁₃-C₁₉ regarding the LPG, gasoline and diesel. Providing better loads in the process and reducing the waste generated during petroleum refining.

Calcretes or caliches are continental limestones developed by surficial weathering process that takes place mostly in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Irecê Basin, northeastern Brazil, in addition to the regular occurrence of pedogenic calcretes, a peculiar type of structurally controlled calcretes occurs on Neoproterozoic limestones. These peculiar calcretes developed near the surface and occur (1) between layers, (2) inside fractures and (3) within major thrust faults. Fieldwork on selected outcrops was integrated with petrographic, mineralogic, geochemical, density and mercury intrusion porosity analyses to constrain the environment of formation and their petrophysical properties. The results revealed that this type of calcrete is the product of multiepisodic events of dissolution and precipitation occurring during the wet and dry seasons in the region along fractures and beddings. Based on the petrophysical results, we suggest that these calcretes may have an important role in the migration of fluids through the impermeable host carbonate rock and that they act as a conduit for fluid flow, as revealed by their high porosity (mean value = 26%) and remarkable pore connectivity. 

Nanomaterials (catalysts) are microporous and mesoporous considered promising for obtaining light oil products from heavy oil fractions and adsorbents for environmental protection. This paper reported the synthesizes by hydrothermal method, and characterization of mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts, the SBA-15 type with addition of metals cerium and aluminum, evaluating their activity and selectivity in the thermal degradation of heavy oil. Samples of nanostructured materials were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ray fluorescence spectroscopy X (XRF) spectroscopy, absorption in the infrared region Fourier transform (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The characterization showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a nanostructured catalyst and ordered pore diameter and surface area according to the literature. In order to check the catalytic activity of the same, we used a heavy oil sample (°API = 14), supplied by Petrobras, is performing through thermogravimetry the process of thermal and catalytic degradation of the oil. Through the thermogravimetric curves, it was observed a reduction in the opening of oil decomposition catalytic process temperature. Through non isothermal kinetic model Ozawa Flynn Wall (OFW) gave some parameters to determine the apparent activation energy of decomposition. Obtaining as results of X-ray diffraction showed through characteristic peaks that the hexagonal structure was formed, noting that the best reason was Si / Ce = 5 because of its intensity at a high angle. The infrared spectra showed absorptions family material characteristics SBA-15. The nitrogen adsorption, obtaining parameters compatible with those found in the literature which confer them to be promising in the field of oil degradation due to their mesopores facilitate access of large molecules. The average pore diameter varied significantly with the incorporation of aluminum and cerium. The wall thickness (Wt) was in the range from 2.96 to 4.07 nm, thus observing an increase in this parameter which is due to incorporation of the metals into the wall, indicating that the incorporation of cerium, did not block the mesopores. The addition of aluminum reduced the surface area (SBET) of 893 to 763 m² g^-1, however with the addition of cerium with aluminum this area increased to 826 m² g^-1. For the oil temperature and the initial end of weight loss; presenting only two events due to mercaptídico sulfur, which influences the appearance of the third event, since that content is measured by the amount of sulfur in aromatic rings (heavy HC). The mixture of oil + 12% of Ce₅Al₅₀SBA-15 showing the catalytic activity of this material.

 

The continental shelf adjacent to the city of Areia Branca in the state of Rio Grande do Norte has different forms of seabed, including the incised valleys of Apodi-Mossoró. The interest to characterize this feature was given by to host the facilities of the salt terminal of Areia Branca, known as Harbor Island of Areia Branca, which today constitutes the only way economically viable for send flow of large volumes of salt for chemical industries of country and indications that this area can provide on morphological variations and as wel as the possibility of spreading and shelter of quantities of hydrocarbons in the submerged canyon in case of accidental oil spills due to traffic of large ships for loading and unloading salt in the area. According to this fact the overall objective of this thesis was the detection of submerged bathymetry of the Canyon Apodi-Mossoró using data "in situ" and geotechnology multi-sources, including remote sensing tools for estimating bathymetry from Landsat satellite images with sensors ETM + and OLI. The methodology included the use of nautical charts, bathymetric data, data interpolation by kriging and Natural Neighbor and integration of satellite images. Statistically there were differences between the two used interpolation methods, the Kriging revealed a positive linear association and overestimation of data Bathymetric situ with data from the Nautical Chart, and an inverse association and underestimation of data by the Natural Neighbor method, but both showed bathymetric maps with good visual contours. The results obtained from bathymetric maps indicated that the incised valleys Apodi-Mossoró suffered a constant remobilization of sediment, showing areas with shallower depths for the 2009 navigation for 2010, including the evolution basin of the Island Port and main navigation sections, thus requiring periodic dredging to avoid collision and stranding of ships. The acquisition, processing, integration and interpretation of satellite images correlated with the bottom morphology map allowed to confirm that the incised valleys Apodi-Mossoró has a form letter "J" at the exit to the north, and a shift eastwards due a submerged gradient quite evident on the map. Between the middle and inner platform was possible to observe different background shapes including flat bottom, isolated reefs and submerged field of dunes, the results also indicate that the incised valleys are formed by two channels, called shallow channel and deep channel, which have distinct morphological and sedimentological characteristics. And finally, it was observed that the use of data for bathymetry estimation Landsat has several advantages, in this study the ETM + sensor provided a better continuous two-dimensional coverage that the OLI sensor, and the application of this method, easy to perform, can be of great value for regions where there are no bathymetric data or they are outdated, or even without the accuracy of nautical charts, maps such as those generated in this study are useful both for planning studies and environmental modeling and as well as for security to the navigation of large ships.

The satellite images have been used to map, monitor and quantify the quality of natural resource. The detailed mapping of mangrove vegetation is an increasing demand because it is an important instrument of knowledge, maintenance and management of the mangrove ecosystem in relation to changes caused by anthropic actions and/or natural activities to global changes. This work combined multispectral data from the visible and near infrared of the LANDSAT-8 system with Monospectral data from RADARSAT-2, combined with hyperspectral data of the spectroradiometry and Vegetation Index in the segmentation and classification of some mangroves in the Northeast of Brazil, taking into account the diversity of environments present in the total area of the study. As the final result of the segmentation and classification process, we calculate that the mangroves in the study area occupy a total area of approximately 5.392ha. The species R. mangle is the dominant species, totaling an area of 3,350 ha, representing 62.13% of the total area, of this total about 2,861 ha are occupied by R. mangle I (size and conventional densification), representing 53.06% of the total area; 489 ha for structural phyto condition R. mangle II (short stature and very dense), about 9.07% of the total area; mixed regions of species or transition between them occupy area of 1092 ha, about 20.25% of total area, then the specie A. schaueriana occupying an area of 950 ha, about 17.62% of the total area. This study met the expectations to get the greater efficiency in the spatial lifting for monitoring the quality of this highly sensitive ecosystem on the environmental changes: as support their preservation and transformation into a Clean Development Mechanism Project. For such, was made the estimation of trapped CO2 in mangrove forests belonging to Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Estadual Ponta do Tubarão (RDSEPT) by Indirect Method nondestructive. The total estimates on the mean of trapped CO2 in each hectare occupied by the species R. mangle is 39.93t, L. schaueriana is 28.47t and the regions of mixed species is 34.20t. It is estimated that the total quantification of trapped CO2 in the RDSEPT is 17156.51t. By the obtained values, we realized that the values of mangrove in the RDSEPT in general have a great potential to generate biomass and consequently imprison CO2. It is able to generate a valuable financial opportunity, justifying the preservation of this ecosystem.

The change in the energy matrix is still far from the current reality, then, the geological storage appears as an alternative against the Global Warming, adopting the technique of capturing CO2 and CH4 before their emission into the atmosphere. They stand out as gas storage environments: the mature and abandoned oil fields. However, there is the necessity to develop sustainable cement pastes for the wells cementation with low permeability, in order to minimize the emission of these gases into the atmosphere. These pastes were developed with the addition of filler from the porcelain polishing waste and Water-borne polyurethane in order to analyze theirs effect on the reduction of the permeability in cement pastes for oil wells. To identify the best behavior, permeability, axial compressive strength, stability, density and carbonation, experiments were performed according to the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications. The results obtained in the tests were satisfactory and it was verified that the addition of the Porcelain Polishing Waste and the Polyurethane contribute to the reduction of the permeability in cement pastes for oil wells.

A cimentação é uma das operações mais importantes executadas entre as fases de perfuração de um poço. Quando essa cimentação não é bem realizada, há o risco de ocorrer falhas e fraturas, tanto na formação como no próprio cimento. Quando os reservatórios possuem uma baixa profundidade, eles tendem a fraturar mais facilmente, devido ao seu baixo gradiente de fratura, por isso, a densidade da pasta de cimento é de suma importância para a vida produtiva do poço. É ela que vai garantir a estabilidade das pressões atuantes entre o poço e a formação. Tendo em vista que seriam necessárias pastas mais leves, para promover o isolamento sem que haja esse faturamento, é necessário formular sistemas cimentantes com o objetivo de promover a redução da pressão hidrostática da coluna de cimento. Para isso são adicionados as pastas materiais com funções de reduzir a densidade. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de uma pasta de cimento de baixa densidade para aplicação em poços rasos e com baixo gradiente de fratura, como também comparar a eficiência do aditivo estendedor bentonita adicionado a estas pastas, através da variação das densidades e concentrações e observação do comportamento das propriedades reológicas, estabilidade e resistência à compressão. As pastas foram formuladas com os seguintes valores de densidades: 12,0 lb/gal, 12,5 lb/gal, 13,0 lb/gal e 13,5 lb/gal, com concentrações de bentonita (1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 %) para cada composição. Os resultados observados através dos testes reológicos mostraram que o incremento da concentração de bentonita proporcionou o aumento das partículas dispersas no meio, provocando o aumentando dos parâmetros reológicos para todas as densidades. Os testes de estabilidade obtiveram melhores resultados para densidades mais elevadas, se tornando mais estáveis com concentrações a partir de 3%, não apresentando rebaixamento. Nos testes de resistência a compressão, a pasta com densidade de 13,5 lb/gal com concentração de 4,0% de bentonita obtiveram uma maior resistência mecânica, porém, muito viscosa, o que pode ser dificultoso para o bombeamento. Através das caracterizações de DRX foi observado que nas pastas de 13,5 lb/gal houve a presença de Etringinta, portlandita, silicato de cálcio e quartzo. E na bentonita pura apresentou montmonrilonita e quartzo. Observou-se também que nas micrografias de MEV a pasta de 13,5lb/gal com 4% de bentonita mostrou notoriamente a presença de agulhas de etringita, como também as fases de portlandita e silicato de cálcio, produtos da hidratação do cimento. Em resumo podemos considerar que as pastas que obtiveram melhores resultados para aplicações em poços petrolíferos com baixo gradiente de fratura, são as pastas com densidade de 13,5 lb/gal, com concentrações de 2,0 % e 3,0 %, por serem mais estáveis e resistentes mecanicamente, comparadas com as demais com densidades menores.

O uso de catalisadores é de fundamental importância para indústria petrolífera, tendo em vista que eles reduzem o tempo e a energia necessários para que uma reação aconteça, melhorando a eficiência e a qualidade dos produtos. Em contra partida os mesmos acabam sofrendo desativação, que pode ser ocasionada por vários fatores, tais como: envenenamento dos sítios ativos por metais, sinterização e pela formação de coque, no qual provoca obstrução nos poros causando assim a perda da fase ativa do material. Após vários ciclos de uso e regeneração, os catalisadores são dispostos na natureza tornando-se assim um grave problema ambiental. Diante dessa problemática o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desativar e regenerar zeólitas ácidas dos tipos HZSM-5 e HY, a fim de comparar o comportamento das mesmas através das técnicas de: difratometria de Raios-X, Adsorção de Desorção de n-butilamina, Análises Termogravimétricas (TG/DTG) e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier. A desativação foi realizada em um reator de microatividade adaptado. Após a reação foram obtidos os catalisadores desativados, e posteriormente realizada a regeneração em um forno tipo mufla. Através das curvas termogravimétricas de dessorção de n-butilamina foi observado um aumento considerável na densidade de sítios ácidos médios da HZSM-5, provavelmente novos sítios de adsorção foram gerados durante a regeneração. Observou-se também, que a zeólita HZSM-5 apresentou cerca de 8% de coque, enquanto que a HY apresentou 18%, essa maior porcentagem se deu pelo fato da zeólita faujasita (FAU) ser mais ácida, e consequentemente promover mais reações, por tanto maior formação de coque. O coque formado em ambas as zeólitas tanto tiveram caráter alifáticos como aromáticos.

A água produzida é um dos principais resíduos gerados durante a exploração e produção de petróleo, devido ao grande volume e a sua composição química complexa surge á preocupação para que as concentrações dos contaminantes atendam as legislações vigentes, com a finalidade de reduzir os efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente provocado pelo seu descarte sem tratamento prévio. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a água produzida no Campo de Periquito, do Estado do RN e avaliar o potencial adsortivo do carvão vegetal de coco babaçu para remoção dos metais Ca e Sr da água produzida, visando a sua adequação para descarte. Através da caracterização físico-química da água produzida, pôde-se observar que as concentrações dos metais cálcio e estrôncio foram: 322 mg/L e 69 mg/L, respectivamente. O material a ser utilizado como adsorvente foi caracterizado por diferentes técnicas físico-químicas, tais como: granulometria, densidade aparente, análise elementar, análise térmica, FRX, MEV, DRX e pH_PZC. De posse das análises das caracterizações foram realizados ensaios de adsorção, pelo método de banho finito em soluções sintéticas dos metais Ca e Sr. Os resultados demonstraram que o carvão babaçu possui remoção máxima em baixas concentrações. Paralelamente ao estudo de adsorção em soluções sintéticas, foi realizado ensaios de adsorção com a água produzida e o resultado mostrou que o carvão babaçu possui bom potencial de adsorção, removendo acima de 50 % do cálcio e acima 45 % do estrôncio, e apresentando valores para a capacidade de adsorção de 17,31 mg/g para o cálcio e 3,15 mg/g para o estrôncio. Para otimizar os ensaios de adsorção foi aplicado o planejamento fatorial completo de dois níveis com o intuito de verificar a influência da concentração dos metais Ca e Sr e a massa do adsorvente em solução sintética sobre a % remoção e a capacidade de adsorção dos metais. Através dos resultados das análises das superfícies de respostas pôde-se observar que as regiões ótimas para a remoção dos metais foram no nível superior da concentração dos metais e no nível superior da massa de adsorvente (+1,+1) obtendo uma remoção máxima de 58 % do cálcio e 63 % do estrôncio.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a melhor opção técnico-econômica de desenvolvimento de um campo de petróleo no Nordeste Brasileiro aplicando a simulação de reservatórios. A partir de dados reais de geologia, reservatórios e produção foi realizado o modelo geológico e inicializado o modelo de simulação. Devido a não ter análise PVT foram utilizados os dados do ensaio de destilação denominado Pontos de Ebulição Verdadeiros (PEV) para criar um modelo de fluidos sintético gerando as curvas PVT. Após realizado o ajuste manual do histórico, foram simulados quatro cenários de desenvolvimento: a extrapolação de produção sem novos investimentos, a conversão de um poço produtor para injeção de gás imiscível, a perfuração de um poço vertical e a perfuração de um poço horizontal. Como resultados, do ponto de vista financeiro, a injeção de gás foi a alternativa com menor valor agregado, podendo ser viável caso haja restrições ambientais ou regulatórias de queima ou de ventilação ao meio ambiente do gás produzido do campo ou de campos vizinhos. O fator de recuperação atingido com a perfuração dos poços vertical e horizontal é similar, entretanto o poço horizontal atinge a mesma produção acumulada em um tempo menor. Consequentemente a perfuração de um poço horizontal é um projeto de aceleração de produção, por tanto a produção acumulada incremental atualizada com uma taxa mínima de atratividade da empresa é maior. A depender do preço do barril de petróleo Brent e do custo de perfuração esta opção pode ser técnica e financeiramente viável.

O custo dos poços de petróleo têm impactos significativos nos gastos totais dos campos de produção, e, dependendo de seu valor final, pode vir a inviabilizar economicamente os mesmos, fazendo com que tenham de ser abandonados e posteriormente devolvidos à Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). Além disto, inúmeros campos já estão em produção há bastante tempo, exigindo custos cada vez menores para que ainda se tornem viáveis economicamente. Apesar de vultosos investimentos em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, o custo/metro em inúmeras empresas ainda continua crescendo ou se encontra sem um padrão definido. Este trabalho descreve uma Metodologia desenvolvida que permite estimar o custo/metro perfurado, analisando o grau de relacionamento entre 10 (dez) variáveis (profundidade final, número de dias, se poço exploratório ou de desenvolvimento da produção, se poço vertical ou direcional, número de fases, utilização ou não de sondas tipo hidráulica roto-pneumática, percentual do Tempo perdido, índice pluviométrico do ano/mês/área do poço, tipo de sonda - se própria ou contratada e custo diário da sonda) com a variável custo/metro. Neste estudo foram selecionados todos os poços perfurados de dois campos onshore na região Nordeste do Brasil, no período 2006 a 2011. O estudo demonstrou cientificamente que o custo/metro dos poços do primeiro campo foi impactado pelas variáveis: profundidade final, número de dias, se poço exploratório ou de desenvolvimento da produção, se poço vertical ou direcional, número de fases, e pelo custo diário da sonda. Por outro lado, as variáveis que impactaram o custo/metro do segundo campo foram: se poço vertical ou direcional, o % Tempo perdido, o tipo de sonda (própria ou contratada) e o custo diário da sonda. Posteriormente o estudo comprovou que a equação que descreveu o Modelo para o período 2006-2011, foi também validada ao se utilizar os dados de 2012. 

O êxito atingido pelos métodos térmicos de recuperação, em óleos pesados, motivou o surgimento de estudos relacionados com a utilização de ondas eletromagnéticas como fontes geradoras de calor em reservatórios de petróleo. Desta maneira, essa geração é obtida através de três tipos de processos distintos de acordo com o intervalo de frequências utilizado. São eles: o aquecimento eletromagnético indutivo, o resistivo e o dielétrico, também conhecido como por radiação. O presente estudo foi baseado em simulações computacionais em reservatórios de petróleo com características similares aos encontrados nas bacias sedimentares do Nordeste brasileiro. Algumas simulações levaram em consideração a inserção de partículas eletricamente sensíveis em determinados setores do modelo de reservatório estudado através de fraturas.  A proposta deste trabalho é a utilização do aquecimento eletromagnético por indução como método de recuperação de óleos pesados, para verificar a influência dessas partículas acima citadas no modelo de reservatório utilizado. Foram feitas análises comparativas envolvendo o aquecimento eletromagnético indutivo, a operação do fraturamento hidráulico e a injeção de água entre diferentes situações do modelo de reservatório estudado. Foi constatado que fraturando o poço injetor com o intuito de que o aquecimento eletromagnético ocorra no mesmo poço em que há a injeção de água, houve um acréscimo considerável do fator de recuperação e produção acumulada de óleo em relação aos modelos em que o fraturamento hidráulico ocorria no poço produtor e a injeção de água no poço injetor. Este fato se deve à geração de vapor in situ no reservatório. Todos os casos estudados foram simulados usando o simulador STARS, da CMG (Computer Group, Modelagem versão 2012.10).

Há uma crescente preocupação entre a relação das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO₂) antropogênico e as mudanças climáticas dos últimos anos. Para mitigar as emissões de CO₂ as pesquisas científicas estão concentradas em desenvolver tecnologias eficazes. Uma abordagem promissora para reduzir as emissões de CO₂ é a tecnologia de adsorção usando adsorventes sólidos. Portanto pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas para obtenção de adsorventes eficientes e economicamente viáveis. Os materiais mesoporosos da família MCM-41 estão entre os candidatos a adsorventes eficazes pela facilidade de síntese e estrutura que favorece do fluxo de gás, a Spirulina Platensis é uma microalga com potencial para adsorção de CO₂. Essa tese aborda uma questão ambiental emergente englobando a área de materiais e biotecnologia cujo objetivo foi aprimorar a síntese do MCM-41 usando misturas de surfactantes catiônicos, aplicar na adorção de CO₂ e, em seguida, impregnar o melhor adsorvente com a microalga Spirulina Platensis desidratada, visando uma otimização dessa adsorção. Para isso foi aplicado um delineamento simplex-centróíde no estudo de adsorção de CO₂ de sete materiais mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41 sintetizados pelo método hidrotérmico usando surfactantes de cadeias hidrofóbicas de tamanho diferentes. Os surfactantes catiônicos usados foram: tetradecyltrimetylammonium bromide (TTMABr - C₁₇H₃₈NBr), Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C₁₉H₄₂NBr) e Trimethyloctadecylammonium bromide (DTMABr – C₂₁H₄₆NBr) e a mistura deles nas proporções 1:1 e 1:1:1. A adsorção de CO₂ foi investigada usando o método gravimétrico, a temperatura de 298k e no range de pressão variando até 40 bar. Os materiais resultantes foram denominados C₁₇, C₁₉, C₂₁, C₁₇C₁₉, C₁₉C₂₁, C₁₇C₂₁ e C₁₇C₁₉C₂₁, caracterizadas por XRD, FTIR, TG e MEV e exibiram diferenças significativas na estrutura e na quantidade de adsorção de CO₂. Através do planejamento estatístico de mistura foi possível encontrar a melhor faixa de combinação entre os surfactantes para obtenção de um material otimizado para adsorção de CO_2. O materail otimizado foi impregnado com Spirulina Platensis desidratada nas proporções 1:10, 1:1, 1:4 onde observou-se uma redução na porcentagem de adsorção de CO₂ a medida que a proporçao da microalga aumentava. O melhor resultado de adsorção de CO₂ foi para o material C₁₇C₁₉.

Nos métodos térmicos de recuperação de petróleo, o calor transferido para a rocha-reservatório pode ser proveniente da injeção de fluidos quentes (água quente ou vapor), por meio da combustão in situ ou de aquecimento eletromagnético. Do ponto de vista energético, apenas uma fração do calor injetado irá aquecer efetivamente o meio poroso e assim auxiliar no aumento do fator de recuperação final do óleo, pois parte desse calor se perde nas linhas de injeção, formações adjacentes à zona produtora e nos poços injetores e produtores. Uma das formas de se medir a quantidade de calor presente no meio poroso é através da eficiência térmica, que pode ser definida como a razão entre o calor remanescente do reservatório e o calor líquido injetado. A análise desta variável pode auxiliar no gerenciamento da quantidade de energia necessária e que está sendo gasta para recuperação de óleo. Para a realização deste estudo, foi desenvolvido um modelo numérico, semissintético, em um sistema cartesiano de malhas, com um padrão de ¼ de five spot invertido, utilizando o programa STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), do grupo CMG (Computer Modelling Group Ltd.). Os parâmetros de reservatórios e operacionais analisados neste estudo foram a espessura da zona produtora de óleo, a condutividade térmica da rocha e a capacidade calorífica das formações adjacentes (topo e base), a vazão de injeção de vapor, o título e a completação dos poços injetores e produtores. Já as variáveis avaliadas foram a eficiência térmica, o fator de recuperação e o valor presente líquido, durante o período de 15 anos. A formação portadora de hidrocarbonetos possui características de rocha-reservatório similares às encontradas no Nordeste Brasileiro, mais especificamente da Bacia Potiguar, contendo óleo de alta viscosidade. A partir dos resultados obtidos nas simulações numéricas, verificou-se que o comportamento da eficiência térmica foi fortemente dependente das espessuras da zona produtora, da condutividade térmica e capacidade calorífica das formações adjacentes, das taxas de injeção de vapor, do título e da completação dos poços. Em relação à espessura, maiores valores deste parâmetro melhoraram a fração de calor remanescente do óleo. Por outro lado, o incremento no título do vapor e na vazão de injeção favoreceram o aumento da eficiência térmica apenas antes da ocorrência da erupção de calor no poço produtor, mas passaram a reduzir a eficiência térmica após o referido evento. Isto não havia sido predito nos modelos clássicos encontrados na literatura.

A água produzida é um subproduto gerado na produção do petróleo e possui uma grande quantidade de contaminantes, tais como partículas de óleo em suspensão, compostos orgânicos e metais, sendo estes últimos poluentes de difícil tratamento devido a sua alta solubilidade em água. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar e avaliar um sistema microemulsionado na extração de (K, Mg, Ba, Ca, Cr, Mn, Li, Fe) contidos na água produzida. Utilizou-se um diagrama pseudoternário de um sistema contendo em sua composição: água produzida sintética como fase aquosa (FA), hexano como fase orgânica (FO), e uma razão cotensoativo/tensoativo igual a quatro (C/T=4), sendo utilizado o OCS (óleo de coco saponificado) como tensoativo e n-butanol como cotensoativo. A água produzida sintética foi preparada em escala de bancada e a região de interesse para a remoção dos metais foi determinada através do planejamento experimental de mistura Rede de Scheffé, sendo escolhidos dez pontos localizados na fase de Winsor II, em uma área com uma grande quantidade de água e pouca quantidade de matéria ativa ou solvente. As amostras foram analisadas no espectrômetro de absorção atômica, e os resultados obtidos foram avaliados através de um tratamento estatístico permitindo a análise da eficiência dos efeitos das variáveis estudadas e suas interações. Os resultados apresentaram percentuais de extração acima de 90% para os metais manganês, ferro, cromo, cálcio, bário e magnésio, e em torno de 45% para o lítio e o potássio. O ponto ótimo para a remoção simultânea dos metais foi calculado através do recurso estatístico de múltipla função de resposta (MR). O cálculo permitiu observar que o ponto onde ocorre o maior percentual de extração dos metais foi o ponto J com a composição [72% FA, 9% FO, 19% C/T], obtendo percentual de extração global em torno de 80% de todos os metais. Tendo em vista os aspectos analisados, o sistema microemulsionado estudado mostrou-se como uma eficiente alternativa na extração de metais de água produzida sintética.

Modeling transport of particulate suspensions in porous media is essential for understanding various processes of industrial and scientific interest. During these processes, particles are retained due to mechanisms like size exclusion (straining), adsorption, sedimentation and diffusion. In this thesis, a mathematical model is proposed and analytical solutions are obtained. The obtained analytic solutions for the proposed model, which takes pore and particle size distributions into account, were applied to predict the particle retention, pore blocking and permeability reduction during the dead-end microfiltration in membranes. Various scenarios, where the different particle and pore size distributions were injected, were studied. The obtained results showed that pore blocking and permeability reduction are highly influenced by the initial pore and particle size distributions. This feature was observed even when different initial pore and particle size distributions with the same average pore size and injected particle size were considered. Finally, a mathematical model for predicting equivalent permeability in porous media during particle retention (and pore blocking) is proposed and the obtained solutions were applied to study the permeability decline in different scenarios.

A poluição das águas decorrentes do contato com os derivados de petróleo em postos de combustível tem se apresentado como um problema agravante. Cada vez mais estudos relacionam problemas ambientais com essas situações e procuram propor algumas soluções para o tratamento das águas e solos que são contaminados pelos compostos orgânicos: benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos - BTEX, TPH e HPA’S presentes nesses derivados de petróleo, As técnicas eletroquímicas vem tomando lugar de destaque nesse cenário, pela sua eficiência, baixo custo e por não gera resíduos. O presente trabalho visa caracterizar o efluente proveniente de caixas separadoras de água e óleo de postos de combustíveis, bem como analisar a eficiência de remoção de compostos orgânicos com diferentes tipos de pares de eletrodos sendo eles: Ti/Pt e Ti/IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ a fim de comprovar, qual par de eletrodo desempenham melhor essa função. As análises de COT (Carbono Orgânico Total), DQO (Demanda Química de Oxigênio), CG (Cromatografia Gasosa) e TOG (Teor de Óleos e Graxas), na a mostra bruta confirmou a presença de compostos orgânicos em altas concentrações no efluente, bem como comprovou a remoção dos mesmo após as 4 horas de tratamento com variações de corrente de 10,20,30 mA/cm²efetuadas nesse trabalho, foi possível constatar em alguns casos remoção superiores a 70%.

Com o crescimento do consumo energético em todo o mundo, os reservatórios convencionais, chamados de reservatórios de “fácil exploração e produção” não estão atendendo a demanda energética mundial, fazendo-se necessário a exploração de reservas não convencionais. Esse tipo de exploração exige o desenvolvimento de tecnologias mais avançadas para a sua explotação. Como exemplo dessas reservas, temos os reservatórios do tipo Tight Gas, onde refere-se aos campos de arenito com baixa porosidade, na faixa de 8%, e permeabilidade na faixa entre 0,1 mD e 0,0001 mD, que acumulam consideráveis reservas de gás natural, podendo apresentar viabilidade econômica para explotação. O gás natural nesse tipo de reservatório pode ser extraído a partir da aplicação da técnica de faturamento hidráulico, que tem por finalidade estimular o poço, criando um canal de alta condutividade entre o poço e o reservatório alterando e facilitando o fluxo de fluidos, aumentando assim a produtividade do reservatório. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar o fator de recuperação do reservatório com a aplicação do fraturamento hidráulico. Os estudos foram realizados através de simulações concretizadas no módulo IMEX do programa da CMG (Computer Modelling Group), versão 2012.10. Nas simulações, parâmetros como comprimento da fratura, número das fraturas e permeabilidade da matriz foram testados. O melhor resultado obtido foi considerando o modelo com 9 fraturas, com comprimento de 250 m e uma permeabilidade da matriz de 0,002 mD, onde foi obtido um fator de recuperação de aproximadamente 70%.

A ocorrência de óleos pesados e ultrapesados vêm aumentando sensivelmente e, devido à alta viscosidade característica deste tipo de óleo, não podem ser aplicados os métodos convencionais de recuperação. Métodos térmicos vêm sendo estudados para recuperação deste tipo de óleo, tendo como principal objetivo reduzir a sua viscosidade através do aumento da temperatura do reservatório, favorecendo a mobilidade do óleo e permitindo um aumento no índice de produtividade dos campos. A Combustão in situ(CIS) é um método térmico de recuperação em que o calor é produzido dentro do reservatório pela combustão de parte do óleo com oxigênio injetado, contrastando com a injeção de fluido aquecido ainda na superfície para posterior injeção, o que acarreta perda de calor durante o trajeto ao reservatório. A CIS é um método propício para recuperação de óleo pesado, porém ainda é complexo de ser implementado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a análise paramétrica do processo CIS aplicado a um reservatório semissintético com características do Nordeste Brasileiro utilizando poços verticais de produção e injeção, assim como a vazão de injeção de ar e as completações dos poços. Para análise do método foi utilizado um programa comercial de simulação de reservatórios de petróleo usando processos térmicos, denominado Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) do Computer Modelling Group (CMG). A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível comprovar a eficiência do processo CIS em reservatórios de óleo pesado através do aumento da temperatura do reservatório, promovendo uma grande diminuição na viscosidade do óleo, aumentando sua mobilidade no interior do reservatório, assim como a melhora na qualidade desse óleo e aumentando assim, significativamente a sua fração recuperada. Dentre os parâmetros analisados, a vazão de injeção de ar foi a que apresentou maior influência no processo CIS, obtendo maior fator de recuperação quanto maior a vazão de injeção, sendo devido a maior quantidade de oxigênio garantindo a manutenção da frente de combustão.

Nas últimas décadas, a preocupação com os processos de contaminação 
antrópica do solo por metais e demais contaminantes vem crescendo 
significativamente, dessa forma a cada dia, a necessidade de se 
conhecer a composição química natural dos diversos tipos de solos vem 
se tornando cada vez mais constante. Esse conhecimento torna-se 
importante principalmente para a agricultura, que necessita da 
quantificação de elementos químicos, em uma determinada área, uma vez 
existindo elementos que são ambientalmente disponíveis e necessários 
para o crescimento das plantas. Porém, existem também os que são 
considerados tóxicos.  O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal 
avaliar a variabilidade vertical dos elementos Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, 
K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Ni, Pb, V e Zn, além do pH. Comparando duas 
digestões HNO3 e HNO3/HCl e duas frações < 180 > 63 e < 63 μm. Para 
isto, foram coletadas 16 amostras em quatro níveis amostrais: 0-20 
cm,35-55 cm, 70-90 cm e 105-125 cm, localizadas no município de Assú – 
RN, em uma área situada a cerca de 300 metros a norte da Estação de 
Tratamento de Petróleo de Estreito (ET-B), operada pela PETROBRAS. 
Para a validação dos dados, realizou-se também um estudo estatístico 
para avaliar a precisão e a exatidão dos dados obtidos. Concluiu-se 
com esse trabalho, que a maioria dos elementos apresentou uma 
variabilidade média, sendo que a fração mais fina apresentou um 
caráter mais heterogêneo e a fração mais grossa apresentou um caráter 
mais homogêneo. Os maiores teores foram encontrados na fração mais 
fina, bem como, os resultados mais eficientes foram encontrados na 
digestão com HNO3.

Com o crescimento do consumo energético em todo o mundo, os reservatórios convencionais, chamados de reservatórios de “fácil exploração e produção” não estão atendendo a demanda energética mundial. Isso tem levado muitos pesquisadores a desenvolver trabalhos que venham sanar essas carências. Empresas do setor petrolífero tem investido em técnicas que ajudem na localização e perfuração de poços. Uma das técnicas empregadas no processo de exploração de petróleo é a Migração Reversa no Tempo (RTM), do inglês, Reverse Time Migration, que é um método de imageamento sísmico que produz excelente imagem de subsuperfície. É um algoritmo baseado no cálculo da equação de onda. A RTM é considerada uma das técnicas mais avançadas de imageamento sísmico. O valor econômico das reservas de petróleo que requerem RTM para ser localizada é muito alto, isso significa que o desenvolvimento desses algoritmos torna-se um diferencial competitivo para as empresas de processamento sísmico. No entanto, o mesmo requer grande poder computacional que, de alguma forma, ainda prejudica o seu sucesso prático. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é explorar a implementação desse algoritmo em arquiteturas não convencionais, especificamente as GPUs, utilizando a plataforma CUDA, fazendo uma análise das dificuldades no desenvolvimento do mesmo, bem como a performance do algoritmo na versão sequencial e paralela.

 A emissão de compostos sulfurados pela queima de derivados do petróleo tem sido o foco de muitas pesquisas e preocupações pelo mundo. Esta situação resultou em leis mais rigorosas quanto à emissão de poluentes automotivos, principalmente em relação à redução na emissão de enxofre. Por estes e outros motivos, um dos meios de quantificar com um alto valor de certeza é através de métodos validados e com rastreavel controle de qualidade. Na validação da metodologia para determinação de enxofre por fluorescência na região do Ultravioleta foi utilizado a norma vigente da técnica, a ASTM D5453, no equipamento ANTEK 9000NS, onde utilizamos amostras de Diesel S10, comercializados em postos combustíveis da área metropolitana da cidade de Natal, RN. Foi utilizado material de referência certificado para a validação e construção da curva para a leitura das amostras coletadas. O método após validado apresentou um limite de detecção de 0,000708 mg/L, um limite de quantificação de 0,002359 mg/L e um coeficiente de determinação da curva de R²0,9976. Foram feitos os testes de adição de padrão apresentando recuperação de 98,46%. Os testes mostraram que o método é robusto, seletivo e confiável para a determinação de enxofre podendo ser aplicado nas amostras de Diesel S10.

This study proposes a numerical solution for the calculation of the pump card of sucker-rod pumping systems on deviated wells. The presented solution is based on a model developed for the design of sucker-rod pumping systems considering threedimensional trajectories. The presented results indicate that incorporation of the threedimensional model to the algorithm allowed the proper calculation of pump cards in deviated and vertical wells. The model makes possible to estimate important production parameters for any sucker rod system, such as flow rate and pump intake pressure, and calculate meaningful data for deviated systems, such as the side force acting along the rod string. 

A combustão in situ (CIS) é o método de recuperação térmico mais antigo. Este método consiste na queima parcial do óleo in situ, cujo objetivo é gerar uma frente de combustão que ajude no movimento do óleo. Essa frente de combustão aquece as zonas próximas, logrando a redução da viscosidade do óleo e permitindo o seu deslocamento até o poço produtor.

Apesar de parecer um processo fácil, a combustão in situ engloba uma série de mecanismos complexos que mesmo na atualidade a torna difícil de representar através de modelos analíticos, físicos e de simulação numérica.

O intuito é analisar e determinar os parâmetros que têm influência no processo, destacando a cinética (energia de ativação, coeficiente de Arrhenius e porcentagem de craqueamento para a produção de coque durante o processo) atrás de três diferentes modelos de reações químicas e da vazão de injeção do ar.

Para verificar a aplicabilidade do processo no Brasil foi realizado um estudo de simulação em reservatórios de óleo pesado com características do Nordeste Brasileiro. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando o módulo “STARS” da “Computer Modelling Group”, com o objetivo de realizar estudos de métodos de recuperação avançada de óleo.

Dentre todos os parâmetros analisados, a energia de ativação-fator pré-exponencial apresentou a maior influência, ou seja, quanto menor o valor da energia de ativação-fator pré-exponencial maior a fração de óleo recuperada. A porcentagem de craqueamento mostrou uma forte influência no processo, devido a que enquanto menor for a quantidade de coque formado maior é volume de óleo recuperado.