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Dissertations/Thesis

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2025

	Dissertations
1	ELANO COSTA SILVA Modified Corn Cobs Lignin as a Pollutant Adsorbent in Industrial Effluents Advisor : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DENNYS CORREIA DA SILVA JOSE LUIS CARDOZO FONSECA HARVEY ALEXANDER VILLA VÉLEZ Data: Jan 23, 2025 Show Abstract Population growth and increased consumption have intensified industrial production. This growth has led to more pollutants, which, when improperly disposed of, impact human health and ecosystems. Examples of significant environmental issues include the produced water from oil extraction, which is rich in salts, heavy metals, and organic compounds, and effluents from the textile industry contaminated with chemical dyes. To address these issues, recent research highlights lignin as a promising adsorbent material due to its abundance in nature and its chemical properties, such as high binding capacity with contaminants. Brazil, a major producer of corn, generates significant volumes of corncobs, which contain about 15% lignin, emphasizing their potential for such applications. The objective of this study is to investigate the use of modified lignin extracted from corncobs as an adsorbent material for pollutants in contaminated effluents. An alkaline pretreatment was applied to the corncob biomass to extract lignin. The extracted lignin was modified with reagents such as choline chloride and hydrogen peroxide to enhance its ability to interact with contaminants. Characterization techniques (Zeta potential, TG, FTIR, and SEM) were performed to understand the physical, chemical, structural, and functional properties of the adsorbent materials. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, bench tests were conducted to evaluate the material’s efficiency as an adsorbent in pollutant removal, considering parameters such as the initial pollutant concentration and contact time. The study of oil removal kinetics through adsorption was conducted using lignin and sodium alginate spheres. The lignin spheres demonstrated superior performance compared to pure alginate spheres. The ELMC sphere achieved the best result, reaching 90% TOG removal, followed by ELOX, with 88.23% removal. The pseudo-first-order model provided the best fit to the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities were 172.7 mg/g for ELMC and ELOX, 161.18 mg/g for ELNM, and 84.43 mg/g for EALG (note: the acronyms refer to different types of modified lignin, detailed in the methodology). For Congo red dye, the adsorption kinetics best fit the pseudo-second-order model. The PSO model demonstrated high accuracy in R² values and effectively predicted the qe value. For LNM, the qe values were 35.54, 66.58, and 155.24 mg/g for concentrations of 50, 100, and 250 mg/L, respectively; for LMC, the values were 33.89, 65.95, and 165.79 mg/g. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models showed less accurate fits, with R² values deviating from the ideal. Therefore, the adsorption study using modified lignin extracted from corncobs demonstrated an efficient and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment, outperforming conventional materials such as activated carbon. This material meets environmental requirements by removing contaminants from produced water during oil extraction as well as Congo red dye, commonly found in textile industry effluents. The modified lignin exhibited high adsorption capacity, highlighting its potential as a promising solution to mitigate environmental impacts.
2	ALLINY SAMARA LOPES DE LIMA Innovations in the Production of Kombucha-Type Beverages: Stabilization of the Starter Culture and Utilization of Alternative Raw Materials Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : FÁBIO GONÇALVES MACÊDO DE MEDEIROS MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Feb 26, 2025 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The growing consumer awareness of the relationship between diet and health has driven the demand for foods that not only provide essential nutrients but also contain bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. In this context, kombucha, a fermented beverage produced through the fermentation of sweetened teas by a microbial community, has gained popularity, with projections indicating significant growth in the global market. However, challenges remain in standardizing production, particularly in stabilizing the starter culture and the lack of alternative methods that utilize local and abundant raw materials, such as agricultural by-products, to diversify the sensory and bioactive profile of the beverage. This study aimed to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on kombucha production by addressing: (1) the stabilization of the microbial culture through spray drying and freeze-drying techniques, and (2) the use of alternative substrates, such as an infusion of passion fruit leaves (Passiflora edulis), for fermentation. In the first study, the impact of drying techniques, using maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulating agents, was evaluated on the physicochemical properties of kombucha powders and the viability of the starter culture. Analyses included moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), metabolic activity (fermentation metabolites and viable cells), and phytochemical profile (total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity). The results showed that the obtained powders had suitable physicochemical characteristics and preserved microbial viability after drying. Freeze-dried powders, in particular, presented higher maintenance of microbial viability and metabolic activity, resulting in higher acetic acid production during fermentation. Gum arabic proved effective in protecting microbial cells during spray drying, indicating potential for industrial applications. In the second study, the potential of passion fruit leaves as an alternative substrate for kombucha production was investigated, characterizing the beverage in terms of chemical profile, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptance. The kombucha produced with passion fruit leaves exhibited a chemical profile within legal standards (alcohol content below 0.5% v/v), along with increased concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity after fermentation. Sensory acceptance was comparable to that of traditional kombucha (made with green tea), demonstrating its potential for market application. Thus, the first approach offers effective techniques for stabilizing kombucha microbial community, with potential contribution to process standardization, while the second promotes the valorization of agricultural by-products and the diversification of the beverage's sensory and bioactive profile. These advances are fundamental for the expansion of the beverage market, aligning with consumer trends that value health and innovation.
3	ANA TERRA DE MEDEIROS FELIPE Green macroalgae as sustainable resources: identification, characterization, exploration of bioactive potential and the development of cellulosic materials from Ulva sp. and Chaetomorpha sp. collected in Tibau do Sul, Northeast Brazil Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDILENE SOUZA DA SILVA KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Feb 27, 2025 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The growing demand for sustainable resources and the need to reduce environmental impact drive the search for new sources of renewable and versatile raw materials. In this context, marine macroalgae emerge as promising alternatives, offering applications ranging from the production of functional foods to the manufacture of packaging and biodegradable materials. This study investigated the biotechnological potential of the green macroalgae Ulva sp. and Chaetomorpha sp., collected in aquaculture ponds in the municipality of Tibau do Sul, Northeast Brazil, with emphasis on their physical-chemical, morphological characterization, bioactive, antioxidant, antibacterial properties and the use of fresh algae pulp as cellulosic materials. Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis revealed a profile rich in fibers, minerals and bioactive compounds, such as pigments, phenolic compounds and fatty acids, in the algal extracts. Methanolic extracts demonstrated greater efficiency in the extraction of bioactives and superior antioxidant activity compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts, through a combined extraction between the ultrasound method followed by a solid-liquid extraction. The methanolic extracts of Ulva sp. presented total phenolic contents greater than 7 mg GAE/100 g of oven-dried powder, while the extraction of pigments, total chlorophylls and carotenoids, presented 73 mg/g and 17.75mg/g, respectively. The analysis of fatty acids in Ulva sp. detected essential compounds, such as palmitic acid and linoleic acid, highlighting the functional potential of these macroalgae. Antioxidant activity tests demonstrated the ability to capture free radicals using the DPPH and ABTS methods, with inhibition values of 20% in methanolic extracts, while assessments of the minimum inhibitory concentration indicated the effectiveness of methanolic and ethanolic extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterias. Furthermore, among the polysaccharides extracted from both species studied, cellulose extracted from Chaetomorpha sp. presented an average yield of approximately 20%, twice as high as that extracted from Ulva sp., demonstrating the ability to form cellulosic material from Chaetomorpha sp. These cellulosic sheets exhibited promising characteristics, presenting an average thickness of 0.680 mm and a surface structure with the presence of long, well-organized fibers, reinforcing the potential of this biomass as a cellulosic material. The results of this study highlight the value of green macroalgae as a sustainable and environmentally responsible resource, and also highlights its relevance for the advancement of the blue bioeconomy, promoting the appreciation of local marine biodiversity and contributing to the development of more sustainable solutions in various industries, including food. , packaging, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
4	RENATA CIBELY FREIRE DE LIMA SYNTHESIS OF MFI-TYPE ZEOLITES FROM ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF Si AND AL: A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO THE CONVERSION OF BIOMASS INTO BIOFUELS AND RENEWABLE CHEMICALS Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA RENATA MARTINS BRAGA SIBELE BERENICE CASTELLA PERGHER Fabio Souza Toniolo MARIELE IARA SOARES DE MELLO Data: Apr 4, 2025 Show Abstract Fast pyrolysis has emerged as a promising technology for converting lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil, a potential precursor to fuels. However, the conventional pyrolysis of such biomass produces bio-oil with a high concentration of oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds, which compromises its properties for energy applications. The use of catalysts, such as zeolites, improves the chemical composition of bio-oil, making it more suitable for conversion into biofuels and higher-value-added chemicals. This study synthesized MFI-type zeolites using bentonite, rice husk ash (RHA), and clinoptilolite as alternative Si and Al sources for application in catalytic analytical pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The goal was to improve the quality of the generated bio-oil by reducing the content of oxygenated compounds, costs, and environmental impacts. The synthesis was carried out using the hydrothermal method, varying the gel crystallization times (24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days). As a reference, a conventional ZSM-5 was prepared using Aerosil silica and aluminum sulfate. The biomass used, corn cob residue (CCR), was characterized to evaluate its energy potential through proximate analysis for determining moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content, as well as elemental analysis (CHN/O), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), and calorific value determination. The precursors and synthesized catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and specific surface area analysis using the BET method. Analytical pyrolysis was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer connected to a gas chromatograph (Py-GC/MS) at 500 °C, with vapors analyzed by chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or directed to a catalytic bed (ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis) for further analysis. Catalytic pyrolysis reduced oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds compared to conventional pyrolysis, decreasing phenols and ketones while increasing aromatic hydrocarbons. The zeolite synthesized with alternative precursors, such as bentonite and RHA, exhibited an MFI structure similar to conventional ZSM-5. In catalytic pyrolysis tests, both materials performed similarly, with the process being more sustainable for the zeolite obtained from bentonite and RHA. Regarding methodology, the use of catalysts proved to be reproducible, achieving the objectives of this study.
	Thesis
1	GUILHERME QUINTELA CALIXTO CULTIVATION OF MICROALGAE FOR CO2 BIOFIXATION: A STRATEGY FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND CONVERSION IN BIOFUEL AND/OR BIOPRODUCTS Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA KARINE FONSECA SOARES DE OLIVEIRA MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO CRISTIANE FRANCISCA DA COSTA SASSI VÍTOR RODRIGO DE MELO E MELO Data: Jan 14, 2025 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The increase in CO₂ concentrations in the atmosphere, driven by human activities, has encouraged the search for alternative methods of carbon capture, including the use of microorganisms such as microalgae. Studies show the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the growth of microalgae, even utilizing residual CO2 from industries like cement, which is responsible for over 7% of global CO2 emissions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of various CO2 concentrations on the cultivation of two strains of microalgae: Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis, to identify their CO2 biofixation capabilities, potential high-value bioproducts, and system scaling. The microalgae were cultivated in commercial growth media—BG11 for Chlorella and Zarouk for Spirulina—under different concentrations (v/v) of CO2 (0.04%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). The microalgae were characterized by immediate analysis (ash content, moisture, volatiles, and fixed carbon), elemental analysis (CHNO), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of the ashes, lipid content, protein content, and conventional and catalytic analytical pyrolysis. Additionally, during cultivation, data on dry mass and pH were collected daily. The results show that both microalgae achieved the highest yield at a concentration of 10% CO2 (v/v), reaching 1.25 g L-1 for Chlorella and 2.15 g L-1 for Spirulina. Despite the high ash content due to the flocculation method, Chlorella showed a greater potential for biofuel production due to its high lipid content (21.7%) compared to Spirulina (11.2%). Conventional pyrolysis indicated a high amount of oxygenated (>25%) and nitrogenous (>20%) compounds for both microalgae, which were predominantly (over 90%) converted into aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons after using the HZSM-5 catalyst in the thermochemical conversion process. The analysis of system scaling for photobioreactors (80L) proved economically viable with the use of an external CO2 source, making it possible to obtain a self-sufficient system considering only the sale price of the raw microalgae.
2	CAROLINA DA SILVA COSTA Solvent-Free Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid and γ-Butyrolactone: A Sustainable Approach for Obtaining High-Value-Added Products Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL FABÍOLA CORREIA DE CARVALHO PAULO FILHO MARQUES DE OLIVEIRA PEDRO MIGUEL VIDINHA GOMES RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Apr 10, 2025 Show Abstract Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and succinic acid (SUC) are building-blocks molecules widely used in the production of high-value-added compounds. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the hydrogenation of these compounds in sustainable, solvent-free media, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) conditions, with the use of micro- and macroscopic (pellet) catalytic forms of PdRe/SiO₂. The study was divided into three articles. The first article primarily aimed to evaluate the effect of solvent-free reactions with the addition of scCO₂ as a reaction medium for the hydrogenation of GBL in batch systems. The same conditions were applied to the hydrogenation of SUC in batch systems, evaluating the effect of temperature, H₂ pressure, catalyst mass, and Re content in the catalyst. In the third article, technical catalysts in the form of PdRe/SiO₂ pellets were developed to study solvent-free hydrogenation of GBL in continuous flow systems. Pellets with different thermal treatments (uncalcined and calcined at 300 and 500 °C) were evaluated and compared with powdered catalysts in batch systems. In fixed-bed reactors, the effect of temperature, pressure, GBL and H₂ flow rates, and bed height was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the reaction medium had a significant impact on the selectivity of GBL hydrogenation, acting as a modulating factor for selectivity. In solvent-free conditions, 93% selectivity for tetrahydrofuran (THF) was obtained. With the addition of scCO₂ (80 bar), the selectivity was completely shifted to 1,4-butanediol (BDO), achieving 100%. For SUC, the most severe conditions of temperature (280 °C), pressure (90 bar), and catalyst mass (50 mg) resulted in 75.3% selectivity for THF. In GBL continuous flow reactions, excellent results were achieved with pellets calcined at 300 °C due to their high surface area. Under 175 °C, 50 bar H₂, 0.1 mL/min GBL flow rate, 0.7 mL/min H₂ flow rate and 7 cm of the bed, 52% GBL conversion and 86% selectivity for BDO were achieved. Overall, the results obtained in this work demonstrate the effectiveness of solvent-free approaches and the versatility of scCO₂ as a selectivity regulator, highlighting the potential of these systems in green and sustainable processes with unprecedented selectivities for THF and BDO. Furthermore, the study suggests the development of technical catalysts for scale-up applications.
3	IEDA LETICIA DE SOUZA FERREIRA Seawater softening using surfactants for application in textile chemical processes. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CLOVIS DE MEDEIROS BEZERRA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOSE IVAN DE MEDEIROS PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Apr 11, 2025 Show Abstract Chemical processing of textile materials requires large volumes of fresh and soft water. However, freshwater is currently considered a scarce and increasingly expensive resource. In this context, seawater can emerge as an alternative, but its high hardness is a limiting factor for its application in textile processing. Surfactants substances have proven efficiency for removing metals or contaminants in aqueous solutions, therefore, they become a real possibility for treatment in seawater. Thus, this work proposes a treatment for softening seawater using biosurfactants, in order to use it in chemical processing of cotton fabrics. Surfactants were developed from coconut and soybean vegetable oils, and an ionic flocculation and subsequent separation process was carried out to remove calcium and magnesium ions from seawater. Both proved to be effective in removing the ions responsible for hardness. At a concentration of 39 g/L, the coconut surfactant reduced the total hardness of the treated water by more than 85%, while soybean showed a reduction of 67%. The influence of seawater hardness on the dyeing capacity of cotton fabrics was evaluated, and compared to a process using fresh water. The colors of the dyed samples were evaluated using CIELab* coordinates and K/S index, in addition, structural properties, fastness and mechanical behavior of the processed samples were evaluated. In parallel, the adsorption and diffusion mechanism of the Reactive blue 222 dye on cellulosic substrate was studied using seawater as the process solvent. After softening with biosurfactants, the water will be evaluated for use in bleaching, desizing and textile dyeing processes with reactive dyes. After optimizing the seawater treatment and application process, it is expected to obtain improved samples with a quality similar to processes carried out with fresh water. In this way, we propose economically friendly processes, and we will explore an abundant natural resource in an economically active way for industrial development.

2024

	Dissertations
1	ARTHUR MATHAUS VARELA BARBOSA DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NADES BASED ON SUGAR, CHOLINE CHLORIDE AND CITRIC ACID Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADOLFO LOPES DE FIGUEREDO KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS LIANA FRANCO PADILHA Data: Feb 8, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are known today as "green solvents," presenting attractive properties for the industry and meeting current sustainability requirements. These solvents are composed of a hydrogen bond donor component (HBD) and another hydrogen bond acceptor component (HBA). An important class of DESs that has gained prominence is Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), derived from natural sources and fundamental metabolic reactions of living organisms. NADES possess desirable characteristics such as low toxicity, biodegradability, and low cost, which have drawn researchers' attention to their use in solubility processes, liquid-liquid extraction, among other applications. The continuous development of synthesis methods and a deep understanding of NADES properties will contribute to their successful application in various chemical processes. In this study, the viability of synthesizing NADES formed by organic sugars (fructose, sucrose, and glucose), citric acid, and choline chloride was investigated. Their fundamental physicochemical properties, such as density, viscosity, and electrical conductivity, were evaluated over a temperature range between 303 – 333 K. Refractive index and pH properties were obtained at 293 K and 1 atm. These properties were also assessed and studied for two mixtures based on fructose and citric acid with an alcohol (ethanol).
2	JANIELE ALVES EUGÊNIO RIBEIRO GALVÃO Obtaining the Extract of Aranto leaves (Kalanchoe laetivirens) with supercritical CO2 and Ethanol. Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE ANDERSON COSTA PEREIRA ENIO RAFAEL DE MEDEIROS SANTOS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 23, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Aranto (Kalanchoe laetivirens) is an Africa’s native succulent plant, which is present on several continents. Easy to propagate, it contains bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds and bufadienolides. Used as a natural remedy, there is still no unanimity regarding its pharmacological effectiveness. However, recent studies indicate that its components have anti-inflammatory, antitumor and analgesic activity. In this context, extraction with supercritical CO2 appears as an alternative for obtaining these components, as it avoids the degradation of bioactives, in addition to being a quick extraction that allows for a purer extract. Furthermore, in some cases the use of cosolvents is necessary due to their solubility with the component of interest and also the viscosity of the extract. That said, ethanol was used in all the experiments. The operating conditions for the tests were developed in a pressure range of 80 to 140 bar, a temperature of 35 to 65° C and a mass ratio between aranto and ethanol of 0.58 to 1.75, with a fixed extraction time of 30 minutes and a previously defined bed particle size with an average diameter of 1.15 mm, making up a 2³ factorial design with a triplicate at the central point. The extract was characterized in terms of antioxidant power by sequestering the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and the content of phenolic compounds by the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. In addition, the following was identified and quantified in the samples, quercetin, via HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The mass yields obtained in the extractions ranged from 0.48 to 2.19%, with the best results being obtained at 65 °C, 80 bar and a ratio of 0.58. According to the statistical analysis of the yield results, the concentration of the solvent had a significant effect. In the Soxhlet extractions, a yield of 19.05% was found using dried aranto leaves and ethanol as the solvent. However, a yield of 0.97% was observed using the fresh leaves of the respective plant, due to the 95.9% moisture content. The results of the quercetin quantification of the samples ranged from 1.03 to 31.96 mg/L. The antioxidant content of the best supercritical extraction condition resulted in an EC50 value (effective concentration that reduces 50% of free radicals) of 22.86 µg/ml, while the sample from the conventional extraction of the dried leaves with ethanol resulted in values of 114.26 µg/ml. With regard to the content of phenolic compounds, the best condition showed 65.73 mg EAG/g Extract (EAG - Gallic Acid Equivalents), while the soxhlet extractions showed 83.28 and 89.09 mg EAG/g Extract from the fresh and dried leaves respectively.
3	HERBET LIMA OLIVEIRA Hydrogen fuel generation from electrochemical wastewater treatment: a new arising concept for energy source Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE JOSÉ EUDES LIMA SANTOS JUSSARA CÂMARA CARDOZO SALVADOR COTILLAS SORIANO Data: Feb 26, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract With the increase in population, we see new challenges emerging in different sectors of society. This changing scenario gave rise to the 2030 Agenda, which addresses the objectives of sustainable development. Issues such as the increase in domestic effluents, growing food demands and the consequent increase in industrial waste, including various biomasses, as well as the use of fossil fuels, stand out as important environmental challenges that require more sustainable solutions for the future. In this context, the electrorefinery appears as an attractive proposal to face these problems. By employing clean energy, it makes it possible to convert materials considered waste into value-added products. Therefore, this work aims to transform a real domestic effluent, in this case, the washing water from a washing machine, and an industrial residue, the liquid from the shell of cashew nuts, into value-added products, such as acids carboxylic acids, while simultaneously cogenerating green hydrogen. Cells divided by polymeric electrolytic membranes, types PEM and AEM, were used, with BDD/Nb electrodes as anode and Ni-Fe stainless steel mesh as cathode. In the treatment of washing machine effluent, two different electrolytes were tested (H2SO4 0.1 mol L-1 and Na2SO4 0.1 mol L-1), also varying the current densities. The results reveal the production of products with added value, especially carboxylic acids, with emphasis on selectivity to acetic acid, reaching 45.7 mg L-1. Furthermore, we observed the generation of green H2, with volumes of approximately 0.8 L. When using the liquid from cashew nut shells, different conditions were explored, such as current density, concentration and nature of the electrolyte (NaOH 0.125, 1.0 and 2.0 mol L-1 and Na2SO4 0.05 mol L-1), and substrate concentration. It was found that all variables influence the production of carboxylic acids and the energy efficiency of green H2, with the substrate concentration being the most significant variable in the production of acids and current density in that of green H2. As the substrate concentration increases, it was possible to achieve acetic acid production rates of 565.4 mg L-1, and at higher current densities, green H2 volumes of 1.8 L were observed. , the viability of technology based on electrorefinery is evidenced by the selective electrochemical transformation of organic pollutants from waste into value-added products, such as green H2 and carboxylic acids. This advance represents a promising step towards the circular economy, contributing to environmental sustainability.
4	THALITA MEDEIROS BARROS DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF A NEW GRAPHITE SHEET ELECTRODE OBTAINED BY CHEMICAL STEAM DEPOSITION FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF CAFFEINE Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS JOSE HERIBERTO OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO JUSSARA CÂMARA CARDOZO CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE MÓNICA CERRO LÓPEZ Data: Feb 28, 2024 Show Abstract Graphite-based electrochemical sensors are widely applied in the most diverse fields of electrochemistry, such that innovations related to this material gain prominence in the scientific world. With this in mind, in order to obtain a disposable, versatile, environmentally friendly and low-cost electrode, the synthesis of graphitic films on a micrometric scale was proposed through the pyrolysis of Toluene. The Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) synthesis process applied in this work is advantageous as it does not require the use of metal catalysts, substrates, vacuum, plasma or hydrogen flow, which are necessary when it comes to traditional CVD synthesis. In order to characterize the graphite microsheets as a working electrode, morphological and physical-chemical characterizations of the material were carried out using techniques such as: Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive X-rays, X-ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy and Contact Angle (Θ = 95.69°). For a more in-depth characterization from an electrochemical point of view, the electrochemical behavior was evaluated in the presence of different redox probes (Hexacyanoferrate (III) and Hexamin Ruthenium (III)), as well as their behavior in neutral, alkaline and acidic media. Furthermore, the electroactive area of the graphite microsheet electrode was evaluated, estimated at 0.083 cm2. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was carried out with the aim of evaluating the resistance to charge transfer that the electrode offers. Aiming to investigate the applicability of the graphite microsheet electrode in electroanalysis, the detection and quantification of caffeine in different types of commercial drinks was carried out. The results obtained clearly indicate that the graphite foil electrode presents a linear response over a wide range of caffeine concentrations (0.68-1477.26 µM), with R2 of 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) is estimated at 0.68 µM, which suggests greater sensitivity and reproducibility than other conventional sensors, such as Glassy Carbon, Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes, for example. The low-cost disposable graphite sheet electrode was successfully applied to the determination of caffeine in soft drinks, energy drinks and black tea, presenting well-defined current signals in the analysis of real samples in the presence of 0.5M H2SO4 as electrolyte. When comparing electrochemical determinations and high-performance liquid chromatography measurements, it was observed the absence of discrepant values between both techniques. With these results, it is possible to highlight the potential use of this sensor as an analytical tool, disposable, portable, reliable, low-cost and high efficiency to determine caffeine in different types of samples.
5	RAÍSSA DAS GRAÇAS PONTES ARAÚJO USE OF SHRIMP POND WATER FOR CULTIVATION OF MICROALGAE Synechococcus nidulans AIMING FOR BIOMASS PRODUCTION Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : BRUNA MARIA EMERENCIANO DAS CHAGAS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS SINARA CYBELLE TURIBIO E SILVA NICODEMO Data: Feb 29, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The shrimp farming activity refers to the farming of shrimp and is very significant in the northeastern region of Brazil. To ensure the functioning of farms, an abundance of water is needed, which, if improperly disposed of, can cause various environmental damages. Another prominent activity in the country is the cultivation of sugar cane, which generates several by-products. One of them is molasses, whose sugar and nutrient levels are quite high. Thus, the use of microalgae to aid in the treatment of wastewater linked to the biorefinery process has been gaining prominence. Studies show that sugarcane molasses can be used as an economical and efficient supplement to microalgae growing media, offering substantial amounts of organic carbon. This work sought to evaluate the potential for reusing water from the organic shrimp production pond to dilute the Zarrouk medium (50%, 60%, and 70%) and the effect of adding molasses, compared with the traditional Zarrouk medium for cyanobacteria cultivation. Synechococcus nidulans, as low-cost cultivation media can enable the production of microalgae on large scales in an optimized way. It also sought to extract phycocyanin, a natural pigment present in microalgae of the genus Synechococcus. Cultivations were carried out in duplicate, under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, with a 12-hour light/dark photoperiod at 25°C and with mechanical air aeration. Cultivations of Zarrouk 70% SM (Without Molasses) and CM (With Molasses) generally showed better results compared to other diluted Zarrouk media, with biomass concentrations of 1.1005 g/L ± 0.1789 g/L and 0.9860 g /L± 0.0206 g/ L, respectively, but with lower results compared to traditional Zarrouk. It was found that the addition of carbon to the medium did not significantly interfere in favoring greater production. The pH of the medium remained in the range of 8.27-9.92. Biomass was characterized by carbohydrates, lipids, crude protein, and carotenoids. Carbohydrates were favored by the addition of molasses and the 70% CM test reached a maximum percentage of 21.24% ± 4.44%, while the lipid content was not affected so that it presented maximum values of 36.60% ± 0.00% (70% SM) and 31.80% ± 2.26% (70% CM). The protein content was also not affected, with maximum values reaching 21.55% ± 0.43% (70% SM) and 19.37% ± 0.56% (70% SM). Regarding the carotenoid content, a slight increase in concentration was observed in the CM experiments, with the highest value of 135.2238 mg/g ± 25.9163 mg/g (70% CM). The same occurred with phycocyanin, which was possible to extract and presented a concentration of 1.4919 mg/mL ± 0.2898 mg/mL in the 70% CM assay, with Extract Purity (PE) of 0.29.
6	JOSÉ VALDERISSO ALFREDO DE CARVALHO SYNTHESIS OF LIGNIN-BASED BIOADTIVE FOR APPLICATION IN CEMENTING OIL WELLS Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS RODRIGO CESAR SANTIAGO BRUNO LEONARDO DE SENA COSTA Data: Mar 1, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Cementing plays a fundamental role in the construction of oil wells, as it is directly linked to their integrity and durability. A slury used for this purpose is typically composed of water, cement, and additives. Additives are essential materials for adjusting the physical and chemical properties of the slury, making it suitable for the peculiar temperature and pressure conditions found in wells. Additives can be synthesized from inorganic and natural compounds, one of which is lignin, a polymer present in lignocellulosic biomass. It has low commercial value however, when subjected to structural modification processes, it can acquire exceptional characteristics that make it highly valuable and suitable for various industrial applications. Thus, this research aimed to develop a bioadditive from green coconut lignin, via oxidative modification, for application in oil well cementing slurries. Lignin was extracted through alkaline pretreatment of green coconut biomass, and its structural modification was carried out through the oxidation process using hydrogen peroxide. After the synthesis process, unmodified lignin (LNM) and oxidized lignin (LOX) were characterized using Zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV spectrophotometry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The lignins were validated as retarder additives by the thickening time test, and the dispersant capacity was evaluated through rheology testing. The developed additive was compared to a commercial additive through a primary cementing simulation, where rheology tests, static filtration, and thickening time were evaluated. In characterization, the opening of aromatic rings and the increase in surface charge were confirmed in LOX. LOX provided greater retardation of setting time than LNM. A dosage of 0.5% of LOX resulted in a setting time of over 2 hours (50% more than the reference paste), validating it as a retarder additive. Additionally, LOX showed dispersant effect as a secondary property and contributed to reducing the rheological parameters of cement slurries. Technological application showed that LOX can modify the properties of cement slurries in a manner compatible with a commercial retarder additive. Its application together with other additives resulted in a slight increase in the rheological parameters of the slurries and contributed to reducing filtrate. Regarding thickening time, with just 0.1% of LOX, it was possible to delay the setting time by 71 minutes (31%) more than the reference paste. These results suggest that LOX is a promising alternative retarder additive that, in addition to benefiting the oil and gas industry, contributes to adding value to green coconut waste. Keywords: Lignocellulosic biomass; lignin; natural additives; cementing; oil wells.
7	FRANCISCO BRUNO FERREIRA DE FREITAS Biodegradation of 2-methylnaphthalene and phenanthrene by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029-GLVIIA in microcosms in the presence of industrial dispersant Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EMILIANNY RAFAELY BATISTA MAGALHAES EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS Data: Mar 1, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Oil stands out as one of the precursors for the production of materials, fuels, and even medicines. Knowing this great importance, extraction, and refining processes are frequent and due to this great exploration, accidents can happen causing spills in soils and oceans. Due to its high carcinogenicity and mutagenic aspects, the presence of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), present in the composition of the oil, poses risks to humans and wild animals. Thus, to mitigate the environmental problems caused by PAHs in the event of a spill, the use of microorganisms for biodegradation has been seen as a potential solution. One factor that hinders the microbiological decomposition of PAHs is the hydrophobicity of the molecules, which is why the industry invests in the development of dispersants that reduce surface tension at the hydrocarbon/water interface. In this context, the literature has demonstrated the advantages of biosurfactants (surfactants of biological origin) about surfactants from the chemical industry. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the biodegradation capacity of 2-Methylnaphthalene and Phenanthrene (model hydrocarbons) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029-GLVIIA in the presence of industrial biosurfactant using microcosm cultures. The biosurfactant was provided by chemical industry and was characterized in terms of surface tension and emulsification index (E%). Biodegradation tests were carried out by varying the concentration of hydrocarbons and biosurfactant for 10 days, monitoring pH, bacterial growth, and biodegradation rate, and also evaluating the degradation of the hydrocarbon mixture. The results demonstrate that the industrial biosurfactant presented satisfactory emulsification index results for toluene and lubricating oil, presenting values above 40% for concentrations of NaCl added and in small concentrations of biosurfactant, presenting these values after 240 hours of cultivation. The biosurfactant, in addition to acting as a dispersant, reducing the surface tension of the hydrocarbon/water interface, acted as a carbon source for growth for Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029-GLVIIA, thus favoring its greater growth. The bacteria were able to degrade phenanthrene and 2-MN, obtaining degradation values of up to 61.43% and 100% respectively, under the same conditions, in the experiment that presented a concentration of 17.69 g/L of biosurfactant. It was also observed that the biosurfactant improved the biodegradation rate, with phenanthrene being the only variable that had a significant influence on the studied response, while for 2-MN the model presented all variables and their interactions as significantly related to the proposed model. Furthermore, the model developed from the results of the statistical analysis managed to explain 92.31% of the data presented for the degradation of phenanthrene and around 97.30% for the biodegradation of 2-MN. The mixture of the two model hydrocarbons studied presented a degradation rate of 6.41% and 100% for phenanthrene and 2-MN respectively.
8	BIANCA FELIPE DE SOUZA Study of the two-dimensional behavior of an oil-gas plume from a blowout in the Potiguar Basin region. Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: May 13, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The modeling of oil released from underwater sources is an important tool as it informs about the behavior of spilled oil, areas that can be affected, and provides a technical basis for the selection, development, and implementation of response actions. The Deepwater Horizon platform accident in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico drew attention to the relevance of monitoring and prediction models, acting as a catalyst for the development of studies and strategies for optimization. The accuracy of such models depends directly on near-field modeling, observing the processes that occur immediately at the leak site, determining the dynamics of the plume and the resulting distribution of oil droplet sizes in the water. The study of these factors is of great importance for estimating outcomes in measures, for example the underwater application of dispersants around the release point. Several elements make the modeling of underwater leaks more complex than surface releases, such as constraints on accurately measuring prevailing oceanographic conditions and the limited availability of data in the initial hours of potential incidents, e.g., released volumes, exact location, leakage flow, composition, and thermodynamic conditions of the contaminating fluid, among others. In blowout scenarios, considered one of the main contributors to offshore activity risks, factors such as the influence of ocean currents, high pressures and low temperatures, and interaction with rocky layers and underwater sediments pose challenges in modeling the occurrences. In this context, this project proposes the application of recent knowledge in near-field modeling to analyze the behavior of an underwater oil and gas plume by simulating a blowout scenario in the Potiguar Basin (Rio Grande do Norte). The Texas A&M Oil Spill Calculator (TAMOC) model (2015), which uses a Lagrangian approach for the integral modeling of oil and gas particles in underwater plumes, will be used. Factors to be analyzed include the estimated time for the oil to reach the surface, the approximate location where the plume will reach the surface, the composition of the oil that will emerge on the surface, and the distribution of particle sizes along the plume. Through the analysis of obtained data, the research aims to enhance the understanding of the processes involved in underwater leaks and contribute to effective incident management of this nature in the studied region.
9	JÉSSICA RENALY FERNANDES MORAIS PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF CROSS-LINKED ENZYMATIC AND MAGNETIC AGGREGATES (CLEAs and mCLEAS) USING COMMERCIAL CELLULOLYTIC COCKTAILS FOR HYDROLYSIS OF GREEN COCONUT FIBER Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS PETRÚCIA KARINE SANTOS DE BRITO BEZERRA Data: May 28, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Enzymes play an important role in biotechnological processes. However, to be industrially profitable, they need to allow easy handling, reuse, and operational stability. One way to ensure the efficiency and these characteristics of soluble enzymes is through the immobilization technique. The strategy of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) is particularly interesting because it allows direct contact of the enzyme with the substrate, due to the absence of solid supports in the immobilization process, or through the use of non-porous supports, such as magnetic nanoparticles, for the formation of magnetic CLEAs (mCLEAs). Among industrial enzymes, cellulases are a set of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing isolated cellulose or cellulose present in biomass, converting it into glucose, a product of interest for the production of lignocellulosic, or second-generation (2G) ethanol. Therefore, the present study aims to produce CLEAs from commercial cellulolytic cocktails (Celluclast and Cellic CTec 2). These cellulolytic cocktails are widely used in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, forming part of the 2G ethanol production chain. Initially, different precipitation agents were studied, such as ethanol (99.5%), acetone (a. grade), and saturated ammonium sulfate solution, using 5% glutaraldehyde (v/v) and magnetic nanoparticles covered with Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) for the production of CLEAs and mCLEAs, respectively. With the biocatalysts obtained, evaluation was carried out based on immobilization parameters, such as precipitation yield and recovered activity of precipitating agents, as well as the catalytic capacity of CLEAs and mCLEAs using different substrates, Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and Filter paper (FP), which allows obtaining the activities of endo-cellulases (CMCase) and total (FPase), respectively. The precipitating agents that proved to be most efficient were ethanol and acetone. The activity recovered for ethanol was 27.25 ± 1.67% (CMCase) and 100 ± 14.63% (FPase) for the Celluclast cocktail and 41.96 ± 3.66% (CMCase) and 14.29 ± 2.01% (FPase) for Cellic CTec 2. With acetone, it was possible to recover 34.24 ± 1.45% (CMCase) and 77.66 ± 7.83% (FPase) when using the Celluclast cocktail and 38 .59 ± 3.21% (CMCase) and 55.41 ± 12.61% (FPase) for Cellic CTec 2. From the evaluation of the enzymatic activity of CLEAs with the addition of the additive Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in the precipitation, it was possible to define acetone as the best precipitating agent. CLEAs precipitated with acetone and BSA achieved the best activity results, being 287.27 ± 42.59 U/g (CMCase) and 0.035 ± 2.059 U/g (FPase) for Celluclast and 425.37 ± 48.11 U/g (CMCase) and 1.54 ± 1.10 U/g (FPase) for Cellic CTec 2. To facilitate the separation process and foresee future use in an industrial environment, magnetic nanoparticles coated with APTES were added to the precipitation stage, producing magnetic CLEAs (mCLEAs). The mCLEAs that showed the best results were those produced with the Celluclast enzyme with BSA as an additive, showing activities of 149.65 ± 2.65 U/g (CMCase) and 5.30 ± 1.75 U/g (FPase). Therefore, it is highlighted that it was possible to efficiently produce CLEAs and mCLEAs using commercial cellulolytic enzyme cocktails, which could be applied in the hydrolysis stage of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass aiming at the production of 2G ethanol.
10	PAULO HENRIQUE ALVES DE AZEVEDO Obtaining Oily Water-Based Formulations and Aminated Surfactant for CO2 Capture Advisor : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO DENNYS CORREIA DA SILVA JOSE LUIS CARDOZO FONSECA AURORA PÉREZ GRAMATGES Data: Aug 19, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In today's world, there is growing concern about the problems triggered by climate change. Global warming has promoted negative consequences across the entire surface of the globe, with carbon dioxide (CO2) labeled as the main responsible for the aforementioned problem. The energy matrix anchored in fossil fuels has led to an unprecedented increase in CO2 levels in the atmosphere. In view of this, CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have emerged with the promise of mitigating, in the short term, the levels of CO2 accumulated in the air. Absorption has been the most used technique to capture CO2 in post-combustion processes, in which the established absorbent liquids are alkanolamines, such as MEA (methylethanolamine) and MDEA (dimethylethanolamine). Although these substances promote the rapid absorption of CO2, toxicity, thermal instability, among other operational problems, have directed research in search of new, more sustainable absorbent liquids. Once CO2 has been absorbed into the liquid, mineralization can occur, which consists of the reaction of carbonate anions, originating from CO2, with metallic cations, such as calcium and magnesium, resulting in the formation of a stable solid. Base formulations containing water, oil (petroleum) and amino surfactant were developed to capture CO2 through absorption and mineralization in ambient conditions. An experimental design was carried out using the PCC model, with the aim of finding the optimized conditions of oil concentration, surfactant concentration and temperature that would promote the lowest rate of release of CO2 after its absorption. Salts (NaCl, CaCl2.2H2O, MgCl2.6H2O e K2SO4), amino acid (lysine) and disaccharide (sucrose) were added to the formulations in order to investigate the influence on carbon capture. The saline formulation (produced water mimic) was used to promote the mineralization of CO2 into carbonates by adjusting the pH to basic values (8,9,10,11 and 12), using 1 M NaOH solution, with and without surfactant. The precipitates obtained were treated and characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. The results showed the exclusive formation of calcite. Therefore, this work brings the perspective of using oily and saline effluents, such as produced water, added with surfactant, to capture the gas reiterated in industrial combustion processes.
11	ISABELA OLIVEIRA COSTA PRODUCTION OF IMMOBILIZED LIPASES ON COCONUT FIBER FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION Advisor : NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES TIAGO LIMA DE ALBUQUERQUE Data: Aug 23, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Biodiesel production through lipase-catalyzed transesterification is an alternative to traditional chemical catalysts. This clean technology offers greater conversion efficiency, eliminates side reactions and operates at lower temperatures. Enzyme immobilization is applied to improve enzyme stability, facilitating its recovery and reuse and promoting protection against inhibitory effects. The immobilization support can be from various sources, including lignocellulosic waste, such as green coconut fiber. Therefore, this work developed biocatalysts using waste as a support for immobilization, aiming for application in the synthesis of biodiesel via transesterification of residual frying oil. Lipase from Candida antarctica type B (CALB), Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) and Eversa lipase (EL) were chosen due to the heterogenicity of the substrate (oils). The use of enzymatic and co-immobilized mixtures has shown an advantage in the production of biodiesel. A solution of each lipase (0.05 mg/mL) was placed in contact with green coconut fiber (FC) (pretreated with steam explosion to increase surface area and facilitate interaction) to perform immobilization. The immobilization yields and recovered activity of the biocatalysts FC-PFL, FC-CALB and FC-EL showed that the individual immobilization of each lipase on coconut fiber was efficient. The biocatalysts obtained were subjected to chemical modifications post-immobilization with polyethylenimine (PEI), producing biocatalysts with FC-CALB-PEI, FC-PFL-PEI and FC-EL-PEI. Afterwards, treatment with glutaraldehyde (GLU) was carried out to produce enzyme-support covalent bonds, followed by modification with PEI, producing FC-CALB-GLU-PEI, FC-PFL-GLU-PEI and FC-EL-GLU- PEI. Through the characterization of these three categories of biocatalysts, the results showed that the predominant interactions between enzyme-support are predominantly hydrophobic, immobilization and coatings with GLU and PEI increased the thermostability of the lipases used and the presence of the covalent bond was observed by difference in the band pattern in the electrophoresis gel. For the application of these biocatalysts in the synthesis of biodiesel, the maximum enzyme load that can be immobilized in green coconut fiber was determined to be 5 mg/g for CALB biocatalysts, 10 mg/g for PFL and EL. In 5h of transesterification of residual frying oil, the FC-EL-GLU-PEI, FC-PFL-GLU-PEI and FC-CALB-GLU-PEI biocatalysts showed efficiency in reducing the acid number similar to the soluble enzyme. These results highlight the potential for the application of immobilized lipases in biodiesel production.
12	GLEYSON BATISTA DE OLIVEIRA CO2 Capture and Mineralization in a Modified Amine Recirculation Process Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Aug 30, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In recent years, extreme weather events have increased in several regions of the hemisphere due to rising global temperatures. Among the gases that intensify the effects of global warming, carbon dioxide (CO2), produced mainly by burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit for the strengthening of the phenomenon. Therefore, efforts have been made to reduce and neutralize the high concentration of CO2 and support energy transition measures, methods, and technologies to eliminate its emission. Carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCUS) plants have been studied to integrate and combine technologies with recovery potential, including absorption, adsorption, amine recirculation, and mineral carbonation. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the interaction between these technologies. The objective of this work is to investigate the possibilities of the amine recirculation process combined with the mineral carbonation process. Experimentally, CO2 capture was performed in the presence of MEA solutions of different compositions (10%, 20% and 30% v/v) under controlled operating conditions (pressure, gas and liquid flow rate, and temperature). The mineralization reaction was carried out under defined conditions, with different concentrations of CaO and MgO (2%, 5% and 8% m/m) and temperatures (25, 50 and 70 ºC). The carbonated products and the regenerated MEA solutions obtained after the combined process were evaluated from the morphological, thermogravimetric and physicochemical points of view. Based on the results presented, the combined process performed well under the studied conditions, with CaCO3 and MgCO3 conversion values above 50% at dosages at the highest temperature conditions. Furthermore, the regenerated MEA solutions presented properties and characteristics similar to the original solution. These results indicate the viability of the methodology, enabling its application and expansion to large-scale CO2 processing plants, associated with the valorization of the process with the generation of high-value-added co-products.
13	GLÓRIA LOUINE VITAL DA COSTA POLYMER MEMBRANES IN INTENSIFICATION OF BIODIESEL SEPARATION PROCESS Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DANIEL SILVEIRA LIRA KESIA KARINA DE OLIVEIRA SOUTO SILVA LIANA FRANCO PADILHA NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Aug 30, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Considering the alternative sources of biofuels available, biodiesel production has a prominent place in postmodern society. Industrially, transesterification is the most used reaction to obtain biodiesel, obtaining fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and glycerol, as products. Due to the presence of glycerol, additional purification processes are necessary, which cause an increase in costs and production time for the final purified biodiesel, in addition to generating large volumes of effluents. Thus, problems associated with conventional biodiesel purification methods resulted in the exploration of new technologies to carry out this stage of the production process. The application of membranes has attracted considerable attention, being a very promising area, for achieving highly qualified biodiesel. The process has high separation efficiency, is environmentally safe, requires little energy expenditure and is operationally simple and flexible. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the applicability of the separation process using polymeric membranes in biodiesel separation stage, through the assembly of a bench system, as well as the formulation of blends that simulate the composition of biodiesel and subsequent separation using membrane technology. The membrane was duly evaluated through hydraulic permeability and solute rejection tests, also being characterized regarding its morphology and hydrophobicity. The developed module was used in separation experiments using blends similar to the composition of biodiesel, making it possible to determine the separation efficiency of the membranes compared to blends of known components and concentration. The results obtained in separating the blends are satisfactory. However, the data is still incomplete. With the completion of the next stage and experimental planning, it will be possible to characterize in more detail, in addition to evaluating the influence of concentration and pressure on the separation of the blends. And finally, determine the feasibility of applying the membrane separation process in biodiesel.
14	MYLLENA KELY PEREIRA FERREIRA PHOTOCATALYTIC AND PHOTOELETROCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF Nb2O5-xAg AND POTENTIAL DEGRADATION OF REACTIVE DYE Advisor : JOSE HERIBERTO OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOSE HERIBERTO OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS JUSSARA CÂMARA CARDOZO PIERRE BASILIO ALMEIDA FECHINE Data: Aug 30, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Water contamination through the inappropriate release of dye residues can result in irreparable effects on human life and the environment. Especially synthetic dyes with azo groups, due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Conventional methods are ineffective in removing this pollutant. Alternatively, photocatalytic degradation using semiconductors is considered an ecological and economical alternative for the mineralization of dyes. Furthermore, photoelectrocatalysis also emerges as an alternative process that can be integrated into wastewater treatment, allowing the simultaneous generation of an alternative energy source, which is green hydrogen. Among semiconductors, niobium oxide stands out as the most available semiconductor in Brazil. Despite its numerous advantages, Nb2O5, the most thermodynamically stable state of the niobium-oxygen system, has a narrow light absorption range, being activated mainly under ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, this work aimed to prepare heterostructured niobium oxide semiconductors with silver nanoparticles (Ag) for photocatalytic application in the degradation of reactive blue dye 109 and photoelectrochemical studies for possible photoelectrocatalytic applications. Nb2O5 was obtained using Pechini's methodology and the heterostructures were obtained from the chemical reduction of the mineral salt, AgNO3, in different proportions, corresponding to the composites 21Nb2O5/Ag and 32Nb2O5/Ag. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, DRS UV-Vis and SEM. The photocatalytic tests were conducted using a lamp that simulates the solar spectrum and the degradation efficiency was investigated using UV-Vis. The orthorhombic crystalline structure of Nb2O5, as well as the formation of metallic Ag on its surface, was confirmed. Furthermore, the morphology revealed particles of irregular sizes and shapes, agglomerated and with an interconnected porous structure. After 120 minutes, 32Nb₂O₅/Ag demonstrated significantly superior photocatalytic performance than Nb2O5 with approximately 94% dye removal at a concentration of 5 mg L⁻¹, compared to only 9% achieved by Nb2O5. After this result, the influence of the dye concentration, the amount of catalyst and pH variation were also variables investigated. The photoelectrochemical responses were obtained by CV, LSV, chronoamperometry, EIS and Mott-Schottky curves, through the deposition of the materials on an ITO plate using the dip-coating method. The photocurrent results and charge transfer carrier efficiency of the heterostructures were superior to Nb2O5. These results suggest that decorations such as Ag nanoparticles made in Nb2O5 have expanded their use, becoming a promising material for photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic applications.
15	FÁBIO ANDRÉ MOURA NÓBREGA SYNTHESIS OF Mo2C AND NiC USING A FIXED BED REACTOR AND THEIR EXPRESS IMPREGNATION IN ACTIVATED CARBON Advisor : CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA MARIA JOSE SANTOS LIMA UILAME UMBELINO GOMES SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS Data: Sep 30, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The circular economy has been used as one of the main solutions for reducing environmental impacts. The reuse of waste produced in the most varied industrial activities can occur in several ways, one of which can be through hydrotreatment reactions (HDT) which are catalyzed by solids, generally metal oxides or sulfides normally supported on alumina, silica or activated carbon. In this context, the objective of this work is to synthesize catalysts capable of hydrogenating carbohydrates or hydrocarbons. Examples include the hydrogenation of Lactose, present in whey, a residue from cheese manufacturing, into Lactitol and the hydrogenation of glycerol, present in biodiesel, a residue from its manufacture, into propylene glycol. An express method was proposed to support these materials, in relation to the analytical method. The precursor to obtain Molybdenum Carbide [Mo2C] was Ammonium Heptamolybdate - Tetra hydrate [(NH4)6[Mo7O24].4H2O], and to obtain Nickel Carbide [NiC] two precursors were used: Nickel - Hexahydrate [Ni(NO3)2.6H2O] and Nickel Chloride - Hexahydrate [NiCl2.6H2O]. The precursors were characterized by TG/DTA, SEM/EDS and XRD. The carbides were obtained through a gas-solid reaction with an atmosphere of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) using a fixed bed reactor. A total gas mixture flow rate of 20L/h was used with 5% CH4 and a heating rate of 10°C/min, up to the reaction temperature (500 to 800°C). The presence of a Mo2C phase was noted in the carburization at 700°C (orthorhombic) and 750°C (hexagonal) in a 1h isotherm. The identification of the phase containing NiC (cubic) by the diffractograms was detected through a gas-solid reaction with an atmosphere of methane (CH4) and hydrogen (H2) at a temperature of 500°C in the presence of CAP and at 800°C in a 3h isotherm. BET analysis for the samples supported on CAP indicated a large surface area. The reaction products were characterized by XRD, SEM/EDS and BET. The synthesis of transition metal carbides, such as molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) and nickel carbide (NiC), has attracted great interest due to their unique catalytic properties. These materials have potential for diverse industrial applications, including methane reforming, fuel cells, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. The search for efficient and sustainable methods for producing these catalysts is an active field of research in chemical engineering. The NiC synthesis methodology is an innovation in scientific literature.
	Thesis
1	RAPHAEL LUCAS JACINTO ALMEIDA PRE-TREATMENTS APPLIED TO RED RICE STARCH FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NANOCRYSTALS FOR USE IN OIL/WATER (O/W) PICKERING EMULSIONS Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Feb 6, 2024 Show Abstract During the production of starch nanocrystals (SNC), pre-treatments can be a promising alternative to break starch granules and/or create pores and cracks, allowing better acid diffusion. These nanocrystals can be used to enhance Pickering emulsion stability. Thus, the present study evaluated the use of non-thermal, hydrothermal, and enzymatic pre-treatments on red rice starch for SNC production. Non-thermal pre-treatment (I) with pulsed electric field (PEF: 10 and 30 kV cm-1) on starch was employed, and its action was assessed when combined with α-amylase pre-treatment (II) (PEF+α). Hydrothermal pre-treatment (III) (autoclaving and cooking) on grains and starch was examined for its influence on drying kinetics, and both were subsequently combined with enzymatic hydrolysis using α-amylase (IV). A new route of enzymatic starch modification was evaluated after HPT treatment, using the α-amylase and amyloglucosidase enzymes in a semi-simultaneous manner (HSS), in comparison with the conventional technique, which is done consecutively (CH). Semi-simultaneous hydrolysis (HSS) strategy (V) was tested to optimize process time and reduce solvent quantity compared to consecutive hydrolysis (CH) with α-amylase and amylglucosidase, both with enzyme loading of 9 U mg-1. Results showed that both PEF and HPT reduced drying time by up to 180 min, with HPT achieving the highest yields (53.54%). The order of PEF application affected starch structural characteristics, with PEF30+α being more effective in reducing syneresis and retrogradation due to an 83.30% increase in the degree of digestion. HPT applied to starch was viable for modifying structure and enzymatic susceptibility with α-amylase, resulting in changes in granule geometry, breakdown of amylose and amylopectin molecules, reduced crystallinity, and the formation of amylose-lipid complexes. The HSS method (α-amylase and amyloglucosidase) was more effective, presenting a higher degree of digestion (80.08%) and optimized technological properties compared to native starch. Autoclave-based HPT (A3) allowed efficient SNC production in just 1 day of acid hydrolysis, significantly reducing process time. When applied in Pickering emulsions, SNCs (3%) effectively stabilized temperatures at 4, 25, and 40°C, with a maximum particle size of 180 µm, reduced to 138 µm without quercetin and 98 µm with quercetin (1%) on the 21st day. Although sulfuric acid hydrolysis is the most common method for SNC production due to its low cost, there is a need to improve the process through further research, as low yield and long production times hinder progress. Exploring new routes to modify native starch is important, focusing on environmentally friendly techniques, where combined thermal and non-thermal methods offer the advantage of altering starch structure while minimizing the use of toxic reagents. These emerging methods should be applied to assess Pickering emulsion stabilization, which can be viable by enhancing interfacial interactions.
2	RAYANNE MACÊDO ARANHA VIEGAS Organophilic clays applied to the removal of carbamazepine for the remediation of groundwater contaminated Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON CAVALCANTI DA SILVA FILHO ITALLA MEDEIROS BEZERRA JOSY ANTEVELI OSAJIMA FURTINI OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO VIVIAN MARIA DE ARRUDA MAGALHÃES Data: Feb 26, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In recent years there has been growing concern about the contamination of water by emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a psychotropic drug widely used throughout the world and has been frequently detected in water bodies, including groundwater. Organoclays have been used as efficient adsorbents for pharmaceutical pollutants. In this study, four types of organoclays were prepared from the modification of national bentonite clay with two cationic surfactants: hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (ODTMA). The synthesized materials were extensively characterized. X-ray diffraction analyzes showed that the basal spacing of organoclays varied from 1.54 to 2.93 nm, suggesting the intercalation of organic cations in the interlayer space of montmorillonite. Initially, the synthesized clays were evaluated as adsorbents for the sorption of CBZ through batch equilibrium experiments, under variation of the pH, contact time, dosage of adsorbent, and initial drug concentration. pH variation showed no adsorption influence. CBZ sorption by the organoclays followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. The best sorption performance was obtained for the BCN1-HDTMA100 clay, with a capacity of 34.34 ± 1.41 mg/g, about ten times greater than the unmodified bentonite under the same conditions. This may be attributed to the higher surfactant content. The adsorption isotherm at 25 ºC showed linear behavior. FTIR and TG analyzes on organoclay-CBZ hybrids confirmed the incorporation of the drug. Hydrophobic interaction was the dominant contribution evaluated to the adsorption of CBZ. Furthermore, toxicity tests were carried out on organoclays and the medium in the presence of CBZ before and after treatment. This is a novelty report. Most of the organoclays had no toxicity against Artemia salina. The toxicity of the medium after adsorptive treatment was eliminated. After batch study, two synthesized organoclays (BCN1-HDTMA100 and BCN1-ODTMA100) were selected for the study of continuous adsorption of CBZ through tests in a fixed bed column filled with a mixture of sand and organoclay aiming at application as a medium reactive Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) for groundwater remediation. At this stage, the performance of the synthesized clays was compared to that of a commercial organoclay, Spectrogel Type C. The adsorption performance was evaluated using breakthrough curves. The effects of the initial drug concentration, quantity and type of clay in the fixed bed were evaluated. In general, the synthesized clays performed better than Spectrogel Type C. The lower adsorption capacity of CBZ by commercial clay may be associated with effects related to the packing density of organic cations in the interlayer space. Under the conditions of 1.0g of clay in the bed, 95 mg/L of initial CBZ concentration and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, the clays BCN1-HDTMA100 and BCN1-ODTMA100 presented breakthrough times of 505 and 525 min and adsorption capacities of 46.652 and 50.139 mg/g, respectively. Therefore, organoclays have demonstrated promising potential for use in groundwater remediation applications.
3	LUIZ EDUARDO PEREIRA SANTIAGO Desulfurization of fuel by extraction using microdevices Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA ELEDIR VITOR SOBRINHO JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Mar 8, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Conventional methods for removing sulfur compounds perform poorly especially when treating aromatic compounds. Current studies have directed efforts to investigate extractive desulfurization (EDS) using microdevices. Microdevices are units with micrometer-sized channels that enhance mass and heat transfer phenomena. For EDS in microdevices to be viable, it is essential to choose the appropriate extractor solvent used. Among the possibilities, an excellent candidate is polyethylene glycol (PEG). The present work aims to analyze the use of PEG 300 and PEG 400 in the removal of dibenzothiophene. The identification of flow patterns was carried out using digital image colorimetry, making it possible to estimate the specific interfacial area and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The experiments followed na experimental logic that allowed extracting insights into deep desulfurization. In addition, the mass transfer phenomena involved and the application of the best experimental conditions in a real diesel sample were evaluated. The results obtained with model fuel were able to achieve 99.36% DBT removal with 1.0 minute residence time, 1:1 volumetric ratio, and three extraction cycles. Furthermore, applying the best experimental conditions to diesel, the total sulfur concentration decreased from 1646 to 312 ppm, resulting in an extractive efficiency of 81.04%.
4	KESLEI ROSENDO DA ROCHA Modifications to post-marketed polyurethane foams for sorption of oils spilled in seawater Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO ANDRE ANDERSON COSTA PEREIRA GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Mar 14, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The exploration, transportation, and refining of oil are fundamental to the global economy. Occasionally, oil spills in the ocean are reported. Rapid containment and remediation are essential to prevent oil from being carried to the coasts by wind and wave action. The methods currently used to remove oils in water are not free of flaws, and because of that, constant research to develop alternative methods is necessary. In this context, this work proposed the use of post-consumer polyurethane foams to recover oils spilled in seawater. Surface modifications were carried out to increase the selectivity of foams for oils and resulted in increases up to 611% and 991% for modifications with MoS2 and ZnO in systems with S46 lubricating oil and 20W40 engine oil, respectively. These results show the success of hydrophobization and lipophilicity added to the foams through the modifications made. The reuse and resistance to mechanical compression tests showed that even after 10 sorption/desorption cycles, the foams kept their oil recovery capacity without a statistically significant difference. This result demonstrates the economic potential of modified foams thanks to their high reusability capacity. Kinetic studies on seawater-oil systems showed that the saturation speed depends on the viscosity of the oil, but that the foam pores are saturated with fluids practically instantly and reach equilibrium in less than 40 seconds of exposure. The pseudo-second-order (Ho and McKay) and logistic (Richards and Verhulst) kinetic models were those (among all kinetics models studied) that most adequately described the behavior of the experimental data in all cases, presenting high coefficients of determination (R² > 0.97) and low sums of squared residuals. In continuous sorption, the modifications favored oil selectivity, but the vacuum pumping operating mode was the most relevant factor, reaching selectivity up to 90% for the spilled oil instead of seawater. After use in oil recovery, post-commercialized foams impregnated with oils can be used for co-processing in clinker kilns. In this way, part of the energy required for cement production is obtained by processing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF).
5	WILDSON URSULINO LEITE Solar Thermal Energy for Desalination Purposes: Researchand Development of Solar Distillers Applied to the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region. Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE ANDERSON COSTA PEREIRA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MAYARA FELICIANO GOMES RAFFAEL ANDRADE COSTA DE MELO Data: May 20, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In this study, a solar desalination model was developed and tested aiming to meet the demands for drinking water for human consumption in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Understanding the models of solar incidence in the real system and the possibility of increasing radiation collection in the desalination basins through equipmentdesign, a preliminary computational study was conducted to define the best architecturefor the test site conditions. Seeking to maintain basic premises so that the solar desalinatorcan become a viable technology for decentralized communities in the Brazilian semi-aridregion, the project favored the simplicity of design and the careful choice of cheap,accessible, chemically safe, and environmentally friendly construction materials. Theproposed construction methodology aims to scale these systems in a simple way, usingthe same modular construction platform, using precast lightweight expanded polystyreneconcrete parts. Tests using black paint as a photocollector element resulted inaccumulated productions reaching 4.38 kg/m2/day, surpassing the reference systemproduction by 72.1%. With only 4% of commercial activated carbon as a photocollectorelement, distilled water production reached 3.35 kg/m2/day, exceeding the referenceproduction by 74.4%, with an average salt removal of 99.4%. Another advantageousfeature is the possibility of semi-batch operation without interference in distilled waterproduction, greatly reducing costs with feed control systems and brine outlet, forexample. Due to its unique characteristics, the modular solar desalinator has demonstratedpotential to become an alternative and effective social technology in mitigating the effectsof drought in the Brazilian semi-arid region.
6	DAYENE NUNES RIBEIRO Encapsulation of ascorbic acid and bioactive compounds from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) pulp by spray drying and emulsion techniques using chitosan and whey protein as carriers: comparative study of the encapsulation efficiency, final product characteristics and in vitro gastrointestinal release Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI THAIS SOUZA PASSOS FLÁVIO LUIZ HONORATO DA SILVA FÁBIO GONÇALVES MACÊDO DE MEDEIROS Data: Jun 27, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC) fruit has carotenoids and phenolic compounds, besides high ascorbic acid content, which is higher than most of the fruits known so far. However, several acerola bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins and ascorbic acid are easily degraded by oxygen and light, among other factors. Thus, in order to maximize the use of acerola fruits, efficient and rational technological strategies are necessary to ensure the preservation of ascorbic acid and other bioactive compounds and their use in stable food ingredients. In fact, it has been demonstrated that sensitive phytochemicals may have greater stability when encapsulated. Therefore, the use of different encapsulation techniques and the combination of drying carriers have been tested to efficiently protect different bioactive materials. In addition, another challenge for the successful development of phytochemical-rich capsules is the maintenance of their bioavailability. Consequently, it is necessary to determine the bioactive compounds stability in the gastrointestinal tract during digestion and the nutrient absorption. In this context, the objective of this doctorate project is to evaluate the encapsulation of acerola pulp by spray drying and emulsion methods, using chitosan and whey protein as carriers, either combined or alone. The comparative study will clarify the advantages and potential of each technique with respect to drying/encapsulation efficiency, the final product characteristics, as well as the release of bioactive compounds, with emphasis on ascorbic acid, in the gastrointestinal system using in vitro techniques. This research intends to develop efficient techniques for the production of acerola-based functional ingredients, a tropical fruit with great economic value and abundantly produced in Brazil.
7	GISLANE PINHO DE OLIVEIRA Bioenergy generation with intrinsic CO2 capture via iG-GCL process in a continuous pilot plant Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA JOSÉ LUIZ FRANCISCO ALVES MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO IÑAKI ADÁNEZ-RUBIO JUAN ADÁNEZ ELORZA Data: Jul 15, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The continuous increase in CO2 emissions and its effect on global warming imposes the need for collaborative actions between scientists and government to implement strategies aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. Among these strategies, carbon capture and storage technologies stand out that, especially when associated with the use of biofuels, as they can achieve a negative balance of CO2 emissions. Chemical looping (CL) is recognized as an energy-efficient approach to capture and store CO2 and has high technological maturity. In these processes, the search for low-cost solid oxygen carriers (OC) is motivated by the loss of OC incurred when solid biofuels are employed. In this context, this study aims to select, characterize and evaluate the energy potential of different biomasses and the reactivity of low-cost mineral materials as solid oxygen carriers for application in chemical looping combustion process with gasification in situ (iG-CLC) in pilot plant with continuous power supply with a technology readiness level (TRL) 4. The biomasses were characterized by proximate, ultimate, thermogravimetric analysis, analytical flash pyrolysis and determination of calorific value. The OCs were characterized using X-ray diffraction and fluorescence techniques, scanning electron microscopy, determination of crushing strength, and attrition rate. Their reactivities with CH4, H2 and CO were evaluated in thermobalance performing redox cycles at 900 °C and in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor (FBR) at 850, 900 and 950 °C. The reactivity during iG-CLC process of the selected OC was evaluated in FBR at 900°C feeding char of the selected biomass; and in a 0.5 kWh pilot plant with continuous biomass feed. The selected biomass showed high calorific value (18 MJ/kg), high volatile + fixed carbon content (67%) and ashes with high K and Ca content, which can catalyze gasification reactions. All OCs showed low friction rate and good crushing strength, except for Mn, which is why it was submitted to calcination. The OCs Fe2, Fe3 and MnT1000 (Mn calcined at 1000 °C) demonstrated favorable attributes such as adequate crushing strength (>1 N), minimum attrition rate (<7%), good oxygen transport capacity (3.3%, 1.7% and 3.4%, respectively) and high reactivity in thermobalance. They also showed excellent performance in FBR with CO and H2, without agglomeration, good reoxidation rate and lifetime ranging from 3000h to 10500 hours. Notably, due to the excellent performance of the MnT1000 with CO and H2, it is a promising candidate for application in the iG-CLC process. The iG-CLC tests in FBR indicates that an oxygen-to-biomass ratio greater than 30 promotes complete combustion of the gasification products, while lower values promote incomplete combustion. The iG-CLC tests in a continuous pilot plant indicate that an increase of the temperature of the fuel reactor or a decrease in the oxygen-biomass ratio increases the CO2 capture efficiency (>87%) and the combustion efficiency (>85%) while the excess oxygen has little influence on the process. The MnT1000 stood out as an oxygen carrier, did not suffer agglomeration in any of the tests, presented high performance, high reactivity, resistance, is environmentally friendly and low-cost.
8	MARCELO DA SILVA PEDRO Synthesis of Lignin Nanoparticles from Sugarcane Bagasse for Application in Stabilization of Water/Water Pickering Emulsions and Bioactives Encapsulation Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS DANIEL SILVEIRA LIRA Data: Jul 30, 2024 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet and one of the main components of the plant cell wall, along with cellulose and hemicellulose. Lignocellulosic biomass consists of 18% to 35% lignin. For example, sugarcane bagasse contains an average of 23% lignin. This biopolymer is produced in large quantities as a by-product of lignocellulosic biorefineries and the pulp and paper industry. However, only 5% of the 50 to 70 million tons of industrial lignin produced annually are utilized in value-added products. Consequently, numerous studies have explored lignin's applications in various fields, including drug delivery systems, catalysis, and the encapsulation of sensitive nutrients. Notably, the production of lignin nanoparticles has shown promising results in stabilizing Pickering oil/water (O/W) and water/oil (W/O) emulsions, including for encapsulating bioactives. Pickering O/W and W/O emulsions have limitations, especially in probiotic encapsulation, low-calorie food production, and drug formulation with hydrophilic properties. Conversely, Pickering water/water (A/W) emulsions can mimic biological environments, with stability ensured by nanoparticles adsorbing at liquid-liquid interfaces. This study investigated using lignin from sugarcane bagasse, a cheap, non-toxic, and biodegradable polymer, as a source of nanoparticles for stabilizing Pickering O/W emulsions for quercetin encapsulation and Pickering A/W emulsions formed from maltodextrin (MD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Nanoparticles were prepared from alkaline lignin and oxidized alkaline lignin. The nanoparticles differed in size, with oxidized alkaline lignin nanoparticles (NPLOs) being smaller (327.8 nm) than alkaline lignin nanoparticles (NPLs) (689.8 nm). NPLs and NPLOs were used for quercetin encapsulation using the Pickering O/W emulsion template. The encapsulation results were promising, showing quercetin tended to become trapped in the oil phase droplets in the presence of lignin nanoparticles, giving the upper phase of the test tube a yellowish color. At pH levels below 3, both types of nanoparticles agglomerated and formed a layer in the upper phase. The stability of Pickering A/W emulsions formed from MD and PEG was evaluated with NPLs and NPLOs at different concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 1%, w/w). Systems with NPLOs exhibited better emulsification rates and smaller droplet sizes than those with NPLs. The most promising stabilization results for the MD/PEG 6000 system were obtained at a concentration of 1% w/w of NPLOs, achieving an emulsification index of up to 63% even after two weeks. These results suggest lignin's great potential as a source of nanoparticles for bioactive encapsulation and position this biopolymer as a potential candidate for advanced studies of Pickering W/W emulsions.
9	ELAYNE ANDRADE ARAÚJO Assessment of Damage to Porous Media resulting from Reinjection of Produced Water Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS ADRIANO DOS SANTOS KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS EDVALDO SABADINI MARCIO DA SILVEIRA CARVALHO PEDRO TUPÃ PANDAVA AUM Data: Aug 16, 2024 Show Abstract Waterflooding is a widely used technique in oil recovery, and as such, there has been growing interest in using produced water as an injection fluid. Many studies have reported a reduction in permeability due to the retention of emulsified oil droplets during the reinjection of produced water. However, the formation damage mechanisms of oil-in-water emulsions, are not yet fully understood. Therefore, this work has as objective investigate the stability of these emulsions and propose a new approach to evaluate the impact of each component on the reduction of rock permeability. Emulsions were prepared by varying the surfactant concentration (0.0025 to 0.0100 wt%), stirring speed (9,000 to 21,000 rpm) and oil concentration (0.0050 to 0.0500 wt%). Subsequently, coreflooding tests were conducted on Berea sandstone samples with different permeabilities and emulsions with different volumetric oil concentrations, evaluating the permeability loss in three stages. Emulsions with interfacial tensions over 10.582 mN/m remained stable and unimodal throughout the analyzed period. Coreflooding tests showed that brine injection resulted in a permeability reduction of 7% to 20% in rocks with approximate permeabilities of 20mD and 120 mD, respectively. In sequence, the injection of surfactant showed a permeability decrease ranging from 30% to 40% in the first section. Tests with emulsions containing oil concentration of 0.05 wt% and 0.01 wt% caused a reduction to around 65% of the equivalent permeability in low-permeability rocks. Damage arising from the retention of oil droplets was more significant in all scenarios studied, especially in low-permeability rocks. The results indicated that all components present in the emulsion contributed to the reduction of rock permeability, highlighting the importance of considering them when incorporating them into mathematicalmodels to predict injectivity loss.

2023

	Dissertations
1	THAINE TAUMATURGO CAMINHA FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSIONS TO BE APPLIED AS FLUSHING FLUID IN OIL WELL CLEANING Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON DE ANDRADE ARAÚJO FABÍOLA DIAS DA SILVA CURBELO JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Feb 9, 2023 Show Abstract Flushing fluid are fluids used during the well drilling process, which perform the function of cleaning the walls of the well, removing the plaster formed and ensuring that the next stage of cemeting is successful. Flushing fluids can be made up of water or oil, surfactants and dispersants, being able to thin and remove the drilling fluid. In this context, the use of vegetable oils in the composition of flushing fluid and the use of biodegradable surfactantes are important for formulations developed ecologically correct. Thus, this study aims to develop microemulsions which act as potential flushing fluid, to be used for cleaning and inversion wettability of wells, before an operation of cementing oil wells. Two diferente microemulsion systems were prepared using nonionic surfactante, the first one using bio oil as vegetable oil and the second using castor oil. Removal tests, termal stability, rheology, inversion of wettability and compatibility tests were realized to verify the efficiency of the flushing fluids formulated for future application in the oil industry. According to the removal test, using bio oil as vegetable oil, the microemulsions were able to removed completely the drilling fluid in up to 3 minutes (time less than 10 minutes of the test). However, meantime through reversing wettability tests, the sample wasn’t efficient. Castor oil based microemulsions were able to removed the drilling fluid, the removal was greater than 75% in all samples, ans they are all stable in the temperature gradient of the well and they are newtonian fluid. In addition, the system formulated using NP100, water/glycerin and castor oil diluted in a 1:1 showed satisfactory compatibility with drilling fluid.
2	ILA GABRIELE DINIZ DIAS DE AZEVEDO PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RHODAMINE B USING COPPER AND NICKEL FERRITS SYNTHESISTED BY THE COMBINED COMPLEXATION METHOD EDTA-CITRATE Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Feb 23, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract World pollution has increased more and more due to industrial expansion andconsequently global growth. The aquatic environment is one of the most affected, withmany different types of pollutants being found, which cause pH and temperaturevariation, increased chemical oxygen demand and reduced biochemical oxygen demand.Dyes, make up the class of these pollutants, having an organic nature and resistance toconventional treatments, requiring the application of more effective processes such asAdvanced Oxidative Processes (AOP's). AOP's cover a wide range of processes, amongwhich are methods that use semiconductor catalysts to promote the generation ofhydroxyl radicals (HO•), and these catalysts can be of different natures, and amongthem, ferrites. Ferrites, with general formula, MFe2O4, are chemically andmechanically stable magnetic materials, where M represents cations of bivalent metalsand can be represented by a mixture of them in order to improve the properties of thematerials. From this, the present master's thesis qualification aims at the use of mixedcopper and nickel ferrites (NixCu1-xFe2O4), in different proportions (x = 0; 0.2; 0.8and 1), to degrade photocatalytically the dye Rhodamine B, simulating an industrialeffluent containing dye, in order to verify which material is more effective in thedegradation. Where, the mixed copper and nickel ferrites were synthesized by thecombined EDTA-Citrate complexation method, according to the methodologydeveloped by Rodrigues (2020), calcined at 700 °C for 240 minutes, later the sampleswere characterized by XRD, Ritveld refinement, SEM-FEG, TG, FT-IR and ERD UV-Vis. Afterwards, a series of tests were developed to define the most efficient approachto degradation of the Rhodamine B dye, namely: self-degradation, photolysis andphotocatalysis, where photocatalytic degradations showed better results. Finally, reaction parameters such as pH and catalyst load were changed in order to find theoptimal reaction conditions, which were achieved for a catalyst load of 0.62 g/L, pH =10 and dye concentration of 10 ppm. Finally, the samples containing the highest coppercontent, CuFe2O4 and Ni0,2Cu0,8Fe2O4, obtained the best degradation results withapproximately 60% removal of the Rhodamine B dye.
3	THAÍS BEZERRA VERÍSSIMO MIGUEL Development of biodegradable films from jackfruit starch (Artocarpus heterophillus Lam.) adding acerola residue (Malphigia ermaginata) Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR LUCIANA DE SIQUEIRA OLIVEIRA Data: Feb 27, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The environmental impact generated by the continuous use of inert material, originating exclusively from petroleum derivatives, has favored the increase in research aimed at the development of biodegradable films, as they have been investigated as promising strictures due to their safety, versatility of use and obtainment. In addition, as a primary packaging, these films can increase the shelf life of food, play active roles, regulate oxygen exchange rates, moisture, improve sensory qualities, can play nutrient support roles, preserve bioactives, raising their quality and service life. The demand for new starch sources has been growing making the productive sector look for new Technologies, as well as natural starches with differentiated physicochemical characteristics. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize biodegradable active films from jackfruit seed starch (Artocapus heterophillus Lam), incorporated from acerola powder (Malphigia ermaginata) prepared by casting processes. In casting films, filmogenics solutions were prepared in fixed concentrations of jackfruit seed starch (4%), acerola power (0.5 and 1%) and glycerol (2%). One important step of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical, structural and morphological. Initially, the physical-chemical, structural and morphological characteristics of the jackfruit seed starch were evaluated. Subsequently, after drying in an oven and lyophilization, the acerola residue was used in the preparation of biodegradable films, comparing their active performance through the analysis of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. In addition, they were characterized in terms of water vapor permeability, solubility, humidity, thickness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained showed that the films had a reasonable thickness ranging from 0.083 to 0.136 mm, high solubility (76.7% to 90.9%), low permeability to water vapor, the XRD showed starch as type A. In the analysis of bioactive compounds it was proved that it has an active function and that the way in which the acerola residue was dehydrated contributed to the results shown, phenolic compounds varied from 156.9 to 320.9 mg GAE/100 g, the antioxidant activities ranged (DPPH) 2830 to 3463 μmol TE/g and (ABTS) 48.6 to 66.28 µmol Trolox/g ABTS. For all these reasons, the formulation of films based on jackfruit seed starch showed potential in manufacturing, with barrier and bioactive properties.
4	WILZA KIMILLY VITAL DE PAIVA SURFACTIN PRODUCTION BY Bacillus subtilis UFPEDA 438 FROM SUGARCANE MOLASSES AND EVALUATION OF ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES INCLUDING IN SILICO AGAINST SARS-CoV-2 Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : LETÍCIA DOBLER CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA CRISTIANE FERNANDES DE ASSIS EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR Data: Feb 28, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Lipopeptides are biosurfactants, substances with a high surfactant potential where each family corresponds to a group of isoforms that differs in the peptide's composition, the length of the lipid chain and the connection between them. Among them, fengycin, iturine and surfactin, lipopeptides with high surfactant and antibiotic potential, stand out. As a lipopeptide, surfactin is a set of isoforms, biosynthesized or engineered, where the relationship between their structures and properties helps choose and direct the product to the final application, that can range from the surface cleaning and disinfection industry to crude oil recovery, in addition to being the subject of studies in medical and pharmacological applications. In the context of COVID-19, the present study aims to produce surfactin and iturin through the cultivation of Bacillus subtilis UFPEDA 438, using sugarcane molasses as a substrate, as well as to evaluate his biological activity in vitro, including his antiviral potential through in silico analysis of the extract produced, against the 4 main target proteins of SARS-CoV 2. The results showed that 8 isoforms of surfactin and 2 of iturin were present in the samples, obtaining a maximum productivity of 148.548 ± 4.672 mg/L of surfactin. The extracts produced in both steps showed satisfactory levels and emulsification activities and promoted a reduction in the surface tension of water by up to 55.24%. Against free radicals (ROS), the samples also managed to block about 41.95% of them. Regarding the in silico evaluation, the greatest interaction of the studied biosurfactants was with the Spyke protein, which is crucial for the binding of the virus with the host human cell.
5	JOEMIL OLIVEIRA DE DEUS JUNIOR DEVELOPMENT OF BIOSORBENT PARTICLES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRODUCED WATER IN A COMBINED ADSORPTION/FLOTATION SYSTEM Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA KARINE FONSECA SOARES DE OLIVEIRA TIAGO ROBERTO DA COSTA Data: Mar 1, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Produced water management is a concern in the oil industry due to the toxicity of the effluent and its immense produced volume, so the optimization of contaminant removal techniques, such as adsorption and flotation, is necessary to keep the process sustainable and unexpensive. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop eco-friendly and low-cost bioadsorbent composites to remove contaminants from produced water through the combination of adsorption and flotation techniques. The composite was produced from a mixture of chitosan, biochar and bentonite via wet-spinning and characterized by immediate analysis, Boehm titration, zeta potential, pH at zero charge point, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A mix design was carried out to optimize the composition of the bioadsorbent, evaluating its percentage of removal of Cu (II) ions. The adsorption tests were carried out in a finite bath using single and multielement solutions of copper, lead and cadmium. While the flotation tests were carried out through a system using dissolved air in a column (flotatest), with feeding of monoelementary copper solution in batches. The morphological and superficial characterization of the material evidenced the presence of organic functional groups and pores that can become adsorption sites for contaminants such as heavy metals. The adsorption tests in systems with only one metallic species obtained a removal percentage above 90% for cadmium, lead and copper. However, in multielementary system, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions showed a reduction in the maximum removal percentages, with lead adsorbed more efficiently (above 80%), followed by copper (above 40%) and, finally, cadmium with less than 20% removal. Therefore, it can be stated that the composite developed has the potential to remove heavy metals, which are some of the highly toxic contaminants present in produced water.
6	HELLOCKSTON GOMES DE BRITO Application of different pretreatment strategies to convert green coconut fiber into cellulosic ethanol Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Jul 4, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Large volumes of green coconut husk residues are generated from the exploration of the fruit. Thus, arousing interest in the use of this lignocellulosic material as a raw material for the production of biofuels. Therefore, the present study evaluates the influence of different pre-treatments, aiming at using coconut fiber to obtain cellulosic ethanol, being: sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 1% (v/v)) and steam explosion, as well as their combination (combined pre-treatments) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 1 and 4% (m/v)) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 3 and 6% (m/v)). Were also evaluated separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and semi-simultaneous saccharification, and fermentation (SSSF) strategies using the enzyme cocktail Cellic CTec2 and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2). The evaluation of the pre-treatments was carried out based on the analysis of the chemical composition of the materials, using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (DRX) for the crystallinity index. HPLC was also used to evaluate the sugars during the hydrolysis and fermentation processes. The results of the composition of materials and conversion of sugars applied in the tests indicated that the acid sulfuric pretreatment followed by NaOH (4.0% m/v) (ACN4) and the pretreatment with a steam explosion followed by NaOH (4.0% m /v) (EXPN4) were the best, since the 4% concentration of hydroxide provided higher levels of delignification, facilitating the enzymatic attack during the hydrolysis step. It is noteworthy that practically all the hemicellulose was hydrolyzed in the acid pre-treatment, thus, a significant concentration of xylose (10.5 g/L) was recorded in its liquid fraction, which was higher than that of the steam explosion (2.53 g/L). The use of sulfuric acid pre-treatments and steam explosion were effective to remove the hemicellulose present in the coconut fiber, but the enzymatic digestibility values of the combined pre-treated materials were low (cellulosic conversion less than 50%). In this case, a glucose production of 15.59 ±0.63 g/L was obtained for ACN4 and 13.28 ±0.75 g/L for EXPN4. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzymatic cocktail Cellic CTec2 was used in different enzymatic loads, with the best results obtained for the load of 10.0 FPU/g for using the ACN4 pre-treatment and 15.0 FPU/g for the EXPN4 pretreatment, with cellulosic conversions 48.68 ± 1.98% and 50.24 ± 2.87%, glucose content 15.59 ± 0.63 g/L and 13.28 ± 0.75 g/L, for the ACN4 and EXPN4 assays, respectively. Regarding the fermentation strategies that were carried out varying the solid load, between 5% and 15% (m/v), the SSSF strategy, when using the acid-alkaline pre-treatment with NaOH (4.0% m/v), showed a better result compared to SSF, with a cellulosic ethanol yield of 46.67% and 18.37±0.91 g/L of ethanol. HFS, on the other hand, did not show results. For all these reasons, green coconut fiber proved to be suitable to be used to obtain second-generation ethanol (2G).
7	RAINY ALVES DE SOUSA Electrochemistry as a sustainable method for simultaneous production of green hydrogen and carboxylic acids Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS JOÃO MILLER DE MELO HENRIQUE JUSSARA CÂMARA CARDOZO Data: Jul 21, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The present work aimed to apply an electrochemical technology, in order to, evaluate and analyze the efficiency on the degradation from model organic compound toward to carboxylic acids, as well as the simultaneous production of H2(g) in different electric current densities (15, 30 and 45mA/cm²) and for three different configurations on the electrochemical reactor. In first step, a three-compartment flow reactor in series mode was designed and fabricated, combining the electrocatalytic properties of two non-active anodes (PbO2-F and BDD) and a stainless-steel mesh cathode separated by two Nafion 350® membranes. Moreover, a mathematical model was developed to represent the reactor, as well as the reactions involved in the electrochemical process. The dye methyl orange (MO) was chosen as a model pollutant because it is a monoazo substance with a dark orange color and soluble in water, commonly used by the textile industries. The MO degradation process was monitored by absorption spectroscopy in the UV-vis region, Electroanalysis and FTIR. Meanwhilw, the quantification of carboxylic acids production, Ion Chromatography was performed. The results showed that the reactor used in the present work presented excellent results for the degradation of the organic compound, reaching 100% color removal after 60 minutes of electrolysis for all conditions studied. The FTIR data showed that there was degradation of the dye, mainly because we did not observe the peak presence corresponding to the binding of azo group at 1422 cm -1. Under the same conditions for degradation, a simultaneous production of green H2 of approximately 0.8 L was achieved. The carboxylic acids production was monitored over time for the different conditions tested, and it was observed that there was a selective production of malonic acid, the which opens up the possibility of future studies for the application of electro-refinery concept using these residues. The model showed good adherence to the experimental data, confirming that it can describe and predicting production under different operating conditions.
8	JOYCE AZEVEDO BEZERRA DE SOUZA Phenol removal in water samples via zero iron-activated persulfate supported on biochar Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO RAONI BATISTA DOS ANJOS RENATA MARTINS BRAGA VIVIAN MARIA DE ARRUDA MAGALHÃES Data: Jul 24, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Modernization, rapid population growth, and increased production of inputs are triggering the generation of substantial volumes of industrial effluents. This escalating global issue poses a serious threat as it can contaminate water, soil, and air. The oil industry stands as the primary source of water contamination, both through its products and by-products, harboring numerous contaminants with toxicological, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. Such pollutants not only jeopardize the quality of the environment but also have adverse effects on human, animal, and plant health. Phenol, a prominent pollutant associated with this industry, is found in effluents such as petroleum-derived water and refinery by-products. Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP) involving the use of sodium persulfate (PS) as an oxidant and a combination of zero valence iron (ZVI) supported on biochar (BC) have been widely employed for treating water contaminated with phenol. Therefore, this study aimed to utilize Persulfate-Activated Oxidation (POA) using sodium persulfate (PS) as an oxidant and a combination of zero valence iron (ZVI) supported on biochar (BC) for treating phenol-contaminated water. The biochar was derived from the pyrolysis of Calotropis procera fruit peels at a temperature of 300 °C for 1 hour, with a heating rate of 10 °C .min-1. The ZVI, on the other hand, was obtained through a chemical reduction method. The BC, ZVI, and BC-supported ZVI (BC/ZVI) were morphologically characterized using techniques such as XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, BET, zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, and polydispersion index determination. For the experimental setup, a design was implemented in which the key variables were the oxidant concentration ([PS] = 1 to 9 mM) and BC/ZVI ratio ([BC/ZVI] = 1 to 5 g. L-1). Subsequently, process optimization was conducted by examining the oxidant concentration ([PS] = 5 to 13 mM), activator concentration ([BC/ZVI] = 3 to 7 g. L-1), and pH range (3.0 to 11.0). Furthermore, a comparison was made between the activating agent and commercial Fe0 to assess their effectiveness in the proposed AOP. The material characterization results revealed that the synthesized biochar shared similarities with previous works in the literature, featuring a carbonaceous structure with porous regions and various oxygenated groups on its surface. The synthesized ZVI exhibited structures designed to facilitate the availability of ZVI particles for oxidation. The oxidative treatment results indicated that the proposed PS/BC/ZVI system was efficient in phenol degradation, yielding satisfactory phenol removal rates. Through process optimization, the best conditions were achieved in test 4, with optimal parameters of [PS] = 13 mM, [BC/ZVI] = 7 g. L-1, and pH = 3.0, resulting in a maximum removal rate of 89.12%. The degradation of phenol using PS activated with BC/ZVI, as observed in this study, demonstrates its effectiveness in treating effluents and reducing toxicity levels in cases of water body contamination without proper treatment.
9	HORTÊNCIA NATHÂNIA SILVA CÂMARA Vapor-liquid equilibrium data evaluation for systems of interest in the biodiesel production Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO RAFAEL BARBOSA RIOS Data: Jul 28, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In an attempt to mitigate the environmental impacts arising from the burning of fossil fuels, many studies have sought to make biodiesel production even more feasible, since it is a renewable, biodegradable fuel that has a lower content of polluting compounds. In this sense, this work focuses on the description the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of three systems that are of interest to the biodiesel industry. The following systems were studied: ethanol (1) and oleic acid (2) at isobaric data at 760 mmHg, isothermal at 318.15 K and activity coefficient at infinite dilution; n-hexane (1) and cottonseed oil (2) with isobaric data at 310 mmHg; ethanol (1) and soybean oil (2) with isobaric data at 760 and 600 mmHg. A thermodynamic modeling was carried out with the ideal (Raoult's Law), UNIQUAC correlation and UNIFAC prediction approaches. The vapor pressure data of the pure substances were extracted from the literature. The relative mean deviations of the fitted Antoine's constants for ethanol, oleic acid, n-hexane, cottonseed oil, and soybean oil were 0.34%, 3.30%, 0.55%, 5.00% and 2.53%, respectively. The activity coefficient at infinite dilution values and the VLE binary data for the ethanol and oleic acid system were extracted from the literature. For the other systems, binary data were obtained in a modified Othmer ebulliometer from a previous study in our laboratory (FOTEQ). The correlation study with the UNIQUAC model described with quality the behavior of all systems under the conditions of interest. This indicates that the obtained binary parameters can be used in process simulation studies, as well as in equipment sizing projects, such as distillation columns. The predictive study carried out with the UNIFAC model showed accurate descriptions as UNIQUAC model. Furthermore, for all systems, a deviation from ideality was observed, which reiterates the indispensability of using an activity coefficient model, such as UNIQUAC.
10	BEATRIZ MENEGHETTI COSTA DE ARAÚJO VALUE OF GREEN COCONUT FIBER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SECOND-GENERATION LIGNOSULFONATE AND ETHANOL Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO Data: Aug 7, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The green coconout cultivation is present in several states of Brazil. Despite the variety of products derived from coconut, approximately 80-85% becomes waste, when improperly disposed, causes environmental problems, but which has great potential for use as lignocellulosic biomass, composed, mainly, of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. By being pre-treated to remove lignin (delignify) from the cellulosic matrix, the biomass has your recalcitrance reduced, allowing the access of cellulolytic enzymes to the polysaccharides of interest, which will be converted into fermentable sugars, then into second-generation ethanol. It is highlighted that the removal of lignin in the pre-treatment is not total, and may cause a non-productive adsorption in the enzymes used in hydrolysis, reducing their access to the polysaccharides, and decreasing the cellulosic conversion into sugars. Surfactants addition is an alternative that promote conformational stability and stabilize the electrostatic forces of repulsion between the enzyme and the lignin. In this context, the present study evaluated ethanol production and surfactant lignosulfonate (LS) production. The sugar production in enzymatic hydrolysis was studied by varying the biomass concentration and the enzymatic load, after pre-treatments with 2.0% sodium hydroxide (m/v) (test D) and combined (steam explosion at 210ºC, 10 minutes and 20 bar, followed by treatment with 2.0% sodium hydroxide) (test E). Then, the ethanolic production was evaluated for both tests, varying the solids load and in simultaneous (SSF) and semi-simultaneous (SSSF) saccharification and fermentation strategies. The lignosulfonate produced from a lignin sulfomethylation was added in the biomass enzymatic hydrolysis resulting from the combined pretreatment, in order to evaluate its effect on the sugars yield. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, the increase in the solid load showed a significant increase in the glucose concentration obtained for both tests. However, the variation in the enzymatic load was not statistically significant. Only for test E, at 15% solids, with 15 FPU/g (>34 g/L) and 20 FPU/g (>31 g/L). In fermentation, the change in fermentation strategy did not indicate a significant variation in ethanol production for test D, neither the variation in enzymatic load, which may indicate an excess of non-productive adsorption in the enzyme, due to its high retention rate after treatment (around 44%). In turn, for test E, the significant increase in enzymatic load increased the ethanol produced concentration. In addition, changing the strategy from SSF (at 20 FPU/g) to SSSF (at 15 FPU/g) showed an increase equivalent to 40% in the ethanol obtained concentration, while reducing about 25% of used enzyme. Regarding lignosulfonates, FTIR analyzes corroborate the efficiency of sulfomethylation process for sulfonation of the aromatic groups of lignin. As for its addition in enzymatic hydrolysis, for a concentration of 0.5 g/L (1% m/m of biomass), it showed a 30% increase in cellulosic conversion. Therefore, the results indicate that increasing the amount of solids in enzymatic hydrolysis increases cellulosic conversion, but increasing the enzymatic load is not always necessary. In addition, it was verified that the change in the fermentation strategy, in some cases, allows the reduction of the amount of cormaceous enzyme used, even increasing the production of ethanol in the process. Furthermore, lignosulfonate is efficient in reducing the non-productive adsorption of lignin on the enzyme during the enzymatic hydrolysis process.
11	PAULA DANIELE RIBEIRO AZEVEDO MIXOTROPHIC CULTURE OF THE MICROALGAE Synechococcus nidulans USING FERMENTED EXTRACT OF CASHEW PULP WASTE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : BRUNA MARIA EMERENCIANO DAS CHAGAS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA CRISTIANE FRANCISCA DA COSTA SASSI EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS Data: Aug 7, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In recent years, interest in microalgae cultivation has been growing and receiving great attention, and this is due to the demands of the consumer market, which is increasingly demanding the use of ingredients from natural sources for cosmetics formulation. Brazil represents the fourth largest cosmetics market in the world, with great potential for the cultivation of microalgae species in favorable climatic conditions. Allied to this, the biotechnological concept appears, which is applied in the use of the photosynthetic capacity of the microalgae to produce biomass, which is the source for the extraction of compounds of interest. Thus, the objective of this research was to use a source of organic carbon, the Cashew Bagasse Extract (EBC), as a nutrient for the cultivation of the microalgae Synechococcus nidulans and carry out a bioprospection of the biomass obtained, combined with the environmental benefits due to the reduction of waste generated by agroindustry, contributing positively to the control and improvement of the environment, with the possibility of adding commercial value to waste in general. In this context, the present study evaluated the cell growth parameters and biomass productivity of the microalgae Synechococcus nidulans in autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions using cashew apple bagasse extract as a source of organic matter varying in concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5 % and 2.5%. The biomass composition was evaluated in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ash and carotenoids. Cultivations were carried out in triplicate, under controlled conditions (temperature of 24 ± 1ºC, lighting 40 W, constant aeration, photoperiod of 12h light/dark). However, the analyzes showed variability for the cultures studied. Crops subjected to stress showed better biomass yields. There was a 25.9% drop in ash levels as you subjected the crop to stress and increased EBC concentration, unlike carbohydrate levels which increased by up to 28.5% with increasing EBC compared to to control cultivation. Regarding the production of total proteins, the culture subjected to stress with the addition of EBC 2.5% stood out with 54.07 ± 3.59%. The results showed that the use of EBC in the production of bioactives by the microalgae was not able to promote the obtaining of better yields of total lipids and total carotenoids in relation to the control culture (13.22 ±0.25% and 10.02 ±4.33 mg.g-1 ). In general, these results demonstrate that the microalgae under study contain biocompounds of interest to the cosmetics industry and that these are likely to be commercially exploited.
12	TATYANE MEDEIROS GOMES DA SILVA Study of the effect of electrolytes on the rheology of anionic polyacrylamide solutions. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO EDNEY RAFAEL VIANA PINHEIRO GALVAO LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES Data: Sep 26, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Currently, a third of global energy is still obtained through oil. In this context, anionic polyacrylamide is widely applied in polymer injection processes for advanced oil recovery. However, due to its molecular composition, it becomes sensitive to several factors such as pH, temperature and salinity. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the presence of different concentrations and types of electrolytes, together with temperature changes, affect their viscosity and rheological behavior. Therefore, rheological tests were carried out using the APAM 3430S with a molar mass of 12 million daltons in triplicate solutions of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2, varying the temperature at 20, 35, 50, 65 and 80°C. The experiments were carried out in a rheometer with concentric cylinder geometry. The results showed that the addition of electrolytes resulted in a loss of viscosity in the solution. In some solutions containing MgCl2 and CaCl2, the Newtonian plateau for high shear rates was reached. The temperature variation reduced the viscosity of solutions with monovalent salts by around 45% and 70% of divalent solutions. The viscous activation energy and cloud point of the solutions were also obtained. In the end, the Ostwald de Waele and Carreau-Yasuda rheological models were applied, where the Carreau-Yasuda model was considered the best for data adjustment as it presented better R2 and lower RMSE values.
13	POLLYANA SECUNDO DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA USE OF KAOLIN WASTE IN THE ADSORPTION OF FOOD DYES Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES Data: Oct 10, 2023 Show Abstract Waste is present in industrial processes; therefore, using this waste for a purpose other than disposal creates a new avenue for disposal and sustainable development in the processes. In this way, this study aims to assess the potential use of kaolin waste as an adsorbent for the removal of food dyes present in effluents. To achieve this, the kaolin waste was obtained from an industry in Equador/RN. Subsequently, the waste was characterized through particle size, XRF, XRD, and SEM analyses. Next, pellets were manufactured in the ratio of 10 g of kaolin waste to 3 ml of water, which were then calcined at 800°C for 2 hours with a heating rate of 10°C/min. This material was tested using an adsorption system constructed with easily obtainable laboratory materials such as a graduated cylinder, PET bottle, and faucets. It was verified in the characterization that the main mineral in the waste is kaolinite. In batch tests, the assay that showed the best adsorption capacity was with calcined kaolin powder and Tartrazine Yellow, which was 0.3658 mg/g. However, for a column test, it was observed that the use of calcined pellets was necessary due to their resilience for this operation. Thus, in batch tests with pellets, the one that exhibited the best adsorption capacity was with Tartrazine Yellow and kaolin waste in pellet form, which was 0.2023 mg/g. In comparison to the dyes, it was observed that Tartrazine Yellow exhibited a higher affinity for removal with the kaolin waste. During the column adsorption tests, it was noted that the effluent flow rate is an important factor in the process, as well as the resistance of the pellets. Finally, it is considered that each process has its advantages, and conducting further column tests with constant flow and recycling may yield additional complementary results.
14	WILDSON BERNARDINO DE BRITO LIMA Use of Graph Neural Networks to predict the PC-SAFT pure-components parameters: evaluation of vapor pressure and density of non-associable and associable components Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO SAMUEL JORGE MARQUES CARTAXO VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA Data: Oct 27, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The modeling of thermodynamic properties is essential for the evaluation and optimization of processes through simulation tools. In this regard, the equations of state have demonstrated great capacity in modeling the most diverse types of molecules. The Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state is one of the most used models for this purpose, being capable of modeling non-associative, associative, polar and even ionic species. However, to use PC-SAFT, a first necessary step is to perform parameterization with experimental data, with data on saturated liquid density and vapor pressure being minimum prerequisites to ensure the equation of state produces robust results in an application, such as prediction of Liquid/Vapor and Liquid/Liquid Equilibrium. Within the context of bioprocesses, there is greater difficulty in obtaining these experimental data due to both physical and economic constraints. This is the case of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents that have attracted much attention from the scientific community in various processes, such as protein extraction. These compounds, however, have negligible vapor pressure, which is one of the properties that make them so attractive. Deep learning models, in turn, despite being unfeasible to model a wide variety of thermodynamic properties, as the equations of state do, are very robust in finding complex patterns that may exist, for example, between molecules and their pure-component parameters. In the present study, two deep learning models of the Graph Neural Networks type were developed to predict the PC-SAFT pure-component parameters, for the hard-chain and dispersion energy, from the molecule graphs, eliminating the experimental data prerequisite. The models demonstrated excellent performance on the test set, composed of non-associative, associative and ionic species. Model 1 presented an mean absolute percentage error of 10.96% and 25.94% for liquid and vapor density and vapor pressure, respectively. Model 2 performed better with 5.03% and 19.22%, respectively. The performance of the parameters predicted by the models was demonstrated with water, furfuranol, ethanol, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The need to predict parameters related to the association and polarity of the PC-SAFT was also identified, in order to use the equation of state at its maximum power.
15	FRANCISCO HIGOR VIEIRA DE ANDRADE SILVA Reduced graphene oxide/polyamide Nanocomposite: An efficient nanomaterial applied in produced water (PA) treatment and oil/seawater separation Advisor : JOSE HERIBERTO OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOSE HERIBERTO OLIVEIRA DO NASCIMENTO ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS EDNEY RAFAEL VIANA PINHEIRO GALVAO MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES PEDRO TUPÃ PANDAVA AUM Data: Oct 31, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Contamination derived from offshore oil production and oil spillage at sea has been a major environmental problem. Therefore, the search for effective, sustainable, easy-to-apply and low-cost methods to solve this problem has been the subject of many studies in the last two decades. In addition, research and innovation as a goal in sustainable development, in protecting the environment and the climate and in guaranteeing life in water, are objectives defined by the United Nations so that the 2030 Agenda can be achieved in the world. Thus, synthesizing materials using nanotechnology tools has contributed to achieving these goals. One of the most promising 2D nanomaterials in studies involving environmental issues is reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Produced water (PA) as well as oil removal in seawater. This work was carried out in two stages and in the first, a fluoropolymer/RGO/PA nanocomposite was developed using an HP/HT process followed by spray coating applied in the removal of engine oil in seawater. In the second stage, a nanocomposite was developed in a semi-continuous HP/HT process with in situ reduction of graphene oxide, followed by infrared polymerization. In this step, a 24 factorial design using Design Expert software was used evaluating the factors: temperature (ºC), RGO concentration (mg/L), reaction time (min) and pH were optimized. In both stages, the RGO and the nanocomposites were characterized using DRX, Raman Spectroscopy, SEM-FEG, HRTEM, FTIR and XPS. The results obtained in the first one demonstrated a significant efficiency in the separation of semi-synthetic motor oil in sea water, with an oil removal rate superior to 95%. In the second stage, the results demonstrated a significant efficiency in the contact angle greater than 120° being 55% higher compared to the uncoated polyamide fabric, with a water permeability between 10.1-16.9 mg/cm2.h and an increase in the Oxygen content in the water of 81.8%. It is concluded that the developed nanocomposites present a significant advance in oil/water separation and also in the treatment of produced water from produced water, contributing to environmental preservation and sustainability at sea.
16	ARIELLE JOICE FONSECA LOPES USE OF LIGNIN NANOPARTICLES FROM CORCOB AS STABILIZER OG OIL/WATER PICKERING EMULSIONS Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA Data: Dec 1, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Plant biomass has three main structural components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose-based products are widely consumed by the population, from packaging, and fuels to energy storage devices, while hemicellulose is used to obtain industrial solvents, such as furfural. Lignin has been applied to obtain heat and electricity in pulp and paper mills. However, it is estimated that the recommended energy of 15%-30% of Kraft lignin, the main lignin technique, is sufficient to maintain the operation of industrial pulp and paper plants, so there is a surplus of the biopolymer. Thus, the improvement of lignin and the development of new applications are na expanding field of research. In this context, the present work aims to add value to lignin, particularly as a stabilizer. The study investigates the performance of lignin nanoparticles as stabilizers of oil-water Pickering emulsions. To this end, corn cob lignin, obtained through alkaline removal, was used. To improve the emulsifying properties of the compound, Chemical oxidation and acetylation reactions were carried out, in addition to the addition of surfactante sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), to obtain four different types of lignin. Furthermore, Pickering emulsions were prepared with different concentrations of lignin nanoparticles and using diferente hydrophobic liquids: corn oil, toluene, and n-octanol, to evaluate both the performance of the lignin and the stability of the different systems. Initially, tests were carried out to characterize the lignins, such as their UV profile, FTIR spectra, and manipulation profile in the face of heating by Thermogravimetry. The results of these tests, supported by the literature, indicate the occurrence of the expected chemical modifications, observed by changes in the profile of oxidized, acetylated, and SDS lignins, compared to unmodified lignin. Then, to evaluate the performance of lignin nanoparticles, the average zeta potential and polydispersity of oxidized, acetylated, and SDS-added lignins, as well as the particle size after modification. The results demonstrate that modified lignins, in general, have a higher zeta potential in modulus than the unmodified one, as the latter presented potential of 0.18 and the others of -2.13, -20.44 and 0. 9. A similar increase was observed in polydispersity, which presented a rate of 38.3% in unmodified lignin, 41.1% in acetylated lignin, 94.65% in lignin with SDS and 30.3% in oxidized lignin, which was an exception to the increasing trend and presented values. Regarding size, there was an increase in the size of the modified lignins, which was not expected and may have resulted from particle agglomeration. After analyzing Pickering emulsions, the results show that, in general, the higher the lignin concentration, the more intense the color of the system, the higher the emulsification index, the smaller the diameter of the emulsion droplets, and the greater the number of microcapsules formed. , which converges to a high efficiency of the biopolymer in stabilizing the systems. Furthermore, regarding the systems, toluene had the best performance in emulsification rates, followed by corn oil and n-octanol. Comparing the types of lignins, it was found that the acetylated and surfactant lignins obtained higher emulsification rates and considerably smaller particle diameters compared to the oxidized and unmodified lignins, whose diameters reached twice the diameter of the acetylated lignin and with SDS, under the same conditions. Finally, we observed that almost all lignins led to the formation of PCL microcapsules, except acetylated lignin at a concentration of 1g/L, so that precipitate formation occurred. However, even in this case, increasing the lignin concentration to 2g/L made the formation of microcapsules possible. The sum of the results. The sum of the results converges to the conclusion that lignin has properties that favor its use as a surfactant and, in particular, enable the formation of biodegradable microcapsules, leaving open a field of possibilities for future work capable of developing uses and applications of microcapsules formed from lignin.
17	GRAZYELE MEDEIROS DINIZ FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANOGELS FOR VITAMIN E DELIVERY Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS ADOLFO LOPES DE FIGUEREDO SUZARA RAYANNE DE CASTRO SENA Data: Dec 11, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Topic drug administration is a non-invasive, easy and advantageous route for the absorption of an active ingredient in the body. As well as in the pharmaceutical area, the cosmetics industry uses this material transfer mechanism in order to prevent degradation caused by interactions with other compounds before absorption through the skin. Among the variety of bioactive delivery systems, organogels have stood out as materials with an interesting structure for the controlled release of bioactive compounds. These materials are semi-solids formed by the mixing of small concentrations of gelator (<15%) and organic solvent. In parallel, an active compound of interest in these areas is vitamin E, an important fat-soluble nutrient, which has antioxidant, humectant and emollient properties, to name a few. In this context, this study aims to prepare and characterize organogels for the delivery of vitamin E for applications in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. Coconut oil (OCO), canola oil (OCA) and oleic acid (AO) were investigated as organic solvents, whereas Tween 80 (T80) and PEG 300 (P300) were investigated as gelators. Firstly, the phase behavior of the systems was studied, and the pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed. Next, vitamin E was incorporated into the gels, and these systems were characterized through Zeta potential and pH analyses, and the stability and potencial for vitamin E delivery through the gels were evaluated. Finally, the possibility of quantifying vitamin E in the formulations was assessed using the UV spectrophotometry technique. Solubility tests of the P300-OCO binary mixture indicated a lack of affinity between this structuring agent and the organic solvent. Consequently, PEG-300 was excluded from further investigation. Tween 80 successfully structured the organic solvents in all three studied systems (OCO/T80/water, OCA/T80/water, AO/T80/water), and the gels obtained with the lowest concentration of structuring agent in each system were characterized. Lastly, UV spectrophotometry was not suitable for quantifying the vitamin E incorporated in the gels due to interference caused by the excipients in the absorption of UV radiation at the same wavelength as vitamin E.
	Thesis
1	KARYN NATHALLYE DE OLIVEIRA SILVA INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS JOSÉ EUDES LIMA SANTOS SALVADOR COTILLAS SORIANO Data: Jan 26, 2023 Show Abstract Soil is a recipient of accumulated contamination from industrial, agricultural, urban and maritime activities, so its remediation is crucial for a healthy environment. Thus, there is a need to use effective techniques to remedy contaminated soils, and one of the current challenges is the development of low-cost, efficient and ecologically favorable strategies for the recovery of soil environmental quality. Thus, this work proposed the integration of soil remediation techniques using treatments such as soil washing, permeable reactive barriers and electrochemical oxidation in order to treat soils contaminated with organic compounds. By integrating soil washing with an electrochemically generated persulfate solution aimed at treating soil contaminated with methyl orange (MO), the results indicated that MO was efficiently removed from the soil when a persulfate solution was used in the soil washing procedure. The oxidizing power of persulfate played a key role in eliminating MO from soil and aqueous solutions, preventing the generation of a highly polluted effluent. By integrating soil washing with cork permeable reactive barriers (PRB) in the treatment of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), it was observed that the final washing solutions free of PAHs were obtained. However, the non-polar solvent was partially sorbed onto the cork granules, competing with the PAHs for the cork surface. On the other hand, the solvent content was beneficial for soil washing, improving the elution of PAHs from the soil.
2	FERNANDA SIQUEIRA LIMA EVALUATION OF DRUG REMOVAL BY ADSORPTIVE PROCESSES: ISOTHERMAL, KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Mar 3, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Sodium diclofenac (DCF) is an anti-inflammatory with high toxicity and frequently detected in effluents and wastewater treatment plants. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is an antibiotic that is widely used in clinical and veterinary treatment to prevent bacterial infections, with a high polluting potential. Adsorption using activated carbon has been widely used to remove micropollutants, but this adsorbent requires an expensive and inefficient phase separation step, compromising the efficiency and cost of the adsorptive process. Thus, an innovative and unprecedented process based on ionic flocculation-assisted adsorption (IFAA) using the surfactant sodium dodecanoate was proposed, aiming to increase the adsorption capacity of the process and facilitate phase separation. In the context of the search for bioadsorbents, the potential of sweet sorghum bagasse (NSB) and chemically treated with sulfuric acid (TSB) as adsorbents was also evaluated, aiming to remove DCF and CIP from synthetic wastewater. The efficiency of the processes of adsorption and adsorption assisted by ionic flocculation was evaluated from a kinetic study, equilibrium isotherms, thermodynamic properties and for activated carbon as adsorbent, the kinetics of separation through the sedimentation process was studied. In the study of direct adsorption and IFAA using activated carbon as adsorbent and DCF as a contaminant, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model in both processes. From the equilibrium isotherms, the maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 49.43 and 51.85 mg.g-1 in direct adsorption and IFAA, respectively, being best represented by the Langmuir model. In the sedimentation analysis, it was noticed that the higher the surfactant concentration, the higher the compaction height, the higher the decantation speed and the shorter time to obtain the clarified effluent. In the adsorption of DCF and CIP in NSB and TSB, the chemical treatment carried out in the NSB modified the lignocellulosic composition of this material, reducing the percentage of lignin by 35%, hemicellulose by 26% and increasing the alpha-cellulose content by 20%. The pseudo-second order model was the one that best fitted the adsorption kinetics of DCF and CIP in both adsorbents, as evidenced by the correlation coefficients and the sum of squares of the residues. The equilibrium isotherms obtained with the adsorbents (NSB and TSB) and the CIP were better fitted with the Langmuir model (R² > 0.98). In the case of DCF adsorption, the Freundlich model provided the best fit (R² > 0.99). The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the processes occurred spontaneously, exothermically and that there is a reduction in randomness at the solid-solution interface. The use of IFAA proved to be effective by increasing the adsorption capacity of the DCF, promoting a better phase separation of the constituents (adsorbent and DCF), making the separation faster and more efficient. The ability of NSB and TSB to adsorb DCF and CIP from water was evidenced, highlighting its potential as an efficient, environmentally friendly and low-cost bioadsorbent.
3	JESSYCA KAENNY DE ANDRADE BEZERRA Evaluation of the phase equilibrium of biodiesel and short-chain alcohol blends with application in diesel cycle engines Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE MARIA ROSIANE DE ALMEIDA ANDRADE Data: Mar 11, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The production and indiscriminate use of fossil fuels should decline in the coming decades due to global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, which lead to serious climatic disorder. Diversification of the global energy matrix has broadened and strengthened renewable energies and biofuels aimed at combining energy safety with sustainable development. Biodiesel is a feasible alternative to diesel owing to its similar properties and applications, without requiring changes to internal combustion engine. It is superior to fossil fuels because of its biodegradable, sustainable and environmentally friendly nature. This work presents the production of methyl biodiesel using commercial soybean oil in a homogeneous route with potassium hydroxide (KOH) in order to obtain liquid-liquid balance (ELL) data and its applicability in a diesel cycle engine. Initially, a comparison of equilibrium diagrams and an evaluation of thermodynamic models were evaluated between biodiesel (biodiesel + glycerol + methanol) and methyl palmitate, an ester isolated from biodiesel (methyl palmitate + glycerol + methanol). The results showed a good correlation with the UNIQUAC and NRTL models, in addition to showing a diagram with an extensive biphasic region. In order to propose new biofuel formulations, ELL studies in ternary systems were carried out containing Alcohols + Biodiesel + Diesel, focusing on the use of biodiesel as a stabilizing additive for alcohols in diesel mixtures, in other words, the miscibility of ternary systems was investigated. The authenticity of the phase equilibrium data was validated by the Othmer-Tobias and Hand equations. The distribution and selectivity coefficients calculated for the immiscibility regions indicated that the increase in the carbon chain strengthens the biodiesel solubility. The experimental data also correlated with the UNIQUAC and NRTL thermodynamic models. Both models showed high agreement with the experimental data, with deviation values (RMSD) lower than 1.78%. Finally, a diesel engine fed with biodiesel/methanol/n-butanol blended fuel was employed to investigate the effects of different fuel blend ratios and engine load on combustion characteristics in terms of specific fuel consumption and efficiency. brake heat. Two 2³ experimental designs with the addition of three central points were carried out, evaluating the effect of the variables, concentration of additives (methanol and n-butanol), molar ratio (B/M) and potency. Load is the main factor affecting the specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency of the brake.
4	VERUSKA DO NASCIMENTO SIMÕES Seawater desalinization via activated carbon adsorption obtained though elephant grass and sewage sludge pyrolysis. Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA MARCIO BARBALHO DANTAS BEZERRA RENNIO FELIX DE SENA SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS Data: Mar 16, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The problem of water scarcity is worldwide and reaches considerable proportions in some areas of the planet, due to the significant increase of population in these places and the constant climatic changes that have occurred in the last decades, leading to the need to develop some strategies that can achieve development Desalination is a process whereby seawater is transformed into water that can be used for human consumption, agriculture and industry. Currently, this technique has been increasingly used all over the world. It is worth noting that the use of elephant grass coal and domestic sludge for water desalination is a very attractive option considering that both are low cost materials and an abundant source. The high carbon content in these biomasses makes them economically a precursor material for the production of activated carbon, with good applications for the removal of organic and inorganic compounds, in the treatment of water, wastewater and atmospheric emissions. Thus, the present work is motivated to evaluate the efficiency of the desalination of sea water, using as adsorbent coal from elephant grass and domestic sewage sludge
5	MICHAEL SEGUNDO SENA Construction of heterostructured photocatalysts of Cs2AgBiBr6/bismuthene and their application to produce solar fuels from photocatalytic CO2 reduction Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO VIVIAN STUMPF MADEIRA Data: Mar 28, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is a process that uses light energy and photocatalysts to convert CO2 molecules into solar fuels such as H2 and CH4, which are considered promising energy sources due to their high energy density and potential for storage. This process can help address the challenges of sustainable energy production and environmental protection by reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as providing a way of storing renewable energy. Lead-free halide perovskites have recently been explored as promising materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction as they offer a safer alternative to traditional lead-based halide perovskites and have shown encouraging results in photocatalysis. Among them, Cs2AgBiBr6 is a double perovskite that stands out as a remarkable alternative due to its non-toxicity, excellent optoelectronic properties and multifunctionality. However, the application of Cs2AgBiBr6 is limited by its low efficiency of separation of photogenerated charges. In this respect, this work reports the synthesis and characterization of Cs2AgBiBr6/bismuthene composites through a selfassembly process of Cs2AgBiBr6 nanoparticles on two-dimensional bismuthene nanosheets with improved photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction. The optimized Cs2AgBiBr6/bismuthene nanocomposites show a photocatalytic activity of 14,79 (±1,66) μmol g–1 h –1 on an electron basis with 1 sun, with a CH4 selectivity of 81 (±1) %. The improved photocatalytic performance is attributed to their improved charge mobility and suppressed electron–hole pares recombination, along with extended light absorption capacity promoted by the heterojunction of bismuthene with the perovskite.
6	ALANA CAROLYNE CRISPIM Electrochemical technology for the treatment of landfill leachate Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DANYELLE MEDEIROS DE ARAUJO ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS JOSÉ EUDES LIMA SANTOS JOÃO MILLER DE MELO HENRIQUE Data: Apr 11, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Most solid waste ends up in landfills around the world, which hurts the environment in a number of ways. In particular, rain and waste decomposition in landfills result in the production of an aqueous leachate containing compounds with low biodegradability, high toxicity, and high organic load. To prevent the introduction of this toxic mixture into the environment, remedial measures are necessary. Electrochemical technologies are particularly suitable for wastewater purification and contaminant reuse. Therefore, in this study, the application of electro Fenton (EF) and photo electro Fenton (PEF) processes was investigated to treat local landfill effluent with high conductivity (k = 15.8 mS cm-1) and high organic content (total organic carbon (TOC) = 1220 mg L-1). Specifically, a flow cell containing a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a carbon felt (CF) cathode was developed to evaluate the effects of applied current density (30, 60 or 90 mA cm-2), production of H2O2, and the source of UV radiation (UVC and UVA) on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent. In addition, acetic and formic acids (final organic by-products of effluent degradation), as well as inorganic ion concentrations (Cl-, NO2-, NO3- and NH4+ and PO43-) were evaluated. Maximum degradation and mineralization of the effluent were obtained with increasing applied current density, at which more than 90% of the total organic carbon (TOC) was removed after 240 min of PEF UVC with the BDD anode at 90 mA cm-2. Therefore, EF and PEF are efficient and effective solutions for the remediation of organic pollutants in landfill effluents, especially when using the BDD anode. The integration of technologies for wastewater treatment can significantly increase the degradation efficiency of organic compounds, as well as make electrochemical technologies a sustainable alternative, through the use of renewable energy for the treatment of leachate from landfills in low-income countries.
7	RONALDO DOS SANTOS FALCÃO FILHO OBTAINING PHOTOCATALYTIC CERAMIC MATERIALS OF Nb2O5 IMMOBILIZED ON RED CERAMIC SUPPORTS FOR REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS FROM EFFLUENTS Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA YARA FELICIANO GOMES ARISTIDES FELIPE SANTIAGO JUNIOR MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA Data: Jun 26, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The objective of this work was to produce ceramic materials with photocatalytic property of Nb2O5 immobilized on a red ceramic support capable of removing micropollutants from synthetic effluents. For this purpose, two different types of ceramic materials were produced: in the first type, Nb2O5, in different proportions ranging from 10.8% to 19.2%, was incorporated into treated common clay and the mixture was homogenized with water to form a plastic mass that was moulded, dried and, finally, the materials were thermally treated at temperatures between 850°C and 1020°C; in the second type, the photocatalytic material was produced by applying a coating with 60% Nb2O5 on a red ceramic support, which was prepared similarly to the first type, but was only fired at 850° C. The materials were characterized by granulometric analysis, hygroscopic humidity, FRX, DRX, SEM, ERD, ATG, PCZ, technological properties. A DCCR-type experimental design with 22 factorial runs, 2.2 axial runs and 2 runs at the central point was used to choose the material with incorporated Nb2O5, using methylene blue (AM) dye removal as a response variable, thus, the material produced with 15% Nb2O5 and a burning temperature of 850° C was chosen because it removes 80.26% of the AM concentration. In the case of the material coated with 60% Nb2O5, as it was the only one, it was evaluated for AM removal as a function of the pH (5, 7 and 9) and [H2O2] (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) variables, in this case, a planning of the DCC-FC type was used with 22 factorial runs, 2.2 axial runs and 2 runs at the central point, the evaluation of the obtained model showed that the variable [H2O2] was not significant, in the range studied, and the Optimal pH for AM removal was 8.0. The material with incorporated Nb2O5 presented Eg = 1.95 eV and the one with 60% Nb2O5 coating presented Eg = 2.94 eV. In addition, both types of materials showed excellent regeneration capabilities after 5 cycles, maintaining removals close to 90%. The photocatalytic materials produced with Nb2O5 immobilized on red ceramic supports showed the ability to remove AM in synthetic effluent, with the material coated with Nb2O5 promising because it presents Eg close to that of the pure oxide, simplicity of obtaining, high removal and recovery capacities.
8	RAFFAEL ANDRADE COSTA DE MELO RECYCLING OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS FROM OBSOLETE DESKTOPS COMPUTERS THROUGH HYDROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSES Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA MARIA DO SOCORRO BEZERRA DA SILVA POLLYANA SOUZA CASTRO Data: Jun 27, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Currently, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become an environmental problem that must be managed responsibly, as well as an economic resource that must be exploited in a viable way. For example, printed circuit boards (PCBs), which form part of most WEEE, are made up of hazardous materials such as heavy metals and flame retardants, as well as valuable materials such as base and precision metals, so they must be treated properly. In view of this, the scientific community has dedicated itself to the recovery of this residue. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the recycling of PCBs from obsolete desktop computers through hydrometallurgical processes, more precisely the modeling and optimization of copper leaching with nitric acid and depolymerization with benzyl alcohol and potassium hydroxide through an experimental design composed central. Therefore, the PCBs were initially pre-treated (dismantled, cut, milled and sieved) to obtain a pulverized material with a granulometry smaller than 2 mm. After that, the pulverized PCBs were characterized through different analyzes (granulometric classification, incineration, digestion in aqua regia, XRF, XRD, ICP-AES, SEM and EDS). Then, the first study evaluated the effects of acid concentration (from 0.2 to 4.2 mol/L), temperature (from 30 to 90 °C), solid/liquid ratio (from 10 to 90 g/ L of PCI/solution) and time (from 30 to 150 minutes) on the copper leaching efficiency determined by molecular absorption spectroscopy analyzes in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) region. The second study evaluated the effects of hydroxide concentration (from 0.10 to 0.90 mol/L), PCI mass (from 1 to 9 g) and temperature (from 50 to 150 °C) on the efficiency of depolymerization in benzyl alcohol determined by mass balance. The adjusted statistical models for both processes proved to be significant and predictive (R² close to or greater than 0.9) and their optimization resulted in complete recovery of the copper and polymeric fraction of the PCI. Finally, the present study contributed to the development of two viable hydrometallurgical routes for PCB recycling.
9	POLIANA PINHEIRO DA SILVA USE OF GREEN COCONUT SHELL POWDER FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LEVULINIC COMPOUNDS Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA LEONETE CRISTINA DE ARAUJO FERREIRA MEDEIROS SILVA LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO Data: Jul 10, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Agro-industrial residues are most often widely disposed of in landfills or in an uncontrolled manner. An environmentally friendly alternative can be the use of this residual biomass for the production of sustainable chemicals with high added value. Levulinic acid and its derivatives are examples of these products, which have high added value and can serve as precursors for various industrial products and also used as fuel additives. The thesis study is divided into three main stages that aim to study the feasibility of converting coconut husk powder into levulinic acid. The first determined the biomass composition before and after esterification through thermal analysis; there was a reduction in the amounts of cellulose (18.18% to 9.77%) and hemicellulose (44.65% to 26.18%) after the reaction. Then, the degradation kinetics of the coconut husk powder was carried out using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method, which demonstrated that the activation energy is directly related to the presence of hemicellulose and cellulose, increasing from 143 kJ.mol- 1 for 125 kJ.mol-1. The second stage consisted of the synthesis of levulinic acid generated from the powder of green coconut shell. The reactions took place in a Parr Instruments stainless steel reactor, with a capacity of 300 mL, and the samples were analyzed on HPLC. The reaction conditions were determined according to a factorial design with the addition of 3 points, temperature, time and amount of catalyst being the three significant. The response variable was the yield of levulinic acid, which reached a maximum of 42.94% in the central conditions (190 ºC, 2h, 1:0.25). The third study comprised a three-factor Box-Behnken (PBB) design, with the response being the conversion of levulinic acid into ethyl levulinate. The highest conversion occurred in 1hrs, molar ratio (levulinic acid: ethanol) 4:1 and catalyst concentration 0.04mol/L. Then, a comparison was made between the synthesis of methyl and ethyl levulinate, where it was noticed that the only significant factor in both reactions was time.
10	HERBERT SENZANO LOPES Development of a simulator using Visual Basic for Applications for photocatalitic processes of transformation Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO PATRÍCIA CRISTINA DE ARAÚJO PUGLIA DE CARVALHO VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA Data: Jul 31, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The main goal of this doctoral dissertation work was to apply the Excel® spreadsheet tool in the development of photocatalytic transformation process simulators. Toluene photodegradation and methane photoreform were the study cases evaluated for the process simulator. The Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming language has been applied to numerical methods and the generation of graphs and an user-friendly interface. The accessibility of Microsoft® programs is also noteworthy, making it more available tool for solving process engineering problems. A model system of the literature describing the kinetics of the catalytic oxidation reaction of toluene was simulated. The concentration profile of the contaminant (toluene) was obtained as a function of the position in the reactor and also of the input data. In explanation, the system and reaction information can be changed to allow the analysis of different reactor dimensions, flow rates, initial concentrations, reaction rates and catalyst characterization parameters. The photocatalysis study was also performed considering a photoreform between methane and water vapor for methanol production. The catalyst is in a fixed bed and accessible to radiation. The simulation was performed considering the model as one-dimensional and steady state. The obtained results were satisfactory for the methane conversion velocity, as well as photoreactor dimension values. For the initial operating conditions the photoreactor length values were 20 cm and radius of 4 cm. The results showed that the developed tool allows the simulation and analysis of the photocatalytic reactions of the systems in relation to the most significant variables and parameters of the process under study.
11	MAXWELL GOMES DA SILVA Synthesis and application of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the microchannel magnetophoresis process: experimental study and fluid dynamic modeling Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA FABRICIO MACHADO SILVA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA Data: Aug 11, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted great interest from researchers because of their vast application potential that ranges from magnetic recording, magnetic resonance imaging, and drug delivery to ferrofluids, catalysis, and separation processes. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is one of the phases of iron oxide with the greatest magnetism, which is composed of cations Fe2+ and Fe3+ in a 2:1 molar ratio. Magnetite nanoparticles can be synthesized by several methods which must be selected according to the type of application. In this work, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by reverse coprecipitation and partial oxidation of Feions2+. The magnetic precipitates were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal analysis. The thermal stability of the particles in air was evaluated and a study of thermal decomposition kinetics was carried out using the model-based approach. The results showed that the nanoparticles produced exhibited superparamagnetic properties at room temperature with mean diameters of 10 and 30 nm and saturation magnetizations of 35 and 64 emu/g for the samples synthesized by reverse coprecipitation and partial oxidation of Fe2+ ions, respectively. The magnetic nanoparticles obtained by reverse coprecipitation presented higher thermal stability than the nanoparticles synthesized by partial oxidation of Fe2+ ions. The kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition were estimated and the kinetic model fit showed a good correlation with the experimental data (R2 = 0.988). To evaluate the application potential of the synthesized particles, magnethophoresys experiments were carried out in a Y-Y type microchannel fabricated by 3D printing technology. Different separation profiles were obtained at different conditions of magnetic field gradient inside the device. a computational fluid dynamics model coupled with a discrete element model was implemented in MATLAB® using the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to simulate the magnetophoresis process. The magnetic force acting on the system was simulated from a magnetic field model based on the charge model. The experimental saturation magnetization and particle size distribution data were used as model parameters for simulations. The results demonstrated that the model is capable of predicting different scenarios of particle trajectory changes according to variations in the magnetic field gradient inside the channel. In addition, the fluid dynamics model was validated with the experimental data and presented coherent results, which make it useful for understanding the characteristics of the process, as well as in the optimization of operating conditions and design of new microdevices.
12	DANIEL SILVEIRA LIRA Development of a Biodiesel Production Process in a Membrane Reactor Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ LIANA FRANCO PADILHA Data: Aug 15, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The concern with global warming has turned necessary the development of viable alternatives to fossil fuels. So, the development of renewable fuels, also known as biofuels, has gained importance. Among the existent biofuels, biodiesel can be highlighted. Biodiesel is a chemical compound formed by esters, which can be methyl or ethyl. Due to their physical and chemical properties, they can be used as a substitute to diesel of fossil source in Diesel cycle motors. Nowadays, the biodiesel production in industrial scale is made, mainly, in batch or continuous stirred tank reactors, which present several dificulties and limitations in productivity and conversion, besides the need for various posterior separation steps. Much effort is being done to develop novel processes that unite reaction and separation steps in one. As result, the membranes emerge as an alternative with great potential of application in the production of biodiesel as a reaction media. Membranes can be defined as selective, partially permeable mediums and are vastly used in many separation processes. In this context, the present work has the aim to develop a continuous process for the production of biodiesel using a membrane reactor from soybean oil, in addition to propose a mathematical model which describes the process in question, from mass and energy balances.
13	EDILENE SOUZA DA SILVA Evaluation of freeze-dried and spray dried acerola and jambolan residues: process life cycle assessment and final product characterization - physicochemical, bioactive and bioaccessibility assessment. Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : LUCICLEIA BARROS DE VASCONCELOS ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES CARMEN SILVIA FAVARO TRINDADE MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN SILVANA MARIA ZUCOLOTTO LANGASSNER Data: Aug 25, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Brazil is a country of great biodiversity with tropical fruits of high economic value and, others still underexploited. While acerola has a well stablished market, jambolan is an underexploited fruit. Both residues present high bioactive concentration and will be studied in the present research. In fact, the residues represent up to 10-30% of the fruit weight, and contain biomolecules of economic value that are still underused. It is expected that proper management of these residues can generate food products with functional potential by using drying techniques such as freeze-drying and spray drying to expand their market value and and add value to this agricultural raw material. In this regard, the use of ultrasound for extract preparation is reported to increase the extraction of bioactive compounds and improve drying. Furthermore, assessing drying processes for environmental impact is of great importance for the development of environmentally friendly processes, and can be assessed by tools such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Therefore, the present doctoral project aims to study the use of acerola and jambolan residues with the use of freeze-drying and spray drying and will be conducted according to the following stages. i) Evaluation the use of ultrasonic extraction to enhance bioactive extraction that will be further dried; ii) application of the Life Cycle Analysis tool and compare the techniques regarding energy consumption; iii) study the final product regarding its bioactive, functional characteristics and bioaccessibility.
14	LUANA RABELO HOLLANDA Applicability of iron-based waste as Fenton catalysts for phenol degradation Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Aug 31, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Contamination of water bodies by organic compounds has been a matter of great concern due to its impacts on human health and the environment. Phenol is a highly toxic compound commonly found in industrial effluents due to its high use in several segments. Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOP), which encompass a wide range of techniques for generating reactive radicals, have shown satisfactory efficiencies in the degradation of recalcitrant organic compounds. The heterogeneous Fenton reaction is a type of AOP that employs hydrogen peroxide and solid catalysts containing iron for generating reactive species. This study aimed to investigate the potential application of two industrial waste materials as alternative catalysts in the Fenton reaction for the degradation of phenol in water: coal bottom ash from a thermoelectric power plant and amethyst mining residue (AMR). The materials were characterized using different techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and textural analysis. Bottom ash was applied in the Fenton reaction, while AMR was used in the photo-Fenton system. The effects of different operational parameters, including solution pH, catalyst dosage, and H2O2 concentration, were investigated. The characterization results indicated that both materials have mesoporous structures with well-distributed active iron species. Regarding the bottom ash, under optimal conditions, which involve the use of 1 g L-1 of catalyst, 6 mM H2O2, and pH = 3, a phenol degradation efficiency of 98.7% was observed after 60 min of reaction, along with 71.6% organic carbon removal after 150 min. AMR, used in the photo-Fenton reaction, exhibited 96.5% degradation under optimal conditions (0.75 g L-1 of catalyst, 7.5 mM H2O2, and pH = 3) after 180 min, removing 42.3% of the organic carbon after 240 min. Through tests with the addition of isopropanol, it was verified that the hydroxyl radical is the main oxidizing agent involved in the cleavage of the phenol molecule for the two studied systems. Regarding the reuse tests, both catalysts showed stability and satisfactory catalytic activity through four consecutive cycles. Therefore, the obtained results demonstrate that the two waste materials displayed potential activity for application in Fenton reactions for degrading phenol.
15	NEWTON CARLOS SANTOS INFLUENCE OF PRE-TREATMENT WITH ETHANOL ON DRYING AVOCADO PULP IN A FOAM LAYER AND ITS APPLICATION IN BAKERY PRODUCTS Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI THAYSE NAIANNE PIRES DANTAS ANASTACIA MARIA MIKAELLA CAMPOS NOBREGA ANDRE ISANNA MENEZES FLORÊNCIO MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS TAMIRES DOS SANTOS PEREIRA Data: Oct 17, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The use of pre-treatments to enhance food drying is effective, ensuring high-quality products and energy savings. Foam-mat drying is a versatile and cost-effective technique suitable for incorporating new materials into foam formation. These powders have broad applications in the development of new food formulations. In this context, this research aims to evaluate the influence of ethanol pre-treatment on the foam-mat drying of avocado pulp, with the aim of using the powder in bread making. For this purpose, avocado pulp foam was prepared using goat milk powder (10, 15, and 20%), Emustab® (4, 6, and 8%) with different agitation times (15, 20, and 25 min). The foam that exhibited the most suitable physical properties was subjected to the drying process (50, 60, and 70 °C), with or without ethanol pre-treatment (99.5%). Empirical and diffusive models were used to describe the drying kinetics and determine the activation energy of the process and thermodynamic properties. The final products were characterized in terms of physicochemical, nutritional, bioactive, antioxidant, morphological, structural, and thermal aspects. Additionally, the stability of carotenoids was assessed, and water adsorption isotherms were determined. Finally, sliced bread was prepared using different concentrations of avocado pulp powder (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) as a substitute for hydrogenated vegetable fats. In this study, the optimized conditions for avocado pulp foam production were with 8% Emustab®, 20% goat milk powder, and 15 minutes of agitation. Foam drying was best represented by the Lewis model, especially when combined with ethanol pre-treatment and higher temperatures (70 °C). These conditions also improved various characteristics of the final product, including reduced water content, water activity, increased ash and carbohydrate content, as well as the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Morphological, structural, and thermal analyses revealed irregular, amorphous particles with no formation of new functional groups and heat stability. However, the thermal stability of carotenoids decreased during storage, and water adsorption isotherms showed a Type III curve, with satisfactory estimates by the GAB model. Levels of up to 25% proved suitable for replacing hydrogenated fats, resulting in products with lower lipid and carbohydrate content, higher nutritional value, antioxidant activity, and changes in the structure and color of the bread. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ethanol pre-treatment and foam-mat drying of avocado pulp are effective strategies for producing high-quality powder with broad applications in the development of food formulations.
16	GUILHERME MENTGES ARRUDA DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ACID SOLUTIONS CONTAINING POLYETHOXYLATED NONYLPHENOLS AND ETHANOL FOR THE ACID STIMULATION OF CARBONATE MATRICES Advisor : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO DENNYS CORREIA DA SILVA EDNEY RAFAEL VIANA PINHEIRO GALVAO MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES MARCIO AUGUSTO SAMPAIO PINTO TULIO YTERBIO FERNANDES VALE Data: Oct 17, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract During the different stages of well development and reservoir exploration, there is the possibility of the occurrence of unwanted phenomena that alter the permeability of the region (formation damage), compromising the production of hydrocarbons. The well stimulation techniques seek to bypass or reverse this damage and, consequently, increase production. Matrix acidizing in carbonates consists of injecting an acidic fluid into the well to increase its production by dissolving the rock matrix itself, creating pathways known as wormholes. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the most used substance to stimulate production or injection wells in carbonate reservoirs. However, the high reaction rate of HCl with carbonate reduces its penetration into the rock formation since the acid reacts excessively with the surface of the reservoir (face dissolution). Thus, to minimize acid consumption and increase the depth of wormholes, it is necessary to develop stimulation fluids containing additives that reduce the dissolution rate of the carbonate matrix by acid. The present study aims to develop stimulation fluids and investigate the physicochemical phenomena of alcoholic micellar systems containing ethanol, 15% HCl (w/w) and polyethoxylated nonylphenol with 11, 40 or 100 ethoxy groups (NP 11EO, NP 40EO or NP 100EO, respectively) in the creation of wormholes in acid stimulation processes in carbonates. To do so, characterization analyses will be carried out for the fluids developed and carbonate samples. In addition, compatibility tests of the components of the developed fluids, reactive flow in porous media tests (injection of the formulations in rock samples) and computerized microtomography of acidified rocks will be performed. Therefore, it is expected to obtain delayed action stimulation fluids that are stable, easy to prepare and with adequate physicochemical characteristics for a more efficient acid stimulation of carbonate matrices.
17	MARCELL SANTANA DE DEUS Production of Biodiesel in Atomization Reactor Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Oct 27, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Biodiesel is an alternative fuel widely used for partial or total replacement of fossil fuels. Although biodiesel production is undoubtedly a mature technology, there are still ways to improve it, especially through the process intensification. So, the present study investigated the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol and the transesterification of sunflower oil with ethanol for biodiesel production in a non-conventional atomization reactor. The effects of the oleic acid and sunflower oil flow rates, atomization pressure, temperature and catalyst concentration were evaluated. A mathematical model was also developed to describe the conversion of oleic acid to ethyl ester as a function of molar concentration of components and operating conditions of the reactor. A hybrid estimation of parameters (activation energy, pre-exponential factor, equilibrium constants, and solubility) was performed. In the esterification, the Pareto analysis has shown that the increase of temperature in the reactor and the increase of atomization pressure have improved the conversion of oleic acid. Higher pressure values in the atomization vessel led to the generation of small oleic acid and sunflower oil droplets, which accelerated reagent consumption during the reaction. On the other hand, conversion values are reduced by increasing oleic acid flow rate. In the transesterification, it was observed that the miscibility of sunflower oil in ethanol influenced the conversion. In addition, the flow rate had a negative effect, and the pressure had a positive effect on the conversion of sunflower oil. Droplet size distribution analysis showed that increasing pressure in the atomization chamber led to a reduction in droplet size, which explains the effects on ethyl ester conversion. The highest conversion of oleic acid was obtained under the following reaction conditions: 70 ᵒC, 1.5 bar, oleic acid flow rate equal to 1.3 g/min using 0.6% catalyst, and 2 h of reaction time. In the transesterification, conversions of 97.3% were obtained with a flow rate of 3 g/min of sunflower oil at 50 ᵒC, 1.5 bar and 1.0% of catalyst in 1 h. The mathematical model achieved good fit with independent experimental data and the parameters obtained from the hybrid estimation strategy were in accordance with the literature.
18	JULIENE DA CÂMARA ROCHA Use of choline chloride during the pretreatment and assessment of hydrolysis enzymatic stage of pretreated green coconut fibers to produce 2G ethanol. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Dec 19, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract O One way for coconut companies to increase their cost-benefit and reduce the dependence on non-renewable energy sources is by using green coconut fibers (GCFs) in value-added products. In this study, GCFs were pretreated with choline chloride ([Cho][Cl]) in an acidified medium with diluted sulfuric acid to enrich cellulose on the solid fraction and lignin on the liquid fraction. The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining 2G ethanol from simultaneous (SF) and semi-simultaneous fermentation (SSFS) strategies. The study also examined the recycling of pretreatment effluents and their impact on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation stages. The pretreatment was conducted in an autoclave (1 atm, 121 °C) without or with diluted sulfuric acid (1.0%, w/w), using different concentrations of [Cho][Cl] (50 and 75%, w/w) and incubation times (25 and 50 min). The pretreated GCFs were then submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis (20 FPU/g), and the best condition was chosen for the SF and SSFS fermentation processes. Additionally, the research has investigated the removal of lignin from the liquid fraction for use as a coagulating agent in oil-contaminated water. The results showed that pretreatment with [Cho][Cl] at a concentration of 75% (w/w) in 50 min of reaction time and an acidified medium with 1% (w/w) of diluted sulfuric acid (C75/50m/H) as the best pretreatment to increase the conversion of cellulose into glucose, reaching 22.6 g/L of free sugar. The SSFS achieved the best efficiency of 32.43% (23.2 g/L alcoholic concentration) and a productivity of 0.483 g/L.h for the condition of 20% solid load in obtaining 2G ethanol. Furthermore, 82.6% of the lignin was recovered from the liquid fraction of this same pretreatment, wherethe application of lignin in the treatment of water contaminated with oil achieved removal of 99% of oil from the aqueous phase. Therefore, GCF pretreated with choline chloride has the potential for 2G ethanol production. Furthermore, the use of lignin generates an adsorbent with the potential to be used in different processes, including in the petroleum industry. Keywords: green coconut fiber, pretreatment, choline chloride, ethanol 2G, contaminated water.
19	LARISSA AZEVEDO SOARES Influence of treatment processes on the production of activated carbons from sugarcane bagasse and study of the optimization of the dye adsorption process through statistical analysis Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO MAYARA FELICIANO GOMES SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS Data: Dec 21, 2023 Show Abstract The present work aims to evaluate the influence of the process flow and chemical agents in the preparation and characterization of activated carbon (AC) having sugarcane bagasse as a precursor, to determine the efficiency of adsorption of the dyes Methylene Blue (AM ) and Erionyl Yellow A-R (EY), as well as using statistical techniques in order to evaluate and optimize the different parameters of the adsorption process of these dyes on activated carbon. In this study, 4 different types of activated carbon were obtained and these were characterized by the techniques of XRD, FRX, SEM and N2 Volumetry, Zeta Potential and ability to remove methylene blue dye (MA). The coal whose best results were obtained, reaching surface area values of about 1200 m2.g-1, was used in the other tests that followed with adsorption of dyes. The adsorption assays for AM were carried out by varying the CA mass, pH and temperature of the medium. Through the statistically obtained data, it was verified that the variables studied presented significant and predictive effects, within the range of experimental levels studied, extrapolating the reference line corresponding to the 95% confidence interval. It was also verified that the assay using 10mg of CA, at 27°C and pH 2 obtained the highest amount of dye adsorbed by activated carbon (q), reaching a value of up to 288.4 mg/g. Still for Methylene Blue, the equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic factors were studied, under the conditions optimized by the experimental design. As for the statistical studies with EY, they were performed by varying the pH and temperature of the medium. It was found that the variables studied showed only significant effects and that the test at 30°C and pH 2 obtained the highest amount of dye adsorbed by activated charcoal (q), reaching a value of 61.1 mg/g.
20	JÉSSYCA EMANUELLA SARAIVA PEREIRA Valorization of lignocellulosic waste as bioadsorbents for copper ions and development of a colorimetric sensor based on sodium levulinate for their detection Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Dec 29, 2023 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In recent years, humanity has advanced in many ways, but it has also caused serious damage to the environment. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation and waste production have generated pollutants that affect air, water and soil quality. In this scenario, the contamination of water bodies has become a serious environmental problem due to issues related to the improper disposal of effluents contaminated by heavy metals. As a result, this heavy metal pollution has serious consequences for the health of people and ecosystems. In light of these facts, this thesis aimed to evaluate the potential of using bioadsorbents obtained from cashew leaves (CL), carnauba straw (CS) and the extraction of lignin from green coconut fiber (GCF) to remove copper ions from synthetic effluents. Nevertheless, the feasibility of using an organic molecular sensor obtained from the synthesis of sodium levulinate (NaLev) for the colorimetric detection of copper ions was evaluated, which constitutes a simple and efficient alternative for on-site analysis of metal ions in aqueous solution. To this end, adsorption studies were carried out in a batch system and the effects of pH, adsorbent concentration, particle size and initial adsorbate concentration were evaluated. In order to extract the lignin from the GCF, an alkaline pre-treatment with 2% sodium hydroxide was carried out, followed by impregnation with sodium octanoate to improve the adsorption capacity of this bioadsorbent. NaLev was synthesized by hydrating levulinic acid with distilled water and adding 20 g of sodium hydroxide. The concentrations of copper, NaLev and then the Cu-NaLev mixture were determined by molecular absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) regions. The effects of different concentrations of copper ions and NaLev on the maximum absorbance and wavelength were evaluated. The experimental CS data were best fitted by the Langmuir monolayer model, while the CL data were fitted by the Freundlich model. For the same experimental conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity for copper (II) was 9.51 mg.g-1 and 1.73 mg.g-1 for CS and CL powders, respectively. For GCF lignin impregnated with surfactant, the results of the adsorption study revealed that the adsorption capacity improved due to the increase in the number of functional groups on the bioadsorbent surface. The results of the calorimetric sensor evaluation showed that the addition of NaLev significantly increased the absorbance as the wavelength decreased from 810 to 575 nm in the samples without and with NaLev, respectively. In addition, the color intensity of the solution containing copper ions increased as the concentration of NaLev increased. The results showed that it is feasible to use lignocellulosic biomass to remove copper ions since the removal capacity is similar to other traditional sources of adsorbents. It was also observed that alkaline pre-treatment and impregnation using the surfactant carried out in the GCF was effective in obtaining a bioadsorbent with adequate copper ion removal capacity. Finally, the NaLev colorimetric sensor for detecting copper ions appears to be a promising class of biobased heavy metal-free colorimetric sensors

2022

	Dissertations
1	AMANDA BEATRIZ MONTEIRO LIMA CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF THE CONTINUOUS FLOW ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE DEGRADATION OF ORANGE METHYL DYE Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALINE MARIA SALES SOLANO CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DANYELLE MEDEIROS DE ARAUJO ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS Data: Jan 31, 2022 Show Abstract Appointed as one of the most polluting industries in the world, the textile industry is also responsible for the generation of the highest volume of residual effluents. The external effluents contain large quantities of corants that are highly toxic, carcinogenic, persistent and represent a great threat to the environment and to human health, also requiring adequate treatment before being discharged from our receiving bodies. In this context, in search of technologies capable of minimizing the effects generated by these pollutants, the attention of the scientific society is increasingly becoming more and more necessary. Thinking about it, the Advanced Oxidative Electrochemical Processes (PEOAs) offer a promising approach to prevent two problems caused by this type of effluent, including the use of electrochemical reactors in order to optimize these processes. The present work seeks to characterize the eletrochemical reaction of continuous flux with different starts and study its application using the electro-oxidation / Eletro-Fenton process of degradation of the synthetic Corant Alaranjado de Metila (AM) for the best condition according to the mass transfer coefficient, assessing corrode and decay removal from core concentration over a long period of time. Through the study of hydrodynamics of the reactor, it is possible to observe a predominantly turbulent scorching regime for situations with an experimental mass transport constant superior to or theoretical, indicating that mass transfer is not homogeneous due to the presence of electrode gases. Through the analysis of core degradation and core removal, it is possible to analyze that the difference in relation to the value of the mass transfer coefficient does not significantly affect our efficiency results, since the final values are approximate both for the valve situation ( melhor condição) quanto for a situation with vazão i (pior condição). Furthermore, with little influence two K values can also be observed in the electrogeration of hydrogen peroxide.
2	SUELYA DA SILVA MENDONÇA DE PAIVA Environmentally sustainable green hydrogen production Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE ALINE MARIA SALES SOLANO DANYELLE MEDEIROS DE ARAUJO Data: Feb 14, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The problems of access to water, energy and food tend to worsen in the coming decades as a result of the increase in the world population, which is expected to reach 9.7 billion people in 2050. The solutions to these problems are the treatment of contaminated water and the use of renewable energy sources. However, a high number of synthetic organic compounds, such as industrial chemicals, pesticides, dyes and pharmaceuticals are released daily into many wastewaters and enter the aquatic environment in different ways, including the direct disposal of industrial effluents and wastewater or from wastewater treatment plants that do not meet their obligations. Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes) have some advantages over AOPs. The addition of chemical reagents is not necessary, as •OH is directly generated by the oxidation of water and contaminants that do not react with the hydroxyl radical can be degraded by EAOPs via direct electron transfer reactions. In addition, the acid boundary layer, which is produced on the surface of the anode due to water oxidation, protonates the HC to H2CO3 and thus prevents the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals associated with HC present in natural waters. From an economic point of view, it is necessary to plan electrolytic devices that make the electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants coupled with the cathodic hydrogen production a productive and viable process.
3	SAMUEL BRITO FERREIRA SANTOS PHOTOCATALYTIC POTENTIAL OF THE NANOSTRUCTURE OF CoFe2O4:TiO2 FOR DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO Data: Feb 17, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The concern with water resources contamination as result of petrochemical residues, or from the oil spill, has contributed in the search for systems to treat those effluents, capable of reducing the load of these pollutants to acceptable levels for correct disposal. In the present study, CoFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles and CoFe2O4:TiO2 (30:70) nanostructures were synthesized via solvothermal route. Those materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR, size distribution, and textural analysis (BET). The application of the nanostructures for the organic contaminant (Erionyl Red A-3G) degradation process were evaluated by adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The photocatalytic tests evaluated the initial pH (2, 3, and 4) and the catalyst concentration (0.1, 0.55, and 1.0 g/L) influence by an experimental design 2² + 3 central points. The diffractograms identified the MNPs (CoFe2O4) monophasic synthesis and the nanostructures with anatase as the main phase and CoFe2O4 as the second phase. The spectra confirmed the spinel formation and the metal-oxygen bond from TiO2. The particle size distribution revealed the MNPs nanometric scale and the dimension of the nanostructures prepared with TiO2. Cobalt ferrite showed absorption in the entire UV-Vis spectrum, TiO2 exhibited absorption only in the UV region, and the heterojunctions (CoFe2O4:TiO2) showed the contribution of ferrite in increasing the absorption in the visible region. The materials presented optical band gaps of 1,38 eV (CoFe2O4), 3,15 eV (TiO2), 2,75 eV (70Ti), and 1,76 eV (50Ti). The textural analysis indicated the formation of a mesoporous nanostructure, with a surface area of 6.34 m²/g and pore volume of 0.04 cm³/g. The adsorption tests reached equilibrium in 15 min (10 and 20 ppm) and in 18 min (100 ppm), with an isotherm described by the Freundlich model (R² = 0.999). The photocatalytic tests showed significant effects of initial pH and catalyst concentration on the Erionyl Red A-3G degradation, with an optimal condition at pH 2 and 1.0 g/L of catalyst, reaching 100% degradation within 60 min. The CoFe2O4:TiO2 nanostructures showed potential for organic contaminants degradation, with magnetic characteristics and the possibility for future tests on petroleum industry effluents treatment.
4	MÁRCIA FERNANDA TEIXEIRA DE MENEZES FRACTIONARY CRYSTALIZATION STRATEGY APPLIED TO THE NACL-CACL2-H2O SYSTEM Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS Data: Feb 19, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The Brazilian semi-arid region, in certain periods, suffers from water scarcity. In addition to insufficient rainfall, another factor that contributes to this scenario is the presence of shallow crystalline soils, which impair water storage in underground aquifers. However, even if stored in high amounts in aquifers, due to the high amount of salts, the water becomes unfit for human consumption. According to Ordinance 2,914/2011 of the Ministry of Health, in the long term, water with a high amount of ions in solution may lead to health complications for individuals who consume it. To solve this problem, the use of desalination techniques is recommended. The present study was carried out based on physical-chemical data from well water in the community of Boa-Fé in Mossoró/RN, based on data collected by Antas (2017), and a strategy for recovering salts and obtaining drinking water. A fractional crystallization study was then carried out based on solid-liquid equilibrium diagrams, applied to the NaCl-CaCl2-H2O system at different operating temperatures (50 °C and 75 °C). The first stage of the project was based on the study of the system at 75 °C, from which it was possible to define crystallization routes (Strategy A1, B2, C3, and D4). In this condition, the route that showed the best performance in removing the salts was Strategy B2, which showed extraction of 83.85% of NaCl and 72.16% of CaCl2.2H2O. Even though the percentages were high, they were not enough to bring the system to the value established for the potability standard. It was, therefore, necessary to start the second stage of the study, in which optimization strategies were defined that would lead to greater recovery of these salts: cooling the process to a temperature of 50 °C (Optimization 1); dilution of the output current to the system at 75 °C (Optimization 2); the dilution of the output current for the system cooled from 75 °C to 50 °C (Optimization 3). Strategy B2 plus Optimization 2 proved to be sufficient to obtain water within potability standards. This strategy resulted in a recovery of 95.48% of NaCl and 92.20% of CaCl2.2H2O. However, among all of them, the one with the best recovery rates was Strategy B2 plus Optimization 3, which extracted 97.09% of NaCl and 94.82% of CaCl2.2H2O. In a third moment, the simulation of the fractional crystallization process was carried out in the SPECS v5.63© program, to compare the methodologies and validate the strategy established through the equilibrium diagrams. However, the thermodynamic model extended UNIQUAC and the equation of state SRK, used by the program, are not suitable to describe an electrolytic system. For this reason, the comparative study carried out revealed a significant difference between the methods, of approximately 11.15%. In conclusion, it was found that the study proved to be effective in proposing strategies for recovering salts and obtaining water within potability standards.
5	JEFFERSON DAVID COUTINHO DE ARAÚJO STEAM-PHASE SURFACTANT INJECTION APPLICATION TO INCREASE THE RECOVERY FACTOR OF HEAVY OIL FIELDS IN THE POTIGUAR BASIN. Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO Anthony Andrey Ramalho Diniz MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Feb 22, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Petroleum corresponds to the main global energy matrix, so it is necessary to maintain production at levels capable of meeting the demand, which is estimated at 30% more by the year 2040 compared to 2010. Therefore, increasing the oil recovery factor of a reservoir is an essential goal in the oil sector and, in this sense, alternative and complementary methodologies have been developed to allow the extraction of reservoirs that are no longer considered economically viable, mature fields. The revitalization of these fields represents the extension of production life, besides offering significant opportunities for the expansion of world reserves. Thus, this work aims to apply two methods of advanced recovery simultaneously: thermal and chemical methods, in particular the injection of steam and surfactant, i.e., the injection of surfactant into the steam phase for the recovery of heavy oil from the Potiguar Basin. Furthermore, an analysis will be proposed regarding the injection banks of the surfactant and steam, in their different arrangements, through flow experiments in porous media. The technical and economic feasibility of the method can boost the revitalization of marginal fields, to ensure the extension of production and make these fields attractive again, stimulating local and regional development.
6	VITOR FERNANDES DIAS LOPES POTENTIAL OF FUEL PRODUCTION BY FAST PYROLYSIS OF HIGH-VOLTAGE ELETRIC CABLES WASTES Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA FLÁVIA DE MEDEIROS AQUINO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA RODOLFO LUIZ BEZERRA DE ARAÚJO MEDEIROS Data: Mar 2, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract A challenge upon nowaday’s society is the reuse of electric wire and cable, which most of the efforts are directed in the recovery of the metal, while the polymeric fraction is incinerated. This method is, however, causing environmental issues, therefore, being necessary research for alternative ways of recycling. Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is used as an insulator in high voltage electrical cables and wires and recycling it requires bigger efforts, once its thermoset nature precludes the utilization of traditional process. The present work aims to evaluate the efficiency of fast and catalytic pyrolysis as an alternative for XLPE conversion into fuel material with high energy density and economic value. Thereunto, it will be done characterization of XLPE, in order to determine its energetical potential by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), volatile content, ashes content, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and calorific value. Kaolin was used as catalyst and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis, with the goal to study its application as a low-cost catalyst in the pyrolysis process. XLPE pyrolysis analysis were developed in a HP-R 5200 CDS Analytical micropyrolyzer linked to a gas chromatographer with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS). XLPE characterizations assessed that this is a low ash (1,0%) and volatile (98,70%) content polymer, being, therefore, a good material capable of generating liquid products by pyrolysis. This process is important to raise energy density of this material, which was quantified in 44,58 MJ/kg, by converting its molecules into the ones contained in the most popular fuels for commercial use. The use of kaolin as a catalyst led to a decrease in the relative concentration of hydrocarbons in the range of diesel (C8-C24) from about 87% to 28%, and lubricating oils (C14-C50) from about 70% to 13%, in detriment of an increase in lighter hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (C8-C12) from around 28% to 87%. . Lastly, this process showed a great potential to transform the studied material into commercial use fuel and can be considered as a sustainable alternative for the management and reuse of this plastic waste.
7	VITÓRIA CIBELY SILVEIRA PENHA Solubility of calcium carbonate in aqueous mixtures containing NaCl, CO2 and monoethylene glycol Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO RAFAEL BARBOSA RIOS Data: Mar 31, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The presence of monoethylene glycol (MEG) can cause precipitation of salts present in the produced water, generating undesirable incrustations in the pipes and devices of the operations of petroleum and natural gas processing. The most common salt incrustations is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), due to its low solubility in water, and abundance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the reservoirs . Sodium chloride (NaCl) is also widely found in incrustations, and directly influences the solubility of calcium carbonate. This work aims to study the behavior of calcium carbonate solubility in aqueous solutions containing sodium chloride, monoethylene glycol, and carbon dioxide. For this, a study was carried out to define an approach for calculating the solubility of calcium carbonate in water, which was compared to literature data. Then, data analysis was performed from the H2O+CaCO3+CO2 system at 278.15 K, 283.15 K, and 298.15 K, and the H2O+CaCO3+CO2+MEG system at 298.15 K, both varying the pressure of CO2, and the concentration of monoethylene glycol. These solubility measurementswere obtained by the analytical method using equilibrium cells. Experiments were also performed to determine solubility data in the modified Othmer ebulliometer for the H2O+NaCl, H2O+CO2, and H2O+CaCO3+CO2 systems. For the first system, tests were carried out at different pressures and concentrations until salt saturation. For the second system, the test was performed at a pressure close to atmospheric with a constant partial pressure of CO2. Finally, for the third system, the test was also performed at a pressure close to atmospheric, in the condition of carbonate saturation and with a constant partial pressure of CO2. The defined modeling demonstrated agreement with literature data, requiring the application of a mean ionic activity coefficient for a better description. Regarding the solubility data obtained in the glass equilibrium cells, they agree with the literature and with the expected behavior for the systems studied. The equilibrium measurements of the H2O+NaCl system showed agreement with the literature up to the salt saturation. In addition, it was possible to identify that the temperature values collected from the liquid best represented the phase equilibria. Finally, the equilibrium data of the H2O+CO2 and H2O+CaCO3+CO2 systems showed that CO2 dissolves better in the vapor phase, due to the condensate having a lower temperature compared to the boiler. For the system in the saturation condition of CaCO3, solubilities of 58.60 ppm and 71.50 ppm were obtained, respectively for ebulliometers 1 and 2 for the test without carbonated water, and an average solubility of 55.55 ppm for the tests with carbonated water, showing coherence, as they are in the same order of magnitude of values in the literature. The equilibrium data determined in this work aims to improve the processes present in oil and gas production, allowing the parametrization of models that will be useful to simulate the operations of interest in conditions in which experimental data is not available.
8	ALAN DE OLIVEIRA CAMPOS Production of cellulolytic enzymes by Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768 through solid-state fermentation using green coconut (Cocos nucifera) fiber pretreated by the steam explosion as substrate. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO Data: Apr 22, 2022 Show Abstract The residue generated by the green coconut production chain has caused a series of environmental and public health problems as it is a bulky organic material with slow decomposition. An alternative for its use would be in the application in production processes of lignocellulolytic enzymes via semi-solid fermentation (FSS), but a pre-treatment step is necessary to reduce the lignocellulose recalcitrance and the lignin and hemicellulose content in the material, because of that these compounds limit the accessibility of microorganisms. Studies indicate that, for a better induction of cellulase production by FSS processes, pre-treatment or their combination more efficiently exposes cellulose to filamentous fungi. In addition, the use of a suitable solvent during enzyme extraction after FSS also has a strong impact on the performance of cellulase production. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the production of cellulases using coconut fiber pretreated by steam explosion combined with alkaline pre-treatment (PV+A) by FSS using filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768, evaluating the culture conditions (water activity and amount of substrate) through central rotational composite design (CCR), with Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and Filter Paper enzyme activity (FPase) as responses. The combination of pre-treatments was more favorable for the removal of hemicellulose from green coconut fiber, reducing the content of this polymer from 10.15%, about the untreated biomass, to 5.38%, while the content of lignin increased from 21.32% to 34.82%, which may be associated with the lignin rearrangement effect during the biomass cooling process in the pre-treatment. Regarding the SSF of the pre-treated PV+A coconut fiber, it was observed that the solids load significantly influenced the behavior of CMCase in the cultivation, and water activity was shown to be a significant factor in both analyzed enzymes. It could be noticed that greater production of cellulolytic enzymes occurred in the semi-solid culture conditions in which the water activity is 0.995 and 5.25 g of substrate, obtaining an enzymatic activity of CMCases close to 3.0 IU/g, and for FPases, a value of 0.31 IU/g. When the best solvent for cellulase extraction was evaluated, the saline solution of 154 mM NaCl was more efficient in the recovery of the enzymes, producing an extract with the activity of 5.19 IU/g for endoglucanase and 1.19 IU/g for the FPase. Therefore, the best conditions of water activity and solids loading for the production of cellulases were identified, when using the fungus Trichoderma reesei CCT-2768 and coconut fiber pretreated by a steam explosion followed by alkaline pre-treatment, achieving good values of CMCase and FPase activities are found.
9	JOSÉ DEMÉTRIO NERY CAVALCANTE USE OF DEEP EUTETIC SOLVENTS BASED ON ETHYLENE GLYCOL AND PHOSPHONIUM SALT IN THE SYNTHESIS OF BIODIESEL Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: May 9, 2022 Show Abstract Environmental issues have gained a strong role in recent decades, mainly due to the high pollution rates generated by the exacerbated consumption of natural resources. Thus, the need arises to adapt the means of production and the consumption of goods. From the point of view of fuels, the production of biodiesel appears as a method of replacing non-renewable fuels, as a way of reducing the impact of the environment. As a way to transform biodiesel synthesis greener, the use of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) as a solvent and catalysts for the reactions turn out to be interesting. This is due to its biodegradability and absence of toxicity, compared to conventional means of production, in addition to DES ability to simplify the product purification process. This study aims to analyze the synthesis of biofuels through the use of DES, as well as the main factors that influence the reaction process. In addition, analyses of the physical-chemical characteristics of the biodiesel are provided.
10	BEATRIZ DE AZEVEDO Production of celulases ande xylanases by a new fungal species – A. lippiae URM 7547 – using a green coconut fiver pre-treated by steam explosion. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR MARCELINO GEVILBERGUE VIANA PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO Data: May 20, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Endophytes, which can be bacteria, fungi or protozoa, are poorly studied. It is estimated that there are more than 250,000 different species of plants and one million endophytes in the world, which characterizes an average of four species associated with a plant species. Because they are inside the plant, these microorganisms can be a rich source of biomolecules of industrial interest, such as the production of hemicellulolytic enzymes. In this context, this study has the general objective of studying the ability of the endophytic fungal species, Achaetomium lippiae URM 7547, little mentioned in the literature, to produce cellulases and xylanases by means of a submerged cultivation using the fiber of the pre-green coconut husk as a substrate. - Treated by steam explosion. Initially, the potential of A. lippiae URM 7547 to produce hydrolases (amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, xylanase and pectinase) in solid culture medium (72h at 30°C) with substrates in each specific enzyme was evaluated. configure it as an enzyme producer. For comparison of results, growth of CCT 2768 under the same induction conditions was used. A. lippiae URM 7547 presented itself as a potential producer of amylases, proteases and cellulases, with an enzymatic index greater than 1.5 (IE > 1.5) as well as T. reesei CCT 2768. It was also quantified, the yield of substrate conversion into cell biomass (Yx/s) of A. lippiae URM 7547 and its maximum growth rate (µmax) in liquid medium containing glucose and xylose and three concentrations of substrates and nutrient media with carbon sources and nitrogen in order to verify if the fungus is adept to submerged crops and what is the best condition for its growth. The best results for the liquid medium containing glucose were in 96h of culture in medium 3, containing peptone and yeast extract, with Yx/s equal to 0.062 ± 0.04 g.g-1, 0.072 ± 0.04 g.g-1, and 0.076 ± 0.03 g.g-1, for concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 g.L-1 of substrate, respectively. For the medium containing Xylose, the best result was during 144h of cultivation with Yx/s values equal to 0.52 ± 0.08, 0.59 ± 0.09 and 0.65 ± 0.03 g.g-1 for 5, 0, 10.0 and 20.0 g.L-1, respectively, also in medium 3. Finally, the submerged fermentation was started to produce cellulases and xylanases. The lignocellulosic characterization of green coconut fiber in natura and post pre-treatment by steam explosion carried out with the purpose of verifying the performance of the pre-treatment was the penultimate step of the dissertation. After pre-treatment, there was a 14% decrease in extractables in relation to in natura fiber, since it is easily removed by solvents; an 8% increase in cellulose and a 6% decrease in hemicellulose; lignin remained statistically the same (p>0.05). In FSm, the Q Assay with condition of 33°C, 109 spores.mL-1, and 30.0 g.L-1 of substrate, was the one that presented the best yield in relation to the four quantified enzymes, with enzymatic activities (U.mL-1) of 0.41 ± 0.06, 5.94 ± 0.31 and 0.08 ± 0.035 and 9.12 ± 0.28 for FPase, CMCase, Cellobiase and Xylanase, respectively. Finally, A. lippiae URM 7547 was a good producer of cellulases and xylanases, in addition to other hydrolytic enzymes such as amylases and proteases, with an excellent growth performance in submerged media.
11	JOAO AFONSO NEO DE ANDRADE LIMA DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHTWEIGHT SLURRIES USING HOLLOW CERAMIC MICROSPHERES FOR APPLICATION IN CEMENTATION OF OIL WELLS Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CRISTIANE RICHARD DE MIRANDA JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS RENATA MARTINS BRAGA RODRIGO CESAR SANTIAGO Data: May 23, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Geopressures are related to the main problems caused during the drilling of wells, and any damage caused to the formations may compromise the safety and economy of the well. Therefore, alternative solutions are needed to control the pressures exerted during the displacement of cement slurry, such as changing its density, commonly called the slurry's weight. One way to reduce the density of the slurries is to use microspheres in their composition. Among these, the hollow ceramic microsphere, as a by-product of the burning of mineral coal, has a lower cost and is environmentally sustainable. Given the above, the objective of this work was to develop cement slurries with low specific weight, using hollow ceramic microspheres (fly ash), for application in primary cementing operations of oil wells. The slurries were formulated at densities from 11.5 lb/gal to 12.5 lb/gal. The best formulations were then used to develop slurry systems for application in wellbores with low fracture gradient zones. The technological characterization tests were carried out following the procedures established by API RP 10B/SPEC 10A and PROCELAB, 2005, among which the compressive strength and stability tests stand out. The results showed that it is possible to partially replace Portland cement with industrial waste, making its application sustainable, low cost, and with satisfactory mechanical properties for application in oil wells, with compressive strength between 3.0 and 13.5 Mpa.
12	JÉSSICA ALVES BRASIL DIAGNOSIS OF OPERATING CONDITIONS OF THE ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP USING MACHINE LEARNING Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : Anthony Andrey Ramalho Diniz CARLA WILZA SOUZA DE PAULA MAITELLI EDNEY RAFAEL VIANA PINHEIRO GALVAO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: May 30, 2022 Show Abstract In artificial lift, Automation techniques are also used in order to increase the efficiency and production of oil wells. In the Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) lift method, the use of Automation tools becomes essential in the interpretation of data available in the field, since the analysis of these data is not always sufficient to analyze, interpret, monitor and diagnose the performance. and well integrity, in addition to ESP operation and real-time efficiency. However, even though these wells operate with automated systems, some production damages can be identified decreasing the efficiency of the ESP pump and even having significant production losses. Initial diagnosis of the ESP system can lead to great cost savings and less maintenance due to technologies implemented in production fields. In oil fields, to identify the operating conditions of a ESP well, amperimetric charts are used, which are current versus time graphs. The analysis of these charts is usually performed by operators who have a large number of wells to examine, and this overload often decreases the efficiency in the process of reading the operating conditions of the ESP pump. Currently, real-time technologies based on Machine Learning algorithms (ML) have challenged and encouraged companies to create solutions for early diagnosis of abnormalities in well operation. Thus, this work aims to provide a proposal for detecting the operating conditions (normal operation, normal operation with gas, gas interference and gas blockage) of the ESP pump from the analysis of electrical current data obtained from 24 wells from Mossoró, RN, Brazil. Machine Learning classification algorithms were implemented in the Python programming language in the Google Collaboratory environment. The classification algorithms used were Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP). As the data sets had points ranging from 159 to 344, a standardization was performed with an interpolation technique so that all data sets had 344 points, the maximum number of points collected. The algorithms were tested without and with hyperparameter tuning, in which the hyperparameter set was specific for each ML technique. In addition, balancing tests (oversampling) of the training datasets were performed to identify the difference in relation to the unbalanced dataset. The results obtained and presented throughout the work confirm that the application of the ML algorithm is viable for the classification of the operating conditions presented, since all of them had an accuracy greater than 87%, with the best result being the application of the SVM model, which reached an accuracy of 93%.
13	BÁRBARA DA SILVA ROCHA Thermodynamic study of the gas-solid reduction of niobium oxides. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA MARIA JOSE SANTOS LIMA UILAME UMBELINO GOMES Data: Jun 20, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Most of niobium deposits worldwide are found in Brazil. This metal’s excellent physical and mechanical properties make it attractive to the industry. Niobium is commonly obtained through carbothermic and metalothermic reduction methods. The present work aimed to study the thermodynamics behind niobium oxides reduction by gaseous reducing agents, such as methane and carbon monoxide. The equilibrium constants of the representative independent reactions of each system were calculated and the temperatures at which the reactions are more feasible were selected. Equilibrium composition was calculated by the Gibbs energy minimization method in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets using the Solver supplement. Starting with NbO as the solid reactant, the reduction was investigated in different gas phase compositions (purê gas, 67.5%, 12.5% and 2.5% of a reductant/H2 mixture) and number of moles of the solid (0.5, 1. 1.2 and 2 mols). The optimum conditions found were then applied to Nb2O5 and NbO2. Results showed that CO is not a feasible choice for niobium oxide reductions. Reaction between NbO and CH4 tends to carbide formation but at lower methane compositions and higher temperatures it’s possible to obtain metallic niobium. Complete conversion of NbO in Nb is obtained at 2150 K under 2.5% CH4/H2 and 1.2 moles of NbO. In the same conditions NbO2 was completely cnverted in NbO at 2100 K. Nb2O5 is reduced to NbO2 under any conditions even at temperatures as low as 1100 K but the presence of H2 avoids methane decomposition. Thus, this work concludes that – from a thermodynamical point of view – CH4 is a promising reducing agent for niobium oxides.
14	JÚLIA CAROLINE RIBEIRO DE CARVALHO Recovery and purification of invertases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in microchannels using PEG 1500/magnesium sulfate aqueous two-phase system Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA Data: Jul 15, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The search for process intensifying methods is one of the targets of chemical engineering, including in classical processes such as liquid-liquid extraction. The separation of biomolecules uses this type of extraction and the search for intensification has gained prominence in the literature. However, studies on the evaluation of the impact of flow patterns on extraction performance are still scarce, especially in complex environments with multiple target molecules such as the products of cell lysis. Thus, in this work, invertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was separated using the liquid-liquid extraction technique in a microsystem through a aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed by polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 (15% w/w), magnesium sulfate ( 20% w/w) and distilled water (65% w/w). The study was carried out using different operating conditions, including variations in total flow from 9.30 μL/min to 324.45 μL/min, volumetric ratio between top and bottom phases from 1:2 to 2:1, diameter of 0.51 to 2.06 mm and tube lengths from 0.58 to 9.40 m. The arrangement of the phases was observed during the course in the microsystem using a wide range of total flow and a flow pattern map was obtained. The patterns observed were short-slug, slug and parallel, with the short-slug pattern for low flows and parallel for high flows. It was found that increasing the total flow negatively affected the recovery of invertase during extraction, while higher values of residence time and volumetric ratio improved the recovery and the enzyme purification factor. Using 35 min residence time, 2:1 volumetric ratio and 1.14 mm tube diameter, the short-slug and slug patterns showed the best process performances. These results reached, numerically, the values of 53.95% and 51.15% of invertase recovery and purification factor of 1.84 and 2.78, respectively. The effect of the channel diameter was also studied and it was concluded that in smaller diameters, the recovery obtained better results, highlighting the value of 57.01% of invertase recovery and a purification factor of 4.16 in the 0. 51 mm diameter when the residence time was 35 min and the volumetric ratio was 2:1. The best result can also be justified by the value of the maximum volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) obtained of 8.86 x 10-4s-1 when compared with the resulting values for the other operating conditions. Thus, the present study contributes to the development of knowledge in the area of microsystems in problems of enzyme separation through liquid-liquid extraction.
15	EMANUELLE MARIA DE OLIVEIRA PAIVA STUDY OF CASEIN AS A FOAMING AGENT IN THE DRYING OF TOMATOES BY THE FOAM-MAT METHOD Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS THAYSE NAIANNE PIRES DANTAS Data: Jul 27, 2022 Show Abstract The constant technological innovations in the food industry require industries to search for increasingly healthier products with high added value. In this scenario, fruit powders have great potential for application in healthy products, because they have nutrients and vitamins essential to the functioning of the immune system. Fruit powders are obtained by several drying methods, and one of them is the foam layer method, in which the material is submitted to air incorporation to form a foam. In the preparation of the foam it is common to use additives such as foaming agents and emulsifiers, which aid in both the formation and stability of the foam. The foaming agent studied in this work is casein, a natural protein obtained from the coagulation of skim milk, which adds nutritional value to the final product obtained. In this work the process to obtain casein will be the coagulation through the addition of microbial rennin (an enzyme), which forms casein and whey, and the subsequent separation of the two components. After beating the casein is transformed into foam and then incorporated into the tomato pulp. The experiments will be conducted based on a factorial experimental design of the 2³ type. The foams will be formed from raw tomato pulp and cooked tomato (without cooking and with 10 and 20 minutes of cooking), and different proportions of pulp (50, 60 and 70%) and submitted to drying in an air chamber with controlled temperature (60, 70 and 80ºC) until reaching a constant weight. Semi empirical and phenomenological mathematical models will be fitted to the drying kinetics data of the foams. The powders obtained will be submitted to analysis for humidity, water activity and hygroscopicity. Considering as response variables the physical-chemical characteristics of the powders and the drying time, from the statistical analysis of the results the best experimental condition will be defined. In the optimal experimental condition, experiments will be performed to produce powder in sufficient quantity for solubility, microbiological and centesimal composition analyses. In order to verify a subsequent industrial application, a sensory analysis of products such as cheese creams and pâtés flavored with tomato powder will be performed.
16	MEYRELLE FIGUEIREDO LIMA EVALUATION OF THE STABILITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF COSMETIC EMULSIONS CONTAINING COPAÍBA OIL (COPAIFERA OFFICINALIS L) Advisor : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALAINE MARIA DOS SANTOS SILVA ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO CLAUDIO LOPES DE VASCONCELOS DENNYS CORREIA DA SILVA JOSE LUIS CARDOZO FONSECA Data: Jul 28, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Plants began to be used for therapeutic purposes from the beginning of human history and it was in the search for food for their survival that many toxic or healing properties of various plants were discovered. Many plants of the Brazilian flora have been used to treat diseases and natural products are becoming increasingly important and becoming an alternative to synthetic remedies. Copaiba oil-resin is a natural antibiotic with great potential for effectiveness against gram-positive bacteria, being widely used as a healing and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of infections. The study will be carried out by developing emulsions using copaiba oil resin, Tween 20 and distilled water, through an experimental design called Scheffé Network to evaluate which formulation has the best performance. The emulsion with the best performance will be submitted to rheological tests, pH tests, stability tests and evaluation of the synergistic effect of the antioxidant activity. The project will be carried out at the Laboratory of Technology of Surfactants and Separation Processes (LTT-IQ) in partnership with the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers (BIOPOL-CB), the collaboration enables the performance of the proposed analyses.
17	GIOVANNY SILVA DE OLIVEIRA Glycerin usage in Chemical Looping Combustion – Experimental and Simulation Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA FELIPE PEDRO DA COSTA GOMES JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Aug 31, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Greenhouse gases emissions and their consequences are one of the main environmental problems faced today. To mitigate the impacts caused by this phenomenon, Brazil seeks to reduce CO2 emissions by 43% by 2030 in order to meet the Paris Agreement. To achieve this goal, it is possible to use techniques based on the principle of Carbon Capture and Storage, such as Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC). These processes are versatile in terms of the use of fuels in the three states of matter. As the growing depreciation of glycerin in recent years, there is a need to relocate this by-product to other applications that could increase its market value, since this waste product represents about 10% of the amount of biodiesel generated. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of glycerin on Chemical Looping Combustion and provide its process simulation. The crude glycerin solution was synthesized considering water, methanol and ethanol as the main contaminants. The experiments were carried in two sets: the first to determine the best values to oxygen-to-fuel molar ratio (ϕ), H2O/Glycerin molar ratio and Fuel Reactor Temperature (TFR) and afterwards another set of experiments was done for the contaminants (methanol and ethanol) using the best operational conditions determined by the previous set. A simulation of the CLC process was developed in the Aspen Plus® environment, verified with methane and ethanol experimental data and adjusted for glycerin. For the first set, the results revealed that the optimized conditions for the diluted glycerin in CLC was achieved at ϕ = 7, H2O/Glycerin = 0,75 e TRR = 750°C. The impurities analyses show that methanol brings disadvantages to the combustion process, while ethanol improves the combustion efficiency. The process simulation was capable to reproduce the experimental data found for glycerin with acceptable deviations.
18	IAN MACEDO SILVA Hydrogen sulfide removal in the treatment of biogas Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Sep 15, 2022 Show Abstract Biogas has a huge potential for applications, which can be of the most varied. The high content of methane in its composition makes it an extremely interesting gas for use as a source of thermal energy. However, the presence of hydrogen sulphide poses a problem for the use of biogas. Taking into account the rural context in Brazil, the benefits that can be obtained by the application of technologies based on biogas can be immense, but first of all, it is necessary to be concerned with safety in the use of this mixture of gases, then methods for removal of hydrogen sulphide become of great interest, mainly methods that are accessible, given the difficulty of access to products and equipment to carry out the removal process. Industrially, there are already some well-known and widespread methods for the removal of hydrogen sulfide, highlighting chemical absorption, through the use of amines in the process, which can then be recovered, but bringing to the context of the brazilian semi-arid, industrial methods, despite being effective, require a large amount of resources in this context. Using a sodium hydroxide solution as a solvent in the hydrogen sulfide absorption process presents itself as an alternative that can have a good application potential, both in terms of cost and in terms of reagent accessibility, thus determining better operating conditions, using experimental planning techniques to carry out the experiments, is very important in the application and diffusion of this type of technology.
19	EDYJANCLEIDE RODRIGUES DA SILVA Diesel B10/butanol/ethanol/methanol formulations: phase equilibrium and tests in a diesel engine Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Oct 29, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Among the main sources of energy used in Brazil, diesel oil stands out due to its wide use in road transport, locomotives, and ships. Despite its relevance to the transport sector at the national level, its contribution to the climate imbalances currently observed in the world is undeniable. In this perspective, although it is challenging to reconcile the supply of global energy needs with the preservation of the environment, the ability to reduce undesirable emissions makes diesel/alcohol blends an attractive option. Based on this premise, the present study has the general objective of developing B10/butanol/methanol (DBM) and B10/butanol/ethanol (DBE) diesel blends for use in real engines. The compositions of the formulations were determined based on the construction of equilibrium diagrams at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C. Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations were applied to the phase equilibrium data obtained, which attested to their thermodynamic consistency. Then, the adequacy of the NRTL and UNIQUAC models in the adjustment of the experimental data was evaluated with the aid of the TML computational tool, the latter being the one that generated the lowest root of average square deviation (0.34%). The prepared mixtures were submitted to density tests (ASTM D4052 at 20, 25, and 40°C), kinematic and dynamic viscosities (ASTM D7042 40°C), corrosivity (ASTM D130 at 50°C for 3h), pour point (ASTM D97), cloud point (ASTM D2500), cold filter plugging point (ASTM D6371) and vapor pressure (ASTM D6378), as well as employed in the construction of power curves in a diesel cycle engine according to the recommendations of the test code of engines (ABNT - NBR ISO 1585). In general, all the compositions studied have characteristics that meet the ANP specifications for road use, although DBM2 has presented unsatisfactory hourly and specific consumption during combustion in a diesel engine.
20	JONATHAN NASPER BENTO DA SILVA PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL BY SUPERCRITICAL TRANSESTERIFICATION OF SESAME OIL IN A CONTINUOUS-FLOW REACTOR Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO Data: Nov 4, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In view of the environmental conditions in the world today, the demand for renewable energy sources has increased more and more due to the need to reduce the pollution generated to the environment when using fossil fuels. Biodiesel stands out as one of these new energy sources due to its great variety in the raw materials that can be used in its production and also because of its biodegradability. The sesame seed presents in its Composition a high oil content and its cultivation is favorable due to its ability to adapt to regions with a dry climate. Initially used in the food industry, the oleaginous seed shows potential as a natural source for biodiesel production, and this process has received substantial incentive through tax benefits on the purchase of biofuel from this plant. The transesterification reaction of sesame oil under supercritical conditions appears as an alternative to the most common method of biodiesel production, the catalytic transesterification, because there is no need to use a catalyst in the reaction, resulting in a simplification and possible savings in the process. This study used sesame oil and ethyl alcohol to produce biodiesel under supercritical conditions. The sesame oil physicochemical properties were determined, such as: density, acidity index, fatty acid content, viscosity and humidity. In the assays a continuous flow reactor of 15 mL volume was used, the system pressure was kept at 100 bar, varying the reaction temperature in the range 310-390 °C, with a residence time of 15-45 min and a molar ratio oil:ethanol of 1:30-1:50. From the results obtained in the variation of the operational parameters a statistical analysis was performed in order to verify the influence on the reaction yield. The best result obtainedwas 87.45 %, at a temperature of 390 °C, residence time of 45 min and molar ratio oil:ethanol of 1:40. The statistical analysis revealed a greater influence of temperature and residence time on the results.
21	RAFAELA ALVES VICENTE RODRIGUES DA SILVA Coronavirus-19 and basic sanitation: relationships and impacts Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Nov 14, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract This work proposes to establish the theoretical-scientific aspects that allow to perceive the effects of basic sanitation in the prevention and combat of pandemics caused by viruses, mainly, the current pandemic of COVID-19. Making connections between concepts and things, based on a broad bibliographic investigation that allows extracting important information on the thematic axis contained in the coronavirus-basic sanitation binomial. The research developed is of an exploratory type combined with a descriptive one, with a quali-quantitative approach. Classic materials, government platforms and scientific publications were consulted. COVID-19 reinforced the importance of access to basic sanitation for public health. However, it is difficult to guarantee hygiene actions when not everyone has access to treated water, sewage collection and treatment. Some of the factors that may be associated with the incidence of cases or mortality rates of this disease are sanitation conditions. The main route of transmission of the virus is via contaminated aerosols and respiratory droplets. However, the presence of the genetic material of SARS-COV-2 in the feces of infected people aroused interest in studies related to the possibility of oral-fecal transmission through untreated sewage, contaminated water supply and even the bioaerosols produced in ETEs. Due to the high number of infected people, there is an interest in analyzing other possible routes of transmission and how access to sanitation in Brazil influences the fight against the disease, since the persistence of the virus in the environment has not yet been completely clarified. The Brazilian population is estimated at more than 200 million inhabitants distributed throughout the five macro-regions with different demographic densities, sociocultural aspects and access to sanitation services. The North and Northeast macro-regions have the worst rates of water supply, sewage collection and treatment. Despite this, these regions had lower rates of cases and deaths from COVID-19. On the other hand, two of the best regions served by basic sanitation services, the Midwest and Southeast, had the highest accumulated deaths until June 2022. It can be seen that the lack of sanitation has been causing long-term deaths from waterborne diseases in the However, with investments in the sanitation sector, it is possible to reduce the number of hospitalizations and deaths, in addition to assisting in preventive measures to combat infectious diseases. It was also found that poor sanitation is not the only vector capable of influencing the spread of the disease. But it can be an aggravating factor, considering that 16% of the Brazilian population do not have access to the water supply network, and are those who adhere to dubious water sources, without confirmation that it is within the potability standard for human consumption, becoming more vulnerable to waterborne diseases. As for the monitoring of SARS-COV-2 in sewage, it can be a useful tool to monitor new outbreaks of COVID-19. So far, there is no scientific evidence that proves fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory transmission, however, it is pertinent to continue in-depth research on the persistence and viability of the virus in the environment, especially in aquatic matrices. As well as the fate of Sars-Cov-2 in treatment plants, analyzing the performance of virus removal in the stages.
	Thesis
1	JOÃO MILLER DE MELO HENRIQUE TREATMENT OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH HYDROCARBONS USING WASTE AND USE OF PERMEAVE REACTIVE BARRIERS Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE CARMEN MARIA FERNANDEZ MARCHANTE MANUEL ANDRES RODRIGO RODRIGO RICARDO ANDRÉS SALAZAR GONZÁLEZ Data: Feb 25, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Soil and groundwater pollution is a problem that affects developed and developing countries due to acceleratedindustrialization and urbanization in the last decades. In this context, the aim of the present thesis is to use combined technologies (soil washing in pre-pilot system on a laboratory scale and on a pre-pilot scale using a fixed bed column, investigating the use of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants. the use of reactive permeable barriers of cork in order to remove the organic compounds in the fixed bed column in laboratory scale and pre-pilot.However, another important parameter to be studied is the treatment of the effluent generated during the process of washing the soil, for this reason will be investigated the advanced electrochemical oxidative processes, in order to remove the organic compounds present.
2	MAYRA KEROLLY SALES MONTEIRO DEVELOPMENT AND OTIMIZAÇÃO OF PROCESSES ASSISTED ELETROCHEMICALLY FOR A PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JUAN M. PERALTA-HERNÁNDEZ CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE CARMEN MARIA FERNANDEZ MARCHANTE ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS MANUEL ANDRES RODRIGO RODRIGO Data: Feb 28, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Chlorine dioxide is two of the most interesting oxidants because it combines a strong oxidation capacity with a low formation of dangerous by-products such as chlorinated organics during its application. Therefore, it is widely used in the disinfection of potável water and, at present, it is intended to be used in the disinfection of surfaces or buildings. It is generally produced by the chemical interaction of chlorite as hypochlorite / chlorine or hydrochloric acid, an interesting alternative for your production and a combination of strongly acidic chlorate and hydrogen peroxide. Both composts are made efficiently and efficiently manufactured with electrochemical technology, opening up the possibility of a complete electrochemical process for the production of this important oxidant. This thesis synthesizes recent advances in the eletrochemical production of raw materials, as a complete eletrochemical production of chlorine dioxide, not only paying attention to scientific literature, but, mainly, recent patents, trying to see at what level technology is prompt. são each one of the technologies and that are the elements of the value chain necessary for a complete implementation of the technology.
3	ADOLFO LOPES DE FIGUEREDO Optimization study of the catalytic hydrogenation process of fumaric acid Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : PEDRO MIGUEL VIDINHA GOMES TIAGO PINHEIRO BRAGA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES MARCO AURÉLIO SULLER GARCIA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA Data: Mar 25, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The selective production of valuable products for chemical industry such as γ-butyrolactone (GBL), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) that results from the catalytic hydrogenation of fumaric acid (Ac.FUM) is a quite interesting subject in the field of biomass valorization. In fact, these products can be considered bioplatforms of molecular construction, functioning as a starting point for countless synthesis processes. From the point of view of green chemistry, water and CO2 are considered ideal solvents to drive this type of chemical transformation. Although achieving good conversion rates and selectivity in these reaction media the catalytic performance of this hydrogenation reaction can be a challenge, even when a suitable catalyst is employed. In this context, this process was studied and optimized, firstly through experimental design using a catalyst based palladium-rhenium on silica (Pd-Re/SiO2), and a second catalyst based iridium-rhenium on silica (Ir -Re/SiO2), barely used in the literature, for selective hydrogenation of Ac.FUM in GBL is an aqueous medium. The catalysts were synthesized by sequential wet impregnation, and characterized by XRD, RTP, ICP, TEM and surface area analysis. Reaction products were identified by GC-FID and HPLC-RI. In a second moment, supercritical CO2 was used as a reaction medium to optimize the process, varying pressure between 105-300 bar under the temperature conditions of 60-250 ºC. Finally, solvent evaluation was studied in the reaction selectivity, where methanol was also used under conditions 60-250 ºC and 10-300 bar. The results of Ac.FUM hydrogenation using catalysts based on palladium-rhenium and iridium-rhenium showed that GBL was produced with 91 and 90% selectivity, respectively, under the optimized conditions of pressure and temperature predicted by the empirical model of 188 °C and 41 bar of H2 for Pd-Re/SiO2 and 210 °C and 25 bar of H2 for Ir-Re/SiO2. Thus, the experimental design allowed a high selectivity to be obtained in an aqueous medium, providing better rationalization of the combined effect of the temperature and pressure variables. Furthermore, statistical analysis in experimental design showed that temperature has a greater effect on GBL selectivity in relation to H2 pressure, being non-linear for both catalysts. In studies using supercritical CO2 it was possible to model the catalytic activity, suppressing the formation of by-products and obtaining 89 % and 64% selectivity for GBL using Pd-Re/SiO2 and Ir-Re/SiO2, respectively, under optimized operating conditions. The addition of methanol as solvent changed the composition of products, obtaining THF as the major product, with a maximum selectivity of 97 % under the conditions of 175 °C, 50 bar of H2 and 150 bar of total pressure for Pd-Re/SiO2, and 89 % under conditions of 175 °C, 50 bar H2 and 300 bar total pressure for Ir-Re/SiO2.
4	CALINE NUNES DE CARVALHO Optimization of the manufacture process of a well logging tool for carbon footprint reduction Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES PATRÍCIA CRISTINA DE ARAÚJO PUGLIA DE CARVALHO PEDRO TUPÃ PANDAVA AUM TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Mar 31, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract One of the most severe issues of the current society is the global climate change caused by uncontrolled greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Determining the carbon footprint (CF) of any processes or products is an important step to identify activities with highest potential of GHG emissions. Industry processes represent almost 30% of the global GHG emissions. Despite the efforts to green the global economy, considerable attention must be focused to assess and characterize the environmental impact of products and processes from all different industry sectors. Heat treatment methods are often used to manufacture critical parts for petrochemical, aerospace, and automotive industries. The continuous hydrogen furnace is an equipment that provides the controlled atmosphere required for heat treatment, producing high integrity assemblies. This research presents a proposal to quantify the CF and to define a strategy to reduce it related to the application of hydrogen furnaces for brazing processes. Initially it was done a systematic and critical bibliometric analysis of CF reduction techniques implemented in different industry sectors along the last three decades by using the softwares StArt® and the VOSViewer®. In addition to guiding de methodology choose for this research, the framework and results of this systematic literature review can be used as a baseline for future empirical researches also providing innovative directions. The proposed method is based on modifying the furnace cooling system by replacing the current water supply for a closed loop. For that, two scenarios have been proposed using the UniSim® software: one connecting the water flow from the furnace to the facility chiller system, and another one keeping the same conditions as water closed loop but changing the chiller refrigerant from R-134a to ammonia. The data obtained as a result of the simulation were essential to estimate the energy needs of each scenario. Also considering furnace manufacturing manual and datasheet, the carbon footprints were determined using the software SimaPro®. The change on the furnace water supply for a closed loop allowed a significantly decrease of water consumption, eliminated the monthly disposal of 800,000 liters of that resource. The application of ammonia as the refrigerant generated 97% reduction of the overall carbon footprint, leading therefore to a climate change mitigation.
5	MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA Multifunctional nickel nanoferrites: production, properties and applications Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA DANIEL ARAÚJO DE MACEDO MARCO ANTONIO MORALES TORRES RAFAEL ALEXANDRE RAIMUNDO Data: Jul 4, 2022 Show Abstract Spinels are magnetic semiconductor ceramics where the cationic distribution is given by the equation M 1-x 2+Fe x 3+[M x 2+Fe 1-x 3+] O42-. Due to the variable atomic arrangement, determined by the type of cation present in the structure and the method of obtaining it, ferrites are multifunctional materials. The application of these materials in electrochemistry has been growing over the years and the possibility of using ferrites as electrodes, either for charge storage devices or in water splitting reactions, brings great opportunities for nanotechnology researchers. In this work we present the synthesis of nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4) by the combined EDTA-Citrate complexation method. We studied the influence of reaction pH (3, 5, 7 and 9) on powder properties and the influence of temperature on phase formation when the reaction pH was set at 7. Structural, morphological, optical, magnetic and electrochemical properties were evaluated. The results confirmed the obtaining of single-phase NiFe2O4 powders at all pH studied (3, 5, 7 and 9) with nanoscale particle size (15-93nm). The morphology of the powders was affected by the reaction pH and exhibited rounded shapes, undefined shapes and triangles. UV-vis analysis reveals an inversely proportional relationship between crystal size and band gap. The isothermal hysteresis at 5 K and 300 K showed ferrimagnetic behavior for all samples obtained. The samples obtained without pH 3 and 9 were tested in an electrochemical cell in alkaline solution and it was found that for the purpose of use in energy storage devices the material was classified as battery-like electrodes. The improved electrochemical behavior of the NF9 sample (Qs = 65 C g-1 in 3 A g-1) was attributed to an increase in faradaic reactions driven by the porosity difference on the surface of the sample agglomerates and the boundary limits of the grains responsible for lower resistance to charge transfer. The NIFe2O4 powders, obtained at pH 7 at 400, 500 and 600 °C, were studied in alkaline solution as electrodes in oxygen evolution reactions reaching an overpotential of 326 mV vs. RHE to generate a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for samples calcined at 400°C. The improved electrochemical behavior compared to literature data was attributed to the microstructural characteristics that affect the charge and mass transport processes and to the reduced particle size.
6	LEONETE CRISTINA DE ARAUJO FERREIRA MEDEIROS SILVA Methyl Levulinate synthesis: renewable biomass conversion, kinetic study, and optimization of production Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Jul 22, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass utilization is a sustainable alternative to the oil industry in producing sustainable chemicals. Levulinic acid (LA) is considered a versatile chemical building block generating several products with industrial applications. Methyl levulinate (ML) is one of the levulinic esters considered a promising chemical in the biofuels industry. The development of the present study was divided into three stages: scoping literature review, kinetic study, and optimization of methyl levulinate synthesis from the esterification of levulinic acid in methanol using Al2(SO4)3 as a catalyst. In the first phase, the focus of the scientific production analysis was directed to the possible synthesis routes, reaction parameters, and catalysts employed. The literature points out that Methyl levulinate can be produced from the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass residues, as and without pretreatment, C5 and C6 sugar, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), derivatives from the decomposition of sugars, and intermediates of the reactions (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, furfuryl alcohol, furans, among others) and esterification of AL. The investigated parameters that can affect the feedstock conversions and the ML yield detected were pretreatments of the biomass; type of reactor; temperature and time of the reaction; the ratio between solvents and substrates and the catalyst used (performance, reusability, and effects on the installations). Research is at the laboratory level. However, few large-scale studies and simulations point to the possibility of levulinic ester production in the context of integrated biorefinery. The metallic salts present positive results in face of the problems faced in homogeneous catalysis, thus aluminum sulfate was chosen as a catalyst. The kinetic study performed reactions at temperatures of 120ºC, 140ºC, and 160ºC. From the fit of the experimental data, the pseudo-first-order kinetic model was used to calculate the activation energy, whose value was 11.37 kcal.mol-1. Applying a Box-Behnken type experimental planning of three factors, having as a response the conversion of Levulinic Acid, a significant and predictive regression model was obtained with R² equal to 0.86. The reactions took place at a temperature of 140 ºC in a 300 mL capacity Parr Instruments stainless steel reactor. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicated that the interaction of the molar ratio and catalyst concentration significantly influences the conversion of AL. The levels chosen for analysis provided conversions ranging from 86.83% to 99.27%, demonstrating the efficiency of a low-cost catalyst at low concentrations.
7	DEBORAH CORDEIRO DE ANDRADE Remediation study of contaminated kaolinite with diesel or hexavalente chromium by applying electrokinetics and permeable reactive barrier of cork. Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : SALVADOR COTILLAS SORIANO JORGE VIDAL CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DANYELLE MEDEIROS DE ARAUJO ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS Data: Aug 19, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In addition to heavy metal pollution, the environment faces contamination through organic components. Related to the oil industry, soil fuel pollution is generally related to accidental spills during handling, transport or storage activities in underground storage tanks, distribution systems or industrial crude oil refining activities. This is a serious environmental issue, due to the high negative impact of fuel contamination on the quality of water reservoirs, which prevents the use of this water for human consumption and the dangerousness of the chemical species contained in the fuel for the organisms that live in the soil. In order to fulfill these objectives, electrokinetic remediation combining granules of cork as a reactive permeable barrier and surfactants / chelating agents with low environmental impact are the technologies chosen for the study of the removal efficiency of the contaminants presented in this project, with the purpose of producing and contributing with new data on soil decontamination to be applied on a large scale.
8	MARIA ROSIANE DE ALMEIDA ANDRADE Biodiesel: Synthesis, Life Cycle Assessment, and Performance in a Diesel Engine Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES BRUNA RÊGO DE VASCONCELOS FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JEAN MICHEL LAVOIE JOSE MARIANO DA SILVA NETO Data: Sep 14, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel depletion are among the main reasons for pursuing the development of biofuel technologies. In that sense, biodiesel represents a suitable alternative to fossil fuel since it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and reduces hydrocarbons, sulfur, carbon monoxide, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons emission. The main production route for biodiesel is the methyl transesterification of triglycerides using a homogeneous base catalyst, such as potassium hydroxide. However, these catalysts produce soap, they are not recovered and reused, and the biodiesel purification process generates a large amount of wastewater. In this sense, studies have been developed to enable the use of heterogeneous catalysts because they produce less waste and can be recovered and reused. One of the most used heterogeneous catalysts is calcium oxide. Therefore, the present work uses calcined chicken eggshells as catalysts for the soybean oil methyl transesterification reaction and nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactants as interfacial tension reducing agents, improving the contact between the phases. To evaluate the environmental impacts caused by biodiesel production, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the biodiesel synthesis method proposed in this work was performed, using the surfactant and considering the catalyst synthesis step. In addition, a comparative study of the environmental impacts generated with the usual biodiesel production process using potassium hydroxide as homogeneous catalyst was performed. Another aspect evaluated in this work was the distillation of biodiesel, where two fractions were obtained, one with a higher concentration of light esters and another fraction with a higher concentration of heavy esters. The fractions obtained were added to commercial diesel and the new fuels were tested in a diesel engine in order to evaluate the effect of these fractions on combustion and engine performance. The results showed that the use of surfactants reduces the methanol to oil molar ratio and the reaction time. With the addition of 1.5 % surfactant, using a methanol to oil molar ratio of 4:1 and 2 %wt catalyst, it was possible to obtain a conversion over 90 % for a reaction time of 1.5 h. The LCA showed that biodiesel production using the surfactant is 77% more eco-efficient and has less environmental impact than the usual process using KOH. The addition of the distilled biodiesel and its fractions to the diesel promoted a lower specific consumption as well as an increase in thermal efficiency. Regarding the emission analyses, there was a reduction up to 35% in carbon monoxide emissions with the addition of biodiesel.
9	VITOR TROCCOLI RIBEIRO Influence of Tween 80 on pretreatment by steam and alkaline explosion, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for ethanol production from green coconut fiber Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Dec 9, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The green coconut fiber has been pointed out as an interesting alternative for the production of bioethanol, as Brazil has one of the largest global productions of the fruit and its inadequate disposal causes environmental problems. However, the high recalcitrance of green coconut makes it difficult to convert it into large volumes of bioethanol. Pretreatments are necessary to destroy the crystalline structure of cellulose and increase the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. Steam explosion pretreatment has a low environmental impact and whose main consequence is the removal of hemicellulose. Furthermore, the addition of non-ionic surfactants in the bioethanol production process has been studied as a strategy to increase its production and yield. Among these, Tween 80 stands out because it has a lower cost than other additives. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ethanol production from green coconut fiber using a combined steam explosion and alkaline pretreatment, comparing the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) strategies. The use of Tween 80 in the pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation steps was also investigated. Initially, the influence of the temperature and humidity in the steam explosion pretreatment were evaluated in the glucose production. As there was no delignification after steam explosion, and to increase enzymatic digestibility, an alkaline pretreatment with sodium hydroxide was carried out in sequence. The combination of steam explosion pretreatment and alkaline pretreatment of green coconut fiber led to cellulose contents above 47.22 ± 1.06% (w/w), which initially were 30.68 ± 0.52% (w/w), and maximum glucose yield equal to 54.74%. Surfactant did not increase delignification in the steam explosion pretreatment, however it increased the conversion to glucose when compared to experiments without Tween 80. The use of surfactant in enzymatic hydrolysis increased glucose production reaching a maximum value of 20.31 ± 0.48 g/L with combined pretreated biomass when 1.0% (w/v) surfactant was added. In the absence of surfactant in any steps, the SSSF strategy stood out over the SSF. SSSF increased the yield and ethanol production and the strain that obtained the best production was Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE2, reaching a maximum ethanol production equal to 24.88 ± 1.04 g/L under 15% (w/v) solids. Different effects of Tween 80 were observed during fermentation. The use of 2.0% (w/v) Tween 80 reduced cell viability as well as reduced ethanol production in simulated medium, in SSF and SSSF. On the other hand, the use of 1.0% (w/v) Tween 80 increased the average ethanol production, although not enough to be statistically significant. To increase ethanol production under 30% (w/v) solids loading, SSSF variations were performed, including batch addition of biomass, batch addition of enzymes and temperature variation every 6 h. SSSF with non-isothermal batch feeding and gradual addition of enzymes stood out, reaching a maximum ethanol produced of 48.21 ± 1.13 g/L in the presence of 1.0% (w/v) Tween 80. Therefore, the results show that the use of the combined pretreatment generated a biomass with high cellulosic content that has a great potential for cellulosic ethanol production when fermentation strategies with Tween 80 were evaluated.
10	PETRÚCIA KARINE SANTOS DE BRITO BEZERRA Butanol Production by Clostridium beijerinckii using green cococut fiber lignocellulosic residue Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARCELINO GEVILBERGUE VIANA PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Dec 15, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract The search for renewable energies that minimize the environmental damage caused mainly by the burning of fossil fuels has supported studies for the diversification of the global energy matrix. In the case of Brazil, the insertion of new biofuels such as butanol associated with the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass presents an opportunity to consolidate its historical vocation in the leadership of renewable energy sources, especially when the world seeks solutions to mitigate climate change. The green coconut shell, for example, is an abundant agro-industrial and urban waste that can be transformed into the substrate and then converted into products of industrial value, adding value to the production chain, and solving environmental problems related to its disposal. In this context, we investigated the potential of the green coconut husk in the production of cellulosic butanol (or biobutanol) by ABE (Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol) fermentation, using Clostridium beijerinckii. Initially, enzymatic hydrolysis tests were carried out to extract information about the release of sugars from green coconut shells (GCS) and the ability to recycle commercial cellulolytic cocktails. The behavior and recovery of cellulolytic enzymes remaining from GCS delignified by different pre-treatments (dilute acid, alkaline, and acid-alkaline) were evaluated. At another time, batch fermentation tests investigated the influence of some nutrients (nitrogen sources and mineral medium) on hydrolyzed supplementation to produce butanol and other solvents. Adsorption and desorption studies involving two types of cellulases (Trichoderma reesei ATCC 26921 and Cellic Ctec2, 10 FPU/g, initial dosage) with 5% solids loading showed that CCV delignified by alkaline (LCM1) and acid-alkali pretreatments (LCM3) showed lower cellulase adsorption capacity (48% and 69%). The LCM3 pretreatment provided the highest recovery of cellulase by desorption without the addition of Tween 80 (reaching 50%). Cellulases bound to the solid residue and dissolved in the supernatant after enzymatic hydrolysis (HE) can be reused in a new cycle without compromising the sugar yield results. Using GCS as a substrate, the addition of the solid residue and the supernatant from the previous cellulase adsorption stage reached satisfactory sugar yield (73% for LCM1 and 60% for LCM3) only using the recycled enzyme (without the addition of enzyme) concerning the control assay. Thus, it was possible to recycle the cellulases in two successive cycles of HE with reduced enzymatic load to reach the same yields of reducing sugars (up to 84%), allowing cheaper and more efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. ABE fermentation assays evaluated the influence of some nutrients, nitrogen sources, and minerals on hydrolyzed supplementation to produce butanol and other solvents. It was found that ~9.0 g/L of the initial substrate (glucose + xylose) present in the hydrolyzate resulted in an ABE yield of 0.53 g/g of sugars1, with 3.4 g/L of butanol produced in 96 h of fermentation, using the initial inoculum concentration of 1.0 g/L. The absence or insufficiency of some nutrients (minerals and phosphate buffer) resulted in low ABE production, indicating the relevance of the adequacy of supplements to the chosen fermentation medium and the type of microorganism used. Fed-batch fermentation resulted in higher butanol and ABE yields (0.08 g/L.h and 0.1 g/L.h, respectively), despite lower butanol and ABE yields (0.21 g/g and 0.24 g/g, respectively). The results indicate that green coconut waste has energy potential and is the low-cost raw materials for the biotechnological production of butanol, as an alternative and renewable product.
11	ISLANNY LARISSA OURIQUES BRASILEIRO DEVELOPMENT OF ZnO/g-C3N4 AND ZnFe2O4/g-C3N4 HETEROJUNCTIONS FOR PHOTODEGRADATION OF EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA REGINA DE FÁTIMA PERALTA MUNIZ MOREIRA VIVIAN STUMPF MADEIRA Data: Dec 16, 2022 Ata de defesa assinada: Show Abstract In recent years there has been growing concern about the contamination of water by emerging contaminants - substances that are not completely degraded by conventional processes of water and wastewater treatments and are not biodegradable. For this reason, several techniques have been developed to efficiently treat such compounds. In this work, different heterojunctions of ZnO/g-C3N4 and ZnFe2O4/g-C3N4 in different mass proportions of g-C3N4 (10, 50, and 80 %) were synthesized through a simple method of mixing, sonication and heat treatment. The influence of the amount of g-C3N4 in the heterojunctions as well as the influence of the type of zinc-based catalyst on the structural, morphological, optical, and photocatalytic properties of the materials were investigated. The XRD, FTIR, and SEM/EDS results confirmed the achievement of the desired heterojunctions. The incorporation of g-C3N4 was relevant in modifying the textural and optical properties of the heterojunctions produced. The 50-Zn/gCN heterojunction showed better photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic cefazolin (78 %) and the dye RB5 (95 %) in 120 min of the experiment, when compared with the pure materials and with the other heterojunctions. In addition, it exhibited faster reaction kinetics and good photostability. The best photocatalytic performance presented by this material can be attributed to the real synergistic effect between ZnO and g-C3N4, which promoted relevant interaction in a possible mechanism of Z scheme type, as verified in the PL analysis. The results of the experimental design showed that the catalyst concentration and the pH are the variables that most influence the cefazolin photodegradation, whereas for RB5, all the evaluated variables were significant for 95% confidence. 50-Zn/gCN exhibited 100% degradation for both contaminants evaluated in 90 min of reaction for cefazolin and in 10 min for RB5, under the following conditions: catalyst concentration 0.5 g L-1, contaminant concentration 5 mg L-1 and pH 2.5. Adsorption played a key role in the photodegradation of RB5. However, the degradation of the dye (adsorbed and remaining in the solution) and the regeneration of the catalyst surface were due to photocatalysis. The Z-scheme mechanisms for the photocatalytic reactions of cefazolin and RB5 have been adequately proposed, in which the photogenerated holes in the valence band of ZnO and the electrons in the conduction band of g-C3N4 were the main degradation pathways of cefazolin and RB5, respectively. The evaluated heterojunction showed good photostability for both contaminants. Finally, the promising character of 50-Zn/gCN synthesized for application in photocatalytic reactions mediated by sunlight for the degradation of contaminants of different classes, as well as the possibility of its use as an efficient alternative to minimize water pollution caused by overuse of medication during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021

	Dissertations
1	TALITA KÊNYA OLIVEIRA COSTA Evaluation of conversion of soybean oil in biodiesel using short chain alcohols Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE Data: Mar 19, 2021 Show Abstract Biodiesel is one of the alternatives in reducing environmental impacts as it is a fuel derived from renewable raw materials such as vegetable oils and animal fats. It can be obtained through the transesterification reaction between an alcohol and triglycerides in the presence or not of a catalyst, having as product an ester, which is biodiesel, and glycerin. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of short chain alcohols in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil, using a homogeneous base catalyst (potassium hydroxide), obtaining as a result the model for the conversion of the reaction and the reaction kinetics for the biodiesel made with butanol. The transesterification reactions were carried out in a jacketed glass reactor, with a coupled condenser and a heating bath. Initially, reactions were carried out with different alcohols varying the molar ratio alcohol: oil to biodiesel using methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and butanol as alcohol, soon after a factorial design 23 was made with butanol in the reaction and with the following conditions: alcohol: oil ratio of 4:1 to 8:1, 1 to 2%, 1 to 2 hours and 65 ° C. To obtain the kinetic curve, samples of the reaction were taken between the initial time and 60 minutes. For all samples, density and viscosity were analyzed and their conversions were measured using thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatography. In the density analysis, of the reactions of the factorial design, it varied between 889.41 kg/m3 and 850.18 kg/m3, whereas for the viscosity it varied between 11.10 cSt and 3.10 cSt. By increasing the conversion to ester, the density and viscosity decreased in their values. For the conversion analysis, the four types of alcohol with a 10:1 molar ratio were found: methanol 99.28%, ethanol 81.72%, 2-propanol 7.50% and butanol 49.74%. For planning with butanol, the optimum point occurred with an 8:1, 2% mass ratio of catalyst, for two hours, where it obtained 76.24% conversion. With the model obtained by factorial design, it was found that the three factors analyzed were significant, with an average error between the predicted and experimental values of 2.3%. The reaction was shown to be of second order with a kinetic constant of 3x10-5 min-1. Thus, it can be concluded that the biodiesel produced with butanol obtained conversion values consistent with the works found in the literature, making this alcohol an alternative in the production of biofuel due to renewable sources and better lubricity of the fuel.
2	ELTON DA NÓBREGA SILVA Synthesis of Copper Ferrite and its Application in Photochemical Degradation of 2,4-D Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS VIVIAN STUMPF MADEIRA Data: May 7, 2021 Show Abstract The increase in the consumption of pesticides, including herbicides, has caused a series of discurssions regarding its application and their consequences for humans and the environment. One of the most widely used herbicides in the world is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), however, its presence has been reported to be present in water bodies, causing impacts on the health of animals and humans. To degrade this contaminant, in this work copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) was synthesized using coprecipitation method and tested in photocatalytic reactions for the degradation of 2,4-D herbicide in aqueous solution, through heterogeneous photocatalysis with and without the addition of auxiliary oxidizing agents. The samples were was synthesized using the ratio 0.1 and 0.5 metal / base, using two types of salts, one with the Fe2+ ion and the other with the Fe3+ ion. A sample by the Pechini method was synthesized for comparative purposes. The catalysts were collected in a thermogravimetric test and calcined at 600°C. X-ray diffractograms were performed to determine the formation of the copper ferrite phase. A preliminary photocatalytic test was carried out to choose the catalyst with the best performance, the best sample being 0.1_Fe3+Cu, which with H2O2 degraded a large amount of 2,4-D. The parameters of the photocatalytic experiments were studied, such as: pH, concentration of catalyst, concentration of herbicide, concentration of oxidizing agent. The catalyst degraded 100% of the herbicide in 60 min of reaction. With the experimental data, following the law of the initiates, a law of speed was created that represents the model of the system. The law of speed followed a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and the reaction mechanism was studied, being possible that the catalyst obtained high performance in the degradation of 2,4-D with H2O2.
3	MATEUS FERNANDES MONTEIRO MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL REGENERATION UNIT: EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND THERMODYNAMIC MODELING Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jun 17, 2021 Show Abstract Gas hydrates are crystalline solids and may cause several harsh consequences for natural gas production in subsea lines. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is the most used thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor. Vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for aqueous systems in the presence of electrolytes have many industrial applications. VLE data for water + MEG mixtures in the presence of sodium chloride at low pressures are important to describe the effects of composition, temperature and pressure on MEG regeneration unit. The regeneration aims to remove water and salt present in the rich MEG stream, resulting in lean MEG. In the gas production context, MEG is regenerated to reduce operational costs, due to the large amount required. The MEG regeneration process consists mainly of a three-phase separator, flash evaporator with brine removal, and distillation column. A modified version of the Othmer ebulliometer was applied to measure reliable VLE data for water + MEG + NaCl at 101.325, 65 and 35 kPa. Binary systems water + MEG and MEG + NaCl were also experimentally studied. The Electrolyte Nonrandom Two-Liquid (ENRTL) and Universal Quasi-Chemical Activity Coefficient (UNIQUAC) models were successfully parameterized to describe the VLE behavior for water + MEG+ NaCl systems. Thermodynamic consistence of the datasets was also checked. MEG+NaCl solutions presented an inverted colligative property, i.e., the addition of salt decreases the boiling point. NaCl solubility were also measured from 293.15 to 403.15 K in the whole MEG concentration range. The experimental method used for the determination of salt solubility data was analytical (density measurements) and based on the reproducibility of the concentration of two successive samples. The temperature dependence on the solubility of NaCl is relatively weak compared to other salts and a reverse trend behavior with increasing temperature has been described for MEG contents higher than 90 wt%. Excess solubility has been correlated with Redlich–Kister expansion. Solid–liquid equilibrium data were also used for ENRTL parametrization. The parameterized models allow the simulation of the MEG regeneration process in the Aspen Plus, describing satisfactorily water and NaCl separation at flash evaporator and distillation column.
4	MÁRIO HERMES DE MOURA NETO Experimental Data and Computational Method for the Determination of Composition in the Monoethylene Glycol Regeneration Process Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jun 17, 2021 Show Abstract Gas hydrates are crystalline solids formed by the combination of small gas molecules (e.g. CO2 and methane) and water. These solids may form in Natural Gas production lines, causing great damage, such as partial or total obstruction of the production flow and rupture of the pipelines. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) is a thermodynamic gas hydrate inhibitor widely applied for natural gas flow assurance. To ensure financial and environmental feasibility the MEG needs to be regenerated and reused. A series of density and electrical conductivity measurements of water+MEG+NaCl mixtures was reported allowing indirect supervision of the MEG regeneration unit (MRU). Density (610 data points) and electrical conductivity (250 data points) measurements were performed from 278.15 to 363.15 K, the complete concentration range of solvents and NaCl up to almost saturation. The solution theory was applied for density modeling purpose, using the excess volume ( ). The was correlated with the aid of the Redlich–Kister equation. A semiempirical correlation with five adjustable parameters was applied for electrical conductivities of water+NaCl and MEG+NaCl binary mixtures. To describe the ternary system, a quadratic mixing rule with a correction parameter accounted for the solvent composition. Accurate thermodynamic correlations for density (ρ) and electrical conductivity (κ) as function of water, MEG and, NaCl concentrations and temperature were obtained. These functions allowed the determination of VLE data for water+MEG mixtures in the presence of NaCl at low pressures, which are important to describe the effects of composition, temperature, and pressure in the MRU. A modified version of the Othmer ebulliometer was applied to measure reliable VLE data for water+MEG+NaCl at 101.325, 65, and 35 kPa. The Electrolyte Nonrandom Two-Liquid and Universal Quasi-Chemical Activity Coefficient models were parameterized to describe the VLE behavior of water+MEG+NaCl. MEG+NaCl solutions presented an inverted colligative property, i.e., the addition of salt decreases the boiling point. VLE data indicated that water separation is less efficient due to the addition of salt. The ρ and κ functions also presented an approximately orthogonal behavior to each other, allowing the determination of mixture composition. The Matlab environment was considered to solve the nonlinear system of two equations with constraints. The fmincon built–in function was found robust for composition determination from the experimental density and electrical conductivity data. The proposed methodology was extensively tested (860 data points) and deviations less than 0.0060 and 0.0011 in solvents and NaCl mass fractions were obtained, demonstrating the required accuracy.
5	ESTEFANI ALVES ASEVEDO Production and extraction of carotenoids produced by microalgae of Dunaliella salina and Anikistrodesmus sp. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS BRUNA MARIA EMERENCIANO DAS CHAGAS CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA Data: Jul 29, 2021 Show Abstract Given the current scenario of intense environmental degradation by conventional production mechanisms, the development of environmentally sustainable alternative routes is essential. In this context, the biotechnological potential of microalgae is highlighted, since the production of this microorganism has economic and environmental advantages in addition to the natural production of compounds beneficial to human health. Based on these facts, this dissertation proposes the production of microalgal biomass of Dunaliella salina and Anikistrodesmus sp. aiming at the extraction of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, evaluating cultivation conditions and extraction techniques supported by a minimal environmental degradation approach.
6	STEPHANIE CAROLINE BIVAR MATIAS EVALUATION OF PRODUCTION STRATEGIES IN DISCONTINUOUS CULTIVATION OF Toxoplasma Gondii MULTI-ANTIGENIC CHIMERIC PROTEIN TgAGSS/BsT IN Escherichia coli Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS Data: Aug 17, 2021 Show Abstract Despite the advances in science and technology, toxoplasmosis does not yet have a vaccine capable of immunizing humans and animals against all isolated types of T. gondii. The treatment of this disease is based on the use of drugs that have some toxicity and can cause serious side effects justifying the need for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutic as preventive measures. Due to the great diversity of antigens presented by Toxoplasma gondii, a vaccine and diagnostic kit containing multiple antigens is quite promising. Among the bacteria used to produce recombinant proteins, Escherichia coli is the most widely used because of its well described genetic characteristics. In this context, the present work has as main focus to evaluate discontinuous cultivation strategies in the production of Toxoplasma gondii multi-antigenic chimeric protein TgAGS / BsT performed in a rotary incubator. To achieve the proposed objective, several assays will be performed to observe the kinetic behavior of the E. coli XL-1 Blue strain in five different medium compositions (2xTY, glucose supplemented TB, glycerol supplemented TB, LB and M9) without addition of inductor in rotary incubator. In addition, the stability of the plasmid, the influence of the medium on the kinetic parameters of E. coli cell growth will be evaluated. and TgAGS / BsT multi-antigen chimera protein expression and acetic acid formation.
7	JOSE DALADIE BARRETO DA COSTA FILHO Valorization of corn cob: Potential for ethanol production and application of residual lignin from enzymatic hydrolysis as cationic dye adsorbent Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO Data: Aug 18, 2021 Show Abstract The conversion of lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars for ethanol production has been a promising alternative to increase biofuel production. However, the production of cellulosic ethanol requires an improvement in its main stages, including pretreatment, for which research has shown many possibilities. Oxidative pretreatment has gained space in the literature in the last decade, however studies with persulfate are still limited. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxidative pretreatments with thermally activated sodium persulfate (Ox) and organosolv with acidified glycerol (Os) on corn cob, as well as to dispose of the fractions obtained after each stage. The effects on the composition after Os and Ox pretreatments were evaluated, as well as the combinations of sequential step strategies (oxidation followed by organosolv - OxOs; and organosolv followed by oxidation - OsOx) and the synergistic effect in a single step, in the presence of sulfuric acid (Oxs) or without acidification (GP). In compositional terms, the combination of techniques in two steps (OxOs and OsOx), regardless of the order of performance, and in a single step (Oxs) were responsible for the highest rates of lignin and hemicellulose removal. The recovered glycerol-based fluid phases, due to their acidic nature (pH < 1), have the potential for efficient recycling in new pre-treatment steps. The pretreated and untreated (in natura) biomass were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with a solids load of 5% (m/v) and an enzymatic load of 10.0 FPU/g of biomass for 48 hours. After saccharification, the hydrolyzate was separated to determine the concentration of reducing sugars and glucose. The highest concentrations were obtained with OxOs, while OsOx and Oxs showed statistically equal results, therefore, the hydrolysates of Oxs (HOxs) and OxOs (HOxOs) were applied in fermentation for 72 hours with Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2, while solid residues (ROxs and ROxOs) were intended for adsorption tests of the cationic dye methylene blue (AM). The hydrolyzate (HOs) and solid (ROs) of the organosolv were used as controls in the experiments in order to evaluate the role of oxidation. Rapid ethanol production in the initial 12 hours of incubation was achieved with HOxs and HOxOs (~10 g/L). The compositional characterization of ROs, ROxs and ROxOs residues indicate the presence of undigested polysaccharides during saccharification, but with a majority composition of lignin (~75%), consistent with thermogravimetric and FTIR analyses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed severe fiber digestion of corn cob in the three residual solids, as well as evidence of increased porosity in ROxs and ROxOs. The kinetic adsorption assays revealed a fast AM capture in the initial minutes, but with a slow concentration decay even after 2 hours. The kinetics that best fit the experimental data was the pseudo-second order type. The Langmuir isotherm was able to satisfactorily represent the equilibrium points analyzed after 24 hours of incubation (R² > 0.98). In both curves (kinetic and equilibrium), biomass residues submitted to oxidative pretreatment showed greater efficiency in capturing AM, a behavior corroborated by the estimation of the maximum adsorptive capacities of ROs (149.33 mg/g), ROxs (172.10 mg/g) and ROxOs (187.50 mg/g). Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of organosolv with oxidation by temperature-activated persulfate proved to be an efficient technique for cellulosic conversion in saccharification and consequently in ethanol production, as well as having positive effects on the adsorption of cationic substances.
8	ANA CARLA DA FONSECA FERREIRA Removal of organic matter from shrimp effluent using an activated sludge system. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EMILIANNY RAFAELY BATISTA MAGALHAES EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO Data: Aug 27, 2021 Show Abstract Due the growth of demand for new food sources, shrimp farming has become one of the main aquaculture activities. However, the high amount of non-treated effluent released into water bodies generate a growing concern about the environmental impacts. Activated sludge system is a good alternative treatment for shrimp farming effluent. Thus, the objective of this work is evaluate the efficiency of organic matter removal from a real shrimp farming effluent by activated sludge treatment system in different operational and process conditions. The optimum condition of operation will be determinate for the release of the effluent in concordance with the legislation.
9	TALITA LORENA DA SILVA DO NASCIMENTO BIOADSORBENT DERIVED FROM THE AQUATIC PACHIRA Aubl. FOR METALS REMOVING IN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : FABÍOLA DIAS DA SILVA CURBELO KARINE FONSECA SOARES DE OLIVEIRA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Aug 31, 2021 Show Abstract The use of agro-industrial products to remove contaminants through the adsorption process has been a sustainable alternative due to its renewable origin, abundance, low cost and efficiency compared to commercial coal. In this sense, the present study aimed to investigate the use of a bioadsorbent derived from the fruit peel of aquatic Pachira for the removal of metallic ions in aqueous solution. The bioadsorbent was produced by carbonization of the biomass husks at 450 °C, and characterized through immediate analysis, XRD, SEM, the zero charge potential, zeta potential, thermal analysis and Boehm titration. The full factorial design with central points was applied to optimize the adsorption tests and verify the influence of the concentration of Ni2+ and Cd2+ metallic ions, adsorbent mass and temperature on the removal capacity of such ions. The adsorption tests were developed using batch and fixed bed column systems. The kinetic models of the multielementary solutions showed that a chemisorption process occurred, whereas the isotherm models that best fit the experimental data were Freundlich and Langmuir for Ni2+ and Cd2+, respectively. The study of adsorption thermodynamics showed that the system, for both ions, is endothermic, since the ΔH values were positive, and that the adsorption conditions are non-spontaneous, indicated by the positive ΔG results. Furthermore, the results of ΔH >20 kJ/mol for both ions confirmed that the process occurred was that of chemisorption. The rupture curves showed that at a flow rate of 3mL/min and bed height of 12 cm there were better removal results, with the rupture time for the initial concentrations of 100 mg/L of Ni2+ and Cd2+ equal to 30 and 36 min, respectively. The adsorption capacity of metals in the fixed bed column was greater for Cd2+ than Ni2+, with removal of 99% and 89% respectively. It was observed that for adsorbate concentration of 100mg/L, the break-up time was reached very quickly, however, by decreasing the concentration to 45mg/L, this time was increased by about 6x. The bioadsorbent produced from the fruit peel of the Pachira aquática has the potential to remove metals in industrial effluents, providing sustainable valorization of a forest by-product through its application in effluent treatment systems.
10	RAQUEL REVOREDO PINHEIRO DE SOUZA Technical Analysis to Increase Productivity of Solar Desalinizers Through Modeling and Simulation Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS Data: Sep 24, 2021 Show Abstract Aware of the global need to ensure access to drinking water and that most of the water on the globe contains salinity levels that make it impossible to consume and use it in the home, we propose, in this work, simulations that allowed us to understand some of the phenomena relevant to the functioning of solar desalinators, mainly aimed at optimizing the water production capacity from conventional equipment to modified equipment. For this, simulation in EMSO software was used, starting from the mathematical modeling of energy balances. Daily productivity results were obtained of 1.5671 L/m² for the conventional model, 1.8604 L/m² for the modified model with low pressure, 1.7416 L/m² for the modified model with a 50W heat source , 1.9646 L/m² for the modified model with a 100W heat source and 2.1970 L/m² for the modified model with a 150W heat source. The results of nanofluids did not fit the proposed model, since the model used in the literature is not, according to what we have seen, capable of describing the phenomena. Furthermore, the results were compared with experimental data from the Northeast region, obtaining 2.7310 L/m² of daily production. The results made it possible to understand the characteristics of the different models regarding heat transfer, as well as it was possible to evaluate the best equipment represented by the model and its cost-benefit ratio. Within these characteristics, the modified model with a 150W heat source was the best fit.
11	THAIS CARTAXO DE ALMEIDA Obtaining the prolyl endoprotease enzyme from Aspergillus sp. in malt bagasse and comparison with similar commercial enzyme in the production of gluten-free beer Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Dec 16, 2021 Show Abstract The beer consumer market has been presenting a change in Brazil with the search for differentiated products and with higher quality, the craft beers. However, beer is a drink that contains gluten and can not be consumed by people with celiac disease. In addition, the search for gluten-free foods by people who do not have the disease has shown a considerable increase due to the search for a healthier lifestyle since gluten-free foods have a low caloric content. Thus, the search for ways to produce beer without the presence of gluten, but maintaining its raw materials base (water, barley malt, hops and yeast) has been the subject of research. In this context, the present study aims to produce the enzyme prolil endoprotease from Aspergillus sp. com malt bagasse as a substrate as well as compare with a similar commercial enzyme produced from Aspergillus niger (AN-PEP) in the production of a gluten-free beer aimed at optimizing the temperature and concentration of the same. In addition, a gluten-free beer will be produced with the commercial enzyme, which will be characterized and after sensory analysis, will be compared to beer obtained with gluten under the same conditions.
	Thesis
1	DENNYS CORREIA DA SILVA Ionic flocculation and liquid-liquid extraction using surfactants and microemulsified systems to remove oil from produced water Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS PAULA ROMYNE DE MORAIS CAVALCANTE NEITZKE RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Mar 15, 2021 Show Abstract The produced water (AP) is one of the main sources of pollution derived from the oil industry and represents one of the most important environmental concerns. In this work, surfactants and microemulsion systems were used to remove dispersed oil from the AP by ion flocculation and liquid-liquid extraction methods. For experiments involving ionic flocculation, an alternative was presented for the removal of oil from the water produced using the ionic surfactant babassu coconut oil (OCBS) as part of the capture of oil by micellar solubilization, followed by ionic flocculation by Ca2 + ions. A factorial experimental design was applied in order to optimize the oil removal process (ER). The experiments investigated the influence of the surfactant concentration + CaCl2 (C), temperature (T) and agitation speed (v), obtaining ER = 70.02-91.49%. Subsequently, the influence of pH, CaCl2/surfactant ratio and oil removal kinetics (t) on the system with the highest ER was evaluated, obtaining E_R = 100%. Then, the optimal system for greater oil removal was reproduced using microemulsions as flocculants having OCBS as surfactant, presenting ER = 100%. Thus, it can be said that the application of ionic flocculation using OCBS is an efficient technique in the treatment of PA. For experiments involving liquid-liquid extraction, the systems used were composed of AP as an aqueous phase; aviation kerosene as an oily phase; isoamyl alcohol and 1-butanol as co-active agents; and Dissolvan® and Lipesa® as surfactants. An experimental plan was applied to optimize the process and the experiments were carried out according to the Scheffé network, showing oil removal efficiencies (ER) between 24-99%. The microemulsion extraction point used for the optimization of the process was composed of 60% by weight of AP, 5% by weight of kerosene and 35% by weight of the cosurfactant/surfactant ratio (C/S = 9 ratio). The effects of the C/S ratio, microemulsion load capacity, oil removal kinetics, temperature, and phase separation speed were evaluated. From these tests, it was possible to obtain 100% oil removal using C/S = 9, t = 25 min, T = 50–60 ° C, demonstrating the viability of the evaluated systems. Comparing the two techniques, it was possible to verify that the ionic flocculation presented greater advantage for using fewer components obtaining high values of oil removal.
2	CLEITIANE DA COSTA NOGUEIRA Cellulosic ethanol production under high concentrations of ethylene oxide-based polymers Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EMMANUEL DAMILANO DUTRA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCINALDO LEITE DA SILVA PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO TELMA TEIXEIRA FRANCO Data: Apr 12, 2021 Show Abstract The conversion of agro-industrial wastes such as green coconut husk (GCH) and corncob (CC) into ethanol is a promising alternative for Brazil to overcome industrial, economic and environmental issues. However, the cellulosic ethanol production requires an improvement in its main stages: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. For this purpose, researches have shown many possibilities. Among them, it can be highlighted the use of polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and its derivatives as coadjuvants in these stages, since, in addition to beneficially assisting the pretreatment of biomass, it has favored the enzymatic activity and increased the vitality, viability and tolerance of the yeast in fermentation media with inhibitors. Therefore, this study evaluated how the type of polymer and its concentration can influence the performance of each stage. For this, the GCH and CC biomasses (untreated and pretreated in hydrothermal, acid and alkaline conditions) and SigmaCell cellulose, yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CAT-1 and Kluyveromyces marxianus), and polymers (Triton X-100, Tween 80, PEG 4000 and EOPO 5800) at different concentrations were used during the studied stages. In addtion, fermentative strategies have been proposed to integrate these steps by using polymers. In fermentations in inhibitory medium, the polymers PEG and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO) acted as detoxification agents, maintaining the cell viability and the ethanol production similar to the control without inhibitor and polymer. This behavior was directly related to the concentration of the polymer up to the values of 175 and 100 g.L-1 for PEG 4000 and EOPO 5800, respectively. In simulated enzymatic hydrolysis, PEG and EOPO increased cellulolytic activity and the release of fermentable sugars in an environment rich in lignin. PEG 400 was successfully used in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the slurry from the pressurized hydrothermal pretreatment, increasing the ethanol titer from 6.43 g.L-1 (control without PEG) to 7.87 g.L-1. During acid pretreatment, PEG increased the delignification of the CC. However, the effect of polymers was more pronounced with the GCH for the subsequent stages of hydrolysis and fermentation, probably because of the high biomass lignin content. The results of SSF with liquor and PEG for pretreated acid and hydrothermal GCH were 8.8±0.8 g.L-1 and 9.3±1.2 g.L-1 of ethanol, respectively. However, these values were exceeded when using untreated coconut (9.7±0.5 g.L-1). Batch SSF from untreated GCH reached 89.8% mass yield of ethanol, using 175 g.L-1 PEG 4000, 20 FPU.g-1 and 1x108 cells.mL-1 of S. cerevisiae CAT-1. The addition of PEG made it possible to operate the batch fed SSF using up to 30% (w/w) of solid loading, 13.3 FPU.g-1 of enzyme loading and 1x108 cells.mL-1 of S. cerevisiae CAT-1, producing 35.1 g.L-1 ethanol in 48 h. Therefore, the results indicated that PEG in high concentrations is an alternative to facilitate the processing of GCH in the cellulosic ethanol industry.
3	HELTON GOMES ALVES Influence of polymer concentration in microemulsified systems containing Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer known in sandstone rocks Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO CLÁUDIO REGIS DOS SANTOS LUCAS MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA PEDRO TUPÃ PANDAVA AUM TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Aug 30, 2021 Show Abstract The Enhaced Oil Recovery (EOR) process using chemical methods, among them, Chemical systems containing Alkali, Surfactant, and Polymer (ASP), has been widely investigated, due to the good synergy between the three chemical agents and for presenting a 20% increase in the percentage of recovered oil in place. In this context, the present work aims at the experimental study of chemical systems, consisting of saponified coconut oil (surfactant), Butan-1-ol (co-surfactant), kerosene (oil phase), Na2CO3 (Alkali), water and different percentages of polymer AH 912 SH, applied as an alternative method in EOR in sandstone rock from the Botucatu sedimentary formation. Chemical systems were characterized by analysis of particle diameter, surface tension and viscosity. Rheology and adsorption tests were carried out in order to evaluate their influence on oil recovery. The flow tests in porous media were carried out in a confinement system that simulates the conditions of an oil reservoir, using sandstone rock plugs with permeability in the range of 15.70 mD to 27.66 mD and oil from the Potiguar Basin of the Ubarana field. The droplet sizes showed characteristic values of micellar aggregates, with a maximum dimension of 2.63 nm. Surface tension increased as the percentage of polymer in the systems increased. Advanced recovery tests using chemical systems showed oil displacement efficiencies with values directly proportional to the increase in viscosity of ASP chemical systems. The system with the highest percentage of polymer obtained the best percentage of oil displaced (79.12%), resulting in greater total displacement efficiency (96.07%). It was also observed that it is possible to obtain satisfactory recovery results by injecting smaller volumes of the system, followed by brine injection. This study showed the potential of ASP microemulsion chemical systems in oil recovery.
4	VIVIANE HIROMI UCHIDA Use of Castanets (Terminalia catappa Linn) in the production of pectinases and cellulases by Solid State Fermentation (FES) using Aspergilus niger IOC 3998 and use of its bioactive compounds Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCINALDO LEITE DA SILVA NATHALIA SARAIVA RIOS SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Sep 24, 2021 Show Abstract Abstract: Castanets (Terminalia catappa Linn) are edible but have no commercial value. In this context, the present study investigated the potential of the castannet fruit for the development of extract with bioactive properties aiming to inhibit the α-amylase enzyme and its use in cosmetics. In addition, the fruit was also used as a substrate for obtaining pectinases and cellulae from solid state fermentation (FES). The pulp extracts showed values of phenolic compounds (2.984mg/g ± 0.38), flavonoids (1.644mg/g ± 0.21), flavonols (0.123mg/g ± 0.001) and total anthocyanins (0.505mg/g ± 0.21) 0.09) and inhibition of α-amylase enzyme reaching 100% with concentrated extract. For the encapsulation by nanoemulsions, using distilled water as the aqueous phase, Crodamol OQ-LQ as the oil phase and Tween 80 as the emulsifier, it was verified the formation of 3 systems with mean diameters 43.2 nm ± 0.6 for the F1. 41.1 nm ± 0.3 for F2 and 68.9 nm ± 0.3 for F3. The best values found in the fermentation process for polygalacturonase and pectin lyases were 32.61 U/g (30°C, pH 8.0 and 80% humidity) and 189.91 U/g (30°C, pH 4.0 and 80% humidity), respectively. In the factorial design, pH contributions and temperature-pH and temperature-humidity interactions were significant for PG. While for PMGL, moisture and temperature-pH interaction were significant. The enzymatic extracts of PG and PMGL were stable at temperatures between 30 and 70°C. However, the extracts were not very stable (40% of relative activity) at different pHs for PG, and for PMGL it remained stable (100 to 70% of relative activity) up to 1h of incubation. The treated residue had the best yield (22%), with CMCase and FPase production of 13.2 U/g and 0.232 U/g respectively. The enzymatic extracts performed better at neutral pH and at temperatures above 50 °C the enzymatic activity decreased to 37.18% and 18.48% respectively.
5	TIAGO FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA Niobium and tantalum containing molecular sieves type MCM-41 from columbite ore processing and their application in methylene blue dye adsorption. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CLEONILSON MAFRA BARBOSA MARTA LIGIA PEREIRA DA SILVA MEIRY GLÁUCIA FREIRE RODRIGUES Data: Dec 8, 2021 Show Abstract The intense human activity, the population growth and the adverse effects of climate changes have impacted the planet's water supply, especially in the poorest countries. This is mainly due to the lack of rainfall and the contamination of water bodies by organic and inorganic pollutants, such as dye effluents from various industrial activities. Adsorption processes have been shown to be an economically advantageous alternative in the treatment of these wastewater. This work aimed to study the synthesis of MCM-41 type mesoporous molecular sieves modified with the inclusion of niobium and tantalum atoms from the hydrometallurgical processing of columbite ore, varying the molar ratio Si/M = 15, 30 and 60 (M = Nb and Ta). The materials obtained were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, N2 adsorption and diffuse UV/vis reflectance, and the replacement of silicon atoms in the MCM-41 structure by Nb and Ta atoms was demonstrated, with no prejudice to the characteristic hexagonal ordering of these materials. The molecular sieves were used as adsorbents to remove Methylene Blue dye. The effect of pH, adsorbent dosage and initial dye concentration on removal were evaluated. The adsorption kinetics and the equilibrium isotherm models showed a good fit of the experimental data to the pseudo-second order and Freundlich models, respectively, indicating the heterogeneity in the surface of these adsorbents. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters indicated a spontaneous endothermic process. The materials obtained proved to be promising adsorbents for MB removal at pH=10, reaching high removal percentages (>99%) even in short contact times

2020

	Dissertations
1	RAYANNE MACÊDO ARANHA VIEGAS Treatability studies of creosote contaminated soil applying advanced oxidative process using iron chelate activated persulfate Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 17, 2020 Show Abstract A significant portion of contaminated soil contains organic liquid pollutants known as Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs). Creosote is a type of DNAPL (Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids) and therefore has the ability to migrate to significant subsurface depths until it reaches an impermeable layer where it accumulates. Thus, it may be present at different stages in the underground medium, such as vapor, dissolved and sorbed NAPL (residual and free). It is a complex mixture of organic constituents containing mainly aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (HPAs). HPAs are persistent organic pollutants that tend to adsorb into solid particles due to their physicochemical properties. Advanced oxidation processes can be applied to remedy contaminated sites with HPAs through the use of oxidizing agents such as persulfate. This oxidant can be activated by iron ions generating sulfate free radicals () that react with organic species causing partial or complete mineralization. In this work, the partitioning of HPAs contained in creosote between vapor, aqueous, DNAPL and sorbed phases was evaluated. In addition, treatability assays using iron chelate activated persulphate were applied to sandy soils artificially contaminated with creosote and phenanthrene. From the phase distribution evaluation, the highest contaminant concentration was detected in the sorbed phase. Treatability trials performed on creosote contaminated soil showed that 61.4% of the PAHs selected were removed. Phenanthrene (PHE) has been shown to be one of the most recalcitrant HPAs. Thus, treatability tests on phenanthrene contaminated soil were performed and higher removal percentages were obtained and it was possible to reach levels below the intervention value established by the Environmental Company of São Paulo (CETESB) for industrial areas. Kinetic assays indicated that the degradation kinetics of PHE adequately fit a second order model. Based on the results of this study, chemical oxidation proved to be an effective remediation technology for soil contamination by HPAs.
2	WILLYAN ARAÚJO DA COSTA Production, Recovery and Application of Oleaginous Bioactivie Obtained from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa cells Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Feb 19, 2020 Show Abstract The present study aimed to obtain lipo-molecules by a bioprocess using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CCT3892 cells as catalyst and sugarcane molasses as carbon source, evaluated a green extraction process of them using Deep Eutectic Solvents and lastly to obtain nanoemulsioned systems containing these biosubstances in view of a future application in the cosmetic industry. The results obtained in the first part of this work showed that the use of molasse (CM) in the bioactive simultaneous production by the yeast was able to produce the same content of total lipids and total carotenoids (16.50 % ± 0.68% e 0.053 ± 0.001 mg.g-1) as a synthetic medium (CS) (15.36 ± 1.36 % e 0.051 ± 0.001 mg.g-1). With regards to the fatty acids production, the CM cultivation showed the most prominent profile once it present a great content of oleic acid (74,05%). The yeast extract supplementation (CMEL) did not provide an improvement in microbial oil-production once it redirected the yeast metabolism to others actives instead of secondary metabolites obtainment. In the second part of this research, the use of four choline chloride based Deep Eutectic Solvents was verified in relation to their ability in to improve the yeast cell permeability and total carotenoids recuperation. The best result for the total carotenoid recovery (0.110 ± 0.005 mg.mL-1) was achieved using the solvent synthetized with glycerol (ChGy). The results of the fatty acids analysis showed that DES treatments did not influence in the oil composition. The thermogravimetric analysis of the yeast cells, before and after the treatments, revealed that the solvent interaction with the cells were conditioned to the chemical specie used in DES synthesis. An experimental design (2³) evidenced the process dependence in relation to the temperature, etanol addition in the solvent and extraction time. In the last part of this research, it was found a strong antioxidant activity for the eutectic extract obtained from the Rhodotorula cells and it was conclude that this characteristic was not only due the carotenoid presence (0.10 ± 0.02 mg.g-1) but also because of the content of reducing sugars, such as: xylose (2.19 ± 0.02 mg.g-1), glucose (1.03 ± 0.00 mg.g-1) and arabinose (0.36 ± 0.00 mg. g-1). After the IC50 determination (10.84 mg.mL-1), the extract was added at 2,5% in an oil phase formed by caprylic/capric triglycerides and preservative. The phase was emulsified with distilled water (aqueous phase) and Tween 20 (surfactant) and the formation of nanoemulsions was noticed, F1 (42.90 ± 8.17 nm) and F2 (118.85 ± 1.44 nm). Both systems were characterized in relation to their pH, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI). After the stability tests, the systems showed to be stable in relation to the centrifugal action and variant in kinetic terms according to the storage temperature (30 days). The rheology of the nanoemulsions was also investigated and it revealed that the behavior in ration to a shear stress was conditioned to the oil content, which varied from Newtonian (F1) to non-Newtonian (F2) as a function of the oil phase content.
3	CAROLINA DA SILVA COSTA Development of a pressurized catalytic system for converting γ-butyrolactone into high added value products. Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA PEDRO MIGUEL VIDINHA GOMES TIAGO PINHEIRO BRAGA Data: Feb 20, 2020 Show Abstract The unsustainability of the use of fossil materials generates the search for alternative components capable of producing chemical products and energy from clean, renewable and economically viable processes. In the context of chemical product production, biomass is considered a source of platform molecules capable of synthesizing high value-added chemicals. γ-Butyrolactone (GBL), for example, is an important platform molecule for the production of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF), these substances having several industrial applications. Thus, the present work aimed to study the processes of catalytic hydrogenation of γ-butyrolactone, employing bimetallic nanostructured catalysts based on palladium and rhenium and supported on silica (PdRe/SiO2). The PdRe/SiO2 catalysts were synthesized by the successive impregnation method and characterized in terms of their surface and pore volume, quantity of metals, reduction temperature, crystalline structure and morphology. The reactions were evaluated for the effect of temperature and pressure, from a central rotational composite design, water effect (solvent) and supercritical CO2 (reaction medium). The catalysts were characterized as mesoporous materials with narrow and uniform pores. From the XRD of the catalyst, the Pd peaks were identified in different planes, only a peak of Re and a characteristic peak of amorphous materials referring to silica. TEM images showed agglomerated metal structures, but well distributed on the support. For the reactions, only the linear temperature effect was significant for the GBL conversion, while for the BDO selectivity, the quadratic effects of temperature and pressure were statistically significant. Dimers of BDO and GBL were identified as products of the reactions and water had a great influence on their formations. The effects of CO2-SC were more expressive in increasing the selectivity of THF.
4	MARCELO DA SILVA PEDRO Effect of flow patterns on the partitioning of biomolecules (protein and ampicillin) in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) using microsystems. Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ LIANA FRANCO PADILHA Data: Feb 20, 2020 Show Abstract Protein separation is a complex process and involves several processing steps, making the process expensive and slow. In this work, a microsystem was built to separate model proteins using the liquid-liquid extraction technique using a two-phase aqueous system (ATPS) of polymer and salt. ATPS was formed by the mixture of the polyethylene glycol-PEG polymer (25% w / w), potassium phosphate (10% w / w) and distilled water (65% w / w). The microsystem channels have diameters of 0.51 mm, 1.14 mm and 1.8 mm. The total flow range ranges from 20 to 700 μL / min. The effect of the flow pattern on the extraction of biomolecules (protein and ampicillin) was investigated. Flow patterns were determined using SAB composed of PEG / phosphate with different molecular molecular weights (PEG 1500, PEG 4000 and PEG 6000) and silicone mini-channels with circular geometry arranged in sinusoidal shape and diameter 1.8 mm. As expected, the gradual increase in liquid flow made it possible to achieve the following flow patterns in sequence: slug, droplet and parallel flow. The high viscosity of the polymeric phases prevented the parallel flow from occurring in systems with higher molecular weight of PEG. Initially, the effect of flow patterns on the recovery of bovine serum albumin protein (from English bovine serum albumin-BSA) was studied for the three flow patterns obtained in the PEG 1500 / dibasic potassium phosphate system in the residence times of 3, 5 and 10 min in the 1.8 mm mini channel. In this condition, the highest BSA recovery efficiencies were 38%, 56% and 32% for 10 min incubation and using slug, droplet and parallel flow patterns, respectively. Then, the recovery of a smaller molecule (ampicillin), whose molar mass is 349 g / mol, was tested for comparison with the BSA protein which has a molar mass of 66500 g / mol (large molecule), with a greater recovery of the smaller molecule. BSA recovery tests were also performed using a 1.14 mm mini-channel and 0.510 mm microchannel using the droplet flow pattern and residence times of 3, 5 and 10 min. The volumetric mass transfer coefficients () were obtained in the range of 0.41-2.75x10-3 (s-1) for all microchannels and flow patterns. The flow regimes affected the BSA recovery, with the droplet regime providing the greatest recovery. The same was not observed for the smaller molecule, antibiotic ampicillin, which recovered independently of the flow regime. The reduction in the diameter of the channels and the increase in residence times had a positive effect on the extraction efficiency and the maximum efficiency value obtained was 69% for the 0.510 mm microchannel and 10 min residence time for the BSA protein. The flow and scale reduction regime had a positive effect for , with higher values being obtained for the droplet and 0.510 mm microchannel regime.
5	GUILHERME QUINTELA CALIXTO RENEWABLE PHENOLICS EXTRACT FROM CARBONIZATION OF JUREMA PRETA (Mimosa tenuiflora) Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA RODOLFO LUIZ BEZERRA DE ARAÚJO MEDEIROS Data: Feb 21, 2020 Show Abstract Carbonization is a thermochemical process of converting biomass into energy, with neutral CO2 emissions. However, one of the biggest challenges of this process is to make it sustainable, since two products other than charcoal are produced: gas and liquid. The gas, mostly CH4, CO, CO2 and H2, is easy to reuse considering it can be used to heat the system itself. The liquid, also called pyroligneous acid, has high chemical instability due to the complex composition, including toxic organic compounds, and cannot be used immediately after collection or dumped into the environment without prior treatment. This work aims to characterize a distilled fraction obtained from the carbonization of Jurema Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), and to evaluate its commercial potential according to the results obtained for the valorization of this by-product. Solid biomass was characterized by proximate analysis (moisture, volatiles, ash and fixed carbon content), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and analytical pyrolysis coupled to a gas chromatograph (Py-GC/MS) to identify the pyrolysis products in different temperatures. The fractions of pyroligneous extract obtained in the commercial carbonization process in the region of Acari (RN) at 300 and 400 °C were rotoevaporated at 75 °C under vacuum, then extracted with dichloromethane and methanol for further analysis by gas chromatography coupled with a spectrometer mass analysis (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results show that Mimosa tenuiflora's pyroligneous extract is rich in acetic acid and phenolic compounds. The solvents used, dichloromethane and methanol, were able to separate and concentrate a phase rich in phenolic compounds and a phase containing organic acids, respectively. The highest yield of phenolic compounds was reached at a temperature of 300 °C with 70% purity after extraction with dichloromethane. An extract containing approximately 92% acetic acid was obtained at the same temperature of 300 °C after extraction with methanol of the non-dichloromethane-related phase. The extraction method used was efficient in the separation of extracts containing important chemicals for industry and from a renewable origin, obtained from a by-product of the carbonization process, characterizing it as a green product.
6	MARCONI FERREIRA DE MEDEIROS Hydrosterification of waste frying oils in supercritical ethanol for biodiesel production. Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO Data: Mar 9, 2020 Show Abstract The use of frying oils presents important characteristics for any proposal that seeks economic viability and is environmentally friendly to the environment for the production of biodiesel. Economically, the residual oils are cheap because they are raw materials of low quality and inexpensive compared to the oils commercialized in Brazil today. Regarding the environmental aspect, studies on the environmental impact of incorrect disposal of discarded oils in the waterof rivers or surface aquifers show that one liter of discarded oil can pollute about 500,000 liters of water. Another very serious problem of incorrect disposal of waste oils is the inlays in pipelines and pipelines of sewage networks in large urban centers. The accumulation of these wastes produces the formation of a biomass (solid waste and microorganisms) that causes restrictions and difficulties in the effluent flows to the treatment stations and produce clogging and generation of odors exhaled by the decomposition of this material. These problems cause great economic impacts in the treatment and recovery of these water sources, cleaning, replacement and clearing of these public sanitation equipment. In view of these findings, it was proposed the development of a reactive route that could use cheap and low quality raw materials such as residual oils, that would be economically feasible and that would help in reducing the environmental impacts produced by the incorrect disposal of these oils. We performed reactions of frying oils with constant pressure of 100 bar, oil / ethanol molar ratios of 1/10 and 1/30 and mass percentages of water of 10%, 20% and 30%, temperatures of 250 ° C, 290 ° C and 310 ° C and residence times of 15 min, 30 min and 45 min in continuous flow tubular reactor. The results obtained in these reactions showed conversion rates of total esters (biodiesel) good results, comparable with the literature. The results obtained showed that the experiments with higher temperatures (290 ° C and 310 ° C) and residence time (45 min) showed yields of 66% and 71% respectively.
7	VÁLBER RODRIGO RIBEIRO DE MEDEIROS Kinetic study of the phodegradation reaction of organic matter in domestic sewage using TiO2, Nb2O5 e WO3. Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS Data: May 15, 2020 Show Abstract The current demand for drinking water faces the ever-decreasing availability of water resources that can be used daily. Therefore, proceeding with the treatment of domestic sewage is an indispensable task, since it enables the reuse of water for various purposes. The high oxidizing power of the •OH radicals generated by the Advanced Oxidative Processes means that these methods have the potential to degrade the organic matter present in effluents. In this sense, this paper proposes the use of heterogeneous solar photocatalysis as an alternative to the conventional secondary treatment given to sewage, thus reducing the generation of sludge and electricity costs. For this purpose, a synthetic sewage solution was fed to a batch photocatalytic reactor, under constant agitation and exposure to sunlight. The tests were performed with TiO2, Nb2O5 and WO3 at concentrations of 0.25; 0.50; 0.75; and 1.0 mg L-1and pH set at 3.0, in a total reaction time of four hours. Aliquots were collected every 40 min and the samples were filtered and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand. The best scenario observed was when in the presence of 1.0 mg L-1 of TiO2, which provided a removal of organic matter of 40.93%. However, removal of the order of 35.56% for Nb2O5at 0.75 mg L-1 shows that this oxide can reach an efficiency like TiO2 even in the lowest concentration in the medium; for higher Nb2O5 values in the solution, the process efficiency declined. With WO3, in turn, the removal of organic matter remained constant from the concentration of 0.50 mg L-1, reaching a peak of 30.87% when at 1.0 mg L-1. Regarding the reaction kinetic study, the predominance of second order kinetics was observed when working with Nb2O5 and TiO2, whereas first order kinetics prevailed when using WO3.
8	JOÃO GABRIEL BEZERRA COSTA Active carbon from textile waste: synthesis, characterization and application reactive dye removal from a synthetic wastewater. Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA Data: Jun 5, 2020 Show Abstract The textile industry demands an enormous amount of water resources, thence generates large volumes of wastewater with a high polluting potential. Among these contaminants, textile dyes, since they give color to recipient bodies, appear to have a distinctive role in the environmental approach. Regarding this, the present work proposes a cyclical reuse of the solid textile waste, whose usual destinations point to low added value products, for the synthesis of activated carbon and removal of dyes from textile wastewater. Therefore, 100% cotton fibers (RFA), which are the main natural matrix of the textile industry, were used. The RFA was impregnated with H3PO4 and pyrolyzed in a vertical tubular oven at a rate of 5 °C/min and remained for 3 h at 500 ° C under N2(g) flow, obtaining the activated carbon (CAT). A commercial activated carbon (CAC) was used as a direct comparison parameter. Novacron Red S-B was used as adsorbate for fitting in categories that are highly used in that sector. The RFA showed low fixed carbon content (Cfixo = 2.98%), semicrystalline structure (IC = 77.88%) of type Iα cellulose and flat twisted ribbon morphology with no pores on its surface. On the other hand, RFA+H3PO4 showed an increase in its stability and carbon availability for the synthesis of activated carbon by the appearance of phosphate bridges that promoted crosslinking of cellulose chains, resulting in a satisfactory pyrolysis yield (ηpir = 60,145 %). CAT and CAC coals showed irregular morphologies, amorphous structures and close isoelectric points (pHiso = 2.62 and 2.29, respectively), with CAT showing better textural properties (SBET=1096 m2/g; VTP = 0.81 cm3/g; dPm = 1.5) when compared to CAC and similar to others reported in the literature. The adsorption tests reached a maximum removal of 75.41% and 65.36% for CAT and CAC, respectively, in 12 h. Both systems fitted better to pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2CAT = 0.99518 and R2CAC = 0.99746) with k2,CAT = 2194.16336 g/mgmin and k2,CAC = 2194.16336 g/mgmin. The equilibrium isotherm data denoted a physical and favorable adsorption process with maximum adsorption capacities of qmax,CAT = 131.23844 mg/g and qmax,CAC = 58.91475 mg/g. A better fit was obtained for the Freundlich model for CAT (R2 = 0.9908) and for Langmuir for CAC (R2 = 0.999917), indicating heterogeneous and homogeneous adsorptions sites, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest the viability of those residues as carbon sources for activated carbon production and its suitability for dye removal.
9	THALITA MARREIRO DELMIRO Potential of Monoraphidium sp. produced in outdoor crops to obtain third generation biofuels Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA RODRIGO CESAR SANTIAGO Data: Jun 22, 2020 Show Abstract Microalgae are promising biomasses for obtaining third generation (3G) biofuels, because in addition to accumulating large amounts of lipids that can be converted into biodiesel from transesterification, their residual biomass can be used in other conversion processes. In addition, they have rapid growth, do not compete with food sources, and can be grown on a large scale in outdoor cultivation systems. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the potential for the generation of 3G biofuels from microalgae of the species Monoraphidium sp., Obtained from intensive outdoor cultivations, through the characterization of the lipid extract and its conversion through the pyrolysis process. For this, the biomasses were characterized in terms of dry matter, ash, protein, lipids and carbohydrates content and also through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA / DTG), spectroscopy in the middle and near infrared (FT-IR) region (FT-NIR ). The ash characterization was carried out through X-ray fluorescence (FRX) and X-ray diffraction (DRX). The lipid extract, obtained by the Schmid-Bondzynski-Ratzlaff method, was evaluated by thin layer chromatography (CCD) and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The preliminary characterization results reveal biomasses with high protein content (20.05 - 34.81%), carbohydrates (25.01% -54.46%) and ash (13.02 - 33.29%). In relation to TL, the results varied between 8 - 22%. The lipid extracts have a fatty acid profile rich in C16: 0, C16: 4 ω-3, C18: 2 ω-6, C18: 3 ω-3 and C18: 4 ω-3, and the presence of triglycerides and fatty acids determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Catalytic flash pyrolysis (Py-GC / MS) of biomass was also performed before and after extraction, and of lipid extract, using zeolite HZSM-5 as a catalyst, which provided an improvement in the characteristics of the products generated in relation to conventional pyrolysis. , promoting the increase in the formation of renewable aromatic hydrocarbons in the three cases. For the lipid extract the formation of 16, 38% of alkanes in the range of C8 to C12, indicates its capacity for the generation of renewable hydrocarbons such as biogasoline and aviation biokerosene (BioQAV). It is concluded with these results that Monoraphidium sp. presents energy potential for the production of 3G biofuels, either through the conversion of oil into biodiesel or the production of renewable fuels from catalytic pyrolysis.
10	MATHEUS VERÍSSIMO RODRIGUES Synthesis and characterization of mixed copper and nickel ferrites using the combined EDTA/Citrate complexation method. Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MAYARA FELICIANO GOMES SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Jun 30, 2020 Show Abstract This paper consists in the synthesis and characterization steps in order to obtain a mixed nickel and copper ferrite (NixCu1-xFe2O4), in which the nickel’s presence varies from 0 to 100%, with gaps of 20% between each sample. As a synthesis route, complexation by EDTA and citric acid as chelating agents was the chosen method. Once the process began with the EDTA dissolving by ammonium hydroxide, hydrated iron III, copper II, and nickel II nitrates, at stoichiometric proportions, were added. Then citric acid was added to the mixture, with the intent that the proportion between EDTA, citric acid and the metallic cations corresponded to 1:1.5:1, and that was heated to 80 ºC. Succeeding the formation of a gel, the precursors were taken to the muffle at 230 ºC for three hours and, afterwards, incinerated for four hours at three different temperatures, 500 ºC, 600 ºC e 700º C, creating distinct samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed on the samples following two procedures, one slower and one faster, aiming to obtain the crystalline structure profile and to compare than with models from the Xpert software and, then, refined on GSAS/EXPGUI. Two different scanning electron microscopy methods (SEM) were utilized, for two distinct magnification spectra: a desktop device and one with a field emission gun (FEG), attached to a energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In both situations, imagens containing the synthetized ceramics were obtained and, aided by the EDS, it was possible to analyze the ratio between each ferrite’s atomic components. As a result from the XRD analyses and refinement, it was possible to notice that the peaks present better definition at higher incineration temperatures, correspondence to the materials’ cards found on X’Pert and the absence of multiple phases on the final products. Regarding the microscopies, the desktop device provided images with low resolution, because the synthetized materials has smaller dimensions than those of the method’s limitations. The SEM-FEG, on the other hand, allowed a better visualization of the particles, whose size is nanometric and forms, in some cases, an octahedra structure. In order to evaluate the obtained solids, this paper recommends further characterization application studies.
11	EDUARDO WAGNER VASCONCELOS DE ANDRADE Osmoporation of fisetin into probiotic bacteria cells (Lactobacillus acidophilus): process parameters, bioaccessibility and incorporation into dairy beverage. Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA ANTONIO DE ANCHIETA CAMARA JUNIOR DANIELLA REGINA ARANTES MARTINS SALHA LOURENA MAFRA VERISSIMO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Aug 6, 2020 Show Abstract This study investigates the encapsulation of hydrophobic fisetin into probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria cells. Initially, the influence of selected process parameters (fisetin concentration and osmotic pressure) on the encapsulation efficiency was evaluated. Furthermore, the structural characterization (determined by FT-IR and DSC techniques), bioaccessibility of the biocapsules, as well as the acidifying activity performance of L. acidophilus in a dairy beverage (model food) were investigated. Results show that the highest encapsulation efficiency (28%) was achieved at fisetin concentration of 2 mg.ml-1 and osmotic pressure 15 MPa. Additionally, differential exploratory calorimetry curves (DSC) demonstrated an effective fisetin internalization into cell cytoplasm and its adsorption onto cell surface. The in vitro gastrointestinal simulation showed that the bioaccessibility of encapsulated fisetin was 45.9%, while free fisetin reached only 0.7%. When fisetin biocapsules were added to milk, the fisetin content released during milk fermentation substantially increased the antioxidant activity of the final fermented beverage (95.3%) for 14 days and the encapsulated fisetin content remained high (85%) for 28 days. Overall, the results prove that fisetin osmoporation into L. acidophilus cells is a simple and efficient technique that enables phytoactive protection for food industry applications
12	GUSTAVO HENRIQUE LOUREDO Photocatalic Production of Hydrogen in Continuous-flow Plate Reactor using Nickel Ferrite as Photocatalist Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Aug 14, 2020 Show Abstract The search for new sustainable energy sources that are renewable, environmentally friendly, economically profitable and with a high capacity for regeneration in the environment with the aim of initially reduce and subsequently eliminate the energy dependency of fossil fuels, has promoted studies on the viability of solar hydrogen production with high conversion rates, safely and economically feasible for large-scale application. Among the multiplicity of options for its production, heterogeneous solar photocatalysis involving the breakdown of water molecules has been a promising area in this context, presenting challenges related to the synthesis of photocatalysts with high conversion rates of luminous energy into hydrogen, durable and with low cost of production. In this prism, this work intends to produce nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) by the co-precipitation synthesis method to act as a photocatalyst, in which the influence of the reagents concentration and the heating rate, temperature and time of the plateau in the calcination will be evaluated. In addition, a photoreactor will be produced to conduct the reactions under solar radiation, in which parameters such as low cost of production and scalability will be prioritized, once in operation the phenomenon of mass transfer of water to the surface of the photocatalyst in the process and the influence of the water flow rate on the hydrogen production rate will be studied together with the evaluation of the reuse and regeneration capacity of the semiconductor. The materials studied will be characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Mössbauer spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRE) and Specific Area Analysis by the nitrogen adsorption method (BET).
13	ALLAN MIGUEL FRANCO DE AMORIM Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxides Nano-wires produced by Term Oxidation Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS MAYARA FELICIANO GOMES YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Aug 28, 2020 Show Abstract This work investigated the formation of copper oxide nanowires through the oxidation process of metallic copper sheets and how the synthesis conditions influence the concentration and structure of the oxides. For that, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations were performed. The nanowire synthesis process was first evaluated in the treatment of metallic copper sheets before the oxidation process and then in the thermal process performed in atmospheric environment. Two treatment procedures were investigated, namely: immersion in chloridric acid solution followed by immersion in ethanol in ultrasound; and immersion in acetone followed by immersion in isopropyl alcohol in ultrasound. After selecting the best pre-treatment, the thermal process was evaluated through a 33 factorial experimental design using as parameters: the temperature (400-700 °C), the heating rate up to the threshold temperature (5-15 ° C/min) and process duration (3-9 hours). The samples were analyzed for the presence of nanowire structures and its diameters. Crystalline structures were identified as oxide copper I and II (CuO and Cu2O) in addition to metallic copper in all tests performed, which were evaluated in terms of its proportion compared to the different thermal regimes tested. It is concluded that the treatment with hydrochloric acid solution and ethanol is effective in promoting a porous medium on the metal surface that improves the number of active sites for the oxidation of copper ions and, consequently, promotes a more uniform growth of the oxides. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the factorial design tests 33 indicated, with a 95% reliability level, that the temperature and the heating rate had an influence on the concentration and the average diameter of the nanostructures obtained.
14	CLAUDIA BEZERRA SILVA Biodiesel production using surfactant and chicken eggshell Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES Data: Nov 13, 2020 Show Abstract Biodiesel is considered an alternative source of fuel, that consists of fatty acid alkyl ester. Industrially, transesterification is the route most used to produce it, that is a chemical reaction between triglycerides and alcohol, with a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. Surfactants are substances that have at least two parts, one hydrophilic, and the other hydrophobic, and are characterized by their tendency to absorb surfaces and interfaces. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the use of surfactant Nonylphenol ethoxylated in a transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol, catalyzed by the calcium oxide (CaO) synthesized from chicken eggshell. Two experimental factorial design were performed, both with the addition of three central points. In the first one, 22, it was evaluated the ethoxylation number and the surfactant concentration. In the second one, 23, with 1% of Nonylphenol with 7 moles ethoxylated (NP7EO), it was evaluated the reaction time, catalyt concentration and methanol to oil molar ratio. Moreover, two different types of study were performed, one with NP7EO, and in the other NP7EO was not used, their kinetic constants were compared. The ethoxylation number and its concentration did not influence significantly in the biodiesel conversion. In the factorial design 23, the predicted model using 1% de NP7EO was significant in the biodiesel conversion, the maximum was 98,95%, with 5% of CaO, methanol to oil molar ratio of 7/1, 65 ° C, 3 hours reaction. In the study with and without NP7EO, the kinetic constants, 0,012 min-1 and 0,0089 min-1, were obtained, respectively, and the reactions were shown to be pseudo-first order. Furthermore, the results have shown higher conversions in the reactions with NP7EO. Thus, the surfactant influenced better biodiesel conversions and improved the transesterification reaction rate, incrising its velocity. Probably due to its ability to improve the dispersion between the phases of the mixture reagents.
	Thesis
1	PAULA ROMYNE DE MORAIS CAVALCANTE NEITZKE Flotability of hematite and quartz with amine and starch dosed in microemulsions and nanoemulsions Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANTONIO EDUARDO CLARK PERES MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Feb 7, 2020 Show Abstract The proper use of low-grade iron ore and its wastes is imperative to obtain a reasonable development for sustainable industrial growth. Reverse cationic flotation is an effective process when used in iron ore beneficiation. In this process, quartz, which is the main gangue mineral, is floated with cationic collectors (amines). Starch is usually used in iron oxide depression. Surfactant adsorption at the liquid / air and solid / liquid interfaces plays an important role in many technological and industrial applications such as emulsification, mineral flotation, and solid dispersion. In this work quartz and hematite microflotation was performed using microemulsion and nanoemulsion systems. Microemulsion and nanoemulsions systems were composed by: surfactant (Flotigam EDAâ or Ultramine 150â), co-surfactant (n-butyl alcohol), oil phase (kerosene), and aqueous phase or depressant solutions (Maizenaâ, soluble starch, amylose, or amidex). The influence of operational parameters such as concentration and type of surfactant, concentration and type of depressant, and pH were evaluated. The results show that the performance of nanoemulsions is superior to that of microemulsions, as well as the use of monoamine alkyl ether solutions (conventional method). Maizenaâ, soluble starch, amidex, and amylose depressants in nanoemulsified systems containing Flotigam EDAâ, kerosene, and n-butyl alcohol showed high floatability for quartz even at the highest concentrations of depressors tested and were able to depress hematite, showing no evidence for clathrate formation. Nanoemulsions with Ultramine 150â nonionic surfactant reached the maximum floatability percentages for quartz (99.16%) and optimal hematite depression (89.10%). These results show that the use of nanoemulsions in the reverse flotation process has potential application in iron ore concentration, simplifying and leading to an improvement of the conventional stepwise process.
2	TYCIANNE JANYNNE DE OLIVEIRA CABRAL Optimization of the extraction and molecular distillation of Patchouli oil. Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS IZABELLY LARISSA LUCENA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA MONICA RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA Data: Feb 14, 2020 Show Abstract One of the biggest difficulties in working with raw materials and inputs from natural sources is meeting the purification standards. In this sense, the study of the extraction and distillation of the essential oil of patchouli was performed, to improve its quality without causing the degradation of its components. First, a comparative study was conducted between the Pogostemon Cablin and Pogostemon Heyneanus species, cultivated in the Brazilian Northeast, through parameter analysis using the hydrodistillation process. The parameters studied were extraction time, volum and pH of the solvent and part of the plant The extraction yield from leaves of P. Cablin was 4.45 times higher than P. Heyneanus. The optimum conditions for extraction from P. Cablin species were: extraction time 180 min, solvent volum 700 mL and extraction from leaves. For P. Heyneanus species, extraction time of 150 min, extraction volume of 700 mL and extraction from leaves were the optimal extraction conditions. Chromatographic analyzes revealed that extracts in neutral, acid and basic medium from P. Cablin showed patchoulol percentages of 60.45%, 7.10%, and 61.05%, respectively. While for P. Heyneanus species, the percentages of patchoulol were 14.72%, 13.79% and 36.06%, respectively. In the study of extraction kinetics, two kinetic models (pseudo first order and non-stationary diffusion) were applied to adjust the experimental data. The variation of two parameters (solute/solvent ratio and heating power) were analyzed on the kinetics. The results showed that the non-stationary diffusion model best described the patchouli essential oil hydrodistillation process. The highest amount of essential oil was obtained at a ratio of 1:23 solute/solvent (g.mL-1) and a heating power of 470 W. After optimization of the extraction process, molecular distillation of the oil was performed to obtain fractions. rich in patchoulol using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Three variables were studied: evaporator temperature, condenser temperature and agitation speed. The optimal conditions obtained by the experimental design were: evaporation temperature of 85 °C, condenser temperature of 10 °C and agitation speed of 600 RPM. These conditions generated a concentration of 62.344% of patchoulol in the residue, reaching a recovery of 74.22%. The results obtained by ANN have demonstrated good predictability and can be used in conjunction with RSM for modeling the patchoulol enrichment process. The study of the influence of temperature and percentage of patchoulol on the oil viscosity was carried out for the residual streams. It was observed that percentage of patchoulol is one of the factors that influences the viscosity of the samples. The study showed great relevance with possible industrial application, because it promoted the concentration of patchouli oil in patchoulol.
3	VIVIAN MARIA DE ARRUDA MAGALHÃES Treatability studies using clay-based catalyst in advanced oxidation process for remediation of PAHs contaminated soil. Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA ITALLA MEDEIROS BEZERRA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 17, 2020 Show Abstract The remediation of contaminated areas with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are persistent organic pollutants and have varied toxicity, becomes a great challenge due to the complexity of the soil and the pollutants. Several strategies for contaminated soils remediation with PAHs have been proposed with different degrees of success, among them is the advanced oxidative process. Different oxidants with varied activation forms for radical generation have been investigated. The oxidant activation can occur by homogeneous process, with iron as the most commonly agent, or heterogeneous, with solid catalysts supporting an active phase, for example. The effectiveness of the remediation technique is predicted by laboratory treatability studies. Thus, the present work evaluated the chemical oxidation of PAHs in artificially contaminated soil aiming an in-situ application. Hydrogen peroxide or sodium persulfate processes with activation by homogeneous reaction using iron sulfate and pH adjustment or heterogeneous reaction using solid catalyst were evaluated. Solid catalyst synthesis was developed employing iron ions as active phase supported on clay. The experiments were optimized applying an experimental design technique to appraise concentrations that would provide better contaminant removal efficiency. Kinetic studies and distribution evaluation of each contaminant in different phases were performed. The oxidation process employing the clay-based catalyst provided 80% removal of phenanthrene and 94% removal of naphthalene, with reproducible assays. Although homogeneous processes have slightly higher removals compared to heterogeneous processes under the applied conditions, the amount of iron required in the heterogeneous reaction was lower and the non-adjustment pH are significant advantages related to cost reduction and environmental caution. PAHs selected as creosote representants have greater affinity with the solid phase, observed in partitioning evaluation tests. In addition, a difference between the initial amount of contamination, from a freshly contaminated dry soil, and the amount determined at the end of the tests was observed, most likely due to sorption and water interference in extraction, for example. 96% of contaminants removal was achieved in oxidation assays of creosote contaminated soil. The removal was related to degradation and sorption processes, both in soil and in clay-based catalyst.
4	FERNANDO JOSÉ VIEIRA DA CUNHA FILHO The role of the optimized excess of H2O2 in the rapid mineralization rate of the drugs Acetyl Salicylic Acid (AAS) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) via the photo-Fenton process Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA ANDRESSA BASTOS DA MOTA LIMA DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 18, 2020 Show Abstract Studies of drugs as emerging pollutants have been gaining importance in the scientific community. Acetylsalicylic acid (AAS) is a model pollutant and a representative of emerging pharmaceutical micropollutants whose mineralization through various advanced oxidative processes (POAs) takes hours to complete. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) has been found in final waters for consumption due to its persistence. This work is dedicated to optimize and understand the kinetic conditions to mineralize AAS and HCT using the Foto-Fenton process with UVA radiation in a tubular photochemical reactor and mixing reactor, respectively. The optimization employs a statistical factor planning tool that studies how the concentrations of the pharmaceutical contaminant, Fe2 + and H2O2 affect mineralization over a range of concentrations. The factorial design indicates that the initial concentration of H2O2 is a crucial variable to achieve a rapid rate of AAS and HCT mineralization. Using optimized content of H2O2 and Fe2 + in the photo-Fenton process (H2O2 / Fe2 + / UVA and H2O2 / Fe2 + / UVC, respectively), a mineralization of more than 90% for AAS and 100% for HCT is achieved in about 10 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. The underlying reason for such remarkable performance is attributed to the optimized excess of [H2O2], which varies according to the contaminant, that is, the H2O2 concentration ratio used in the initial time for the required complete mineralization of the theoretical TOC. Measurements of the remaining H2O2 concentration strongly indicate that the excess of [H2O2] optimizes the instantaneous concentration of the radical • OH. Among the applied POA's, the comparison of UV-H2O2 oxidation (H2O2 / UVA and H2O2 / UVC) with photo-Fenton oxidation (H2O2 / Fe2 + / UVA and H2O2 / Fe2 + / UVC) stands out. When using the optimized peroxide in the first composition, almost 100% degradation of AAS and HCT was obtained, but in this case, there was no good mineralization. To obtain a high degree of mineralization, close to 100% it was crucial to add Fe2 + together with the aid of light. In addition, a toxicology study was conducted with HCT. HCT has been shown to be toxic at certain concentrations for the Mysidaceas group. The LC50 of 37.25 mg.L-1 of HCT was determined. The POA’s were applied to determine the possibility of generating their own means for the survival of the Mysidaceas. It was obtained that among the POA’s, as only the photo-Fenton (H2O2 / Fe2 + / UVC) was able to mineralize the HCT, it was the only POA to make the medium no more toxic. This fact corroborates with results of the total non-mineralization of the other applied POA's, comparing that in these cases there was the formation of toxic intermediates. And the only really efficient process for HCT was photo-Fenton (H2O2 / Fe2 + / UVC). In conclusion, the stoichiometric excess of [H2O2], is the most important parameter to be optimized in order to achieve the highest degree of mineralization in the shortest time of use of the photochemical reactor, also decreasing the costs related to the total energy consumed by both the lamp and pumping.
5	BRUNO CASTRO BARBALHO XXXXXXXXX Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS CALADO ARAUJO ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDRE LUIS SANTOS DE PINHO ARISTIDES FELIPE SANTIAGO JUNIOR MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA Data: Mar 2, 2020 Show Abstract XXXXXXXXXXX
6	PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO STUDY OF METHODOLOGIES FOR TREATMENT OF COCONUT HAND DUST FOR Cu² and Cd² ADSORPTION Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE ALFREDO JOSÉ FERREIRA DA SILVA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES ROSANGELA DALA POSSA Data: Aug 4, 2020 Show Abstract In view of the environmental problem of the pollution of water bodies by heavy metals, caused by human activities in general, and the inadequate destination of certain solid agro-industrial residues, there is a great need to develop research that improves the technique of removing these inorganic pollutants from aqueous solutions. One way would be to take advantage of agro-industrial waste as agents that remove these pollutants. As the coconut shell powder (CP) is a residue generated from its processing, the present work aims to provide studies related to three treatment methodologies so that the CP adsorption capacity be empowered and then be reused to remove two toxic metals widely found in wastewater, Cu+ 2 and Cd+ 2 that are widely found in wastewater from effluents from the mining, metallurgy and dye industries. The applied methodologies included the physical and chemical treatment of the PC surface, developed separately, according to the sequence: chemical treatment through the impregnation of Monoethanolamine in the proportion 1: 1, using ethanol as solvent; chemical treatment through the impregnation of the sodium octanoate surfactant by microemulsion; and physical modification using the steam explosion technique (T = 210 °C and P = 20 atm). The efficiency of the proposed treatments was evaluated through characterization analyzes, where changes were observed in the specific contact area, chemical composition and crystallinity of the adsorbent material. The evaluation of the monocomponent adsorption capacity of Cu+2 and Cd +2 ions in the PC was performed using a batch mixing reactor of the synthetic solutions of CuSO4.5H2O and CdSO4.8 / 3H2O. After chemical treatment, the insertion of functional groups increased the metal - adsorbent interaction confirmed by the values of the kinetic constants of the studied models. It was observed that the coconut shell powder impregnated with OS (PCµE) adsorbed more Cu + 2 ions in relation to the impregnated with MEA (PCA). The treatment with steam explosion, depolymerized the coconut shell powder (PCD), which caused an increase in the total pore volume and crystallinity, consequently, making the adsorbent surface more accessible for adsorption. The behavior of equilibrium isotherms is satisfactorily represented by the Langmuir model and the adsorption capacities (mg / g) of the coconut shell powder after treatments follow the order: PCµE (26.32)> PCD (18.86)> PCA (15.94)> PC (7.88) for Cu+2 and PCD ions (17.90)> PCA (14.02)> PC (4.91) for Cd+2 ions, respectively, emphasizing that the impregnation methodology with surfactants did not significantly improve the interaction of PC with Cd+2. The stability of the impregnation with MEA and OS was evaluated from the desorption study. After the adsorption-desorption cycles, the amount of Cu+2 adsorbed on the PCµE decreased by 36.6%, while for the PCA the reduction was 22.8%. Regarding the adsorption of Cd+2, a reduction of 14% and 10% was observed for PCµE and PCA, respectively. This shows that, after the five adsorption-desorption cycles, the impregnation of monoethanolamine in the coconut shell powder is stronger, remaining with greater removal than the PCµE and thus, it can be reused for more cycles in the adsorption-desorption process.
7	IARA MICHELLE SILVA CORREIA Adsorptive desulfurization of fuels using ZSM-35 impregnated with molybdenum. Doctoral Thesis, UFRN, Posgraduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Natal –RN. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES MARCELO JOSE BARROS DE SOUZA Data: Sep 23, 2020 Show Abstract The search for cleaner technologies for the removal of sulfur compounds in fuels is a constant, since the commercial desulphurization process currently used is characterized by high hydrogen consumption and severe temperature and pressure operating conditions, in addition to not meeting the future demands of environmental legislation. In this work it was evaluated the use of zeolite ZSM-35 modified with molybdenum in different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10% w / w) applied in an adsorptive desulfurization process at low temperature and pressure. The materials were prepared by wet impregnation and characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG / DTG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adsorptive desulfurization was carried out in a batch system at temperatures ranging from 30 ° C to 50 ° C under a stirring speed of 140 rpm using a model fuel containing 800 ppm of sulfur. The sulfur contained in the samples was quantified according to the ASTM D5443 standard. The adsorption kinetics was evaluated by the kinetic models of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion and Elovich. The results showed that the adsorbents obtained had their structures little affected by the metallic impregnation process and that the thermal stability of the adsorbents was affected by the concentration of molybdenum in the structure, with the lowest mass loss observed being 10.1% (sample 2,5MZ35). In the adsorption desulfurization process for the evaluated systems, the yield varied from 10.03% (2.5% Mo at 30 ° C) to 21.41% (10% Mo at 50 ° C) and that the capacity of adsorption was influenced by temperature and metal concentration in the zeolitic structure. The adsorption experimental data, in general, they were better adjusted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorbents obtained showed a good potential for application in desulphurization processes of fuels by adsorption.
8	CINTHIA MEIRELLY DE ARAÚJO ELPÍDIO Drying of the plum by the foam mat method: optimization of parameters and product characterization. Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR KATIA CRISTINA BORGES JOSILENE DE ASSIS CAVALCANTE MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA Data: Dec 12, 2020 Show Abstract Plum is a seasonal fruit with low durability after harvest, requiring the application of techniques that prolong the shelflife of this food. Among the methods that can be applied is the drying in foam mat that consists of the transformation of liquids or semi-liquids into a stable foam from the addition of a foaming agent and application of agitation so that there is the incorporation of air. In this work, the plum foam was produced from the addition of egg albumin and the drying was carried out in an air recirculation oven with a speed of 2 m / s. The study of the drying of the plum in a foam layer was divided into stages, the first part of which is the investigation of the effects of the process variables, whipping time and albumin concentration, on the physical, thermal properties and drying time in order to optimize the operational conditions for the production of plum foam, whose values found were 3% albumin concentration and 12 minutes of whipping time. In the next step, the influence of temperature and foam mat thickness on the moisture, water activity and drying time of the plum foam was evaluated in order to define the best operational condition for drying this fruit, being observed that the higher temperature and less foam mat thickness are more suitable for the process, since they provided the best results for powder moisture (2.690 g water / g dry powder), water activity (0.245), drying time ( 70 minutes) and average drying rate (0.0631 g water / g dry powder / min). The last phase of this work investigated the influence of temperature on the physical-chemical properties, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity and performed a comparison of the powders obtained by foam mat at four temperatures with the powder obtained by freeze drying, since the latter is widely used. known as the method capable of preserving the original characteristics of the fruit. The experiments were carried out using the foam in the previously optimized process condition (3% egg albumin in the formulation, 12 minutes of whipping and 0.8 cm layer thickness) and four drying temperatures: 50, 60, 70 and 80 ° C. For lyophilization, about 280 grams of pure plum pulp was used, without the addition of egg albumin (it was not foamed). The analysis of the produced powders showed that the higher temperature (80 ° C) provided a product with low cohesion between the particles (1.153) and good fluidity (13.235), in addition to low absolute density (0.637 g / cm³), important characteristics for particulate materials. All powders showed good solubility in the range of 75.737 and 76.842 g / 100 g and low water activity (0.245 to 0.386). The phenolic compounds were not impacted by the process conditions, the antioxidant activity was favored by the temperature, but the amount of ascorbic acid and carotenoids was greatly reduced by the action of this variable. Based on the results and because the lyophilization process is costly, the condition that provided the best results for both the drying process and the quality of the plum powder was the temperature of 80 ° C.

2019

	Dissertations
1	LARISSA PINHEIRO DE SOUZA 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation by means of a zero-valent-copper reductive process, coupled to UV / H2O2 oxidation. Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CÁTIA ALEXANDRA LEÇA GRAÇA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO VITOR JORGE PAIS VILAR Data: Jan 18, 2019 Show Abstract During the disinfection stage of water treatment, the combination of the remaining organic matter with free chlorine can lead to the generation of organochlorine compounds. Among these is 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), with high environmental persistence and carcinogenic character, which is included in the priority list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency – USEPA. Despite drinking water usually containing low concentrations of this compound (ng L-1), its bioaccumulative effect may cause long-term health problems, which alerts to the need of TCP-contaminated water remediation. Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs) have been successfully applied in the removal of many persistent pollutants, although in the case of organochlorines, due to their deficient electron groups (halogens) and consequent oxidation resistance, AOPs effectiveness may drop. However, this can be surpassed by combining a pre-reductive step before oxidation, thus facilitating organochlorines degradation. Therefore, the present work proposes a system that couples a reductive process mediated by zero-valent-copper with an oxidation process mediated by hydroxyl radicals (—OH). A preliminary study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of different reaction variables and system conformation: batch and recycling packed-column systems. In the latter, different reactive materials were tested, among them copper wires obtained from electronic waste, as well as different metal and contaminant concentrations, through statistical experimental design. From this study, the best reductive degradation conditions were obtained. Then, the degradation of TCP was performed by an advanced oxidation process (UV / H2O2), in order to compare with the first step. In this one, the influence of the oxidant concentration (H2O2) was evaluated, in order to adopt the most suitable for subsequent coupling with the reductive step. Finally, the combination of both processes was performed, by submitting the solutions that were previously reduced to the UV/H2O2 process. In both steps two aqueous matrices were tested (deionized and tap water). Toxicity assays with Vibrio fischeri luminescent bacteria were also carried out, in order to evaluate the processes effectiveness in the toxicity removal. With the aim of proposing degradation pathways for each process studied, the reaction intermediates were identified by mass spectrometry. The results showed that the best reductive degradation conformation was the packed-column system, achieving 80% of TCP degradation, with30.6 g of obsolete copper wires and [TCP] 0 = 10 mg L-1 (0.0506 mmolL-1). However, this process only led to TCP dechlorination, not promoting any pollutant mineralization. On the other hand, a total TCP degradation and 40% mineralization was observed in 4 minutes of oxidation with the UV / H2O2process, using 0.056 mmol L-1 of H2O2. By coupling the two processes, a 52% mineralization was achieved within the same reaction period, thus proving that the pre-reductive step improved the organochlorine oxidation. Solutions presenting high degradation values from the reductive step were generally more toxic than the parent-compound, while oxidized solutions presented a certain relation between mineralization and toxicity removal, although not linearly for all the cases.
2	MARITTA MEYRELLA DOS SANTOS LIRA SYNTHESIS OF MOLYBDENUM CARBIDE FROM MINERAL FROM RIO GRANDE DO NORTE Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS JOSE HUMBERTO DE ARAUJO YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Jan 28, 2019 Show Abstract This work proposed a new alternative route of synthesis of nanostructured molybdenum carbide from the base mineral extracted from the city Carnaúba dos Dantas - RN, through gas - solid reactions at low temperature, as well as provided a integrated theoretical view of the morphologic formatation of the synthetized materials. Initially, this starting ore were into a grinding process, followed by milling and sieving, and its characterization performed through X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to analyze if its characteristics are satisfactory for the synthesis. In the sequence, the ore treatment was carried out through leaching and hydrothermal treatments. Therefore, it was done synthesis of the precursor, a more reactive reagent, used in the synthesis of the carbide by the gas-solid reaction. The precursor was characterized by granulometric analysis (AG), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric, thermodifferential and calorimetric (TG/DSC) analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy (SEM) and dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDS). The synthesis reaction occured between the precursor and a gas mixture of H2 / CH4, where hydrogen is the reducing gas and methane is the carbon source. The synthesized nanostructured molybdenum carbide was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) with refinement by Rietveld method, specific surface area analysis (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopy of dispersive energy (EDS).
3	ISLANNY LARISSA OURIQUES BRASILEIRO Application of a-Fe2O3/Nb2O5 mixed oxides obtained by the Pechini method in photo degradation reactions. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS JOAO BOSCO LUCENA DE OLIVEIRA VIVIAN STUMPF MADEIRA YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Jan 31, 2019 Show Abstract Develop new catalysts with high efficiency for the degradation of organic compounds in effluents, mediated by sunlight and that are stable, has been a great challenge. In this work, mixed oxides of a-Fe2O3/Nb2O5 were prepared from a Pechini sol-gel route, with two different mass ratios (a-Fe2O3 and Nb2O5 (60/40 and 80/20, respectively) and calcination temperatures between 500 and 800 ° C. The influence of these parameters was investigated on the materials structural, morphological, optical and photocatalytic properties. These catalysts were submitted to methylene blue (MB) degradation tests by both photocatalysis and photo-Fenton reaction. The best performing sample in these initial tests was used in the following tests to optimize the process operating conditions through a 24 experimental design with triplicate at the central point. The catalytic reaction mechanism, the limiting step, the reaction rate law and the catalyst stability were also evaluated. Crystalline nanoparticles were obtained with significant differences in their properties and in the degradation efficiency of the methylene blue dye under UV-Vis radiation. Calcination temperatures between 500 and 800 °C led to the formation of different crystalline phases, including: a-Fe2O3, Nb2O5, FeNbO4 and FeNb2O6; as well as the formation of materials with multigap behavior. High temperatures caused the increase of the particle size and the agglomerative state of the material. The sample composed of 60 % a-Fe2O3 and 40 % of Nb2O5 and calcined at 500 ºC (0,6-Fe/Nb-1) presented the highest catalytic activity and was then used in the following tests in photo-Fenton-like reactions. According to the factorial experimental design 24 performed, the variables that presented a significant effect on the response were: AM, catalyst and H2O2 concentrations. The proposed mechanism followed an LH type kinetics with double site mechanism, with the highest colour removal percentage obtained at 85 % after 4 h of experiment, under the optimum operating conditions found. Comparing the efficiency of the mixed oxide with to a-Fe2O3 and Nb2O5, removal percentages were increased by 62 and 15 %, respectively. The catalyst was stable even after 5 consecutive cycles of reaction, unlike Nb2O5, suggesting its potential application in the treatment of environmental pollutants.
4	FERNANDA MONTEIRO FREITAS Study of niobium oxides consolidation by centrifugal casting method Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FLÁVIA MELO DE LIMA INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Jan 31, 2019 Show Abstract Brazil holds more than 90% of the world's niobium reserves and is the largest producer and exporter of this material, such as ferro-niobium alloy, niobium oxide and other products. Nevertheless, there is a need to expand the use of niobium in the country in order to make better use of it economically. The Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy encourages the development of technological applications to add value to niobium and its derivatives through research. The remarkable chemical and physical properties of Nb2O5 make this material promising for application as adsorbent, gas sensor, solar cells and electrochromic components. Some recent research studies have verified the possibility of several catalytic applications of niobium oxides, either as active phase or as support. Considering the above arguments, a study of the consolidation of Nb2O5 suspensions by the centrifugal casting method was carried. The purpose of the present work was to investigate the efficiency of this simple and low-cost method in the preparation of ceramic supports. Initially, the slip casting method using gypsum molds was tried, but the methodology using centrifugal force proved to be much more effective. The slurries were prepared by mixing Nb2O5 or Nb2O5.xH2O, PVA, agar, deionized water and boric acid dissolved in glycerin. Rotational speed was set at 10,000 rpm during various deposition times (5, 10, 20 and 30 min). Heat treatment was performed at various sintering temperatures varying from 1100 °C to 1400 °C. The dwell time was 4 h. Both green and sintered bodies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with field emission (SEM-FEG), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The density of green and sintered bodies was determined by the Archimedes method. The results showed significant influence of the sintering temperature on the contraction of the pieces, resulting in an expressive increase of the sintered density with the increase of temperature. The centrifugation time of 20 min was considered more adequate as it resulted in a green density higher than that obtained with 30 min. The packing was also evaluated through the micrographs, which evidence internal and external surfaces with good qualities compared to other ceramics in the literature. Finally, it is concluded that the methodology studied has the potential to produce substrates in specific shapes, obtaining Nb2O5 ceramics that reached 90.9% of theoretical density after sintering at 1400 °C for 4 h.
5	WILDSON URSULINO LEITE Solar Distillation for Desalination Purposes: Application of Alternative and Technological Materials for the more Efficient Production of Drinking Water. Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CLEONILSON MAFRA BARBOSA INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Feb 15, 2019 Show Abstract The water crisis is a global concern whose aggravation makes the desalination of oceanic waters and other saline reservoirs reasonable. In Brazil, the reality of drought has led the Federal Government to create the Water Sweet Program (PAD), among other measures. The PAD proposal is to recover, deploy and manage reverse osmosis systems in rural semi-arid communities. However, after seven years, only 47.6% of the initial target is fully operational. In line with the objectives of the PAD, with the privileged offer of solar energy and with the vast literature that reports the advantages of the use of solar distillers for the conditions like those found in Brazil, the objective of this work is to investigate materials that promote the increase of productivity equipment. For this, tests were carried out in an environment with real and simulated irradiation, investigating mainly the effects of alternative and technological materials in the composition of collector plates and in the improvement of the optical and thermal properties of the brine on the rate of evaporation. The photo-assisted evaporation tests using nanostructured CoFe2O4 presented reproducibility higher than 99% and increased the evaporation rate by 13.8% with respect to reference, and the residual ash plate promoted an effective gain of 18.2%. The solar evaporation tests recorded rates 60.7% higher with theoretically inert plate, painted externally with black commercial paint, suggesting accumulated close to 4.0 kg/m2 in only 3.5 h of sun exposure. Thus, the studies show that the construction of solar stills that meet the inalienable assumptions of low cost, efficiency and safety to exempt contaminants in the distillate, are possible to mitigate the effects of drought in the Brazilian semiarid.
6	INGRID MEDEIROS VERAS ROCHA REMEDIATION OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH OIL EMPLOYING ELECTROCHEMICAL AND PHYTEMEDICATION TECHNOLOGY Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DJALMA RIBEIRO DA SILVA ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS KEURISON FIGUEREDO MAGALHÃES Data: Feb 22, 2019 Show Abstract This work aims to investigate the efficiency of phytoremediation integrated to electrokinetic (ER) remediation processes using graphite electrodes to remove petroleum in contaminated soils. In this sense, the influence of the applied electric field, the growth of the sunflowers, and the type of fluid used to maintain soil moisture were evaluated. The phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation, electro-phytoremediation with direct current application, electro-phytoremediation with application of inversion of polarities of the electrodes were evaluated, applying 1 V cm-1 for 20 days. Based on the results, it was possible to observe that the integration of ER with phytoremediation promoted higher percentage of germination of sunflower seeds, as well as for plant growth. The removal of petroleum was evaluated considering the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) after 20 days of treatment. The best removal efficiencies were obtained for electromagnetic remediation with inversion of polarity of the electrodes. Finally, at the end of the 20 d of soil treatment, the electrochemical oxidation processes with H2O2 and electro-Fenton were compared for the treatment of residual fluid.
7	JONATAS GOMES DE MEDEIROS Study of API K55 steel's corrosion caused by sodium chloride brine in petroleum industry Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO DJALMA RIBEIRO DA SILVA ROSANGELA DE CARVALHO BALABAN ROMERO GOMES DA SILVA ARAÚJO FILHO Data: Feb 25, 2019 Show Abstract Chloride brines are widely used in the petroleum industry, participating in the formulations of drilling muds, completion brines, etc. In some wells, the brines remain for long time trapped in the annular space above the packer. Therefore, they must have anticorrosive characteristics to guarantee a longer time between of interventions to replace equipaments. In this context, the present work aims to evaluate the influence of pH and concentrations of sodium chloride, sodium bisulfite and corrosion inhibitor about the API K55 steel’s corrosion rate using a factorial design 24 with a central point and also verify the corrosion inhibitor’s efficiencies in the various brines’ compositions. Bases on NACE TM169, the corrosion rate tests were made in triplicate based on the mass difference. The steel specimen were exposed to brines in rotating oven at 90ºC and 274,20 psi of manometric pressure during 24 hours, being cleaning with hydrochloridric acid, tin II Chloride and antimony III oxide solution. It was found the sodium bisulfite concentration effect wasn’t statistically significant in a 95% confidence interval. The effects of sodium chloride concentration, pH interaction with corrosion inhibitor concentration, pH and corrosion inhibitor were statistically significant within the same confidence interval. Using ANOVA, it was verified the statistical model that fit the observed values was predictive with determination coefficient equal to 99.46%. According to the results, the corrosion inhibitor’s highest efficiency was 72,90%, at pH 7.0 and 0,48% v/v of corrosion inhibitor.
8	KELVIN GAMA GUIMARÃES Transesterification of Sesame oil in a batch-type process using supercritical ethanol Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO Data: Mar 25, 2019 Show Abstract With the increase of environmental problems generated by using fossil fuels the search for more renewable and less harmful alternatives have increased, thereby biodiesel rise as a biodegradable option originated of natural sources. Biodiesel can be defined as alkyl esters formed in a transesterification reaction between an alcohol and triglyceride, usually vegetable oils. In Brazil, soybean oil is the raw material most used in biodiesel production, however it is necessary to search for other oilseeds to diversify production, so sesame oil appears as likely raw material. Sesame has a high oil content in its seed and is suitable for warmer and drier climate. The main way to produce biodiesel is transesterification using basic catalysis, this kind of process has drawbacks about water content in the reaction and in the product purification. Transesterification using alcohol in supercritical conditions does not need catalyst becoming a simpler method. In this work, it is proposed utilize sesame oil as triglyceride source in transesterification reaction with ethyl alcohol in supercritical conditions. Temperature, reaction time and molar ratio oil: alcohol were studied as reaction parameters. The temperature range was 260-290 ℃, reaction time between 7,5-30 minutes while molar ratio varied of 1:36-1:48. In the end, the best ethyl esters yield was 56,62% at temperature of 290 ℃, in a time of 30 minutes and molar ratio of 1:48.
9	PAULO CESAR MESSIAS DA SILVA SUPERCRYTIC INTERESTERIFICATION OF GERGELIN OIL (Sesamum indicum L.) WITH METILA ACETATE AND ACETIC ACID Advisor : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO Data: May 28, 2019 Show Abstract Biodiesel has been established as a promising source of renewable energy and substitute for oil and diesel due to its high energy power, because it is biodegradable and for making a "clean burn". The interesterification with methyl acetate is a new technique and has the advantage of producing, in addition to methyl esters (biodiesel), triacetin (product of great market value). The supercritical technology enables the production of biodiesel without the presence of catalysts, eliminating the need for further purification processes. The Sesame (Sesamum inducum L.) is one of the oldest oilseeds known to mankind. Due to the high oil content in its seeds, the sesame has become a possibility for the production of biodiesel. Thus, this work investigated the production of biodiesel through the interesterification reaction of sesame oil with methyl acetate under supercritical conditions. A continuous tubular reactor was used at conditions of 325-375 °C and 150-200 bar, in residence time of 15-55 minutes, with a molar ratio oil/acetate of 1:40. A 28.8% methyl ester yield was obtained at 375 °c, 200 bar in 15 minutes. Moreover, with the addition of 20% acetic acid solution, a better yield was obtained: 46.6% at 325 º C and 150 bar in 55 minutes.
10	FÁBIO GONÇALVES MACÊDO DE MEDEIROS Curcumin microencapsulation into yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) via osmoporation: process parameters, thermal stability and antioxidant capacity Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANTONIO DE ANCHIETA CAMARA JUNIOR DANIELLA REGINA ARANTES MARTINS SALHA MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Jun 3, 2019 Show Abstract This study investigated the encapsulation of curcumin into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells through osmoporation as an efficient way of increasing curcumin stability. The influence of three process parameters (cell, ethanol and curcumin concentrations) on the encapsulation process were evaluated and the obtained bio-capsules were characterised with regard to physical and photochemical stabilisation. Results showed that the encapsulation efficiency was favoured by the increase of cells/curcumin ratio and ethanol concentration up to 60%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves revealed that yeast-encapsulation increased curcumin melting point up to 207 °C. Encapsulated curcumin retained over 80% of antioxidant activity after thermal treatment (150 °C) and over 70% after a 50-day exposure to artificial light. Photochemical stability of yeast-encapsulated curcumin was increased by 5.7-fold and the half-life time reached 181 days when bio-capsules were exposed to light. Overall, osmoporation-produced yeast bio-capsules confirmed the versatility and efficiency of osmoporation as an encapsulation technique that could successfully improve curcumin stability.
11	JOÃO PAULO SOUZA Modeling and simulation of sodium chloride's crystallization in mixtures with water and monoethylene glycol. Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA JOSÉ AUGUSTO FURTADO DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jul 26, 2019 Show Abstract Monoethyleneglycol (MEG) is used in the production of natural gas as an inhibitor of hydrate formation, reducing the freezing point in the ducts and protecting against corrosion. Hydrates are crystalline solids that can cause blockages of ducts in the flow of gas production. The produced water is saline, and thus the presence of salts can cause fouling in the MEG regeneration unit. The use of MEG has already known efficacy in the operating environment with respect to hydrate formation prevention. However MEG needs to be regenerated and reused in the system. It is at this stage that technical difficulties may occur due to the presence of MEG. This substance reduces the sodium chloride solubility in the produced water. If this salt concentration is above solubility, undesired crystals precipitation may occur in the MEG regeneration unit. This precipitation can cause problems such as fouling, which is very damaging to the equipment that makes up the regeneration system. Thus, it’s primary importance to know the salt solubility limits under the MEG process conditions. From the operational view point, it’s also important to quantify, in an agile way, how close the system is to salt crystallization. This can be accomplished through the use of a computer simulator that can, from the plant operating conditions and also laboratory data, calculate in a timely manner the species concentrations and, if necessary, the amount of crystallized salt throughout the MEG regeneration process. The purpose of this work is to create a simulator that can perform mass balance calculations to determine the salt concentration and, by knowledge of solubility, to quantify the salt crystals.
12	IZABELLA REGINA DE SOUZA ARAÚJO Phase equilibrium and volumetric behavior of aqueous systems containing CO2, ethylene glycol and NaCl under the conditions of exploitation of natural gas. Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA DIVAL DE BRITO GUERRA NETO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jul 26, 2019 Show Abstract Gas explotation in deep water in Brazil brings challenges due to high pressures, low temperatures, high content of CO2 and NaCl carried to the production fluids. The regeneration process of ethylene glycol (MEG), used as a hydrate inhibitor, also presents a field of study regarding the solubility and precipitation of NaCl salt. In this context, this work included the assembly of an experimental apparatus for the evaluation of phase equilibrium in mixtures, under conditions of temperature and pressure, close to those of gas exploration in deep waters, evaluating parameters such as density and solubility, at pressures from 4,0 to 31.0 MPa and temperatures of 293.15 and 323.15 K. The experimental apparatus was assembled through the interconnections between an Anton Paar 4200M densimeter, a syringe pump and thermostatic baths with two types of pressure vessels: the Parr reactor 4561 and a variable volume equilibrium cell. The density points obtained with the experimental apparatus were validated with data and models from the literature. For this purpose, simple systems such as the pure CO2 and water were used (mean deviations of 0.02% for CO2 and 0.15% for water when compared to specific equations for these components), and the CO2 + water (mean deviations below 0.07% when compared with models obtained from literature data). The calibration of the densimeter was carried out to allow using at temperatures between 293.15 and 329.85 K, and pressures between 1.0 and 31.0 MPa, with tetrachloromethane and ethanol, resulting in an uncertainty of 0.09%. In addition to the experimental data obtained from the previously mentioned pure components and the CO2 + water binary system, data were also obtained for the water + NaCl binary system, for the CO2 + water + NaCl ternary system (1 molal and 4 molal saline solutions) and the CO2 + water + MEG (30%, 50% and 80% m/m MEG aqueous solutions concentrations). The software Specs v5.63 and a code made in MATLAB were used to verify which equation of state (Soave-Redlich-Kwong or Peng-Robinson cubic equations or Cubic Plus Association equation) was more adequate to predict the aqueous phase density of the binary and ternary systems with absence of electrolytes under experimental conditions; it being concluded that the use of Cubic Plus Association equation (CPA) resulted in more coherent values of the density of the aqueous phase. In the case of systems containing electrolytes, models developed from literature data were used for comparison with the experimental data of this work.
13	RICARDO JOSÉ LINS NEVES Study of the Viscosity of Water-Oil Emulsions Contaminated with Drilling Fluid additives Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES Data: Aug 9, 2019 Show Abstract The oil and natural gas industry has several steps that converge towards a common goal, which is to produce derivatives of commercial interest to support its economic viability. Two of the early stages of this industry are crucial to its viability: Well Drilling and Primary Oil Processing. The first is essential for the production of oil and natural gas, since not having producing wells it is impossible to drain the hydrocarbons from the reservoirs to the surface. The second is responsible for the specification of petroleum for transportation from the producing area to the refineries, where it is transformed into derivatives of commercial interest. This work carried out a study of the viscosity of water-in-oil emulsions and the interference that the components normally used in the drilling fluids formulated for the oil and natural gas fields in the state of Rio Grande do Norte provoke in this property when discarded into production pipelines. In addition, a mathematical modeling was carried out to allow the evaluation of the interference of the contaminants of drilling fluids in the treatment capacity of an Oil Treatment Station (OTS). From the viscosity curves the equations describing the viscosity of the emulsions as a function of temperature for the BSW (basic sediments and water) range analyzed were obtained. The viscosities of the emulsions were compared to those of the contaminated emulsions with the selected components of drilling fluids, allowing quantification of the increase in viscosity caused by such contaminants and to verify that barintine and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) displaced the breakthrough of the emulsions to values of BSW less than 40%. The mathematical modeling performed to describe the treatment capacity of a Warmed Treatment Tank (WTT) made it possible to understand the interferences that the contaminants of the water-oil emulsions caused in their treatment capacity. It was verified that, for the operating conditions considered, xanthan gum did not decrease the treatment capacity of a WTT, but barintine and CMC implied a reduction of up to 10% in treatment capacity and hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) reached a decrease of up to 12%. The information obtained in this study reached its main objective, which was to scientifically prove the interference of the drilling fluid contaminants in the oil treatment capacity, indicating the need for investments in the drilling fluids disposal phase.
14	PAULO VENICIUS MESSIAS DOS SANTOS SIMULATION AND MODELING OF A MEMBRANE REACTOR FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES Data: Aug 28, 2019 Show Abstract In the recent global warming increase, the demand for less pollutants energy sources and fuels is growing substantially. For this reason, the hydrogen production has been targeted by research and studies. The production of this gas from methane partial oxidation in membrane reactors is showing to be a good alternative. In this work, hydrogen production process through a membrane reactor should was studied by a simulation and modeling point of view. A mathematical model of a membrane reactor assuming one dimension, isothermal and steady state conditions was used. Simulations were made to compare the reactor conversions in different membrane dense type compositions. The molecular structures of the membranes perovskite-type were considered, that is, ABO3. Mathane and hydrogen conversions were evaluated, as well as the composition profiles through the reactor length. A comparison between the performances of the partial oxidation and steam reforming processes was made. In membrane reactors, the reaction process and the separation step are combined in the same device. This provides a cost reduction in production of many important substances, as for example, syngas
15	JULIA MARIA DE MEDEIROS DANTAS Chitosan hydrolysis by immobilized chitosanases and non-specific enzymes. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS NATHALIA KELLY DE ARAUJO CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO Data: Nov 22, 2019 Show Abstract Chitoligosaccharides (COS), products of chitosan hydrolysis, have high added value due to their bioactive activities. Hydrolysis can be performed by acid, however this method requires high temperatures and does not have a large selectivity regarding their size, a key feature for the expression of bioactive activities. Therefore, the use of enzymes for hydrolysis becomes a good option because it requires mild conditions and they cleavage specific bonds. However, process envolving enzymes are quite costly, so it is necessary to implement strategies to reduce the operations costs. Among these, the immobilization stands out as a technique that usually increases thermal and pH stability, in addition to allow recycling. The use of non-specific enzymes can be highlighted as another strategy. Thus, the present study investigated the immobilization of cellulase, β-glucosidase, and chitosanases for chitosan hydrolysis. Prior to these studies, the chitosanolytic activity of non-specific enzymes were evaluated under different conditions, where the highest activity was obtained at pH 6.0 for cellulase and at pH 4.0 for β-glucosidase, both at 55 oC. In order to evaluate the potential of enzyme immobilization techniques, experiments were carried out with adsorption on cationic resin Streamline SP and covalents bonds on microparticles of silica-gel. Regarding the adsorption, pH 5.0 favored the immobilization of all enzymes, and in terms of enzyme load, cellulase and quitosanase were favored by the lower enzimatic load (25 U/g) and β-glucosidase was favored by the higher enzymatic load (50 U/g). When analyzing the covalent bonds assays, the enzymes followed the same trend of enzimatic load, but in terms of glutaraldehyde concentration, cellulase and β-glucosidase were favoured at the highest concentration (1.00%), while the chitosanase obtained the best result with the lowest concentration (0.50%). It is noteworthy that thermal stability, pH and recycle tests were performed to determine the best immobilization strategy for each enzyme. Thus, the best immobilization strategy for cellulase and β-glycosidase was covalent bonds, when compared to adsorption, since it favored the stability of both enzymes during recycles (presenting 40% compared with 20% of adsorption for cellulase, and 14.75% against only 5.75% in the adsorption system for β-glycosidase). Finally, both immobilization strategies were feasible for increasing the stability of chitosanase, but adsorption showed a marked increase in performance when compared to the covalent bond strategy when considering the 65.00% of the initial activity at the end of the recycle against 44.42% of the covalent system. In the end, all three immobilized enzymes were successful in chitosan hydrolysis.
	Thesis
1	LAÍS SIBALDO RIBEIRO Optimization of microemulsion gels as a remediation fluid for lost circulation Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES PEDRO TUPÃ PANDAVA AUM TAMYRIS THAISE COSTA DE SOUZA Data: Jan 17, 2019 Show Abstract Lost circulation is a serious and costly problem for the oil industry and it may happen during a drilling in permeable formations, natural fractions or caves. To mitigate this lost, gel systems combined with Lost Control Materials (LCM) is used, this combination is called buffers. However, sometimes these buffers are not effective, and there is a need for new technologies to solve this problem. Approximately 85% of the gross weight of the coconut consists of the husks, which is accumulated in dumps or in the banks of roads, then its hernessing becomes necessary. This work aimed to develop a new generation of buffer using surfactant-based gels and coconut fibers in different granulometries, treated with microemulsions, to prevent losses in carbonates, oil-wettable microfractures and to study the interactions between fiber-emulsio, gel-rock, fiber-rock and analyze the capacity of remediate the lost and in situ gelling ability. For the tests with the surfactant-based gels, two anionic surfactants were tested one of them was soap base, used in the systems,1 (S1) and 2 (S2) and the other one was saponified castor oil - SCO, which generated the third system, S3. Two microemulsion systems were tested for the treatment of coconut fiber, one with cationic surfactant (CTAB) with three types of micelles (direct micelle (MD), bicontinuous (MB) and reverse (MR)), another with anionic surfactant (soap base) at the point of bi-continuous micelle (SB). These fibers was analyzed through the TG-DTA, SEM, XRD, FRX and contact angle analyzes. The buffers were characterized by rheology, weight and filtration. A lost circulation apparatus was developed and used with the better buffer, and an in situ gelling test was performed. The best buffer was S2 with fibbers mesh sizes # 35, # 100 and # 200 because presented a pseudoplastic behavior, with high viscosities and tensions, characteristic of buffers, low filtrate volumes below 10 mL, and a rapid formation of filtercake (15 minutes). In the loss simulator apparatus, the S2 with granulometric fibers # 35, # 100 and # 200, treated with the SB, was able to reduce the permeability by 50% with the minimum mass (50 g) of the studied fluid. The fibers treated with the SB, presented affinity for the developed gel and allowed the gel spread on the surface of the pores of the rock, and presented the chemical affinity for the surface, facilitating the process of deposition and buffering of the fractures. For this reason, fibers treated by SB were chosen as the LCM of the new product. In situ gelation test showed that at 70 ℃ the gelling happen in 40 seconds, excellent result, making operation quick, efficient and less costly, with less probe time support.
2	JANDUIR EGITO DA SILVA Cultural waste from naturally colored cotton for the production of biofuels and renewable aromatics Advisor : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO ALFREDO ISMAEL CURBELO GARNICA BRUNA MARIA EMERENCIANO DAS CHAGAS Data: Jan 21, 2019 Show Abstract The crop residues of colored cottons is agricultural waste with the potential for distributed energy production. They are very resistant to drought cultivars, with national production which can be considered significant and growing, being lignocellulosic biomasses with high dry matter/ha/year production. Given the need to evaluate the energy potential of these residues, the present work has the objective of analyzing different cotton cultivars produced by EMBRAPA cotton through energy characterization and conversion of biomass to energy through the processes of rapid pyrolysis and briquetting. Biomass characterization was performed through an immediate analysis, elemental composition, hemicellulose content, cellulose and lignin, apparent density, calorific value, thermogravimetric analysis and spectroscopy in the infrared region. The results indicated significant energy potential such as high calorific value of 17 MJ/kg and low ash content (6 %), among others. Analytical pyrolysis was performed at 500 °C in a CDS 5200 HP-R CDS Analytical micro pyrolyzer, connected to a gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The results of the condensable vapors composition of conventional pyrolysis indicated the presence of many oxygenated compounds of different organic groups, with aldehydes, ketones, phenols, furans and ethers, being characteristic of the decomposition of lignocellulosic materials. The enhancement of the bio-oil (upgrading) to enable the physico-chemical properties of the condensable vapors as fuel and/or the isolation of certain chemical compounds of these vapors was carried out through the use of three catalysts: commercial ZSM-5 and HZSM-5 at different temperatures of the catalytic bed. All the catalysts used promoted forming monoaromatics such as benzene and toluene, especially at 500 °C, with the quantities of these compounds being most expressive at this temperature, especially HZSM-5. The analyzed biomass presented favorable energy characteristics for application in thermochemical processes, while also being applied in the briquetting process using a pilot machine used to make laboratory-grade briquettes by O & C do Brasil - Automation Hydraulics. The results indicated high energy density and good mechanical resistance (9 kN/mm2) of the produced briquettes, especially those formed from the mixture of bark and cotton rods. Finally, it can be concluded that crop residues of colored cotton can be used in the pyrolysis process, especially in the catalytic pyrolysis process, and can be an excellent source of renewable raw material for the chemical industry, as well as to subsidize the national energy matrix.
3	MAYARA FELICIANO GOMES Study of the obtaining and characterization of chitin and chitosan from shrimp residues and their sustainable energy applications. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CLEONILSON MAFRA BARBOSA FLÁVIA MELO DE LIMA INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS Data: Feb 4, 2019 Show Abstract Currently one of humanity's biggest concerns today is the fate of industrial waste and the study of alternatives to sustainable energy. In this context, the aim of this work was to obtain chitosan from the discards of carniciculture, the biopolymer chitin and it is deacetylation by means of alkaline hydrolysis. The demineralization steps were performed through deproteinization to obtain chitin, and deacetylation to obtain chitosan, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (FRX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG), UV visible and Fourier transformer spectroscopy (FTIR) for confirmation of obtain chitin and chitosan with an acetylation degree of DA of 70 and 75%, respectively.. The biopolymers, it was possible to perform the hydrothermal carbonization synthesis, which is a low cost process, of two renewable precursors, which are materials derived from biomass (chitin and chitosan) and graphite as a third material used to obtain two solid phase and liquid. The liquid phase would be for the formation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with application in solar cells and photocatalysis, and the solid phase for the formation of heterogeneous catalysts for reactions of transesterification of biodiesel. The phases were characterized according to the needs of their applications obtaining for the liquid phase a CQDs with quantum yield of 17.1% with doping in ZnO / CQDs with photocatalysis property. And for the solid phase a heterogeneous graphite-chitosan catalyst obtained process efficiency by gas chromatography with 36% conversion. Obtaining chitin and chitosan biopolymers is a great solution for the tons of waste produced in the shrimp industry. The realization of hydrothermal carbonization synthesis to obtain two products, the CQDs and graphite-chitosan catalysts demonstrate great alternatives for the use of sustainable energy in photocatalysis and transesterification reactions.
4	DIEGO OLIVEIRA CORDEIRO DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS OBTAINED FROM EGGS 'SHELLS, FOR SOYBEAN BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA LUIS FERREIRA DE LIMA MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA ROBERTA PEREIRA DA SILVA Data: Mar 11, 2019 Show Abstract The gradual growth of energy consumption in the world has been linking concerns about the depletion of energy sources and the environmental imbalance due to the predatory use of natural resources. In the world, only 9% of the energy consumed comes from renewable sources. Given this high global dependence on non-renewable energies, research is needed to develop new sources of alternative energy. Biodiesel, a biofuel used for diesel cycle engines, is proving to be one of the viable alternatives to this current problem. The REN21 report states that biodiesel had the largest increase among biofuels in the last decade. This growth represented 15 times the volume of production from 2002 to 2012. Biodiesel also has, in some respects, advantages over petroleum diesel, such as: non-toxic, from renewable sources, environmentally innocuous and relatively biodegradable, in addition to (during the combustion process) emissions of gaseous pollutants such as carbon particles, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Biodiesel is usually obtained through transesterification, in which one mole of triacylglycerides reacts with three moles of alcohol (methanol or ethanol) to form three moles of biodiesel and one mole of glycerine. The reaction is usually catalyzed by a strong homogeneous base, NaOH or KOH. However, the use of homogeneous catalysts results in soap formation, separation difficulty, effluent generation. Due to these limitations, the need to study heterogeneous catalysts to obtain biodiesel arose. CaO is a heterogeneous catalyst that stands out for its high catalytic capacity and easy to obtain. However the catalytic results of these solids are highly dependent on the preparation method as well as on the reaction conditions employed. Therefore, the objective of the research is to develop, analyze and evaluate several heterogeneous catalysts obtained from the calcined egg shell, for the production of soybean biodiesel via methyl. To obtain the different CaO samples, three raw materials (white egg shell and chicken brown and commercial CaCO3) calcined at different temperatures (800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C) and time (80 °C, 120 and 160 minutes) over a heating rate of 5 ºC mim-1. Totaling 27 samples. The best result among egg shells was the white bark sample calcined at 80 ºC in 160 minutes (CB8P16). CaO has a disadvantage, it undergoes rehydration and carbonation reactions very easily, forming Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, respectively. However, even after the majority formation of CaCO3, the properties and characteristics present are maintained, as a strong base and presence of active sites on the surface, which characterize as a solid catalytic potential for transesterification reaction. Another reason for the maintenance of catalytic capacity. The initial mixture between methanol and the catalytic solid, forming Ca(CH2)3, which presents more catalytic characteristics than CaO, causing a process called CaO activation. The calcined mixture between CaO derived from chicken hulls and diatomite, forms wollastonite, a compound with similar capacity to CaO precursor
5	ERINÉIA DA SILVA SANTOS Study of the lubricity of emulsion/microemulsion systems for application in cutting fluids. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO SALETE MARTINS ALVES DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS JOAO TELESFORO NOBREGA DE MEDEIROS MARCIANO HENRIQUE DE LUCENA NETO ROBERTA PEREIRA DA SILVA Data: Mar 11, 2019 Show Abstract Development of new cutting fluids constitutes an important field of scientific and technological activity, since most of the fluids are part of the consumption of petroleum source, and this source is limited and not renewable. Recently, emulsion systems have been studied as an alternative to improve tribological applications as fluids that improve lubricity. Thus, this work aimed to formulate, characterize and study the tribological performance for O/A emulsions and A/O microemulsion systems with different anionic surfactants (soap base) and non-ionic nonylphenol polyethoxylates with different degrees of ethoxylation to apply as cutting fluids. Epoxidized vegetable oil was use for the development of emulsion and microemulsion systems. The main physico-chemical properties were determined for the formulations, such as density, acidity, iodo index, oxirane index, small angle X-ray scattering analysis (SAXS), particle size, rheological measurements and contact angle. In order to evaluate the tribological performance of the systems, a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) tribromometer, consisting of a plane type ball wear test. Based on the results presented above, it can be concluded that the physicochemical properties analyzed are suitable for the fluid as lubricants. The lower concentration of anionic surfactant (1%) presented lower coefficients of friction for the studied emulsions. The emulsions developed with 5% surfactant showed higher coefficient of friction and wear rate. The microemulsion systems have cylindrical shapes, in which it contributes to higher viscosity in the systems. When comparing the coefficient of friction in systems formulated with different surfactants NP4EO, NP6EO and NP9.5EO, it was observe that the coefficient of friction tends to increase in the systems (M1-M3) as the degree of ethoxylation increased and as increased the concentration of surfactant.
6	JESSICA MARIA DAMIAO DE ARRUDA CAMARA Kinetic Study of the rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its application in enhanced oil recovery. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES ANITA MARIA DE LIMA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA Data: Jul 22, 2019 Show Abstract The biosurfactants displays an alternative to the use of synthetic surfactants, especially when considering their advantages of less toxicity, greater biodegradability and stability. Among these biosurfactants, the rhamnolipid, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has been presenting itself as one of the most notable biosurfactants as a result of its high performance and applicability in advanced petroleum recovery. However, the large scale application of rhamnolipids has been a challenge to companies since the costs of production are high, due to, mainly, the downstream purification process. Therefore, in this study the production of rhamnolipid by a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated and optimized. The Plackett-Burman design was used to select the variables that affect significantly the production yield of the biosurfactant and the Central Composite design was used to optimize the rhamnolipid production. Afterwards, the kinetic modeling was performed, in which four non-structural models were tested, and the parameters were optimized through the genetic algorithm and the numeric discretization by the Runge-Kutta method. The biosurfactant produced was characterized and evaluated regarding its capacity of being used in the Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR), finally, the influence of the purification stage was investigated in the rhamnolipidability to increase oil production after the convencional recovery process. The results indicated that the optimal values of temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen rate, glycerol concentration and time (variables selected through the statistical experimental design) are, respectively, 30.17°C, 7.37, 32.35, 9.36% (v/v) and 10.26 days. The biosurfactant produced also presented a excellent emulsification rate, approximately 67% for the n-hexane and 69% for the petroleum, and a capacity of reducing the water superficial tension from 72 to 35.26 mN/m in a c.m.c of 127 mg/L. Furthermore, the rhamnolipid also presented a good stability to wide ranges of pH and salinity. Such characteristics configured the rhamnolipid as a good candidate to the application in MEOR. The kinetic parameters, of four non-structural models, for the experimental data of four rhamnolipid production curves were optimized by the genetic algorithm method and the main result demonstrated that the Monod model is the best predicting the data, with values of µmáx equal to 0.06 h-1, KS equal to 50.8 g/L, YX/S equal to 0.43 g/g and YP/X equal to 0.017 g/g. At last, with the tests of advanced recovery, it was demonstrated that the rhamnolipid can efficiently recover the oil, obtaining the best result for a biosurfactant concentration 100% above the c.m.c and petroleum with a API Gravity of 21.90, which was able to achieve a total recovery of 50.45±0.79%, of which 11.91±0.39% corresponds to the MEOR. Moreover, it was evidenced that the biodegradability of the rhamnolipid did not represent a desavantage and that bigger investments in purification processes for the biosurfactant would be dispensable, since the biosurfactant was able to maintain its ability of increasing the oil recovered factor, even after two months of production. Also, the non-purificated rhamnolipid presented higher recovery factors when compared with the purificated, for all three types of oils studied.
7	MILLENA CRISTIANE DE MEDEIROS BEZERRA JÁCOME Use of mangaba industrial waste (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) to obtain biotechnological products. Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCINALDO LEITE DA SILVA FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR NATHALIA KELLY DE ARAUJO SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Aug 9, 2019 Show Abstract Currently, the search for the integral use of lignocellulosic materials is necessary in the attention to the environment, as well as in the reduction of costs and valorization of this raw material. Among these materials are agro-industrial waste widely used to obtain various products such as oil, extracts, and enzymes, among others. This study investigates the use of the characterized mangaba waste (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), highlighting its oil content, and using it as a substrate for the production of enzymes (lipases, pectinases and polygalacturanases (PG)). Solid-state fermentation (FES) using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger IOC 4003. Mangaba residue and its ethanolic extracts were evaluated for physicochemical and bioactive aspects, especially the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Among the evaluated enzymes, polygalacturonase was submitted to stability tests under different temperature and pH conditions and applied at a concentration of 1.0% in the clarification process of mangaba juice. It is noteworthy that the post-fermentation residue was used for lignin extraction that was applied to obtain chitosan biofilm, evaluating their antioxidant capacity as well as their capacity to increase the shelf life of papaya (Carica papaya) after coating. The results showed that mangaba residue has antioxidant activity with total phenolic compound concentrations of 564.1 ± 0.047 mg gallic acid equivalent / g extracted oil and Total Antioxidant Activity - TCA of 95.46 ± 1.58 mg equivalent of ascorbic acid / g residue. Furthermore, by FES it was possible to produce lipases (50.11 ± 0.02 U / g), pectinases (0.45 ± 0.01 U / g) and polygalacturonases (76.32 ± 0.11 U / g). The extract showed stability to PG activity above 80% for temperatures of 20 and 25 ° C, maintaining this activity level for up to 1 hour. However, with significant reduction at temperatures above 40 ° C. In relation to pH, PG activity was considerably reduced at alkaline pH and, at pH 4 and 5, PG kept its relative activity above 50% for up to 120 minutes. When applied with enzymatic load of 1.0 U / mL, the enzymatic extract presented satisfactory results in the clarification process of mangaba juice allowing a 34% reduction in turbidity and 11% viscosity. The 2% chitosan biofilms added with 0.1% and 0.05% (w / w) alkaline lignin showed antioxidant activity, based on the capture of the DPPH radical. The fruits coated with filmogenic solutions had their shelf times increased. Thus, mangaba waste is presented as a low cost raw material with potential for the production of biotechnological products of interest to society.
8	ALFREDO JOSÉ FERREIRA DA SILVA Adsorption of copper ions using bioadsorbent and argilomineral: kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium study. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES LUIS FERREIRA DE LIMA ROBERTA PEREIRA DA SILVA Data: Aug 23, 2019 Show Abstract The toxicity, non-biodegradability and bioaccumulation presented by industrial effluents containing heavy metals has become a deep environmental concern. Given this fact, there are already several treatment techniques to remove heavy metals from industrial effluents, but they have some disadvantages, such as inefficiency in treatment, high cost, use of chemicals in the treatment and problems with the disposal of waste. sludge formed. From this finding, there has been research with materials that can be used to overcome these deficiencies, presenting satisfactory results in the removal of heavy metals in the treatment of industrial effluents. Carnauba straw dust and bentonite in their natural and modified forms were used as adsorbents to remove copper in aqueous solution. The experiments were performed from the evaluation of the influence of the variables pH, contact time, adsorbent mass, initial metal concentration, effects of binders and co-ions on the metal removal efficiency and adsorbent regeneration capacity. From the experimental data, it was possible the kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium study of the adsorption process. FTIR, BET, FRX, XRD and Potential zeta analyzes were also performed to characterize the materials used in the adsorption process and to ensure the efficiency of their modifications. In the kinetic study, all adsorbents adjusted to the pseudo second order kinetic model and it was observed that, in general, the adsorbents used presented a fast kinetics, in which PPC, PPCTB, BNAT, BSOD reached equilibrium time. 5, 25, 100 and 100 minutes, respectively. The equilibrium study showed that the experimental data of the adsorbents studied supported the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity of PPC, PPCTB, BNAT, BSOD were 8.48, 21.97, 12.92 and 24.51 mg/g, respectively. Studies showed that although the materials had a low surface area, they had other positive characteristics, such as PPC and PPCTB with functional groups (hydroxyl and carbonyl) with good interaction capacity, and BETNAT and BETSOD with good exchange capacity cationic. The thermodynamic parameters obtained in the adsorption experiments showed that for PPCTB, BNAT, BSOD the process was non-spontaneous and endothermic, whereas for PPC the process was spontaneous and exothermic. In the desorption and regeneration study of natural and sodium bentonites, 4 cycles of dsorption and desorption were required. The desorption efficiency of copper ions using sodium and natural clay decreased from the first to the last cycle from 69.47% to 41.33% and from 48.36% to 22.46%, respectively.
9	SUZARA RAYANNE DE CASTRO SENA Evaluation of Ethyl Esters as a Gasoline Additive. Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ERINÉIA DA SILVA SANTOS KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES Data: Aug 26, 2019 Show Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of ethyl octanoate and ethyl oleate in different concentrations as gasoline additives based on characterization analyzes, consumption in Otto cycle engine and the effect of additives on fuel lubricity. The analysis results of vapor pressure, distillation curve and corrosiveness were within the values required by Brasilian legislation. In relation to the rheological study, the Oswald de Waele model best fitted the experimental values of the gas + ester systems, which was also the model that best fitted the experimental data for pure gasoline data. Both esters increased the density of the fuel with increasing their concentration in gasoline. The results for heat of combustion of the obtained fuels were better than results reported in the literature for other oxygenated additives. Through measurements of the octane number MON (Motor Octane Number) and RON (Research octane number) it was found that the octane of the ethyl octanoate containing formulations was higher when compared to the formulations containing ethyl oleate. The lubricity tests were carried out using a HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Test Rig) equipment. The WSD (wear scar diameter) values have decreased as the esters proportions have increased in the samples. The percentage of lubricant film presented values above 85% for formulations with 10% and 15% ester concentration. The values of the coefficient of friction have shown a similar behaviour, they have decreased as the esters fractions have increased. The analyzes of fuel consumption were performed using a Otto cycle engine four-stroke, in which the rotation was conserved at 4400 rpm and wheel power varied from 3 kW to 12 kW, with intervals of 3 kW to obtain hourly fuel consumption curves and brake specific fuel consumption. Even esters having lower heat of combustion, hourly fuel consumption was similar to pure gasoline (type A). In relation to the brake specific fuel consumption, increasing the wheel power had a better conversion of the mass of fuel burned into energy. The results also showed that ethyl octanoate presents better characteristics to be added in gasoline when compared to ethyl oleate.
10	GISELLE KALLINE GOMES CARVALHO BARROS XXXXXXX Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Aug 30, 2019 Show Abstract The presence of heavy metals and dyes in industrial wastewater is dangerous and very toxic to the ecosystem and human life, especially at levels above the allowed limit. Both pollutants have resistance to biodegradation, causing serious damage to living organisms and photosynthetic activities. Therefore, it is necessary to use treatment methods that can remove these pollutants to acceptable levels. The use of surfactants may be a viable alternative in the removal of these pollutants. In this work, ionic flocculation was used to remove copper ions by sodium hexadecanoate, through an innovative process approach, identifying the Krafft point as a limiting factor for ionic flocculation occurs. Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and a statistical design of the copper ion removal process was made. About 95% of the copper ions could be removed using a surfactant/metal molar ratio of 2, pH 4.6 and temperature 60 ° C. The use of the anionic surfactant soap base in the removal of ionic dyes was also studied. The use of this surfactant in the process of precipitation removal, ionic flocculation and in a process combining the ionic flocculation with the liquid-liquid extraction was evaluated. The addition of surfactant to the liquid-liquid extraction process increased the removal efficiency from 26% to 91%. Carboxylates of different chain lengths were used to remove Acid Red 57 by ionic flocculation, and it was observed that the percentage of dye removed and the interfacial properties were influenced by both the chain length of the surfactant and the micellar shape. In addition, a study of mixed micelles systems, formed by the binary mixture of sodium dodecanoato and sodium hexadecanoate, was performed from the determination of micellar composition and interfacial properties. The variation of the molar composition of the mixture directly influenced the molar composition of the micelle, surface parameters and micelle shape. By increasing the amount of the longer chain surfactant the micelle changed from lamellar form to cylindrical form.
11	JULIANA LEAO MAIA MICROENCAPSULATION OF MALAY APPLE (Syzygium malaccense L) EXTRACT USING SPRAY DRYER AND FREEZE DRYER. Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS KATIA CRISTINA BORGES ROGERIA HELEN LIMA VIDAL Data: Sep 30, 2019 Show Abstract The Malay apple tree is found in the Northeast region of Brazil and the little knowledge about the composition of its fruits, which may have their properties better explored, motivated this study. Among naturally occurring antioxidants, anthocyanins are dyes responsible for the bluish-red coloration of a wide variety of vegetables. There is a growing interest in its use by the food industry, but its vulnerability to environmental factors makes processing necessary to make them stable. In this sense, spray drying is applicable and the spray dryer has been shown to be effective in this process. The objective of this work was to perform drying tests of jambo bark extract in spray dryer and lyophilizer and to analyze the product obtained through physical chemical analysis, images and particle size, proceeding to the quantification of bioactive compounds. in order to prove the preservation of antioxidants and to carry out a preliminary study on their possible encapsulation.
12	SUZIANI CRISTINA DE MEDEIROS DANTAS SOARES SPOUTED-BED DRYING OF ACEROLA PULP (Malpighia emarginata DC) AND GUAVA (Psidium guajava L.): EFFECTS OF ADDING MILK AND MILK PROTEIN ON PROCESS PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DRIED FRUIT POWDERS Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : KATIA CRISTINA BORGES MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA THAYSE NAIANNE PIRES DANTAS Data: Oct 7, 2019 Show Abstract The drying of acerola and guava pulp was studied in this work with bovine milk (powder and reconstituted in water) and concentrated whey protein as adjuvant, aiming the production of powders. The mixtures were processed in spouted bed dryer with high density inert particles of polyethylene at 70 °C. The dust production kinetics was obtained and the yield and the thermal efficiency of the process were calculated for all experiments. The physico-chemical properties of mixtures were evaluated and compared to pure pulps. Produced powders were evaluated regarding their moisture content, water activity, hygroscopicity, solubility, particle size, mineral composition of surface and the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Considering the low impact of freeze-drying, drying powders produced in spouted bed were compared with freeze dried pure acerola and guava powders. It also evaluated the impact of thermal processing on the retention of ascorbic acid and concentration of carotenoids in the powder. According to the results, the powders production and the yield was higher for mixtures of guava (45.21%) than for mixtures of acerola (23.06% on average) but in relation to thermal efficiency the results, for all the experiments regardless the fruit, were compatible and with an average value of 42.2%. The moisture of the freeze-dried powders and mixtures were between 5.28 to 7.04% for acerola and, 8.3% to 6.6% to guava. The water activity of both fruits mixtures did not suffered significant variation, 0.373 on average, registering the lowest value of 0.300 and 0.218 for freeze-dried powders of pure pulp of acerola and guava, respectively. Regarding other properties, they were poorly soluble and hygroscopic, highlighting the greater solubility, hygroscopicity and average diameter of particles of the lyophilized powders. The addition of adjuvants enriched the product in relation to calcium and protein content, noting the greater retention of ascorbic acid in mixtures with addition of dried milk (72.9 and 44.1%) when compared to powders obtained by freeze-drying (58 and 34.3% for acerola and guava respectively. Spouted bed drying was an effective way to produce acerola and guava based powders, using dairy products as drying adjuvants. The production of dried fruit extracts using milk as adjuvant is an interesting option for the food industry in the preparation of dairy products such as ice cream, yoghurts and desserts. In addition, the products presents satisfactory nutritional and bioactive attributes, with the combination of milk powder composition and the ascorbic acid content of fruit. Although the addition of a lower concentration (1%) concentrated serum protein has not affected the production of powders, the fluid dynamics of the spouted bed processing was favored. Similar strategy can be applied to different fruit pulps and represents a feasible alternative for processing fruit waste.
13	DANIEL NOBRE NUNES DA SILVA Study of solid-liquid extraction for drilling cutting treatment using Microemulsion Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA ZILVAM MELO DOS SANTOS Data: Nov 14, 2019 Show Abstract The wish for economic development is linked to the increased consumption of fossil fuels and consequently a growing generation of toxic waste to the environment. Drill cuttings is one of these wastes, which in addition to being highly toxic, due to the presence of n-paraffin from the drilling fluid adsorbed to it (waste class I - NBR 10004: 2004), is also generated in large quantities. This study presents an alternative to the treatment of drill cuttings (vertical drill cuttings dryer) using microemulsion systems, aiming at the removal of this n-paraffin and thereby reducing environmental impact. For this task it was necessary to study the solid-liquid extraction between the systems (solvents) and drill cuttings. The variables of the solid-liquid extraction (solvent, solvent/drill cuttings ratio, stirring speed and contact time) were studied, as well as the methodology of ultrasonic extraction, used as the best possible extraction. Gas chromatographic analysis with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used to quantify the extracts. The obtained results showed that the microemulsion using the L90 surfactant (AP= 83%, C/S=16% e OP=1%) obtained better performance with 55.6% extraction of n-paraffin. In the study of the microemulsion/drill cuttings ratio, the ratio equal 1.0 obtained better result (55.39% extraction), whereas using 2.0 the extraction was 56.32%. In the study with the stirring speed was identified that the higher the speed the better extraction (56.24%), but it was identified that small stirring speed is reduced to extraction (46.12%). In the parameter of contact time an increase in the percentage of extraction with the increase of the time was also found, reaching levels higher than 80% of extraction with time of 160 minutes, but with time of 80 minutes has already reached percentage of extraction of 76%. It was concluded that the use of microemulsion systems promoted the treatment of drill cuttings at high levels, for chemical extraction, allowing a viable alternative for waste treatment and placing it at levels of acceptable contaminants (6.9% of fluid retained in the drill cuttings - US EPA, 2000). Keywords: solid remediation, solid-liquid extraction, microemulsion, n-paraffin, ultrasonic extraction.
14	CAMILLA EMANUELLE MENDES ROCHA GURGEL GREEN AND RIPE BANANA POWDER PRODUCTION THROUGH FOAM LAYER DRYING - OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATING CONDITION, PROCESS MODELING AND PRODUCT EVALUATION Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : KATIA CRISTINA BORGES MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS THAYSE NAIANNE PIRES DANTAS Data: Nov 18, 2019 Show Abstract The drying of green and ripe banana foams with the addition of albumin was studied, considering as independent variables the albumin concentration (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5%), drying temperature (60, 70 and 80 ° C) and the thickness of the foam layer (0.8; 1.3 and 1.8 ± 0.02 cm). The experiments were performed according to a fractional experimental design 33, with 2 repetitions at the central point. The effect of albumin concentration and beating time on the density and expansion of banana foams was investigated. The drying curves were plotted and the Page and Midilli models were adjusted to the experimental data of humidity ratio as a function of time throughout the drying period and the Fick model to the decreasing rate period. The effect of temperature (60 ° C, 70 ° C, and 80 ° C) on the physicochemical characteristics of the powders resulting from drying of the foams with 5% albumin and 0.8 cm thickness was evaluated. Moisture, soluble solids content, pH, centesimal composition, water activity, solubility and hygroscopiscity of the powders were determined. The beat time and concentration that resulted in the greatest expansion were 4 minutes and 5% albumin. In all drying curves, a constant rate and a decreasing rate period were identified. The effects of independent variables on drying parameters were evaluated by observing through statistical analysis the effect of temperature and thickness on drying rates in both the constant rate and average drying rates considering the constant and non-constant rates. decreasing. The operating variables had significant effects on effective diffusivity, but opposite effects of albumin concentration and thickness were observed for green and ripe bananas. Through the analysis of the proximate composition of the powders produced from the drying of the lyophilized foams and pure pulps, the products were enriched in relation to the higher concentration of proteins and mineral salts. For both fruits, the powders resulting from the drying of the foams and the freeze drying showed low humidity and water activity, are not hygroscopic, observing the reasonable solubility of the ripe banana powder against the green banana, concluding that the characterization banana powder was satisfactory and is in accordance with the Brazilian norms established for agroindustrial products. Sensory analysis showed that the formulation of a vitamin with 30% added of the banana powder and milk did not differ in flavor from the mixture made with fresh banana and milk.
15	IGOR MICAEL ALVES UCHÔA Evaluation of properties and atmospheric emissions of diesel microemulsion with glycerin. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE ALCIVAN ALMEIDA EVANGELISTA NETO MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES Data: Dec 6, 2019 Show Abstract Currently petroleum-based fossil fuels are widely used for power generation and work. One of the main applications is in the transportation sector, especially mineral diesel. The widespread use of this fuel has increased emissions of polluting gases into the atmosphere such as COx, NOx, SOx and soot. These gases directly influence the aggravation of the greenhouse effect, cause acid rain and decrease the air quality we breathe. To reduce SOx emissions to the atmosphere, for example, sulfur concentration in Brazilian mineral diesel is currently limited to 10 ppm, according to CONAMA Resolution 403/2008. This ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is also required in other countries. Another way used in Brazil to reduce emissions of air pollutants is the 10% volume mixture of biodiesel with mineral diesel consumed at gas stations. However, glycerin (a byproduct of biodiesel production) has become a problem for producers due to the large amount generated, where for every 100 liters of biodiesel produced, about 10 kg of glycerine results. The treatment process for sulfur reduction, oxygenated and nitrogenous compounds causes a decrease in lubricity in mineral diesel and lack of lubricity will affect engine performance such as accelerated wear, insufficient power, reduced service life, cause energy dissipation by friction and failure of parts such as fuel injectors and pumps. Therefore, in this work were developed microemulsionated mineral based diesel fuel ULSD systems with glycerine solution and two non Ephenylated ethoxylated surfactants with 4 EO and 6 EO that were able to harness the energy potential of glycerin, promote improvement in diesel properties and reduce emissions. of pollutants. Firstly, an experimental factorial design of type 23 was developed to identify the most influential variables in the process, as well as the optimal value ranges. Seven fuel systems were determined with the aid of a previously elaborated pseudo-ternary diagram, namely: mineral diesel S10 (white of the experiments) and six formulations with a fixed surfactant concentration of 0.11 g R4 / R6 / mL diesel and with quantities of 15% glycerine solution added to each system ranging from 0 to 0.10 g / mL diesel in 0.02 g / mL increments. The thermogravimetric analysis suggested similar profiles for the different formulated fuels and the addition of surfactants R4, R6 and glycerine solution 15% increased the maximum decomposition and burning temperatures. All microemulsion fuel systems presented similar activation energies, calculated by the Ozawa – Flynn – Wall (OFW) method, of the order of 60 kJ / mol and when compared with the activation energy value of mineral diesel S10, A reduction of about 6 kJ / mol is obtained. The reduction in activation energy of these fuel systems suggests a reduction in ignition delay, improved burn and emission reduction when used in engines. In the lubricity tests developed in the HFRR (Hight Frequency Reciprocating Rig) it was observed as general behavior, an increase of the formation of the lubricating film, a decrease of the coefficient of friction and a reduction of the eschar formed in the balls. The best results were: double the percentage of lubricating film formation, 0.053 reduction in the coefficient of friction and 187 µm reduction in the size of the eschar formed when comparing the formulation with higher amounts of additives with the mineral diesel S10. The results of specific consumption tests for the different microemulsed fuels performed on a BD 7.0 engine at a fixed speed of 3500 rpm and six power load conditions show that increasing the water and glycerin concentration in the systems increased the consumption. of fuel at a specific load but this consumption becomes almost equal under the conditions of higher power loads. As for the analysis of CO, CO2, NOx and Gas Exit Gas emissions, the overall behavior was to reduce CO emissions and increase CO2 and NOx emissions and increase the gas exit temperature, when All power loads tested for S10 mineral diesel are analyzed. But for an analysis of each specific load, the behavior of reduction of CO, CO2, NOx emissions and Gas outlet temperature can be observed, being obtained in the best condition a reduction 19%, 5%, 11% and 10, 5% respectively.
16	MAYARA DE OLIVEIRA LESSA Flash pyrolysis of different Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) biomass cultivars Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA EMERSON MOREIRA DE AGUIAR JANDUIR EGITO DA SILVA YARA FELICIANO GOMES Data: Dec 16, 2019 Show Abstract Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) has a high yield with an annual capacity of 40 tons of dry matter per hectare (Woodard & Prine, 1993; Somerville et al., 2010), and an energy yield up to 25 times higher than energy consumed in its production (Collazzo et al. 2017). In this work a study on different cultivars of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) was carried out. The cultivars tested were (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) cv. Mott (MEG), (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) cv. Roxo (REG) and (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) cv. Capiaçu (CEG). The biomasses were evaluated in terms of Proximate analysis, Calorific Value, Ultimate Analysis, Structural Composition, Thermogravimetric Analysis, FRX, DRX, FTIR, flash pyrolysis at 600 ° C in Py-GC/MS and the evaluation of kinetic parameters by thermal analysis. The kinetic parameters of the samples were evaluated using Flynn-Wall and Model Free Kinetics (Vyazovkin) non-isothermal methods for the degradation range of holocellulose (hemicellulose and cellulose) from 150 to 370 ° C. The methods fit well with the MEG and REG samples. However for CEG, the models with linear fit proved to be unreliable to describe the kinetic parameters of the sample. The volatile compounds produced in pyrolysis were mainly oxygenated, including short chain oxygenated compounds (C1-C4), furans, esters, aldehydes, ketones and phenols. In general, the results obtained were similar for the three biomasses with only small variations in the yields of pyrolysis products. However, because it has a higher growth height, a HHV (16.22 MJ/kg) and one of the highest phenol contents, the CEG proved to be the most promising biomass to be studied for energy application among the other samples.
17	JOSÉ WAGNER ALVES GARRIDO Study of biodegradable flocculants and bioadsorbers derived from Moringa Oleifera as alternatives for treating produced water. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : RENATA MARTINS BRAGA ANITA MARIA DE LIMA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA JANDUIR EGITO DA SILVA MARCELO MENDES PEDROZA Data: Dec 27, 2019 Show Abstract In the petroleum industry, in the segment represented by petroleum extraction, the most relevant pollutant, is the water produced, due to their complex chemical composition of contaminants and quantity generated that can vary considerably. The inadequate discard of this wastewater implicate environmental damage, penalties and negative repercussion on producing companies, contrary to environmental legislation present. In this context, the flotation technique has been quite used in the treatment of this effluent, in order to reduce the Content of oils and greases, associating the pretreatment stage operation of flocculation. In order to improve the final quality of this effluent, is it necessary to have another phase of post-treatment, which can be the use of activated carbon adsorption processes, that has been widely studied, to remove dissolved part of oil which has in its composition monoaromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene. In this case, this research proposed to perform the treatment of synthetic wastewater with flocculation/flotation technique and adsorption by activated carbon, with the combined application of flocculation/ flotation dissolved air, using natural flocculants obtained from the seeds of the plant Moringa oleifera. Such flocculants were obtained by protein fractionation with ammonium sulfate extractant, that went called of crude extract, fraction 1, fraction 2 and fraction 3. And for the adsorption study were used three types of carbons by-products obtained from this plant, being coal in-natura, which was chemically activated in two ways, employing the phosphoric acid and ammonium hydroxide reagents. The main techniques and the parameters considered to characterize such coals were: hydrogen potential, point of zero charge, basic and acidic functional groups, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetric, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The experiments of removal of oils and greases with combined technique flocculation/flotation were performed according to factorial and central planning, through which he statically verified the influence of process variables for the three flocculants: flocculant concentration and flotation time. From the adsorptive and equilibrium study, it was found that fresh coal presented removal efficiency about 79.33% and the maximum benzene adsorption capacity was 65.07 mg.g-1, values considered high when compared to other adsorbents. While, the chemically activated carbons presented removal efficiency of 51.56 and 84.61% and maximum adsorption capacities of 50.59 and 78.89 mg.g-1, respectively, with similar equilibrium time of 20 minutes. The natural flocculants produced presented potential for removal of oil and grease, to the point of reach the environmentals requirements for discard this effluent in natural bodies of water. The rapid removal of benzene and the range of the equilibrium in a short period of time, when compared to other precursors, these results may be indications that flocculants and adsorbents of Moringa oleifera are viable and efficient, and can constitute a promising alternative or the treatment of industrial effluents, making the process more economical.

2018

	Dissertations
1	MARIA BIANCA MEDEIROS DE MELLO NOBREGA "Optimization of a real crude oil atmospheric distillation process using process simulation and statistical methods" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA KALYANNE KEYLY PEREIRA GOMES OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jan 5, 2018 Show Abstract The increasing global demand for energy has caused a rise in energy prices and has required the search for techniques that enhance the efficiency of processes in industries. Furthermore, in the environmental context, increasing energy efficiency plays a key role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to sustainable development. This work was developed with the objective of optimizing the energy consumption of the top condenser of an atmospheric petroleum distillation tower, installed in one of the largest refineries in Brazil. The optimization consisted in the determination of optimum conditions for the stripping steam and feed temperature, which minimize the condenser energy consumption, according the product specification requirement and the equipment operational limits. The working methodology developed includes the steps of modeling, sensitivity analysis, factorial design and Response Surface Method (MSR). This was possible with the aid of the commercial simulator Petro-SIM® and the softwares STATISTICA© and Excel®. The results demonstrate that the refinery operates at operational conditions close to optimum values, but significant gains can still be reach by adjusting the stripping steam flowrate and feed temperature. The change in the steam flowrate to 280.00 t/d and the feed temperature to 363.64°C can generate a reduction of 0.81% in the overall thermal load and a monthly savings of R$ 341,733.00. It is also worth mentioning a monthly reduction of 2,148m³ of water for the production of steam. Thus, in addition to the possibility of real gains, this methodology developed from existing methods is able to be an optimization tool to improve energy efficiency, even in complex processes such as petroleum distillation.
2	SARAH NATACHA DE OLIVEIRA ALMEIDA "CO2 CAPTURE IN MULTICOMPONENT MIXTURE USING MICRO-REACTOR" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOSÉ ROBERTO DE SOUZA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Feb 5, 2018 Show Abstract The natural gas associated with the oil extracted from the pre-salt layer presents expressive CO2 contents (> 30 mol%), which makes it unfeasible to commercialize directly from the platforms, so that the gas must be removed at least to the maximum concentration (3 % molar) required by the ANP to make it profitable. The microreaction system has reached great interest in the last decades due to the intensification of the process. In this configuration, the process occurs continuously, with the reactions and the transfer phenomena occurring in the individualized form with maximum gradients. A feature to be highlighted in these reactors, compared to conventional chemical reactors, is the higher surface area / volume ratio, which favors a higher yield, selectivity and energy efficiency of the reaction. The evaluated microreactors are formed by microchannels with square cross-section with hydraulic diameter between 0.28 to 1.5 mm. The microreaction system consists of pumps, valves, pressure and temperature sensors, microreactor and a microsseparator. The gas-liquid mixture occurs in the microreactor at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, and then is separated in the microsseparator, the gas in turn is directed to a gas chromatograph to check the percentage of absorbed CO2. In this work, the CO2 absorption process in water and amine (MEA) was studied in different types of microreactors (T-system, funnel type microreactor, T-type microreactor and microreactor T-junction) and evaluated different compositions for the gas phase with N2, CO2 and CH4). Also, experiments were performed under operational conditions with different gas / liquid volumetric ratio values. In general, the flow regime was slug-like, and the results indicated that the maximum CO2 removal efficiency using the T-junction microreactor occurred with removal efficiency greater than 90% and gas / liquid volumetric ratio of 7:30 without MEA and was 100% for concentrations of MEA above 0.5 M in all gas / liquid volumetric ratios studied.
3	DEBORAH CORDEIRO DE ANDRADE "Calcium, strontium and iron carbonates solubility under interest conditions in the monoethyleneglycol regeneration process". Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL ITALLA MEDEIROS BEZERRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 20, 2018 Show Abstract The oil industry is constantly facing problems related to the exploitation of natural gas. During its production, fouling may be formed as, for example, gas hydrates, once the produced water is full of dissolved salts, thus blocking a passage of the fluid through the pipeline and also causing a corrosion of the production tubes. This occurs with changes in the temperature and pressure of the circulating fluid. As a way of solving this problem, chemicals are added to the drilling fluid. Monoethylene glycol (MEG) consists of a hydrate inhibitor widely used because it does not harm the environment, provides a low operating cost since it can be regenerated and chemically compatible with the constituents of the production fluid. In order to study interest conditions for MEG regeneration process, procedures and experimental apparatus were developed to promote data whose inhibitor effect together with sodium chloride effect, temperature, CO2 partial pressure and pH in aqueous mixtures containing carbonate salts, such as, calcium, strontium and iron, in excess, were described. CO2 partial pressures ranged from 760 to 1610 mmHg, temperature ranged from 5 to 50 °C, MEG concentrations swept the entire percentage range of mass percentage and sodium chloride was added at three concentrations: 1, 3 and 5 % in weight. A modified analytical method has been specifically developed for the system in which there is bubbling of carbon dioxide. Through the data analysis, it was possible to conclude that increasing temperature and MEG concentration provide a decrease in carbonate salts solubility. It was also found that carbonate salts concentration increases with the increase in CO2 partial pressures and with NaCl presence NaCl up to 3 % in weight, since once its concentration becomes higher, 5 % in weight, the effect becomes reverse. A thermodynamic approach was applied in phase and chemical equilibria. In this modeling it was possible to quantify the MEG addition effects and carbon dioxide as well as the temperature on the carbonate salts solubility under study.
4	MARCOS ANTONIO OLIVEIRA FILHO "Recuperation and partial purification of antigen 503 of Leishmania i. chagasi from recombinant E. coli M15 and simultaneous LPS removal using Aqueous Two-Phase Systems" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR LUCIANA IGARASHI MAFRA Data: Feb 21, 2018 Show Abstract The antigen 503, a protein found in the amastigote phase of Leishmania i. chagasi, can integrate vaccines and specific diagnosis assays for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, a problem on the protein purification is the presence of endotoxins (LPS), natural compound of bacterial expression systems, which triggers immune response in human body and interacts with the proteins impairing possible chromatography steps. To solve this problem, Aqueous Two-phase Systems (ATPS) can be employed with the advantages of eliminate clarification steps on the whole process, indeed it also concentrates the molecule of interest and reduces the concentration of LPS, preparing the product for a more efficient adsorption in the following steps. Thus, the present work aimed evaluate ATPS based on PEG1500/Salt, Ethanol/Salt (K2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4) and Acetonitrile/Dextrose on the partial purification of antigen 503 expressed in recombinant E. coli M15 and simultaneous removal of LPS. For that, firstly, binodal curves of these systems were constructed by cloud point titration method at room temperature (25 ± 2 ºC). The parameters of the equation purposed by Merchuk were calculated by these experimental data and the Tie-Line Lengthes (TLL) were obtained. Generally, the TLL rose with an increase of the concentration of organic solvent. When the cell homogenate from E. coli was applied, the system which exhibited the best results was 30% PEG1500 and 10% K2HPO4 (m/m) achieving 116,96% of recuperation and 1,55 of purification factor (assay P3). The removal of endotoxins was promising for all the systems evaluated, as it was kept above 90,0%. The assay P3 also stood out for the LPS removal, being able to remove 99,90%. Thus, ATPS can be a precedent step to the chromatography for the removal of high LPS concentration and grow the purity of recombinant proteins from E. coli.
5	VITOR TROCCOLI RIBEIRO "Evaluation of the pQE-30 plasmid stability and expression of 503 antigen of Leishmania i. chagasi in Escherichia coli M15 at different concentrations of IPTG and culture temperatures." Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR MICHELLE ROSSANA FERREIRA VAZ Data: Feb 23, 2018 Show Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis is an infectious-parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which can be lethal when there is no adequate treatment. It is estimated that there are 12 million people infected by the disease, but unfortunately there is no vaccine capable of preventing the disease. In addition, the treatment of the disease presents high cost and high toxicity. Therefore, we must highlight the research of purified antigenic components that can be used as a tool to obtain vaccines or tests for specific diagnosis. In this context, the present work aims to evaluate the influence of the concentration of IPTG during the induction and the influence of culture temperature on 503 antigen expression and on the stability of plasmid pQE-30 in Escherichia coli. All assays were performed in a rotary incubator and made in duplicate. First, IPTG induced cultures were carried out at concentrations of: 0.01 mM; 0.1 mM; 0.5 mM; 1.0 mM and 1.5 mM at 37 °C. The concentration of the inducer did not affect the stability of the plasmid and when induced with 1.0 mM, the 503 antigen expression was maximal 0.101 ± 0.004 g / L. It was possible to verify that the lowest concentration of IPTG used was enough to achieve expression of the recombinant protein. Thereafter, the concentration of IPTG was fixed at 1.0 mM and the cultivation temperatures of 27, 32 and 42 °C were evaluated. These assays were compared with the previous assay performed at 37 °C. Temperature influenced the stability of the plasmid, and the lower the culture temperature, the greater the stability. According to the results, the temperature of 37 °C obtained the highest expression of 503 antigen, being considered therefore, the optimal conditions for 503 antigen production in a rotary incubator.
6	LUAN TALES COSTA DE PAIVA VASCONCELOS "Induction strategies of the recombinant 503 antigen of Leishmania i. chagasi expressed in M15 Escherichia coli" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA NATHALIA KELLY DE ARAUJO Data: Feb 23, 2018 Show Abstract With nearly 900,000 to 1.3 million new cases annually, Leishmaniosis is a complex of diseases that can be fatal if not given proper attention. Despite its relevance in the public health system, there is no vaccine capable of preventing disease in humans so far, and its treatment is expensive and aggressive to human health. Vaccination remains the most practical and realistic way of fight against the disease, thus, the production of recombinant antigens as a pathway towards a vaccine acquisition is necessary. In addition, the optimization of the strategy of the recombinant antigen’s production is of interest so it can make the process viable. Therefore, the present study aims to optimize the induction parameters of the 503 Leishmania i. chagasi antigen expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli. Hence, the induction at different cell densities (optical density at 600 nm of 0.5 and 1.0) was evaluated in order to analyse the influence of the induction time on the yield of the protein of interest. In this segment, lactose and isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) were used as inducer molecules, using various concentrations: 0.1 g/L, 1.0 g/L and 10 g/L for lactose and 20 μM, 100 μM, 500 μM and 1000 μM for IPTG. The results presented that the concentration of IPTG that obtained the higher antigen levels was that of 100 μM (0.087 g/L), a 10-fold lower concentration than was being previously used in this type of system, and for lactose it was 1 g/L (0.016 g/L). Thus, the induction with 100 μM of IPTG allowed to obtain the antigen with a concentration 5.6 times higher than the lactose induction maximum concentration.
7	MILLENE CAROLINE ALBINO DE OLIVEIRA “STUDY OF THE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY VIA INJECTION OF THE RHAMNOLIPID BIOSURFACTANTE PRODUCED FROM PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA” Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS JOSELISSE SOARES DE CARVALHO SANTOS Data: Feb 23, 2018 Show Abstract The continuous need for increased production of hydrocarbons makes the development of techniques to produce more oil from reservoirs a matter of fundamental importance. In that context, the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) through surfactant flooding works by lowering the interfacial tension between water and oil, improving the displacement of the latter out of the reservoir. The present work aims to characterize the rhamnolipid biosurfactant, produced from a strain of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, and to assess its utilization in the EOR process. The rhamnolipid characterization involved the determination of its critical micelle concentration (CMC), and also the behaviour caused by the influence of pH and salinity over it. The EOR process included three oil samples, with API degree range of 25-30, and three biosurfactant concentrations, of 30, 50 and 100% above the cmc. The results demonstrated that biosurfactant flooding not only presents itself as a sustainable alternative to synthetic surfactants by being biodegradable, but is also capable of successfully increase the recovery factor of the oil production process post water injection, presenting a range of enhanced recovery factors from 2.5 up to 9.3%, where the best results were achieved for the more viscous oil samples and for higher rhamnolipid concentrations.
8	JACIARA SILVA DE ARAÚJO "Production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa P029-GVIIA using glucose as substrate and applications" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS LEANDRO DE SANTIS FERREIRA Data: Feb 26, 2018 Show Abstract Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds of microbial origin, which have aroused as an alternative to the use of chemical surfactants once its use is very aggressive to the environment. On the other hand, biological surfactants have properties similar to the chemical surfactants and also have some advantages over them such as biodegradability, stability in different pH, temperature and salinity conditions, and low toxicity. In face of this situation, several studies have been developed in order to make the production of biosurfactants viable for commercialization. The most researches aims to analyze the production of these compounds using different renewable sources and investigate their surfactant properties. The rhamnolipids, that are biosurfactants produced by bacteria and belonging to the group of glycolipids, are applied in several industrial areas due to its various properties as emulsifying, solubilizing, wetting, so on. Thus, this work aims to verify the production of rhamnolipid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa P029-GVIIA, changing the following parameters: the concentration of glucose (10, 18 and 26 g / L) and the inoculum percentage (3, 10 and 17%) for 72 hours. Along this time the cell growth (X), the glucose concentration consumed (S), the produced rhamnolipid (P), the pH of the system and the production of total proteins were assessed. Five trials were performed and the best condition (26 g / L glucose and 3 ml inoculum) produced 0.838 ± 0.064 g/ L ramnolipid in 24 hours, biomass conversion factor in product (YP/X) of 0.260 g/g, substrate conversion factor in product (YP/S) of 0.034 g/g and product productivity (PP) of 0.021 g/L∙h. At this assay, the biomass reached the highest value among all cultures (2.5 ± 0.041 g/L), pH ranged from 5.8 to 8 and substrate consumption reached 82.45% at the end of the experiment. From the best outcome, there were studied the emulsification index and the emulsifying activity with six different solvents: kerosene, hexadecane, toluene, soybean oil, corn oil and motor oil. The last one presented the best responses with emulsification index of 77.55% in the first 24 hours and high emulsifying stability, 2.23 U. Then, the efficiency of the biosurfactant in the removal of oil present in sand was evaluated in 16.8% and the antimicrobial activity of the ramnolipid against different bacterial and fungal species were determined, showing its ability to inhibit fungi of the species Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans. In this way, the results obtained prove the potential of the rhamnolipid produced for biotechnological applications.
9	DANIEL DE ARAÚJO COSTA RODRIGUES "Bayer Process Gibbsite Autoprecipitation Process Modelling in Thickeners" Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOSÉ ROBERTO DE SOUZA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Mar 5, 2018 Show Abstract Most Bayer refineries monitor carefully alumina losses. One of the prominent effects that cause it is auto precipitation in the clarification circuit. This document proposes a conceptual model for the representation of the process nuances, considering settler solids profile and composition, and the uneven fluid flow behavior of a vessel of this type. The model consists in discretization of decanter zones and representation of mixing, reaction, and splitting. It is proven to be at zero degrees of freedom independently of the composition detail on liquor and solids composition through a generalized degrees of freedom analysis for an undefined number of components and stages. The effect of model parameters such as number of stages, feed stream position, and mud bed level on the model response and stability is analyzed so to propose an ideal range of numerical modelling conditions. The proposed model did not show multiple steady states and attains results that are in accordance with reality. Additionally, the impact of the number of discretization does not add to the model capacity, in fact it is detrimental to it by adding numerical instability.
10	LUIZ EDUARDO PEREIRA SANTIAGO "Modeling and Simulation of Tubular Reactors Filled with Inerts" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Mar 9, 2018 Show Abstract The continuous process of transesterification at supercritical conditions in tubular reactors rises as a new technology that will ensure viable large-scale biodiesel production. The idiosyncrasies of this process are related to the simplified separation processes, use of low quality feedstock, catalyst free and short reaction time (compared to the conventional processes). In these types of studies, the recent breakthroughs demonstrate that an inert bed (mixing promoters) may be a feasible alternative to enhance tubular reactor performance when operated at supercritical conditions. However, a rigorous phenomenological analysis of this new process layout is scarce in literature, which creates some limitations for a complete understanding of the process. Thus, the main objective of the current work is to develop a mathematical model of the process and analyze triglyceride alcoholysis at supercritical conditions using a continuous tubular reactor packed with glass spheres. The operating variables evaluated are temperature (300, 350 and 400°C), volumetric flowrate (0.5 mL/min and 1.0 mL/min) and bed porosity (0.42, 0.38 and 0.32). The experimental data were evaluated for the oil /alcohol molar ratio of 1:40 and operating pressure of 15 MPa. The model parameters were estimated using the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), which is a classical heuristic optimization technique. The phenomenological characteristics were analyzed based on the description of multiple gradients along with the false-transient method. The results obtained by the model were able to predict 89% of the experimental data. The higher conversions in esters were achieved for the highest temperature and lowest porosity. Therefore, the use of inert bed intensified the ester production, decreased reaction time as well as the thermal degradation of esters.
11	MAXWELL GOMES DA SILVA "Biodiesel production by oleic acid esterification in a bubble reactor: Experimental study and mathematical modeling." Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Mar 9, 2018 Show Abstract Bubble reactors are widely used to carry out gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid reactions at different operating conditions. This type of reactor is often used in chemical, biochemical and petrochemical industry for conducting processes like chlorination, oxidation and CO2 removal. A more recent application of bubble reactors is biodiesel production. In this process, superheated alcohol vapor is bubbled through a liquid phase containing triglycerides or free fatty acids. The alcohol, after being transferred to the liquid phase, reacts with the lipid feedstock to form mono alkyl esters (biodiesel) through esterification or transesterification, depending on the amount of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the lipid feedstock. A bubble reactor experimental apparatus was developed and used to conduct oleic acid esterification experiments by using superheated ethanol vapor operated in the semi-batch mode. The effects of gas volumetric flow rate and reaction temperature on fatty acid conversion was evaluated, as well as the bubble size influence on reactor’s performance. Additionally, a mathematical model was developed and implemented in MATLAB to describe the biodiesel production process in a semi-batch bubble reactor. Experimental conversion data were used to estimate the kinetic and mass transfer parameters, as well as to validate the proposed model. The effects of mass transport followed by chemical reaction were evaluated by using the validated model to simulate the process at different operating conditions.
12	BRENO DA SILVA ROCHA "Evaluation of a combined surfactants and polyelectrolytes methodology for produced water treatment." Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO LEDA MARIA OLIVEIRA DE LIMA Data: Apr 2, 2018 Show Abstract The ever-greater development of alternative energy sources in substitution to petroleum-derived fuels has forced this industry to optimize its costs, while keeping health, insurance and environment focus. Due to the high produced water rates in mature onshore fields, the reduction of chemicals while treating this residue provides important financial savings perspective to oil industry. The present study aims to evaluate the synergistic effect of the combined use of a conventional tanine based polyelectrolyte in association with a coconut oil derived surfactant, to better use locally available resources for produced water treatment. Due to produced water intrinsic instability, a method for producing stable oil in water emulsion (with ~50 mg/L of grease and oil content) was developed. Samples were subject molecular absorption analysis in visible region and compared to a standard built with solvent and oil. Chemical treatment’s efficiency were evaluated on jar-tests with controlled stirring basis’. Treatment with only polyelectrolyte presented results in good agreement with literature, where 40 mg/L were able to withdraw 81 and 85% of the oil content of the produced water residue, fully meeting law requirements. Treatment using only the coconut oil surfactant was able to achieve this level of treatment only with 200 mg/L of active matter, providing 86% efficiency. Combined polyelectrolyte and surfactant treatment managed to produce greater efficiency than isolated methods (92%) by using 20 mg/L of the polyelectrolyte and 100 mg/L of the surfactant. It was verified the dependency between tested variables (concentration and efficiency) by the use of deviation analysis (F-test) with 95% confidence. Therefore, it was possible to observe that the combined use of both products could lead to financial savings in produced water treatment while maintaining process sustainability and providing economic use for locally available low cost surfactants.
13	JOÃO OCTÁVIO MEDEIROS PIRES Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of photocatalytic potential under visible light of Ce2(MoO4)3/TiO2 composite. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA JOAO BOSCO LUCENA DE OLIVEIRA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Apr 17, 2018 Show Abstract Ce2(MoO4)3/TiO2 composites (cerium molybdate and titanium dioxide) with different compositions were prepared by combined complexation method EDTA/Citrate and by the wet doping method. The obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The material catalytic potential was evaluated by spectrophotometry, in which the dye concentration variation (Maxilon Blue and Erionyl Yellow at 10ppm) was evaluated in a reactor with 30, 60, 90 and 120 minute batch reaction at 45ºC, pH = 6, with visible light incidence and 200mg / L of catalyst. According to the results of the XRD, it was verified that the obtained compounds presented the expected phases. Through the images of the SEM it was possible to observe that there was a change in sizes and formats of the base material (TiO2) due to the incorporation of the cerium molybdate. It was also verified through SEM that the material was not homogeneous for the wet doping method done with 10%. The EDS results confirmed the presence of elements that were used to form the final compound and presented a deviation of 2.3-5.7% between the theoretical and the experimental composition, justified by the synthesis and doping method. By the ERD analysis, it was certified that there was no significant change in the bandgap of the base material (TiO2) when introducing Ce2(MoO4)3. Commercial TiO2 was used as comparison basis for the photocatalysis tests. The photocatalytic potential was evaluated according to base points, considering photolysis, adsorption and photocatalysis, thus requiring tests with and without light. For the yellow acid dye (Yellow Erionyl) the photolysis was not significant, the material obtained values of up to 25% of adsorption and obtained as best photocatalyst the 5 wt% Ce2(MoO4)3/TiO2 obtained by impregnation, which caused 42% remotion. For the basic blue dye (Maxilon Blue) there was photolysis of up to 27% in 120 minutes, it obtained the best results of adsorption and degradation when used with the base material, reaching 67.7% and 94.67% respectively at the end of 120 minutes.
14	JULIENE DA CÂMARA ROCHA Production, stability and application of pectinolytic enzymes from Aspergillus niger IOC 4003 using tropical residues of fruits as substrate Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS Data: Jul 17, 2018 Show Abstract At the last decades, it has increased significantly the demand for microbial enzymes on biotechnological applications. The pectinolytic enzymes, responsible for cleaving both pectin and other pectic polysaccharides in galacturonic acid residues, have application in several sectors such as fruit and wine juice processing, recovery of essential oils, extraction of vegetable oils, as well as the textile and food industries.paper and cellulose. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the production, stability and application of pectinolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger IOC 4003 using acerola and cajá residues as solid state fermentation substrate (SSF). Initially, residues of acerola and cajá, washed and unwashed, were submitted to drying and determined their chemical and physicochemical composition. The percentage of calcium pectate, pectin indicator, found in residues was 3.46 ± 0.11%; 2.94 ± 0.18%; 5.85 ± 0.01% and 5.34 ± 0.23% for unwashed acerola, washed acerola, unwashed cajá and washed cajá, respectively. Then, the potential of these substrates as inductors for the production of pectinolytic enzymes by FES was evaluated during 240 h with initial pH of 4.5; humidity at 40% and spore concentration of 1 x 107 spores / mL. In the fermentation stage, the greatest polygalacturonase production was observed using washed cajá residue reaching enzymatic concentration of 38.22 ± 0.63 U / g in 72 h of cultivation. Next, the optimization of enzyme extraction was studied and the best condition of extraction occurred using contact time of 30 minutes and acetate buffer at concentration of 50 mM and pH 5.4. On subsequent step, the stability of enzyme complex was evaluated against temperature and pH. The best condition on stability of polygalacturonase occurred at temperatures of 30 and 40 ° C, and among pHs 4 and 6 for up to two hours of incubation. Thus, the synthesized enzymatic extract by Aspergillus niger IOC 4003 from washed cajá or unwashed acerola residue was applied in the process of clarifying cajá juice. In the clarification stage, the outcomes that stands out were 40% reduction in turbidity, 30% of clarification and 85% increasing of antioxidant capacity of the juice. In this way, the present work demonstrates the feasibility of using fruit industry residues as substrates for production of interest enzymes and its application in food industry.
15	GABRIELA PAUPITZ MENDES Tratability studies of naphthalene contaminated soil applying chemical oxidation: sorved, aqueous and vapor phases analyses Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRESSA BASTOS DA MOTA LIMA DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jul 23, 2018 Show Abstract Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a worldwide discussed subject. Naphthalene (NAP) is a PAH and it is among the 16 priority pollutants listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Advanced oxidation processes can be applied for remediation of PAH contaminated areas through the use of chemicals such as persulfate. This oxidant can be activated by either alkaline medium or ferrous iron, among other forms. The aim of this work was the evaluation of treatability experiments using chemical oxidation in a sandy soil artificially contaminated with naphthalene. Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extractions were performed for sorbed and aqueous phases, respectively, according to USEPA methods. The collected samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The vapor phase was also collected and analyzed in the GC-MS. According to the factorial design applied, 2³ + 3 central points, the reaction optimum conditions were: [PS] = 18.37 g L-1; [FeSO4] = 4.25 g L-1; and pHinitial = 3.00. 82.61±1.19% of NAP removal was achieved. More than 60% of the NAP in the system was transferred to the vapor phase at the beginning of the process. At the end of the reaction, more than 99% of NAP in the vapor phase was removed. Regarding to the NAP concentration in the soil, it was possible to reach levels below the intervention value stipulated by the Environmental Company of São Paulo (CETESB).First order reaction fit accurately the kinetic series of experimental data, indicating that degradation time is directly proportional to the NAP concentration in the system
16	LUANA RABELO HOLLANDA STUDY OF ATRAZINE PESTICIDE DEGRADATION THROUGH COPPER REDUCTION IN VALENCIA ZERO, AND OF ITS POTENTIALITY AS A PRE-STEP TO PHOTO-OXIDATION WITH PERSULFATE Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA ANDRESSA BASTOS DA MOTA LIMA CÁTIA ALEXANDRA LEÇA GRAÇA Data: Jul 30, 2018 Show Abstract The contamination of waterbodies by pesticides that are resistant to conventional water treatment processes consists a serious environmental problem, making urgent the development of alternative technologies capable of degrading them. Among these pesticides is Atrazine (ATZ), which is of special concern due to its endocrine disrupting character, being classified as a priority substance to be monitored for water quality purposes in the European Union. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been pointed as a promising technology against this kind of pollutant. However, as an organochloride, ATZ contains electron-deficient groups, making it more easy to reduce than to oxidize. Therefore, a pre-reducing step is preferred to an oxidative one for the removal of these class of contaminants. Given that, in this study was investigated the application of zero-valent copper as a reducing agent for the degradation of ATZ. Then, this was combined with a sulfate radical (SO4●-)-driven AOP. To study the influence of different operational conditions in the pre-reducing step, a Doehlert experimental design was followed. Then, the mineralization of the solution that presented the highest ATZ degradation was studied by varying the oxidant concentration – sodium persulfate (1, 5 and 10 mmol L-1) – and the UV source of radiation (UVC and UVA). During the oxidative stage, samples were collected after 30, 60 and 120 minutes of reaction. Toxicity assays with the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and the bacteria Vibrio fischeri were performed with the samples that obtained the highest degradation and mineralization results after each step. For the pre-reductive stage, the Doehlert design showed that the best conditions are those that combine low pH and high copper concentration (>0.2% m/v). The oxidative step was then applied on the most degraded solution and about 70% of mineralization was achieved after 2 hours of reaction when 5 mmol L-1 of persulfate and UVC radiation were used. Regarding toxicity assays with C. vulgaris, the reduced solution was 30% less toxic than the parent-ATZ initial solution. For the test with V. fischeri, it was found that ATZ initial solution did not cause inhibitory effects, but a significant increase in toxicity was observed after the reductive step. For both organisms, it was verified that, among the three reaction times tested, the toxicity reached a minimum value after one hour of reaction of the pre-reduced solution with persulfate. However, for longer reaction times the toxicity has increased again, even though higher mineralization values were achieved. In this way, results indicate that a higher mineralization does not necessarily mean low toxicity and, therefore, additional studies are required to understand the relation between these effects.
17	DENNYS CORREIA DA SILVA Treatment by microemulsion systems of sludge generated in oil water flotation. Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA PEDRO TUPÃ PANDAVA AUM TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Jul 31, 2018 Show Abstract With the development and expansion of the oil industry, waste generation on a large scale also grows. Environmental contamination by oil and its products stands out as a problem of high impact and requires special care during production and waste treatment. In the effluent treatment stage aiming the removal of oil from water by flotation, a sludge is generated which presents itself as a great challenge of treatment for either disposal or a possible reuse viability. This work presents a treatment option for the flotation sludge (FS) through microemulsion systems involving saponified coconut oil (SCO) and the commercial demulsifier Dissolvan as surfactants. Residues of sludge flotation (87.64% oil, 8.09% water and 4.26% insoluble residues) obtained through soxhlet extraction, and of the flocculating agent applied were identified and characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Elemental Analysis (CHNO) and UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy. The presence of quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), pyrite (FeS2) and molybdenite (MoS2) was observed in the flotation sludge residue, while FRX confirmed the presence of these minerals by sulfur (35.48%), iron (28.16%) and residual cation fractions. Chlorine (56.12%), aluminum (17.71%), sulfur (6.93%) and cation residues were detected in the flocculating agent residue. These characterizations revealed the presence of minerals from the geological formations, corresponding to 20% of the mass of the sludge residue as indicated by the thermogravimetric analysis, while the analyzes of FT-IR, SEM and EDS showed similarities between the residues of the two samples. Moreover, the CHNO and UV-Vis Absorption Spectroscopy analyzes identified the flocculant agent residue as a condensed tannin because of the number of components and similarities between the absorption spectrum of a sample of condensed tannin extracted from the Ipomea pes-caprae plant. In addition, an optimization process for solubilization of FS was evaluated using a microemulsion system (MES) containing SCO as surfactant, n-butanol as cosurfactant, aviation fuel as the oil phase and NaCl 2% salt water as the aqueous phase solution. Winsor systems were obtained, and microemulsion phases were characterized at room temperature (25°C) by analyzing visual appearance, particle size, zeta potential, surface tension, pH, electrical conductivity and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The optimization of the use of microemulsion phases of WII and WIV systems in the sludge solubilization was evaluated through a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) at two application points: Winsor II rich in water and Winsor IV rich in oil. The microemulsion phases of these points were applied in order to investigate and estimate possible factors that may increase the solubility efficiency of the sludge, having as variables MES/FS ratio, temperature (°C) and time (min). From the data obtained for the two points, it was verified that the values acquired for the solubilization efficiency (ES) were, in almost all the tests, greater than 90%, excepting the tests in which the solubilization time and the MES/FS ratio were very low, and thus efficiency values ranged from 70-80%. The microemulsion system containing Dissolvan as surfactant revealed to have higher solubilization capacity (93.36% for WII rich in salt water and 95.79% for WII rich in oil phase) compared to the SCO system (91.89% for WII and 95.6% for WIV), which validates its use in the treatment of microemulsion flotation sludge.
18	KARYN NATHALLYE DE OLIVEIRA SILVA TREATMENT OF SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH Pb EMPLOYING REMEDIATION ELECTROCYTETICS AND REACTIVE BARRIERS Advisor : ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA ELAINE CRISTINA MARTINS DE MOURA SANTOS ELISAMA VIEIRA DOS SANTOS VITOR JORGE PAIS VILAR Data: Aug 1, 2018 Show Abstract The first part of this work examines electrokinetic remediation (ER) processes for removing Pb2+ in contaminated soils. For this purpose, different cathodic supporting electrolytes (NaNO3 0.1 M, EDTA 0.1M and citric acid 0.1 M) were used into the catholyte reservoir, while in the anodic compartment, a solution of NaNO3 0.1M was used. Additionally, the application of direct current (DC) and reverse polarity (RP) for removing of Pb2+ from the soil was also evaluated. Regarding to results obtained in this study indicated that RP and citric acid favored an efficient electromigration of Pb2+, favoring its elimination from the soil. This behavior can be explained because the elimination of Pb2+ depended on the dissolution/precipitation ionic species as well as the pH in the soil, which were maintaining in different sections in the soil, contributing to maintain the pH conditions, by using RP and citric acid, promoting the lead elimination. In order to use a feasible approach for monitoring Pb2+ concentration, adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique was used, obtaining acceptable confidence and good sensitivity for the concentration of Pb2+ with LOD about 0.1 mg L−1. Phytotoxicity tests showed that the ER process could be useful as a treatment technique for reducing hazardous soil toxicity polluted with Pb2+. The results confirmed the significant reduction of the germination in the anodic and cathodic regions for ER by applying DC with NaNO3 and EDTA as cathodic solutions. However, high germination (60–80%) was obtained for ER by using NaNO3 and citric acid solutions in cathodic compartments by applying RP or DC, respectively. Finally, the effluent generated by ER technology, in each one of experiments, was treated by electrocoagulation with Al electrodes, obtaining complete removal of Pb2+ from liquid after 60 min. The second part of this work studies integrated technologies for the treatment of soil, using ER with permeable reactive barriers (PRB). For this purpose, different cathodic supporting electrolytes (NaNO3 0.1 M, and citric acid 0.1 M) were used into the catholyte reservoir, while in the anodic compartment, a solution of NaNO3 0.1M was used. Additionally, the application of direct current (DC) and reverse polarity (RP) for removing of Pb2+ from the soil was also evaluated. The PRB used was made of cork with 2cm of thickness, 10cm of height and 10cm of length, located in the region near the anode. In order to use a feasible approach for monitoring Pb2+ concentration, adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) technique was used, obtaining acceptable confidence and good sensitivity for the concentration of Pb2+ with LOD about 0.1 mg L−1. The results obtained in this study indicated that the removal of Pb by adsorption in cork is influenced by the pH of the medium as observed in adsorption tests. The contribution of the addition of citric acid and RP contributed positively to the transport of Pb, avoiding precipitation in the form of Pb(OH)2. At the end of the 14 days, it was possible to observe that the integration of PRB and ER resulted in a higher removal efficiency (80%) associated to pH control in the cathode reservoirs.
19	TÂMARA SUELEN DA SILVA GONÇALVES Development of polymeric drilling fluids based on microemulsions and evaluation of their properties. Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA Data: Nov 14, 2018 Show Abstract The use of drilling fluids ensures greater efficiency of oil drilling, as they perform a number of functions and are capable of profoundly influencing this process. The different types of drilling fluids and their applicability cause constant studies on their formulation. Thus, microemulsion systems (SME's) have been evaluated as a good proposal among the additives used in the formulation of these fluids. This work aimed to develop drilling fluids using microemulsions (ME's) oil in water, as well as to analyze their properties compared to the literature. For this, several SMEs were initially tested in order to find the one that presented a good ME region oil in water to prepare the fluid. The system found was composed of tap water and glycerin in the aqueous phase, Alkonat 70 nonionic surfactant and paraffin or olefin as the organic phase. From these systems, an experimental design was elaborated to evaluate the influence of the percentage of glycerin in the aqueous phase and the NaCl concentration in the properties of the drilling fluid, finding. an optimized fluid whose characterization was made later. The results showed that microemulsion fluids presented as an excellent alternative for drilling fluids, considering that their rheological properties were considered satisfactory even after the aging of the fluids, in addition to presenting very low filtration volumes.
20	ISABELLY PAULA DE SOUSA AZEVEDO HENRIQUES Thermal characterization of goat and bovine whey protein by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL ROGERIA HELEN LIMA VIDAL Data: Nov 23, 2018 Show Abstract Whey is a by-product of the dairy industry which has excellent nutritional, functional and physiological properties, associated with a high protein content. However, for it to be industrialized, it is necessary a complex treatment, limiting its use, especially for small farmers. As a consequence, whey is sometimes disposed inappropriately in the environment, causing environmental problems. β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) and α -Lactalbumin (α-La) are the most abundant proteins in whey, their characteristics make possible their application in food products, mainly with the purpose of increasing the nutritional value and promoting functional characteristics. Although they are present in the whey of almost all ruminants, they can have variants from one species to another, conferring different characteristics according to the animal species. The study of thermal analysis of proteins has fundamental importance due to the influence of temperature on the behavior of proteins and their properties. The techniques of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are some of the most used in the thermal study. Thus, the objective of the present study was to perform the comparative analysis of goat and bovine whey in natura, with emphasis on the thermal characterization of α-La and β-Lg proteins from goat and bovine whey in natura. For this, analyzes of physical-chemical characterization and thermal analysis of goat and bovine whey in natura were carried out. Thermal analysis was conducted using a simultaneously apparatus of analyzes of TGA and DSC with whey samples and solutions of standard proteins previously treated. The results obtained in this study demonstrated that the samples of whey of different origins have similar thermal behavior, with the existence of an endothermic process accompanied by an exothermic process and values of , e close, 83,4±0,7, 106,3±0,7 e 62±2 J/g from caprine whey, respectively; e 82±3, 107±1 and 65±4 J/g from bovine whey, respectively; and , 144±3 J/g and 151±3 J/g, from caprine and bovine whey, respectively. The non-frozen caprine whey had higher values of , e when compared to the frozen caprine whey, 89±2 , 108 ±1 and 149±28 J/g, respectively.
21	GUILHERME MENTGES ARRUDA Photocatalytic Conversion of Methane into Methanol: Equipment Development and Experiments. Advisor : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS Data: Nov 29, 2018 Show Abstract Due to increasing awareness regarding the environment, some gasessuch as methane have been extensively studied in order to have their usage optimized,aiming to reduce environmental impacts and the discovery of more nobleapplications. Given this context, photocatalysis emerges as an alternative for theconversion of methane into products with higher added value. The method ofobtaining methanol from methane has several advantages, since methanol not onlyhas a methane-like amount of energy, but also is easily transported and stored. Thiswork searches for a viable alternative for the photocatalytic production of methanolfrom methane vapor reform, the development of a new system, as well as theevaluation of its operation and conversion efficiency. The system consists of ahumidification column, an annular photocatalytic reactor, stainless steel screenscoated with titanium dioxide, zinc oxide or tungsten trioxide and a condenser. Thephotocatalysts, deposited on the screens through methods that had been adapted fromthe literature, were activated with the aid of UV-A and UV-C emission lamps,arranged inside the reactor at different times. Oxides and supports were analyzed byscanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffusereflectance spectroscopy (ERD) techniques, for evaluation of the homogeneity of thecoatings and to ensure that the photocatalysts meet the process requirements. Thephotocatalytic tests were conducted at ambient pressure and temperature. As a resultof the depositions, the photocatalysts presented an excellent distribution, confirmingthe adequacy of the technique used in relation to the purposes of the study. Althoughthe system was operational, the products of the process, analyzed by gas and liquidchromatography, did not show any evidence of conversion under the experimentalconditions.
22	LUCAS RAFAEL PINTO NOBRE Modeling and Simulation of the CO2 Removal Process using Microrreator Advisor : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JOSÉ ROBERTO DE SOUZA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Dec 20, 2018 Show Abstract With the continuous increase in the energy demand for natural gas and the growing concernwith environmental aspects, mainly related to greenhouse gases, CO 2 capture became atarget of relevance for research and industrial interests. The microreactors, in front ofdiverse options of application, have been emphasizing in the absorption of CO 2 . In this work,there was a study of microreactor modeling in the capture of CO 2 of a multicomponentmixture with characteristics similar to natural gas, composed of CH 4 , N 2 and CO 2 underatmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. A parameter estimation step was performedto correctly represent the mass transfer and chemical reaction phenomena. At first, thephysical absorption, in which distilled water (H2O) was present as solvent, was evaluated. Itwas also verified the interference of a new component (CH4) in the absorption of CO2. Theinfluence of variables such as gas velocity, liquid stream velocity, total flow and gas-liquidratio were evaluated in several initial compositions. In a second moment, the chemicalabsorption of CO2 in experiments with different amine reagents (MEA, EtilEA and TEA) inH2O as solvent in several concentrations was analyzed. The phenomenologicalmathematical model was implemented in MATLAB® to describe and analyze the process.The parameters were estimated using the Interior Point Method. In the validation step of themathematical model, mean absolute errors (MAE) of less than 2% were obtained, showingan excellent predictive capacity, which made possible a simulation and study of the process.It was observed that the addition of CH4 did not significantly alter the absorbed amount ofCO2, although the mass transfer resistances were modified. Higher CO 2 uptakes wereobtained at lower gas velocities, higher liquid velocities. It has also been found that a lowergas-liquid ratio increases the absorption yield, while a higher total flow results in lower masstransfer resistances. The presence of a chemical reaction intensified the mass transfer,resulting in enhancement factors greater than 1. Higher concentrations resulted in betterCO2 absorption results. The best-performing reagent was EtilEA.
	Thesis
1	ANDRE ANDERSON COSTA PEREIRA "DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF POLYMERIC SOLUTION IN CIRCULATING MEDIUM TO OBTAINING NANO/MICROMETRIC PARTICLES" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA MARIA CAROLINA BURGOS COSTA DO NASCIMENTO BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO THELMA SLEY PACHECO CELLET Data: Feb 8, 2018 Show Abstract Polymeric particles formed on a nanometric scale are of fundamental interest today, especially when used as carrier systems in the controlled release of drugs, cosmetics and nutraceuticals, as well as in the coating of materials with magnetic properties. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a system for the production of particles of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) from the atomization of polymer solution in antisolvent medium. In this system, polymer solutions in different solvents are prepared and atomized in the form of a spray. The droplets generated with the atomization come into contact with an antisolvent liquid which causes the precipitation and formation of the polymer particles. In this work, experiments using the proposed system were performed under different operating conditions and the particles obtained were analyzed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that it is possible to obtain particles with nanosphere/nanocapsule and nanofiber characteristics with a size distribution in the range of 50 to 5000 nm. It was also possible to observe that the process variables such as the nature of the polymer, the type of solvent (acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and propyl alcohol), atomization pressure (0.25-3 bar) and temperature (10-40°C) directly affect the morphology and Particle Size Distribution (PSD). In addition, the potential of encapsulation of the proposed system was evaluated. Cotton oil and ferrite were used as material to be encapsulated. The particles produced in this evaluation were analyzed by DLS, MET and also by Field Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for the encapsulation check. According to these results, it was verified the formation of carrier particles, with characteristics of nanocapsules and nanospheres.
2	THAYSE NAIANNE PIRES DANTAS "Study of the influence of the physical properties of soursop mixtures drying in spouted bed with intermittent feeding" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA SANDRA CRISTINA DOS SANTOS ROCHA Data: Feb 16, 2018 Show Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the influences of the physical characteristics of formulated mixtures and the operational conditions for a definition of mathematical equations, macroscopic heat and mass balances, that describe a production of powder and the behavior dryer the pulp of soursop-milk or soursop-albumin in spouted bed with intermittent feeding and HDPE or PP as inert particles. The drying tests were carried out following 2³ factorial planning with 4 repetitions at the central point. The following independent variables were considered: inlet air temperature (60 - 80ºC) and solids concentrations (30 - 50%). From the physical properties of the mixtures, the models that represent the flow of powder in the function of time were determined. Considering suspension accumulation inside the device, develop models to evaluate a temperature and humidity of the air at the dryer outlet. The system of ordinary differential balances, implemented and resolved numerically using Fortran routines, in which the influence of process variables on drying dynamics were assessed. The results obtained in modeling and mathematical simulations were compared with experimental data, indicating that the model fits the process well, based on outlet air temperature and moisture.
3	CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA "Recovery and concentration of biomolecules by aqueous two-phase flotation" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA LUCIANA IGARASHI MAFRA LÍBIA DE SOUSA CONRADO OLIVEIRA NATHALIA KELLY DE ARAUJO Data: Feb 20, 2018 Show Abstract Solvent sublation (SS) is a technique based on the adsorption of active superficial substances at a gas / liquid interface and has been highlighted, in relation to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), by some benefits such as simple operation, low dosage high solvent separation rates and product concentration; although, it is not suitable for treating all biomolecules. Derived from solvent sublation, aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) operates in an environment with high water content and has gained prominence in recent years in the recovery of phenolic components. In this context, the present thesis explores ATPF as a separation technique to recover molecules from different sources such as plant extract: gallic acid (GA) - from infusion of guava leaves, and polyphenols like (+) - catechin and quercetin of the depulped residue of a typical Amazonian fruit, camu-camu. In addition, the bactericidal agent 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) produced via biodesulfurization of 4-methyl-dibenzothiophene by Rhodococcus rhodochrous was recovered by ATPF. In these studies, aqueous biphasic systems were formed from the polymer Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and ammonium sulfate salt, and flotation was favored by the injection of compressed air to generate the ascending bubbles. The column in the ATPF system was made of glass with a 2.64 cm internal diameter and a capacity of 180 mL. The column was fitted to the bottom with a sintered glass disk of G4 porosity. A scale magnification, with the height: diameter ratio used as a criterion, was also performed (for ATPF-camu camu) in a glass column of dimensions 60.0 x 8.00 cm and a useful volume of 2.5 L. results showed that the optimal operating conditions for recovery of gallic acid by ATPF were: pH = 4.0; [ammonium sulfate] = 450 g / L; [PEG] = 80% (m / m); [AG] = 500 μg / mL; flotation time = 120 min; air flow = 37.5 mL / min; volumetric ratio = 0.1. When fed with guava leaf extract, the ATPF showed higher enrichment indexes and gallic acid distribution ratios than extraction in a conventional biphasic aqueous system. In the study with the camu-camu residue, the optimal experimental conditions were: pH = 5.0; [ammonium sulfate] = 450 g / L; air flow = 37.5 mL / min; flotation time = 60 min; volumetric ratio = 0.1. In this case, in the optimum condition, a separation efficiency of 81.02% and a concentration coefficient two times higher than the traditional two-phase aqueous extraction were obtained. In addition, the increase in antioxidant power in the upper phase was observed, resulting from the migration of some phenolic components such as gallic acid, sirgenic acid, quercetin and (+) - catechin. It should be noted that the scale-up was successful. Alternatively, a multivariate methodology was used to define the best operating conditions of ATPF to recover 2-HBP. After a fractional experimental design, only the variables of air flow, float time and volume of the top phase were optimized by the Box-Behnken design, in which it was possible to reach separation efficiency values of 43.55-57.55% and coefficients concentration of 3.84-5.88. As in the previous chapters, ATPF surpassed the two-phase aqueous system extraction, liquid-liquid extraction and solvent sublation in terms of enrichment factors. The flotation process was also successful in the recovery and concentration of 2-HBP from the fermented broth, although analysis by HPLC indicates the high concentration of contaminants in the top phase. Thus, the results showed that ATPF is a promising technique to recover and, mainly, concentrate phenolic components from complex media such as natural extracts and fermentation broths.
4	SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Production of cellulases by Aspergillus fumigatus through solid state fermentation and recovery and purification by micellar system in two phases aqueous Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MARCELINO GEVILBERGUE VIANA MICHELLE ROSSANA FERREIRA VAZ SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS Data: Feb 22, 2018 Show Abstract The field of renewable energies has attracted much interest from world-wide research because of the need to minimize damage to the environment and reduce dependence on fossil fuel energy. Biodiesel has established itself as a promising source of renewable and substitute energy for oil and diesel because of its high energy, biodegradable and "clean burning". The interesterification with methyl acetate is a new technique and has the advantage of producing, in addition to methyl esters (biodiesel), triacetin (product of great market value). Supercritical technology enables the production of biodiesel without the presence of catalysts, eliminating the need for further purification processes. The sesame (Sesamum Inducum L.) is one of the oldest oilseeds used by mankind (from 4300 BC). Its seeds provide a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic (from 35.9 to 42.3%) and linoleic (from 41.5 to 47.9%). Thus, the present work seeks to analyze the viability of biodiesel production through the reaction of non-catalytic interesterification of sesame oil with methyl acetate under supercritical conditions, the oil yield, the parameters that influence the reaction (oil / acetate molar ratio of methyl, pressure and operating temperature, ...) and the optimum conditions using this technique.
5	ERIKA CRISTINA LOURENÇO DE OLIVEIRA “MODELING AND SIMULATION OF THE WAX SOLUBILIZATION IN PIPES AND WELLS AND DEPOSITION OF THE WAX IN TUBES IN LAMINAR AND TURBULENT REGIME” Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JENNYS LOURDES MENESES BARILLAS RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO TARCILIO VIANA DUTRA JUNIOR Data: Feb 23, 2018 Show Abstract Crude oil is a complex mixture of saturated, paraffinic, aromatic hydrocarbons, asphaltenes and resins. In the reservoir conditions, these compounds are totally solubilized in the crude oil and as it flows to the surface, the oil begins to undergo modifications in the conditions of temperature and pressure, causing in the appearance of solid crystals, the breakage of this equilibrium occurs due to the cooling and the depressurising that the petroleum undergoes during its elevation and transport. These precipitates, which are mostly formed by waxs, eventually limit the flow area, being one of the major factors responsible for problems related to the transport of oil, such as obstructions in the transport ducts and production wells. Aiming to study the process of the wax solubilizing in ducts and wells, as well as the process of the wax deposition in ducts in the various types of flow, this work want to develop a computational program in a development environment VBA for Excel®, able to simulate these processes under various conditions, using of mathematical models that represent the process, based on the phenomena involved such as mass transfer, energy transfer and solid-liquid equilibrium. The work was developed in four steps: i) modeling the heat and mass transfer phenomena, ii) modeling the routine of the activity coefficients through the UNIFAC model and the solid-liquid equilibrium system modeling; iii) mathematical modeling of the solubilization and deposition process, as well as calculation of the paraffin thickness over time; iv) implementation of the models in a VBA for Excel® development environment and creation of a graphical interface to simulate the process of solubilization and deposition of paraffin in ducts and solubilization of paraffin in wells. It was possible to verify that the simulator was proportional and satisfactory to the expected results, where it was possible to evaluate the influence of each variable studied (Flow, Inlet Temperature, External Temperature, Carbonic Solvent Chain) under different operating conditions.
6	FEDRA ALEXANDRA DE SOUSA VAQUERO MARADO FERREIRA "Phase equilibria at High pressures for Synthetic Systems and Oil Samples" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA LINDEMBERG DE JESUS NOGUEIRA DUARTE CÍCERO SENA MOREIRA GOMES ELTON FRANCIESCHI Data: Mar 5, 2018 Show Abstract The extreme conditions of pressure, temperature and carbon dioxide composition present in the pre-salt deposits are a challenge related to the exploration and production of these reservoirs and require a deepened technological study to design equipment suitable for these operating conditions. In the context of high concentrations of carbon dioxide, in recent years its use in the tertiary recovery of petroleum has been gaining expression and research in this area is necessary for greater knowledge of the process and ideal conditions for its injection. Thus, the demand for information in the area of phase behavior at high pressures in the presence of carbon dioxide from representative oil systems and from actual oil samples becomes extremely important for the oil industry. This work aims the study of the phase behavior at high pressures of synthetic and representative systems of petroleum using the synthetic visual method and synthetic non visual. The research was divided in two stages. In the first stage, binary systems (CO2 + cyclohexene and CO2 + squalane) and a ternary system (CO2 + cyclohexene + squalane) representative of an oil sample were studied. The thermodynamic modeling was done by applying the cubic state equation of Soave-Reidlich-Kwong, with estimated parameters of Mathias and Copeman for the vapor phase and van der Waals 2 mixing rule. In the second stage two real samples were studied, one being condensed gas and the other being light petroleum. These samples were characterized and fractionated and later used in the study of phase behavior with binary systems: CO2 + condensed gas and CO2 + light petroleum fractions. The thermodynamic modeling was done by applying the cubic state equation of Adachi-Lu-Sugie, with van der Waals mixing rule 1. To obtain all the experimental data an equilibrium cell was used with a sapphire window that allowed the visualization of the phase change. However, the non-visual method was also applied based on the cell volume variation in the phase transition. This method is particularly important in petroleum samples, since these are not translucent. Thus, bubble pressures were determined for the systems at various temperatures and compositions by the two methods. The deviations between the two experimental methods are also presented.
7	ROMERO GOMES DA SILVA ARAÚJO FILHO "Cement slurries for oil wells in fractured zones" Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS BRUNO LEONARDO DE SENA COSTA ERICA NATASCHE DE MEDEIROS GURGEL PINTO FABÍOLA DIAS DA SILVA CURBELO Data: Mar 23, 2018 Show Abstract Hydrocarbon deposits made up of oil and natural gas occur naturally throughout the world. Such deposits are usually contained within rocks called "reservoir rocks", usually sandstones or carbonates. These deposits exist in varying conditions of pressure, temperature and depth, from a few hundred to thousands of meters. During the process of drilling the oil well to reach the reservoir rocks it is common to find zones with high permeability or natural fractures when there is the possibility that some or all of the cement or drilling fluid is lost, that is: invade the formation being drilled and / or cemented without return. Such events are known in the industry as "fluid loss" may cause various undesirable effects, among them, loss of well control during drilling / completion or failures in the cementation, which may even lead to loss of the well or serious accidents. Commercially, there are alternatives for the development of cement slurry systems with loss of fluid control for the formation. However, most of these solutions have a high cost and low efficiency guarantee. Due to the reduction in the operating margins of the oil industry due to the reduction in the price of a barrel of oil, it is increasingly sought to optimize these processes, reducing costs and potential for failure. In this work, a set of statistical plans was carried out to jointly determine the best cement paste that could be developed with the materials used for loss control and, among these materials, how they would behave in the loss of fluid. The studied pulp was developed with vermiculite, calcium chloride and nanosilica, studying the action of vermiculite as a filtration controller. Besides this, polystyrene foam was also added to the pulp to also act as a loss controller. This composition had stable pastes with high water / cement ratio, excellent rheological properties and low densities, which were fixed at 12.5 lb / gal and optimal fluid loss control for training. Hydrothermal stability studies showed that the pastes were stable under these conditions, and mechanical strength tests showed values up to 10 MPa. The action of the foam contributed with the reduction of up to 97.5% of the loss of fluid to the formation, compared to other non-foamed pastes.
8	INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS Nanostructuring of Cobalt Ferrites (CoxFe3-xO4): effect on the catalysis and detection of polluting gas. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CHRISTINE LEROUX FRANCK BERGER JEAN GUILLAUME EON JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA MADJID ARAB SUZANNE GIORGIO VERONIQUE MADIGOU Data: Jul 5, 2018 Show Abstract The present thesis aims to study the cobalt ferrite (CoxFe3-xO4) nanocrystallites morphology and composition effects on their catalytic and detection properties. Different synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal and thermal decomposition were used to control nanoparticles shape and composition. Moreover, the effect of synthesis parameters variations, such as addition of different surfactants, different solvents, surfactant concentration, temperature and time of synthesis were also investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy and analyzed by Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy. The catalytic and detection properties were evaluated in CO atmosphere in the range of 100 to 300°C and in NO2 atmosphere at 150 and 200°C. CoFe2O4 nanooctahedra with 15-20 nm were produced by hydrothermal synthesis using different surfactants (CTAB, SDS and PVP). CoxFe3-xO4 with x = 1.5 and x = 1.8 were also synthesized by hydrothermal method. However, the TEM analysis showed that the amount of Co present in CoxFe3-xO4 is limited at x = 1.5. When ethylene glycol was used as solvent, Co1,8Fe1,2O4 of 4 nm with irregular shape and homogeneous composition was obtained. A mixture of nanocubes (18 nm) and nanospheres (10 nm) of CoFe2O4 were produced by solvothermal synthesis using oleylamine as surfactant. In the thermal decomposition, nanospherical CoFe2O4 were produced in benzyl alcohol, while nanooctahedra of Co0.5Fe2.5O4 were produced in dibenzyl ether. The nanooctahedra with composition x = 1.5 and the mixture of nanocubes and nanospheres were tested in the CO catalysis. The nanocubes and nanospheres mixtures were also tested in the detection of NO2. The results were compared with those obtained for the nanooctahedra with x=1 existent in the literature. The applications results showed that the shape and composition have an effect on the nanoparticles catalytic activity. The powder of CoxFe3-xO4 with x = 1.5 has higher activity and lower temperature needed for the maximum CO conversion. For the detection test, the mixture of cubes and spheres presented lower sensitivity than the nanooctahedra for all temperatures analyzed. The maximum sensor response obtained was 52% when the sensor was subjected to 50 ppm of NO2 at 200 °C.
9	ROSANGELA DALA POSSA Influence of the treatment of the char from the pyrolysis of the sewage sludge on the purification of a methane-rich gas mixture that is similar to the gases obtained from the fermentation of swine manure. Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES LUCIENE DA SILVA SANTOS MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Jul 6, 2018 Show Abstract Biogas is a valuable source of renewable energy because it is composed mainly of methane (60-80%), carbon dioxide (20-40%), and traces of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The main application of biogas is the use of methane as fuel for electric motors and generators. In order to increase the calorific value of biogas to the same level as that of methane, the other gases have to be removed. One of the most common processes used to purify biogas is adsorption using activated carbons. The objective of this work was to the study the adsorption of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen from a mixture with the same composition as that of the biogas from the fermentation of swine manure. The adsorbent used was the char from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge at 500 °C. The chars underwent physical ativation (at 700 °C, for 2 hours, under N2), chemical activation using HCl (7.5 M) or KOH (3.0 M), and were characterized for composition and textural properties via XRD, XRF, BET, and SEM. The experiments were carried out in a fixed-bed column (adsorber) at 25 °C and 1 atm. The gas flow rate was 50 mL/min, and the mass of char were 18.4 or 6.0 g. The results showed that the chemical activation significantly enhanced the adsorption. Regarding the adsorption of H2S and CO2, the best result was for the char treated with HCl. The char had high specific area (248 m2/g), high breakthrough time (400 min for H2S, and 175.5 min for CO2), high saturation time (1020 min for H2S, and 484.5 for CO2), and high adsorption capacities (670,33 mg H2S/gads e 218.385 mg H2S/gads). The chars were selective for NH3 and had no affinity for CH4. The percentages of adsorption were 61,4% for H2S and 75% for CO2 using HCl. For the gas mixture, the percentages of adsorption were 71,8% for H2S and 55% for CO2. The dynamic adsorption was modeled by a system of differential equations describing mass balances for gas and particle phases. The equations were solved numerically against experimental data (molar fraction) in order to obtain estimates for parameters such as axial diffusivity, effective intraparticle diffusivity, and external mass transfer coefficient for H2S and CO2 as well as others present in the mixture involving NH3 and CH4.
10	SUYLAN LOURDES DE ARAÚJO DANTAS Synthesis and characterization of carbides of pure molybdenum and doped with cobalt and nickel for photocatalytic degradation and adsorption of dye Maxilon Blue GRL 300 Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDREA OLIVEIRA NUNES CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JOAO BOSCO LUCENA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Jul 27, 2018 Show Abstract The search for processes of production of low cost materials has been studied in recent years, mainly by the industries, in order to relate the cost / benefit associated with low risk to the environment, and the ease of transport and its use. The transition metal carbides are gaining emphasis, due to their catalytic activity, stability and selectivity in a wide range of reactions. The purpose of performing doping with cobalt and nickel on the molybdenum carbide is the search for the alteration in the carbide structure in order to improve its catalytic activity. The process of photocatalysis is based on a reaction that a semiconductor material is activated by the emission of sunlight or artificial on the particles with sufficient energy to excite the electrons of the band of valence for the conduction band that region between the bands is called " bandgap ". This work aims to develop the study of the synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic/adsorption application of semiconductor materials with carbide type structure, using the gas-solid reaction method in a fixed-bed reactor. These materials were characterized using the techniques of XRD, crystallite size, TGA, BET, grain size and SEM/EDS. With its characterization, it is possible to understand the relation between its structural properties and its activities as heterogeneous catalysts. The results of photocatalysis were satisfactory, the studied carbides obtained good yield in the process of degradation and adsorption of the dye. The best result was for Mo2C_Ni 5% in acid medium with yield around 97% degradation / adsorption of the dye.
11	EMILIANNY RAFAELY BATISTA MAGALHAES TREATMENT AND APPLICATION STRATEGIES FOR PRODUCED WATER USING A SYNTHETIC EFFLUENT Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANITA MARIA DE LIMA CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA ROBERTO RODRIGUES DE SOUZA SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR Data: Aug 3, 2018 Show Abstract The produced water, generated in the exploration and production stage, is one of the main effluents of the petroleum industry and is characterized as an effluent of complex composition, formed by various organic and inorganic compounds. It accounts for about 70% of total wastewater generated during the life of the well and their characteristics and quantities produced are also dependent on their location and age of this one.Currently, in Brazil, millions of m³ of water effluents are disposed of in the environment, as well as a considerable amount of oils and greases. The present thesis aimed to investigate, through a synthesized effluent, potential applicabilities for untreated and treated produced water and, thus, enable the management and reuse of this effluent. The results showed that produced water without previous treatment was presented with a potential use for supplementation of carbon source to agroindustrial residues in the production of biosurfactant. promoting a positive emulsion stability effect when using the green coconut shells as the substrate and maintaining stable, under elevated temperatures, the emulsion formed by the broth produced by cashew residues. When undergoing a physical-chemical treatment - whose combined process was formed by a flocculation step, with 226 rpm and 3 minutes in the fast mixing stage and 90 rpm and 4 minutes in the slow mixing stage, followed by dissolved air flotation, carried out under the injection of 10% v/v of water saturated with air at 6 bar and with a flotation time of 28 minutes -, demonstrated that extracts of Moringa oleifera seeds with and without oil, at a concentration of 64 mg/L, are effective natural flocculants in their treatment, reducing the content of oils and greases (TOG) in about 81%, with the oil extraction unaffecting the coagulant effect of the seeds. The biological treatment through activated sludge was highly efficient in the removal of TOG from produced water, with efficiencies, in most cases, greater than 90% and achieving compliance with the environmental requirements for this parameter. Through the results obtained it was possible to conclude that the effluent treated by this biological process presents a promising ability to be reused in the germination and irrigation of non-food crops.
12	MARIA DO SOCORRO BEZERRA DA SILVA Study of the removal of heavy metals from liquid effluents by electrodeposition using copper electrodes Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ARIADNE DE SOUZA SILVA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS MICHELLE SINARA GREGÓRIO DANTAS Data: Oct 30, 2018 Show Abstract Electronic waste is becoming one of the most serious environmental and social problems today. To take aware of the problem, we need to discuss disposal and recycling alternatives. In this thesis, a new methodology for the removal of metals from printed circuit boards (PCB) is presented. This methodology contributes to the minimization of environmental impacts by recovering metallic elements of PCB, which reduces the exploitation of mineral deposits. The process of recycling of the PCB presented in this thesis consisted of the application of chemical and physical technologies, involving the leaching stage in acidic (nitric and hydrochloric) environments and the removal of copper, silver and tin by electrodeposition using copper electrodes. The initial electrodeposition reactions were performed in three current conditions (0.5 - 1.0 - 1.5 A) and time variations (15 - 30 - 60 - 90 and 120 min), respectively, with the original solution. For all conditions, the process was accomplished out without mechanical stirring and with mechanical agitation at 550 rpm. In another stage of reactions, the solution was diluted in 1: 3 and 1: 7 proportions, and electroplating tests were carried out under the same current conditions, with and without stirring and a constant time of 60 minutes. The electrodeposition of copper has been shown to be efficient at all applied times and currents. For silver, the best deposition rates occurred at a current density of 0.022 A / cm2 and time of 60 minutes. In the diluted solutions, the copper removal was significant in all studied parameters. For the tin, the best removals proceeded in the process without agitation, presenting high rates of removel in current of 1.5 A and without agitation. The concentrations of silver and tin, at the end of each process, were analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (FRX), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (EAA), X-Ray Diffraction. The morphology of the deposits, analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled to the Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy.
13	RAFAEL HERNANDEZ DAMASCENA DOS PASSOS Catalytic and electrical properties of strontium and cerium tungstate:Conversion of methane Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CESAR AUGUSTO MORAES DE ABREU CHRISTINE LEROUX ELSON LONGO DA SILVA JEAN HENRY FERRASSE MADJID ARAB SIBELE BERENICE CASTELLA PERGHER VANESSA COULET Data: Dec 6, 2018 Show Abstract Nanoparticles of cerium and strontium tungstate have been prepared from themethod of synthesis of the ceramic powders involved the complexation combining EDTA-citratein order to determine the catalytic activity and the electrical properties of the obtained materials.The syntheses produced strontium (SrWO4), cerium (Ce2W3O12) tungstates and a ternarytungstate composed of Sr and Ce identified with structure Sr0.5Ce0.35□0.15WO4. In the interest ofcharacterize them, TG-DTG, XRD and MET analyzes were performed. TG-DTG analyzes determinedthat material with crystalline structure could be obtained from 600°C. The diffractogramsindicated tetragonal crystalline structure with spatial group I41/a (N° 88) for SrWO4 andmonoclinic structure belonging to space group C2/c (Nº 15) for Ce2(WO4)3. The TEM imagesallowed us to determine the mean crystallite size that were shown to be compatible with theresults calculated from the Williamson-Hall equation. Refined XRD analysis using the Rietveldmethod, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images and electronicdiffraction were applied to study the ternary tungstate and to define its composition and crystallinestructure as tetragonal belonging to the space group I4̅ (N° 82). Analyzes were conductedto determine the catalytic activity in partial oxidation of CH4 considering a 3³ experimentaldesign where the parameters analyzed were reaction temperature, CH4 concentration and catalysttype at three different levels. It was observed that the most relevant parameters for the CH4oxidation reaction were the type of catalyst and the reaction temperature, respectively. Theconcentration was not relevant to the result and the most efficient catalyst to convert CH4 intosynthesis gas (H2 + CO) was, in descending order, SrWO4, Sr0.5Ce0.35□0.15WO4 and Ce2(WO4)3.Moreover, the electrical properties analysis determined the activation energies of the samples,the result was 1.42eV, 1.16eV and 0.99eV for SrWO4, Sr0.5Ce0.35□0.15WO4 and Ce2(WO4)3, respectively
14	CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO Molybdenum carbides and oxides with Co addition: evaluation of doping route effect and of kinetic parameters for the gas-solid reaction synthesis. Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ARIADNE DE SOUZA SILVA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CLEONILSON MAFRA BARBOSA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA UILAME UMBELINO GOMES Data: Dec 7, 2018 Show Abstract The development of new materials with improved properties is interesting for several industrial segments from the catalysis of chemical reactions for environmental legislation compliance, to the development of new electronic devices. Carbides and Mo oxides with cobalt addition may exhibit a diversity of intrinsic properties of great interest. In this work two methodologies for the addition of Co in these compounds with Mo (CoMoO4 and Mo2C-Co) were studied: solid and wet, having commercial molybdenum molybdate [(NH4) 6 [Mo7O24]4H2O] and cobalt nitrate [Co(NO3)2.6H2O] as the starting material. The doped precursors were characterized and the products of the thermal treatment (oxides) and the carbo-reduction reaction (carbides) were evaluated according to morphological (SEM), compositional (FRX) and crystallographic (XRD) aspects. It was verified that the dopant’s addition via solid state methodology presented itself, in both cases, as a more robust route; producing materials with smaller crystal sizes (~ 30nm to the carbide) and with higher dopant retention (δ ~ 10%) than the wet method (dp ~ 50nm and δ ~ 40%). A study of the conditions for obtaining Mo2C with and without addition of dopant was performed using interval reactions. In the kinetic evaluation, Avrami’s nucleation and growth models were tested, as well as those proposed by Levenspiel of Shrinking Core. It was verified that the reaction proceeds according to MoO2àMoà Mo2C and that the model that best represents the actual behavior of the gas-solid reaction is that of Avrami with grain growth rate of M = 85.4 and dimensional parameter N = 0.34.
15	FRANCISCA PEREIRA DE MORAES Chemometric analysis and physico-chemical, bioactive and biological in vitro evaluation of fresh and freeze-dried acerola (Malpighia emarginata). Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS KARLA SUZANNE FLORENTINO DA SILVA CHAVES DAMASCENO KATIA CRISTINA BORGES JAILANE DE SOUZA AQUINO FLÁVIO LUIZ HONORATO DA SILVA Data: Dec 7, 2018 Show Abstract Brazil is an important producer of tropical fruits. Among them, acerola (Malpighia emarginata) is recognized for its high content of ascorbic acid (AA), total phenolic compounds (TPC), carotenoids, anthocyanins and potent antioxidant capacity. Considering the bioactive and commercial value of this fruit, the present work aimed to evaluate acerola using different approaches, which are presented in the six chapters of this thesis. A general introduction opens this document and discusses keytopics covered throughout the research. The second chapter shows the evaluation of the whole acerola fruit in regard to its concentration of bioactive compounds (AA, TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH), by the near infrared (NIR) technique and application of chemometric analysis. In the third chapter, freeze-drying was applied to acerola pulp and acerola pomace in order to compare the final products to the fresh fruit, as well as to monitor the stability of the acerola powders along the storage. In the fourth chapter, commercially purchased freeze-died acerola was evaluated and compared to selected freeze-dried fruits (camu-camu, apple and pineapple) in regard to in vitro biological analyzes. Selected phytochemical compounds (AA, TPC, anthocyanins, phenolic acids) and antioxidant activity (by two methods of detection: reducing iron potential - FRAP and capturing the radicals of 2,2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl - DPPH) of the fruit extracts were analyzed. In addition, the effects of these extracts on reducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages were investigated. Initially, the toxicity of the samples (reduction method of 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide - MTT) to RAW 264.7 cells was assessed. The anti-inflammatory activity of acerola extracts was tested by analysing enzymes and mediators with proinflammatory activity (inducible nitric oxide synthase - iNOS, cyclooxygenase – COX-2, interleukins - IL1β and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor - TNFα), in addition to an in vitro assay to investigate the cell migration properties of freeze-dried extracts in adult human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFα). The final chapters 5 and 6 show the conclusion and the literature sources used hrere. The results show that the NIRS model is a fast and reliable non-destructive analytical strategy to evaluate the ascorbic acid, phenolic and antioxidant capacity in acerola fruits. It has also been demonstrated that freeze-dried acerola powders retain high ascorbic acid concentration and the preservation of ascorbic acid and anthocyanins is more effective under refrigerated storage. The results of the in vitro biological tests showed that acerola extracts, camu-camu, apple and pineapple are able to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Only freeze-dried acerola and camu-camu extracts reduced the production of reactive nitrogen species (NO). Extracts of these fruits also suppressed the expression of IL1β and IL6, and freeze-dried acerola is the only one capable of reducing the expression of COX-2 enzyme. The acerola was also able to enhance cell migration, based on the in vitro results obtained in HDFa cells, which reflects the skin cells' ability to regenerate after injury. The high ascorbic acid content in acerola seems to play an important role in the observed in vitro biological effects. Overall, it is concluded that acerola presents relevant bioactive and in vitro biological potential, which can justify its exploitation as a functional ingredient in food and pharmaceutical formulations.
16	ADRIANA KARLA VIRGOLINO GUIMARÃES Study of oiticica oil (Licania rigida, Benth) for biodiesel synthesis and evaluation of its properties as fuel. Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO AMANDA DUARTE GONDIM ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS LEILA MARTINS DA COSTA QUINTEIRO SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO Data: Dec 11, 2018 Show Abstract Changes in the climate resulted from the burning of fossil fuels claims to an urgent modification in the energy matrix. Biodiesel is one of the alternatives proposing the replacement of mineral diesel. The aim of this work is the study of biodiesel production from oiticica oil by a methylic transesterification through homogeneous catalysis (NaOH and KOH). Oiticica has a high oil content in its almond (> 60%). Oiticica seeds were selected and classified according to the year (2015 and 2017), harvest and the degree of maturation (green - V, dry - SS, mature - M and green without epicarp - SV). Oil was extracted by mechanical pressing (continuous and discontinuous). The chemical composition of oiticica oil and biodiesel was determined by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The synthesis study was carried out under various reaction conditions: temperature (between 32 and 80 °C), reaction time (2 to 5 h), oil/alcohol molar ratio (1:6 - 1:20), and mass percentage of catalyst (0.5 to 2.0%). The most favorable conditions were obtained with molar ratio of 1:9 (O: A), 32 °C, 1% KOH/MeOH catalyst and 4 h for green oiticica oil without epicarp of the second harvest of 2017 (OSV2). The best physico-chemical results obtained from the biodiesel syntheses showed: 0.34 mg KOH/g (acid number), 922.6 kg/m3 (density) and 8.647 mm2/s (kinematic viscosity). The conversion of the esters was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and by TGA-FTIR (thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectrophotometry) by spectra the presence of esters only for B100. Under optimized conditions, the maximum purity was 96.1%, in 4 h 15 min, with 1.27% of the KOH/MeOH catalyst at 32 °C. The oxidative stability of B100 was 0.43 h, indicating a short time to maintain in storage due to susceptibility to biodiesel oxidation. The formulated blends (B10 to B50) showed an acid value above the limit only for B50. For density and kinematic viscosity, all results were within the range specified by the ANP. The flash point for B100 (183 ° C) and B10 (58 ° C) was well above the specified limit, which demonstrates the energy potential of these biofuels. It was concluded that the reactive conditions studied were feasible for the production of oiticica biodiesel. It was also indicated the mixture with other biodiesels due to the viscosity and the use of antioxidants, in order to improve the thermooxidative stability of the biodiesel of oiticica.
17	ALCIVAN ALMEIDA EVANGELISTA NETO Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for biodiesel+alcohol+glycerol systems using chicken fat safflower oil for the production of biofuel. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 19, 2018 Show Abstract The great dependence of fossil fuels on the planet generates a need for new energy sources, considering that oil is a finite and polluting richness. The environmental part must always be taken into account, since the greenhouse effect is a reality. In this context, biofuels are increasingly being asked to meet the population demand. Among them, biodiesel stands out because it is less toxic, renewable and biodegradable. Transesterification is the most applied method for transforming oils and fats into methyl or ethyl esters, reducing their viscosity and can be used as pure fuel or added to diesel. The raw material can be both animal and vegetable. The by-product formed is glycerin, causing two phases to be obtained. The liquid-liquid equilibrium can be studied during the production process, since the alcohol is miscible in both phases. In this work two raw materials were used to produce biofuel: chicken fat provided by the Apodi-RN municipal market and refined safflower oil. Three biodiesel were obtained: methyl chicken fat, methyl safflower and safflower ethyl. The ester profiles were detected by gas chromatography. The liquid-liquid equilibrium data were obtained by means of calibration curves of the densities as a function of the respective mass fractions for temperatures of 25 °C and 45 °C at ambient pressure. Data were validated using the Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations, with coefficients close to unity. The distribution and selectivity coefficients for the three systems were calculated. The UNIQUAC model was used to correlate the experimental data, with satisfactory results and with an error always less than 1.5%.
18	KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS Oxidation and liquid-liquid extraction processes using surfactants to remove sulfur from diesel Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TAMYRIS THAISE COSTA DE SOUZA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Dec 20, 2018 Show Abstract Sulfur is one of the main contaminants of petroleum-based fuels and is present mainly in oils from mature fields, like most Brazilian onshore fields. The issue of sulfur in the form of SOx originated in burning of these fuels, such as diesel, affects air quality and bring health risks. Sulphur, when present in large quantities, also promotes corrosion of engines, reducing your lifespan. In 2013, ANP has adopted the new specifications for diesel oil (resolution 50/2013), becoming mandatory for nationwide marketing of diesel oil A (without addition of biodiesel) and B (with addition of biodiesel) with a maximum sulfur content of 500 ppm. Removal of sulfur is therefore of interest to the petrochemical industry. Oxidative desulfurization followed by solvent extraction is one of the most promissing techniques for sulfur heretocycles removal such as dibenzothiphene (DBT) and dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT). In this context the present work studied the application of oxidative desulfurization of diesel (1200 ppm of sulfur), followed by liquid-liquid extraction using non-ionic surfactants. Were obtained the parameters related to liquid-liquid extraction and to the oxidation reaction using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and acetic acid (CH3COOH) as a catalyst. The reactional parameters such as temperature, time, concentrations of peroxide and acid and the use of a catalyst on the reaction were evaluated using a 26-2 fractional factorial design. Sulfur concentration were reduced from 1200 ppm to 220 ppm after one oxidative desulfurization step and one liquid-liquid extraction step using Ultranex NP110. Under the same conditions for a model fuel containing 1200 ppm of DBT in n-dodecane the concentration were reduced to below 3 ppm. Therefore, the oxidation and subsequent extraction with surfactant have proven to be effective in desulfurization of diesel.

2017

	Dissertations
1	CLEITIANE DA COSTA NOGUEIRA "Evaluation of surfactants in dilute acid and alkaline pre-treatment of green coconut fiber and quantification of post-washing" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR RUTHINEIA JESSICA ALVES DO NASCIMENTO Data: Feb 7, 2017 Show Abstract Brazil is the fourth higher producer of coconut and approximately 85% of the total fruit mass are becoming residue that it could be converted into ethanol. However, the pretreatment of the biomass plays a key role in order to increase the accessibility as well as the biodegradability of cellulose and hemicellulose to facilitate the further saccharification step. Most pretreatments are able to produce inhibitors such as phenolic compounds and acids that must to be removed. Usually water has been used in the washing step but its use should be reduced in order to become the process viable both economically and environmentally. Also, studies are showing that surfactants can be used during the pretreatment aiming to achieve higher yields of fermentable sugars leading thus to higher ethanol production. In this context, in this study it was investigated the influence of the Tween 80 in the pretreatment of the green coconut fiber also it was assayed the use of the water in the washing step of the pretreated biomass. By means of experimental design it was investigated for both pretreatments using H2SO4 and NaOH the influence of chemical and surfactant concentration as well as the pretreatment time. The obtained biomass after washing suffered enzymatic hydrolysis (Celluclast® 1.5L, 50 oC, 150 rpm, 96h, 20 FPU/g, 20CBU/g, 10FXU/g) assaying the conversion of the produced fermentable sugars. The acidic pretreatment showed that both H2SO4 concentration and the pretreatment time were significant, showing the former a negative effect while the latter showed a positive one. The best hydrolysis result for this planning was of 6.86 g/L and 2.14 g/L for glucose e xylose, respectively, obtained for the run with H2SO4 and Tween 80 at 60 min. For the alkaline pretreatment both the NaOH and Tween 80 concentration were significant, at 95.0% significance level, in which the best result after hydrolysis produced 13.83 g/L glucose and 5.77 g/L xylose using 2.0% (m/v) NaOH, 3.0 % (m/m) Tween 80 at 10 min. The pretreated material showing the highest concentration of fermentable sugars was assayed both morphologically and physico-chemically at presence and absence of surfactant. The evaluation of the pretreated material washing showed the possibility of reducing up to 75% of initial water volume without hampering the final production. The use of Tween 80 in the alkaline pretreatment improved the conversion into glucose and xylose during the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. However, it did not show any significant influence for the acidic pretreatment. Besides, it was observed that the quantity of water used at washing step can be significantly reduced then contributing to the lignocellulosic ethanol production.
2	ANA LAURA OLIVEIRA DE SÁ LEITÃO "Evaluation of cell disruption methods and of different metals immobilized on Streamline Chelating resin for purification 503 antigen of Leishmania i. Chagasi." Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR IGOR TADEU LAZZAROTTO BRESOLIN Data: Feb 8, 2017 Show Abstract The growing interest of the bioprocess industry for the purified recombinant antigens is mainly due they can be used as a tool for the vaccines production. However, the application of these antigens requires a quite higher degree of purity thus techniques that could reduce the downstream processing cost it would be important. The Expanded Bed Adsorption (EBA) has been shown as a good alternative since it is simple, and combines the clarification, concentration and purification at only step. This study aims investigating the recovery and purification of the 503 antigen from Leishmania i. chagasi expressed in E. coli as well as the simultaneous removal of the endotoxin using EBA coupled to IMAC. First, the best method for the cellular disruption for obtaining the higher antigen content was assayed. The methods studied used were assayed by means of factoral planning using Lysozyme, beads, urea as well as EDTA. Next, adsorption tests in batch were used in order to investigate the use of five metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Fe3+) at concentration of 0.1 M, 0.5 M and 0.8 M coupled to the Streamline chelating resin in the adsorption capacity of the 503 antigen. The metal showing the best adsorption capacity was chosen for the EBA experiments. EBA experiments were carried out using a column of 2.6 cm in diameter (30 cm height), coupled to a peristaltic pump. Results showed that higher quantity for the total protein as well as the 503 antigen was obtained ureia at 8.0 M. Also, the best batch adsorption was shown by the Cu2+ metal showing 503 antigen adsorption capacity of 0.102; 0.128 and 0.111 mg/mL of adsorbent for concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.8 M, respectively. Also, EBA protocol using Streamline chelating coupled copper eluted witht 0.6 M of imidazole was able to recovery only 4.0 % 503 antigen.
3	PATRÍCIA MARIA ROCHA "Surfactin production by Bacillus subtilis UFPEDA 438 using sugarcane molasse as substrate" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO ANA CARMEN DOS SANTOS MENDES DE OLIVEIRA FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES Data: Feb 9, 2017 Show Abstract The biosurfactants are drawing attention of both academy and industry by showing advantages mainly when compared to the chemical surfactants since they can be produced using renewable resources by fermentation. Among the different classes of biosurfactants lipopeptides outstanding by their antibiotic activities, mainly the biosurfactant known as surfactin. Due to its properties it has beed used in many fields such as bioremediation, biology, medice and so on. However, as the others biosurfactants the production cost still is the bottleneck. Then the use of lower cost substrate can be one strategy in order to reduce the production costs. In this study the surfactin was produced by Bacillus subtilis UFPEDA 438 using sugarcane molasse as subtrate in order to reduce costs. The microoganism was cultivated in shaker using a medium containing 4% surgacane molasse. The influence of temperature, agitation as well as the aeration ratio in the surfactin production was investigated. The samples were taken during cultivation until 72 h in order to record the substrate and cells concentration as well as the concentration of surfactin produced. The best results showed that for cultivation at (200 rpm, 36 ºC and 0.4 aeration ration the concentration of surfactin was 199,45 ± 0,13 mg/L reached after 24 h, the substrate to product yield (YP/S) was 0,022 g/g and product productivity (PP) was 8,19 mg/L.h after 24 h.
4	JÉSSYCA EMANUELLA SARAIVA PEREIRA "Copper ions biosorption from aqueous solution using cashew (anacardium occidentale L.) leaves powder and carnaúba(copernicia prunifera) leaves powder" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Feb 14, 2017 Show Abstract Lately, the contamination of water bodies caused by heavy metals has become a serious environmental issue. The discharge of effluents which contain heavy metal ions, even at small concentration, without an adequate treatment damages human beings, fauna, and flora thus this affects the wellness of the entire ecosystem. Therefore, these effluents require certain treatment to lower the ions level to an environmentally acceptable concentration before discharging them into the environment. Additionally, bioadsorbents have been used for the treatment of contaminated effluents as an alternative to conventional methods. They have also been largely studied in recent researches. Hence, this work aims to evaluate the usage of red cashew (anacardium occidentale L) leaves and carnaúba (copernicia prunifera) leaves, in powder form, as adsorbents for copper ions removal from synthetic effluents. The physicochemical properties of both leaves were investigated, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (FRX), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and physical nitrogen adsorption (BET).The adsorption studies were carried out in a batch system, whose effects of pH (3.0 to 10.0), adsorbent concentration (2 to 20 gL-1), particle size (0.6 to 0.075 mm) And the initial concentration of the adsorbate (10 to 150 mgL-1) were evaluated. The results indicated an increase in adsorption capacity at pH values between 3 and 7. After reaching pH equal to 7, it is observed that the adsorption capacity is reduced for both studies. Regarding the evaluation of the variation of the adsorbent concentration, it was observed that for the powder of the cashew leaves the increase of the mass quantity did not affect the removal process, however, for the powder of the leaves of the carnauba it was observed that the Percentage of removal is directly proportional to the mass increase. For both cases studied, a better efficiency was observed when using particles with sizes between 0.106 and 0.075 mm. The initial concentration study for the bioadhesives presented similar behavior. The amount of adsorption increases with the increase in the initial concentration of the ions in solution. The experimental data of the adsorption isotherms performed on the cashew leaf powder best fit the Freundlich model, however, for the carnauba leaf powder the Langmuir model was more adequate. The kinetics of the adsorption process for both adsorbents reached equilibrium in the first few minutes of reaction, the cashew and carnauba powder reached equilibrium in approximately 20 and 2 minutes, respectively. In general, the experimental data better fit the pseudo-second order model for both adsorbents. Comparing the adsorbents performance, it was observed that the carnauba leaves powder removed a superior copper ion amount, reaching a removal percentage approximately equal to 82%, whereas, under the same conditions of temperature, initial concentration, adsorbent mass and solution volume, the cashew leaves powder showed a removal percentage approximately equal to 27%. The results showed that both the cashew and carnauba leaves powder present the appropriate features for copper adsorption and they both represent an alternative to traditional effluent treatment processes.
5	JESSYCA KAENNY DE ANDRADE BEZERRA "Removal of benzene and toluene in aqueous solution by adsorption using activated carbon produced from sewage sludge" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA GERALDO MARTINS RODRIGUES FILHO Data: Feb 14, 2017 Show Abstract Monoaromatic compounds (BTEX) are toxic and carcinogenic substances that even in small dimensions harm the environment and human health. These compounds are used as solvents and found in fuels such as petroleum and gasoline and it is continuously released into the environment. Therefore, the methods of removal of these contaminants are being studied a way to reduce high concentrations present on soils and groundwater. Thus, the adsorption process is based on a solid, denominated adsorbent, to adsorb on surface the contaminants present in the aqueous solutions analyzed. Sludge, a subproduct generated during the sewage treatment process, is a recent problem of worldwide concern. Activated carbon (AC) production for any adsorption process is relatively high, can be used as a potentially economic alternative, and feedstock value and residue reduction can be added. The aim of the present work is to prepare and characterize the activated carbon from the sewage sludge and to apply on monoaromatic compounds (benzene and toluene) in aqueous solutions. In the process of activated carbon synthesis, a chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) was studied, submitted to the thermal treatment of pyrolysis in a nitrogen flow at 100 mL.min-1, at a temperature of 550ºC. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the study of the surface area using the BET method. The kinetic parameters using as pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion equations were shown to be consistent with the results obtained in the literature. In addition, it was possible to observe that both Langmuir and Freundlich model can predict the experimental data for a benzene and toluene adsorption. The results obtained in this study were presented as optimal study conditions in order to favor adaptation costs.
6	THALES CAINÃ DOS SANTOS BARBALHO "Characterization of petroleum samples: a computational approach and thermodynamic modeling" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO Data: Feb 17, 2017 Show Abstract It is known that for the pure substances the critical parameters can be found in the literature, but in the case of multicomponent systems the experimental data are scarce. The lack of this information is due to the difficulty in the experimental determination, since in the equilibrium phases of mixtures, mainly involving CO2 and oil or its residues is not simple. In order to determine the composition and critical properties of the pseudocomponents present in the fractions of the studied samples, the present dissertation had the objective of analyzing the thermodynamic properties of petroleum samples in order to develop a computational methodology. The analyzed samples were taken from the production field of a company operating in the western region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, called gas condensate (CG) and light petroleum fraction (FPL). In order to measure the sample density, a previously calibrated pycnometer was used, that is, with its known volume, in which the density of the dry pycnometer and the sample were determined by the mass difference between the dry pycnometer and the sample. Subsequently, the atmospheric distillation of the sample was carried out, where an amount equivalent to 100 ml of the distillate was weighed. A thermostatic heating mantle (maximum temperature of 300 ° C) and a thermometer for temperature monitoring were used. The distilled fractions were collected after passing through a condenser (20 ° C), the boiling temperature and density being also recorded by pycnometry. Based on these two parameters, it was possible to calculate the molecular mass (MM), using the Riazi-Daubert correlation, as well as the temperature (Tc) and the critical pressure (Pc) using the Lee-Kesler correlations and the acentric factor Ω) from the Edmister correlation of each fraction collected. For the validation of the characterization, bubble pressure experiments with the sample were carried out in an equilibrium cell in which it is possible to visualize the phase change, both by the visual method and by the expansion chamber, for different operating conditions. The composition of the samples ranged from 20 to 60% while the temperature was from 30 to 120 ° C. The results obtained were compared with those simulated by SPECS v5.63 software. It was possible to notice that the characterization carried out was able to approximate the experimental data, since for the systems involving CO2-CG the calculated errors were, on average, 4.46%, 4.84% and 3.71%, respectively. The SRK, PR and ALS state equations, while for CO2-FPL these values were, on average, 7.48%, 4.65% and 2.65%, respectively, for the same state equations. It can be concluded that the present dissertation had the objectives reached and that the methodology employed had a satisfactory performance to describe the studied sample, being able to be applied to different petroleum samples. The main contribution of this procedure is its practicality in the use of pseudo-components to represent fluids in simulators.
7	VANESSA RAFAELA CRUZ MOURA BARBALHO "Removal of Cd2+ from synthetic effluent using polymers based on acrylamide" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE MARTA LIGIA PEREIRA DA SILVA Data: Mar 2, 2017 Show Abstract The serious environmental problems generated by the considerable increase in the discards of industrial effluents contaminated with heavy metals in the rivers and seas, together with the increasingly rigorous environmental laws, stimulated the researches in this area, in order to obtain alternative methods of low cost and more efficient in the Water treatment and disposal. The activity of a toxic substance always depends on its concentration in the organism, regardless of the mechanism of intoxication. In this context, the present work has the objective of evaluating the efficiency in the use of anionic polymers based on acrylamide to remove the Cd2+ and Zn2+ metals from a synthetic effluent using a desolubilization method followed by flocculation / filtration. AN 905 VHM, AN 934 SH and AN 977 SH polymers were used, which present different anionicities. The parameters temperature, pH and concentration of the metals solution were evaluated. The 100 ppm metal solution was added to the polymer solution at 1000 ppm, keeping the volume of the metal cation solution constant and the volume of the polymer solution varying, in order to obtain different concentrations in each sample. After the 5 minute period under stirring, flocculation occurred and then filtration of the effluent. The filtrate was analyzed in the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, allowing to evaluate the efficiency of the removal process of the cadmium and zinc ions. The action of pH variation on the medium directly affects the adsorption process, while the temperature has less significant results. The polymers used proved to be efficient in the removal of metals, but due to the different ionic loads, lead to varying percentages of removal, resulting from the interaction between the metal ions and the polymer chain. Analyzing the percentage of removal of the cadmium and zinc ions when the temperature varies, the polymer AN 905 SH was the one that obtained better results, however when the variation of the values of pH for the conditions of these tests was obtained the greater beneficiary was The polymer AN 977 SH due to having higher ionic charge being responsible for the higher percentage of extraction of the metals. The results obtained in this work showed that it is possible to apply these polymers in the treatment of effluents containing heavy metals.
8	RAFFAEL ANDRADE COSTA DE MELO "Study of leaching of printed circuit boards of obsolete desktops computers from the UFRN" Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Mar 30, 2017 Show Abstract The reduction of mineral reserves and the growing concern of society with the environment and sustainability brings exciting prospects in the areas of recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Therefore, this paper aims to develop a route to recycle metals present on the printed circuit boards (PCB) of obsolete desktops computers. For this, leaching tests were performed using different acids (nitric, regal water, hydrochloric and sulfuric), varying the parameters of temperature and molar concentration of the acid following a complete factorial experimental design of the type 2² with repetitions at the central point to evaluate the efficiency of the process through the percentage of leached mass obtained by gravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the samples before and after the leaching tests were analyzed by FRX, MEV and EDS to identify and quantify the main chemical elements as well as the morphology of the PCB samples used. The best results obtained in percentage terms of leached mass were obtained for nitric acid and royal water. The worst results were obtained for hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. The statistical study of nitric acid showed that the molar concentration of the acid was the only factor that had a significant effect on the response variable, there was no lack of fit and the estimated coefficient of correlation (R²) was close to unity for a first order model for the range of the factors tested. However, for the royal water the acid molar concentration and the temperature/concentration interaction were the two factors that had a significant effect on the response variable and the best model was the second order. Finally, the FRX reviews demonstrated which elements were or were not leached by each acid. Regal water has shown ease in dissolving practically all metals. The nitric acid dissolved copper, lead and calcium. Already the hydrochloric and sulfuric acid did not leach copper well, but were efficient in the dissolution of tin, iron and nickel. In general, each acid was selective for different chemical elements present in the composition of the PCB and for this reason a viable recycling route based on this study is possible.
9	RUAN SÁVIO DA COSTA TERTULIANO "Synthesis, characterization and kinetic evaluation of WC-Co cemented carbide through gas - solid reaction". Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Apr 6, 2017 Show Abstract The search for high value-added materials, wide applicability and high sustainability encourages innovation in all areas of engineering. One of the materials currently being developed with such requirements are the doped carbides, which are composed with a mix of ceramics and metals. This work proposes the synthesis, characterization, kinetic evaluation and of tungsten carbide doped with cobalt (WC-Co) in fix and rotating bed reactor. The steps of material production was: synthesis of the precursor of washed by stirring in ethanol of a mixture of ammonium paratungstate and cobalt nitrate, drying th/e slurry obtained in oven for 18h at 80 °C, the dry powder milling, preliminary characterization by SEM techniques, XRD and SDS, gas-solid reaction of reduction at 750, 800 and 850 ° C in an atmosphere of 5% methane and 95% hydrogen in fix bed and rotating bed reactor (at 34 rpm agitation) and the final characterization using the aforementioned techniques. The results show a material containing particles of tungsten carbide with cobalt adhered, with good interfacial and applicable in areas such as in catalysts, membrane reactors and fuel cells, which emphasizes the importance of such research.
10	JOÃO MILLER DE MELO HENRIQUE "Germination and vigor of lettuce and sesame seeds in treated water treated by ionic flocculation and filtration" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARCIO DIAS PEREIRA SHIRLLE KATIA DA SILVA NUNES RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Apr 7, 2017 Show Abstract Given the increase in the generation of water produced (WP) by the oil industry, several countries that have activities related to exploration and production also suffer from water scarcity. On the other hand, agricultural irrigation is the main activity consuming water resources. In search of equation, to use residual waters in this activity presents a potential application. In this context, the objective of the present study was to study the effect on germination and vigor of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) in several effluents: freshwater produced, treated water via ionic flocculation and filtration, besides Solutions containing each constituent of the water produced. Synthetic produced water was treated with 5 surfactant concentrations: 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 ppm. After stabilization of the flakes, the solution was subjected to a filtration process, its influence being investigated in the process. Regarding the treatment, the removal of metals and oil were measured. For germination tests (G), first germination test (GPC), germination velocity index (IVG), shoot length (CPA), radicle length (CR), seedling length (CP) and dry mass (DM) were analyzed in parallel. Finally, inhibition curves for the constituents of the WP were plotted, in order to verify the limiting concentrations of these components in the germinations. After treatment of the WP with flocculation and filtration, up to 40% calcium was removed from the water produced. In relation to oil, the percentage of removal reached a value greater than 99%. Without filtration, only the concentration of 300 ppm of surfactant did not comply with the legislation (20 ppm). For low concentrations of organic matter, metals and salinity in the water produced, the process was efficient in the reuse of treated effluent for germination of lettuce and sesame seeds. The filtration did not present significant difference in the germination test. At the conclusion of the present dissertation, the objectives reached and the methodology employed presented a satisfactory performance to describe the germination behavior of two cultures in a produced water treated with ionic flocculation.
11	MAYRA KEROLLY SALES MONTEIRO Obtention and Characterization of Bionanocomposits of Cassava Starch and Bentonite clay Organophilized by Mixing Surfactants Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS SHIRLLE KATIA DA SILVA NUNES Data: Jul 28, 2017 Show Abstract RESUMO INGLÊS: Biofilms and edible coatings are thin layers of biodegradable materials applied to food products that play an important role in their preservation, distribution and commercialization. Cassava starch is one of the best candidates to obtain edible coatings, because it is a fully biodegradable polymer in soil and water, with easy production. However, starch has limitations in its physicochemical properties when compared to synthetic polymers. In turn, the improvement of these properties was proposed in this research from the addition of 5%, by mass, of clay in relation to the dry mass of biopolymer. The surface compatibilization of the clay with the biopolymer matrix was performed by surface modification in the presence of three types of surfactants (cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethoxylated lauryl alcohol). O efeito de três modificações sequenciais na argila foi caracterizado por difração de raios X (DRX), transformada de fourier por radiação infravermelha (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS), ângulo de contato (AC), potencial zeta (ZETA) e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). The clay modified synergistically in the three surfactants showed the greatest basal distance between the silicate layers, about 10 nm more than the natural clay. The cassava starch films with natural and modified clay were characterized as bionanocomposite intercalated or exfoliated by analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical microscopy (OM), XRD, FTIR, SEM and AC. The influence of modified and natural clay on the change in the physical-chemical properties of the original starch films was investigated for water vapor permeability, ductility, opacity, thermal stability and water solubility. The synergistically modified clay of the three surfactants was the reinforcement material that contributed the most to the physical-chemical properties of the control starch film, reducing 90.6% of water vapor permeability, as well as 77.43% Of maximum dissolution.
12	MAKEZIA MAYARA DA COSTA FREITAS "STUDY OF THE REVERSE MICELLES FORMATION IN SYSTEMS NONIONIC SURFACTANT / ORGANIC SOLVENTS" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Oct 27, 2017 Show Abstract Unlike studies about the formation of direct micelles, which can be evaluated with simple techniques such as conductivity and surface tension, it is difficult to obtain good and reproducible data when it comes to the formation of reverse micelles. In recent decades, reverse micelles have been systematically used as templates for the synthesis of nanomaterials, due to their ability to self-aggregate in diverse structures, passing these characteristics to the desired material. Therefore, the present work had the objective of studying the effect of carbon chain length variation of the solvent, the degree of ethoxylation of the surfactants and the temperature in the formation of reverse micelles, with respect to the structural characteristics and c.m.c.. Small angle X-ray scattering was used to evaluate the micellar systems and nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant was chosen as solute, being used solvents of different carbon chain length. A wide range of solvent-surfactant combinations were analyzed, the main results show that increasing the ethoxylation degree of the surfactant causes a decrease in c.m.c.. The maximum dimensions of the micellar aggregates followed an increase both with the positive variation of the degree of surfactant ethoxylation with: the increase of the carbon chain of the solvents, and the carbon chain length of the surfactant and the temperature. As regards the formats acquired by the aggregates, there was a predominance of flat structure variation, passing through a solid spherical and hollow spherical structure when concentration surfactant was reduced in the system.
13	ANDRÉ LUIS OLIVEIRA DE ALMEIDA "Phase diagram of the nonylphenol / glycerol / diesel solution System" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES Data: Dec 22, 2017 Show Abstract The phase behavior of 6 systems, at temperature of 25 ° C and pressure of 1 atm, was investigated in this work by the construction of their respective diagrams. System I (diesel / solution 15% glycerol / R40/R60 surfactant mixture ratio 1: 2), system II (diesel / 15% glycerol solution / R40/R60 surfactant mixture ratio 1: 1), system III (diesel / 15% glycerol solution / R60), system IV (diesel / 15% solution glycerol / R40), system V (diesel / 0% glycerol / and the VI system (diesel / glycerin solution 30% / R40 Surfactant). All systems were treated as pseudo-ternary, since no system has only 3 pure components in its composition. All systems showed the area of isotropic stability. System I presented a considerable region of gel when compared to the other systems. In analyzing the systems IV, V and VI it was realized that the higher the glycerin concentration the lower the stable microemulsion region. The tielines of the IV and V systems were found and converged to a single point. Initially it was thought that the whole region below the binodal was of 2 phases, however the studies and later photos bought the existence of 3 phases and even of only 1 phase in that region in few spaces
	Thesis
1	CHRISTIANE MARIA CHRISTINA NÓBREGA BAKKER "Evaluation of the production and application of enzymes using wheat bran residue as a substrate by solid state fermentation". Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JOSÉ ARAÚJO DANTAS NATHALIA KELLY DE ARAUJO SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS Data: Mar 16, 2017 Show Abstract In order to point alternatives for wheat bran disposal destination generated in food industries sector, thus contributing with the reduction of the resultant impact of the deposition of residues in the environment. It has been evaluated in the present work the potential of the wheat bran as substrate for xylanase production by solid state fermentation using fungal consortiums as well as the Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC9362), Trichoderma reesei (2768), Bacillus cereus CCT nº 5457, from Fundação André Tosello-SP. The use of non-washed and non-autoclaved wheat bran as carbon and energy source on the solid state fermentation by the Aspergillus oryzae fungus showed greater percentage of the produced protein after 72 hours of cultivation. The use of a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) - 23 factorial planning with three repetitions at the central point as well as six axial points – coupled to Surface Response Methodology (SRM) allowed to assay the influence of humidity, pH and grain size (independent variables or factors) on the xylanase activity (dependent variable or response) as well as to optimize the best condition for the enzyme production. Results showed that all factors and their combination were significant at 95% confidence level. The optimized xylanase activity was (11.78 ±0,01) UI/g or (3.54) UI/mL obtained at 40% of humidity, pH 3.3 with grain size of 900.0µm. The produced broth was stable for 6 months and remained about (50%) of the initial xylanase activity at 4°C. SDS-PAGE assay showed that xylanase has 30 kDa molar mass. The obtained enzymatic broth was efficient to modify wheat flours as shown by the falling number rheologic parameters and alveography assay.
2	LUIZ ANTONIO DO NASCIMENTO "Application of the polyacrylamide on flocculation of metallic cations" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOSELISSE SOARES DE CARVALHO SANTOS MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: May 26, 2017 Show Abstract The increase in the levels of contaminants agents of anthropic origin is associated to the development of industrial activity around the world. The action of the industries in this case, is caused by large volume of wastewater with high concentration or with a variety of contaminant. Heavy metals are generally seen as damage substances to human and animal health. However, they are increasingly being used in many important products to our day to day, this can to increasing numbers of people exposed to direct or indirect contamination. Contamination, and eventual poisoning, by heavy metals in some places is somewhat chronic, since their symptoms do not appear immediately, and the process is developed for a very long time. Therefore, several techniques to treatment have been developed to guarantee the maximum safety possible in discard these residues. One of the most commonly used techniques to treat metals dissolved in aqueous solution is a chemical precipitation. Adjustment of pH or addition of a flocculating agent is a basic condition to carry out this technique. Ionic polyacrylamide is an organic-based polymer having active sites in its chain able to uptake metal cations from an aqueous solution. In this work, it shows a zinc removal efficiency rise from 30 to 70% when the pH of the solution is incremented from 4.5 to 7.0 and exceeded 70% in tests with copper without variation in pH. In an action combined with CTAB, removal efficiency reaches 20% to 40%, with only one addition this surfactant at a concentration that was twofold the concentration of Zn2+ ions. The treatment of a real effluent from galvanic plant containing nickel and copper was analyzed, polyacrylamide shows to be more selective to copper whose removal efficiency reaches 30% while 10% is obtained for nickel without any other auxiliary compound. Polyacrylamide also acting well as an inhibitor of incrustation due to maintain Ca2+ ions in solution even at high temperature. Therefore, it can be said that polyacrylamide is polyvalent and is capable to accomplish the function of being a flocculating agent of metal cations dissolved in an aqueous solution.
3	SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO "Production of biodiesel, in a continuous flow reactor, from cotton oil under supercritical conditions." Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA RICARDO HENRIQUE ROCHA DE CARVALHO Data: Sep 1, 2017 Show Abstract In the global energy context, biodiesel has emerged as an important source of renewable energy, mainly due to its ease of production and the variety of raw material available worldwide. Specifically in Brazil, the biodiesel industry has shown significant growth in production, due to the federal laws that require the mixing of B100 (biodiesel) with fossil diesel. Considering the importance of this industry to Brazil, this work sought to evaluate the potential of cotton seed oil for biodiesel production from three techniques: transesterification using ethanol, interesterification (using methyl acetate) and interesterification with methyl acetate and addition of aqueous acetic acid solution. The reactions occurred under supercritical conditions of temperature and pressure, in a continuous flow tubular reactor, with a volume of 15 mL. The maximum yield obtained by the transesterification was 75.05%, at the pressure of 150 and 200 bar, 375 °C, oil/ethanol molar ratio 1:40, and residence time 40 and 30 min, respectively. On the route using methyl acetate the highest yield was 99.51% (FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) + triacetin), obtained in 35 min, oil/methyl acetate ratio 1:3, pressure 200 bar and 350 °C using 20% aqueous acetic acid solution (26%). High values of biodiesel decomposition were observed in both routes due to the high concentrations of polyunsaturated triglycerides in the oil and the severe process conditions.
4	ENIO RAFAEL DE MEDEIROS SANTOS "DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRATIVE PROCESSES FROM RUMEX ACETOSA AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ITS EXTRACTS." Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA RICARDO HENRIQUE ROCHA DE CARVALHO Data: Sep 18, 2017 Show Abstract Researches presented in excess of free radicals as products of various diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the use of natural phenolic compounds by an item of excellent antioxidant activity and by inhibiting formation of radicals emerges. In the middle of the studies on the compounds, antioxidants: cis and trans-resveratrol, cis and trans-piceid and emodin gain prominence in the scientific environment. Scientific works prove the presence of phenolic compounds in the herbaceous "Azedinha" (Rumex acetosa), so its roots have been increasingly used in pharmacological applications. AEG, Microwave Extraction (MAE), solvent extraction (APE), microwave extraction (MAE), low pressure solvent extraction (LPSE). In SFE, it was evaluated the process variables, kinetics of extraction, yield and solubility of the extract. In the PLEs, both as evaluated, temperature and pressure, as an influence of the different solvents (water, ethanol, hexane, toluene, acetonitrile and isopropanol) and their use sequenced as sequenced PLE. The curves obtained in the SFEs and PLEs were adjusted according to the models: Martinez, Crank and Sovová and their calculated mean deviations. In the Soxhlet extraction the use of four solvents (ethanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol and butyl alcohol) was evaluated, whereas in LPSE and MAE extraction it was used as solvent. The use of supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) propagation as a form of drying has also been tested. The total phenolic content, the antioxidant capacity of the extracts and the main components of the μm extract determined. The yields obtained in all the techniques varied from 0.2 to 8.7%, being the best result obtained in the PLE extraction with ethanol. SUE presented the extract with the highest concentration of emodin (42.82 mg/g). The trans-resveratrol concentration in all extracts ranged from 1.03 to 5.57 mg/g, depending on the technique used. The antioxidant activity and the total phenolic compounds resulted in values between 3.48 and 163.43 μg/mL and 27.63 and 157.04 mgEAG/ge, respectively, depending on the technique used. MAE obtained extracts with 130.67 mgEAG/ge and 3.48 μg/mL in 30 minutes of operation. Extracts with pressurized fluids (PLEs and SFEs) showed excellent results, especially with respect to sequential extraction, where trans-resveratrol and emodine separation was possible, not with extraction of phenols of high and medium polarity, such as SFE.
5	ANGELINNE COSTA ALEXANDRINO "Catalytic evaluation of coal derived from sewage sludge pyrolysis and molybdenum carbides materials for the production of biodiesel from methyl transesterification reaction of soybean oil at low pressure and temperature." Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA LUCIENE DA SILVA SANTOS FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ MOHAND BENACHOUR Data: Sep 29, 2017 Show Abstract For decades, the production of environment-friendly fuels, as alternative power sources for oil, has gained attention and interest of researchers worldwide. Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel that can be obtained from residual oils, animal fat and vegetable oils through heterogeneous transesterification reaction using alcohol. In this context, heterogeneous catalyst present potential for biodiesel production as they can be regenerated and provide a cleaner and more efficient process. In this work, several molybdenum carbide catalysts were tested for the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol towards producing biodiesel. These catalysts were pure Mo2C, Mo2C supported over activated carbon (A.C), pure A.C and bimetallic Ni (20%)-Mo2C/A.C being this support produced from sewage sludge pyrolysis. The pyrolysis product was treated with KOH, in order to increase its porosity and promote a larger specific surface area, and later physically activated. Gas solid reaction with CH4 and H2 atmosphere was used to produce the studied molybdenum derived catalysts, and ammonium molybdate was used as molybdenum source in all cases. All catalysts were characterized in a TG, XDR, XFR, SEM, B.E.T and laser particle size analysis basis. Their activity towards transesterification reaction was evaluated by using a mixing reactor with temperature control and alcohol reflux at 65 °C. The parameters that were manipulated for this experimental evaluation were: type and mass concentration of the catalyst (1, 2 and 5%), oil/alcohol ratio (1/6, 1/9, 1/12 and 1/18), pH (2.0; 4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 7.0; 8.0 and 8.5), reaction time (3 and 5h) and liquid phase agitation speed (450 and 600 rpm). For all conditions and other catalysts, biodiesel was produced. The maximum conversion found was 27.34% for the Mo2C/A.C catalyst under the operating conditions of 1% catalyst, 6 h reaction, oil/alcohol ration of 1/12 and pH = 5. A pseudo homogeneous kinetics model was proposed, and experimental data presented agreement with a 1st order reaction with speed rate constant of 0,0009 min-1.
6	TAMYRIS THAISE COSTA DE SOUZA "Technical - economic analysis of methods of microemulsion injection in advanced oil recovery" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANTONIO ROBSON GURGEL MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS TULIO YTERBIO FERNANDES VALE VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Oct 11, 2017 Show Abstract Abstract: Enhanced oil recovery methods are used to increase the productivity of reservoirs in which water or gas injections are inefficient, or can be used as a initial alternative to production. Among these methods are thermal, miscible and chemical methods. The use of advanced recovery chemical methods acts on the alteration of physicochemical rock / fluid properties, reducing the residual oil saturation and increasing the displacement of oil in the porous medium. Injection of chemical fluids, such as polymer solution, surfactant solution and microemulsion, seeks to increase the viscosity of injected fluid, decrease interfacial tension and increase miscibility between the injected fluid and the retained oil. Studies in this area show that chemical fluids are considered an effective alternative in the production of oil after the use of water or gas as an injection fluid. In this work the use of chemical fluids (surfactant and microemulsion solution) in the advanced oil recovery (EOR) with Ultramina NP200 as a surfactant was evaluated. Microemulsified systems are composed of: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; kerosene and local water supply. Microemulsion systems (SM) were characterized by measurements of particle diameter, surface tension, interfacial tension and viscosity. In the EOR tests, the influence of the injected surfactant concentration and the way in which surface tension, interfacial and viscosity influence the recovery of crude oil (29º API) were evaluated. The use of Ultramin NP200 solution has been able to increase the capacity of displacement of petroleum in relation to the injection of brine. However, the surfactant solution, despite the high concentration (25% m / m), obtained a lower recovery factor when compared to the microemulsion, even when the active matter concentration is low (1.0% - m / m). The recovery factor increased with increasing surfactant concentration in the microemulsion, but this growth was significant for SM injection with up to 6% (m / m) of surfactant. It has also been observed that satisfactory results of %OOIPA can be achieved by injecting smaller amounts of microemulsion followed by injection of brine. The use of the microemulsified system with 6% surfactant (SM4) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL / min, reached the oil recovery in place of 24.1% (% OOIPA) and total recovery of 77.2% (% OOIPT). In the economic evaluation it was observed that the use of small volumes of microemulsion, with higher concentration of surfactant, can result in a more viable project, by analyzing the price of a barrel of oil.

2016

	Dissertations
1	PRISCILLA CIBELLE OLIVEIRA DE SOUZA FIRMINO "Influência de sistemas microemulsionados na molhabilidade de arenito e na recuperação avançada de petróleo" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES ALEXANDRE GURGEL Data: Jan 27, 2016 Show Abstract As rochas reservatório do tipo arenito são comumente responsáveis por acumulações de petróleo. A molhabilidade é um parâmetro fundamental para as propriedades físicas do reservatório, uma vez que interfere em características como a permeabilidade relativa à fase aquosa, a distribuição de óleo residual no reservatório, as características de exploração com inundações de água e a recuperação do petróleo bruto. Este estudo consistiu em aplicar diferentes tipos de sistemas microemulsionados – SME – nos reservatórios de arenito e avaliar as suas influências na molhabilidade e na recuperação do petróleo residual. Para tanto, foram obtidos quatro sistemas microemulsionados diferindo quanto à natureza iônica dos tensoativos (iônicos e não iônico). A caracterização dos sistemas obtidos revelaram microemulsões, que através de análises de tensão superficial, massa específica, diâmetro de partícula e viscosidade numa faixa de temperatura de 30 a 70°C foram caracterizadas. O petróleo estudado foi caracterizado como do tipo leve e a rocha arenito é proveniente da formação Botucatu. O estudo da influência dos sistemas microemulsionados na molhabilidade do arenito foi realizado através de medidas de ângulos de contato utilizando como parâmetros o tempo de tratamento da rocha com SME e após o contato salmoura-superficie, verificando o comportamento da variação de ângulo. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que a rocha inicialmente de molhabilidade mista, para após tratamento com os SME, teve sua molhabilidade invertida para molhável a água. Em relação ao tempo de contato rocha-SME, foi evidenciado que a molhabilidade da rocha teve mais alteração quando houve maior tempo de contanto entre sua superfície e os sistemas microemulsionados, como também que só houve uma redução significativa para os primeiros 5 minutos de interação entre a superfície já tratada e a salmoura. Os melhores resultados foram para o sistema microemulsionado aniônico de tensoativo sintetizado, o catiônico comercial, o aniônico comercial e não iônico, respectivamente. Para a atuação dos sistemas na recuperação avançada de petróleo, todos apresentaram um percentual significativo de óleo recuperado, com os melhores resultados para o sistema aniônico, que atingiu a um percentual de 80% de recuperação, comprovando os resultados do estudo da molhabilidade, que mostrou a influência desta propriedade sobre a interação entre os fluidos e a rocha reservatório e a capacidade dos sistemas microemulsionados para a recuperação avançada de petróleo em reservatórios de arenito.
2	VIVIAN MARIA DE ARRUDA MAGALHÃES "Remoção de carbonatos para otimizar a biolixiviação de rejeito calcopirítico empregando consórcio de microrganismos". Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jan 28, 2016 Show Abstract A biolixiviação da calcopirita ainda não possui aplicação em escala comercial devido à baixa eficiência, por isso esse processo tem sido bastante estudado nos últimos anos. A biolixiviação de rejeito calcopirítico se torna ainda mais difícil devido a presença de maior quantidade de impurezas, entre elas encontram-se os carbonatos. A presença de carbonatos no minério promove o aumento do pH da solução podendo inibir o desenvolvimento da biolixiviação. Assim, essa pesquisa tem como objetivo a aplicação do tratamento ácido para otimização do processo de biolixiviação, a fim de recuperar o cobre perdido ao longo do processo além de reduzir o teor desse metal tóxico na lagoa de rejeitos. A remoção e recuperação de metais tóxicos é grande relevância na proteção do meio ambiente e para saúde dos seres humanos. Os experimentos de biolixiviação foram realizados em duas etapas, na primeira fez-se uso do rejeito pré-tratado com ácido sulfúrico na biolixiviação e na segunda fez-se uso do rejeito sem tratamento, com a adição de ácido sulfúrico no início da biolixiviação. O tratamento ácido foi realizado em biorreatores com a adição de três volumes diferentes de H2SO4 96% e um experimento controle. Todos os experimentos de biolixiviação foram realizados em triplicada mais um controle, sem adição de inóculo. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento ácido foi eficiente na remoção dos carbonatos e conseguiu promover a biolixiviação da calcopirita em ambas as etapas estudadas, sendo possível atingir cerca de 47% de recuperação de cobre ao final dos experimentos.
3	ADOLFO LOPES DE FIGUEREDO "Determination of reactivity and thermodynamic analysis of solid oxygen carriers for chemical looping" Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Jan 29, 2016 Show Abstract Existing technologies for CO2 capture and sequestration oftentimes make the process industrially infeasible because it demands a high power consumption, leading to a reduction in plant efficiency and increasing the cost of production. Therefore, in order to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases, has focused on the use of alternative energy and increased efficiency in conversion and use of energy. Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) and Reform (CLR) are among the best alternatives to reduce CO2 emissions, because they facilitate his capture with low cost and without substantial loss of energy efficiency. The reaction system is based on oxygen transfer on the air into a fuel through a solid oxygen carrier (SOC) which circulates between two fluidized bed reactors. Combustion reactions occur on the surface of the SOC, which is, key issue for the development and sizing from CLC technology. In view of that there is still the necessity of study the behavior of SOCs in order to obtain a suitable carrier for the chemical looping technology, this work had as objective carry out a study of the SOCs for CLC and CLR using hydrogen, methane and ethanol as fuels. Two SOCs, to the based on Ni and Cu, were assessed according their reactivities, as well as the thermodynamic study was performed for this process. For this study, an characterization of SOC to Cu base was perfomed different mass concentrations of Cu. The results showed that the concentration of copper to be added to the support decreased size pore inflict on by sintering of the active metal, leaving only a percentage at the surface. Significant changes in the reduction temperature were not observed with the increase in Cu concentration. In general, all the SOC to Cu base reached maximum conversion using ethanol as fuel, showing to be quite reactive. It was also found that the higher the metal oxide content, the lower the reaction rate. For the addition of low concentrations of copper, the nucleation model showed better description of the experimental data. Already for the higher concentrations of copper addition and with addition of 1% cerium, the shrinking core model correlated better to experimental data. Regarding the redox system CuO / Cu, it was observed that high values of equilibrium constant (Keq) were obtained for the temperatures investigated, showing virtually complete conversion of the fuel is obtained. Increasing the temperature resulted in a decrease of Keq, but higher temperatures are required for complete reduction of the SOC. The variation of Gibbs energy was minimal for the relevant temperatures for CLC, indicating that the combustion reaction occurs spontaneously. For Ni-based SOC, commercial samples were used. This proved to be very reactive, with conversions greater than 90% using CH4 and H2 and CH4 + H2O as fuels. High temperatures, around 900 °C were required for a high conversion. The shrinking core model obtained a good description of the experimental data presenting low error for lower conversions than 0.8, while the diffusion model described better the experimental data with conversions greater than 0.8.
4	PAULA ROMYNE DE MORAIS CAVALCANTE NEITZKE "REMOÇÃO DE FENOL DE EFLUENTES AQUOSOS UTILIZANDO FLOCULAÇÃO IÔNICA" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANTONIO EDUARDO CLARK PERES RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Jan 29, 2016 Show Abstract A exploração de petróleo é uma das mais importantes atividades industriais da sociedade moderna e apesar de seus derivados apresentarem inúmeras aplicações em relação aos processos industriais, existem muitos subprodutos indesejáveis durante esse processo, um deles é a água separada do petróleo, denominada água de produção, que é constituída por poluentes de difícil degradação. Além disso, o elevado volume de água gerado torna seu tratamento um grande problema para as indústrias petrolíferas. Dentre os principais contaminantes desses efluentes estão o fenol e seus derivados, substâncias de difícil degradação natural que devido ao poder tóxico, devem ser removidos por um processo de tratamento antes de sua disposição final. Com o intuito de viabilizar a remoção de fenol em águas residuais da indústria petrolífera foi desenvolvido um sistema de extração por floculação iônica com tensoativo. A floculação iônica baseia-se na reação de tensoativo carboxilado com cálcio originando um tensoativo insolúvel, que sob agitação agrega-se formando flocos capazes de atrair a matéria orgânica através da adsorção. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se sabão base como tensoativo na floculação iônica e avaliou-se a eficiência do processo pela influência dos seguintes parâmetros: concentração de tensoativo, fenol, cálcio e eletrólitos, velocidade de agitação, tempo de repouso, temperatura e pH. A floculação do tensoativo se deu no próprio efluente (concentração inicial de fenol = 100 ppm,) e a eficiência de remoção alcançou 65% de remoção, utilizando concentrações de tensoativo e cálcio de 1300 e 975 ppm, respectivamente em T = 35 °C, pH = 9,7, velocidade de agitação = 100 rpm e tempo de contato de 5 minutos. A permanência dos flocos em meio aquoso promove a dessorção do fenol da superfície do floco para a solução, atingindo 90% de dessorção em um tempo de 150 minutos, e o estudo da cinética de dessorção mostrou que o modelo de Lagergren de pseudo-primeira ordem foi adequado para descrever a dessorção do fenol. Estes resultados mostram que o processo avaliado pode configurar uma nova alternativa para o tratamento no que se refere a remoção de fenol de efluentes aquosos da indústria de petróleo.
5	JESSICA MARIA DAMIAO DE ARRUDA CAMARA "Análise da biorremediação de compostos monoaromáticos em água através da Pseudomona aeruginosa" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA ÁLVARO DANIEL TELES PINHEIRO Data: Jan 29, 2016 Show Abstract A exploração de petróleo é uma das mais importantes atividades industriais da sociedade moderna e apesar de seus derivados apresentarem inúmeras aplicações em relação aos processos industriais, existem muitos subprodutos indesejáveis durante esse processo, um deles é a água separada do petróleo, denominada água de produção, que é constituída por poluentes de difícil degradação. Além disso, o elevado volume de água gerado torna seu tratamento um grande problema para as indústrias petrolíferas. Dentre os principais contaminantes desses efluentes estão o fenol e seus derivados, substâncias de difícil degradação natural que devido ao poder tóxico, devem ser removidos por um processo de tratamento antes de sua disposição final. Com o intuito de viabilizar a remoção de fenol em águas residuais da indústria petrolífera foi desenvolvido um sistema de extração por floculação iônica com tensoativo. A floculação iônica baseia-se na reação de tensoativo carboxilado com cálcio originando um tensoativo insolúvel, que sob agitação agrega-se formando flocos capazes de atrair a matéria orgânica através da adsorção. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se sabão base como tensoativo na floculação iônica e avaliou-se a eficiência do processo pela influência dos seguintes parâmetros: concentração de tensoativo, fenol, cálcio e eletrólitos, velocidade de agitação, tempo de repouso, temperatura e pH. A floculação do tensoativo se deu no próprio efluente (concentração inicial de fenol = 100 ppm,) e a eficiência de remoção alcançou 65% de remoção, utilizando concentrações de tensoativo e cálcio de 1300 e 975 ppm, respectivamente em T = 35 °C, pH = 9,7, velocidade de agitação = 100 rpm e tempo de contato de 5 minutos. A permanência dos flocos em meio aquoso promove a dessorção do fenol da superfície do floco para a solução, atingindo 90% de dessorção em um tempo de 150 minutos, e o estudo da cinética de dessorção mostrou que o modelo de Lagergren de pseudo-primeira ordem foi adequado para descrever a dessorção do fenol. Estes resultados mostram que o processo avaliado pode configurar uma nova alternativa para o tratamento no que se refere a remoção de fenol de efluentes aquosos da indústria de petróleo.
6	TYCIANNE JANYNNE DE OLIVEIRA CABRAL "Concentração do óleo de girassol em compostos insaturados utilizando destilação molecular" Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA IZABELLY LARISSA LUCENA Data: Jan 29, 2016 Show Abstract Os óleos vegetais caracterizam-se como matérias-primas importantes no fornecimento de substâncias naturais de interesse das indústrias farmacêuticas, alimentícias e cosméticas. O óleo de girassol destaca-se por apresentar em sua composição importantes ácidos graxos insaturados, como o ácido oleico (C18:1) e linoleico (C18:2), responsáveis por diversos benefícios à saúde. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho é a obtenção de frações enriquecidas em ácidos graxos insaturados a partir do óleo de girassol refinado. O óleo em estudo foi caracterizado através da determinação de algumas propriedades, como índice de iodo, índice de acidez e viscosidade. Uma transesterificação foi realizada a fim de transformar os triglicerídeos nos seus correspondentes ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos. Estes foram submetidos ao processo de destilação molecular, por apresentar-se como uma alternativa eficiente para separação e purificação dessas substâncias, utilizando alto vácuo e temperaturas reduzidas. As frações de ésteres obtidas foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. A técnica de planejamento de experimentos foi empregada a fim de avaliar as melhores condições para obtenção das frações de destilado, analisando algumas variáveis, como temperatura do sistema de evaporação e condensação. A temperatura do evaporador mostrou-se como a variável de maior influência sobre o percentual de destilado obtido. As condições otimizadas para a resposta estudada foi de 100°C para temperatura do evaporador e de 10°C para a temperatura do condensador. O gráfico de “Split ratio” mostrou que para a menor vazão de alimentação (1mL/min) e maior temperatura do evaporador (110 °C), foi obtida a maior fração de destilado. Foi realizado ainda, o estudo da influência da temperatura do evaporador sobre a concentração de compostos insaturados. A melhor condição de operação foi para a temperatura de 90°C, alcançando 82,22% de compostos insaturados. Foram obtidas as curvas de eliminação dos compostos insaturados presentes na corrente de destilado. Os resultados da simulação do processo de destilação molecular do óleo de girassol mostraram os perfis de concentração para três diferentes vazões de alimentação. Foram obtidos os perfis de velocidade, temperatura e espessura do filme líquido. A velocidade do filme aumenta à medida que o fluido escorre pelas paredes do evaporador, atingindo um valor máximo no comprimento de 0,075 m. A espessura do filme diminui ao longo do percurso, uma vez que muitos compostos são volatilizados. O resultado do perfil de temperatura apresentou-se coerente com os reproduzidos pela literatura, mostrando-se constante após atingir a temperatura máxima de operação no comprimento de 0,15 m. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho permitiu caracterizar e concentrar, por meio da análise experimental, os compostos insaturados, bem como observar o comportamento do óleo de girassol através da simulação do processo.
7	CINTHIA MEIRELLY DE ARAÚJO ELPÍDIO "SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ADSORVENTE PELICULAR PARA ADSORÇÃO EM LEITO EXPANDIDO (ALE)" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA IVANILDO JOSÉ DA SILVA JUNIOR Data: Feb 3, 2016 Show Abstract O objetivo do presente trabalho é sintetizar e caracterizar um adsorvente pelicular adequado ao processo de Adsorção em Leito Expandido (ALE). O composto sintetizado possui um núcleo composto de esferas de zircônia estabilizadas com ítria e recobertas por uma matriz insolúvel de agarose. Nos ensaios para obtenção das partículas revestidas foi utilizado um sistema agitado com temperatura controlada. A proteína modelo (Albumina de Soro Bovino – BSA) foi utilizada como adsorbato durante os ensaios. Uma triagem dos corantes reativos (ligantes) Azul Brilhante de Remazol RN, Remazol Azul Turquesa G 133% e Remazol Amarelo Ouro RGB Concentrado foi feita variando-se o pH para encontrar o ligante com maior capacidade de adsorção e a melhor condição para operar o processo. O corante Remazol Amarelo Ouro RGB Concentrado foi selecionado, visto que apresentou um bom desempenho (26,02 mg/g adsorvente) e se mostrou mais estável em pH 4,5 a 5,0. A análise morfológica das partículas revestidas foi realizada por microscopia óptica e mostrou que a espessura do adsorvente pelicular é aproximadamente 5 µm. A distribuição de tamanho realizada em Granulômetro Cilas mostrou que a maioria das partículas adsorventes possui diâmetro entre 112 – 300 µm, cujo diâmetro médio foi 197,54 µm e 202,25 µm, para a esfera sem e com cobertura, respectivamente. A densidade ligante mostrou que a quantidade de BSA adsorvida é maior quando a relação corante/adsorvente (µg/mg) é maior. O estudo cinético da partícula imobilizada mostrou o decaimento padrão. A isoterma de adsorção mostrou que pela equação de Langmuir a capacidade de adsorção máxima (qm) da BSA com a partícula revestida imobilizada com o corante reativo Remazol Amarelo Ouro RGB Concentrado é igual a 102,328 mg/mL de adsorvente. Palavras-chave: adsorção em leito expandido, cromatografia por afinidade, adsorvente pelicular.
8	LUIZ GONZAGA LOPES NETO "Modelagem da Degradação de Fenol em Efluentes Aquosos Através do Processo de Foto-Fenton." Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 29, 2016 Show Abstract Os processos oxidativos avançados (POA) são técnicas que envolvem a formação de radicais hidroxila (HO•) com grande poder de oxidação de matéria orgânica. Esses processos têm encontrado cada vez mais aplicação na indústria por serem capazes de degradar substâncias recalcitrantes que não são removidas completamente por processos tradicionais de tratamento de efluentes. Nesse trabalho, estudou-se a modelagem da degradação do fenol pelo processo de foto-Fenton, baseado na adição de H2O2, Fe2+ e radiação luminosa. Um planejamento experimental foi desenvolvido para analisar os efeitos das concentrações de fenol, H2O2 e Fe2+ na fração de carbono orgânico total (COT) degradada. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator fotoquímico parabólico em batelada com 1,5 L de capacidade. Amostras do meio reacional foram retiradas em diferentes tempos de reação e analisadas em um medidor de COT da Shimadzu (TOC-VWP). Os resultados encontrados mostram efeito negativo da concentração de fenol, e positivo das outras duas variáveis na fração de COT degradado. Uma análise estatística do planejamento mostrou que a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio era também a variável mais influente na fração de COT degradada em 45 minutos e gerou um modelo com R² = 0,82, que previu os pontos experimentais com pouca precisão. Utilizou-se o Visual Basic for Applications para gerar um modelo por redes neurais e um banco de dados fotoquímicos. Esse modelo apresentou R² = 0,96 e previu com precisão os valores de resposta utilizados para teste. Os resultados encontrados indicam a possível aplicação da ferramenta desenvolvida para indústria, principalmente pela simplicidade, baixo custo e facilidade de acesso ao programa.
9	CYNTHIA KÉRZIA COSTA DE ARAÚJO “Avaliação da influência de surfactantes químico e biológico na hidrólise enzimática da casca do coco verde após pré-tratamento ácido/alcalino e com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino.” Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FABIANO AVELINO GONÇALVES FRANCISCO CANINDE DE SOUSA JUNIOR GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO Data: Mar 18, 2016 Show Abstract “No Brasil são gerados diversos tipos de subprodutos e resíduos agroindustriais como: bagaço de pedúnculo de caju, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, bagaço de coco e outros. A disposição final desses resíduos, ou seja, sua eliminação causa sérios problemas ambientais. Apesar de uma parte ser utilizada para fins diversos, uma grande quantidade ainda permanece sem utilização. Neste sentido, os resíduos de conteúdo lignocelulósico, como a casca do coco verde, constituem uma matéria-prima renovável e abundante cujo aproveitamento é desejável e tem provocado um interesse crescente para o uso na cadeia de produção de etanol de 2ª geração. Neste trabalho foi utilizada como matéria-prima a casca de coco verde, a qual foi submetida a dois pré-tratamentos com o objetivo de melhorar a acessibilidade das enzimas à celulose. Os pré-tratamentos aplicados ao bagaço de coco foram: Ácido/Alcalino utilizando H2SO4 0,6M e, em seguida, NaOH 1M e, o pré-tratamento com Peróxido de Hidrogênio Alcalino (PHA) a uma concentração de 7,35% (v/v) e pH 11,5. O objetivo principal do estudo em questão, foi avaliar a influência do biossurfactante (ramnolipídeo produzido pela Pseudomonas aeruginosa), durante a hidrólise da casca de coco verde. Para efeito de comparação, foram realizadas hidrólises utilizando surfactante químico, nesse caso o Triton X-100, e hidrólises sem adição de surfactantes. Dessa forma, observou-se que, com a aplicação de ambos os pré-tratamentos, foi possível atingir uma maior conversão de celulose ao comparar com o material in natura. No entanto, ao analisar os resultados obtidos para o processo de hidrólise com a aplicação de surfactantes, verificou-se que o ramnolipídeo produzido melhora, consideravelmente, a conversão celulósica da casca de coco verde, atingindo uma conversão de 33% após 72 horas de hidrólise, enquanto que, a conversão máxima atingida com o uso do Triton X-100 foi de 23%. Esses resultados mostram que o biossurfactante pode ser aplicado na hidrólise enzimática de materiais lignocelulósicos, de modo a apresentar uma boa influência no processo.”
10	ALDO MIRO DE MEDEIROS "Chemical interesterification cotton oil with methyl acetate assisted by ultrasound" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA RICARDO HENRIQUE ROCHA DE CARVALHO Data: Jul 25, 2016 Show Abstract In this paper we present a study of the interesterification process of cottonseed oil with methyl acetate using potassium methylate as a catalyst in the presence of ultrasonic waves. In order to better understand the important process variables, we used an experimental design star type, a response surface methodology and statistical techniques. The experiments were carried out with molar ratio ranging from 1: 8 to 1:24, percentage of catalyst from 0.1 to 1.3 wt%, amplitude of the ultrasonic nozzle 30 to 90% (180 to 540W) and vibration pulse 50 to 90%. In planning, the temperature used was 50 ° C, the reaction time 30 min and the ultrasonic nozzle diameter of 28 mm. We used the Statistica 8.0 software to optimize the process variables, where the molar ratio was optimized in 1: 14.87, catalyst concentration of 1.17%, amplitude of the ultrasonic nozzle 67.64% and vibration pulse 67.30%. For the optimized by experimental design (98.12% of triglyceride conversion), we performed a kinetic study of the reaction at temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 ° C. The reaction was performed with 2nd-order kinetics in that the rate constant of the reaction increases with increasing temperature. The activation energy was quantified in 79.129 kJ / mol. Finally, we conducted a comparative study of the production of biodiesel interesterification in the presence of ultrasonic waves, with a conventional method (mechanical stirring), with a significant increase of 13% of triglyceride conversion with the use of ultrasonic waves compared to a conventional methodology.
11	JÉSSICA ISABELLE DE SOUZA FREITAS Treatment of produced water using combined technique flocculation/dissolved air flotation with the mix of polyelectrolyte and Moringa oleífera. Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA KARLA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MARCEL VASCONCELOS MELO Data: Jul 29, 2016 Show Abstract The Oil industry is one of the sectors with greatest potential for environmental degradation and the produced water is the largest waste stream. The complex chemical composition and the high volume generated of this effluent carry a strict control and management. In accordance with current environmental legislation the water should be treated before being discarded, reuse and recycle include underground injected to increase oil production, and other purpose. With regard to the treatment of produced water for oils and greases content removal, the combined technique flocculation/dissolved air flotation has been extensively studied. In the flocculation step has been used high cost flocculants of conventional chemical and non-biodegradable. In the context was evaluated the oils and greases content removal efficiency from the produced water by the combined technique flocculation/dissolved air flotation using Moringa Oleíifera a blend of natural flocculants and two commercial flocculants “C” and “D” (already use in the industry), aiming to let the water produced in the disposal conditions. The assays were performed according to experimental design statistical evaluation of the influence of the total concentration of flocculants, slow mixing time and flotation time on the efficiency of oils and grease content removal. Moreover, for each mixture and their respective ratios studied were obtained mathematical models. The effluent treatment using the mix of Moringa Oleífera flocculants and commercial flocculants “D” with mixing ratio in basis volume 50%:50% reaching the environmental requirements in all conditions evaluated, while, under the same conditions it wasn’t possible using the mix of Moringa Oleífera flocculants and commercial flocculants “C”. Also it was found the oils and greases removal content efficiency with mixing ratio in basis volume 70%:30%, respectively, as economic and environmental concern which was possible reach the environmental requirements for produced water disposal. All mixes of Moringa Oleífera flocculants and commercial flocculants “C” and “D” achieved satisfactory experimental results for produced water disposal.
12	HUGO DE PAIVA NUNES " Modeling of phase equilibrium data for mixtures of carbon dioxide and light hydrocarbons at high pressure" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jul 29, 2016 Show Abstract Due to the large amount of compounds present in the crude oil, for example, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, it is necessary knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of these mixtures and the vapor-liquid equilibrium, as industrial processes for obtaining their derivatives gasoline, diesel, naphtha, kerosene, among others, use these properties to determine the quantities of heat and work necessary to carry out these processes. For fluid, these properties are often evaluated from measurements of the molar volume as a function of temperature and pressure, providing relationships between pressure, volume and temperature (PVT), which can be expressed as state equations. This paper consists to list the experimental data in literature CO2 balance - CH4/C2H6 /C3H8/C4H10 to various temperatures and pressures and using the cubic equation of state Peng-Robinson and Van der Walls quadratic mixing rule (QMR / k) SPECS through the simulator in order to provide a basis for quantitative description of the actual behavior of fluids and generalized correlations which allow the prediction of PVT behavior of fluids for which there is availability of experimental data.
13	SEMUEL EBENEZER DANTAS COSTA "SYNTHETIC SANDSTONES PREPARATION AND STUDY OF THEIR PROPERTIES FOR USE IN THE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS JOSELISSE SOARES DE CARVALHO SANTOS Data: Aug 26, 2016 Show Abstract The natural rocks used for studying enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are expensive to acquire and are also anisotropic. Moreover, any detailed study on enhanced recovery requires several tests. For those reasons, this work consisted on obtaining synthetic sandstones composed of beach sand and ceramic shale, both with properties similar to those found in natural rocks. In order to do so, variations were performed on shale concentration (from 20 to 40% in weight), on compaction pressure (from 100 to 200 kgf/cm2) and on syntherization temperature (from 850 to 950 ºC), and a 2³ factorial design with centerpoint triple replicates was done, using the Statistica 8.0 software. Experiments aiming to analyse the material chemical and mineralogical compositions, the fluids rheology and the conventional oil recovery were also performed. The results show that increases in compaction pressure and in shale concentration and decreases in temperature lead to decreases in porosity and permeability and to increases in resistance to uniaxial compression. The models generated to theses response variables are meaningful and predictive, describing accurately the data, which presented a good reproducibility. The AS 10 synthetic sandstone was used for the conventional oil recovery experiments mainly for having the greatest resistance to uniaxial compression and for displaying permeability similar to the Berea sandstone, which is the most used in enhanced recovery worldwide. The conventional oil recovery experiments using the AS 10 showed the inverse relationship between oil viscosity and recovery factor. Furthermore, the conventional recovery factors found were similar to those from natural sandstone performed with oil having a similar viscosity.
14	MAITÊ MEDEIROS DE SANTANA E SILVA "Synthesis and characterization of Strontium molybdate obtained from the Complexation Method Combining EDTA / Citrate for photocatalytic degradation dye the textile industry." Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS Data: Aug 26, 2016 Show Abstract This work describes the production of strontium molybdate (SrMoO4) through complexation combined method EDTA / Citrate. Was investigated the influence of pH (6, 7,5 and 9), calcination time (3, 4 and 5h) and heating rate (5, 7 and 10°C.min-1) some chemical parameters and physical. For this, was applied a factorial design with 2³ triplicate at the midpoint. The synthesized materials were characterized by TG / DSC, XRD, EDX, and SEM diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Based on thermogravimetric curve of SrMoO4 powders were calcined at 650°C. All the XRD patterns were indexed according to JCPDS 01-085-0586 record with tetragonal structure and space group I41/a, secondary phases and impurities not being identified. It was found that there are differences between mean intensities of the diffraction peaks of x-rays. Using statistical tools, it was found that the rate of heating was the independent variable showed the greatest influence on this difference. The lattice parameters of the crystal structure were obtained from the Rietveld refinement method. The residual parameter refinement ranged from 1.035 to 1.292. The EDX analysis showed the presence of deviations between the theoretical and experimental composition for strontium and molybdenum components; the percentage deviation ranged from 0.027 to 3.67% depending on the conditions of synthesis. According to the SEM micrographs, the synthesized powders are composed of agglomerates of particles with irregular and spherical morphology bipiramidal. According to the analysis of the experimental design, having as dependent variable the optical bandgap values, the samples calcined with a heating rate of 10°C.min-1and time of 3 hours of reaction have lower bandgap values (4.18 and 4.17 eV for pH 6 and 9, respectively) compared to the calcined material in other conditions of synthesis. Exploratory testing of photobleaching of methylene blue dye indicate that the tested powder has influence in the process. Statistical models generated have been shown to describe the observed phenomena.
15	MICHAEL SEGUNDO SENA Evaluation of Photocatalytic Potential of Cerium Molybdate Obtained from EDTA-Citrate Method on Methylene Blue Degradation Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS Data: Sep 8, 2016 Show Abstract In this work, Cerium Molybdate (Ce2(MoO4)3) was synthesized and characterized, obtained with the method of combined complexation EDTA-Citrate. The synthesis parameters were investigated to evaluate the influence of pH (5, 7,5 and 10), calcining time (3, 4 and 5h) and heating rate (5, 7 and 10°C.min-1) on phase formation, average crystallite size and the material band gap. The samples obtained were characterized by TG/DSC, XRD, EDX, SEM and DRS analysis. With the curve of TG/DSC analysis, it was found decomposition temperature of volatiles until 600 °C, this temperature was chosen to calcine the precursors. The XRD patterns of the samples were all indexed to JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards) card no. 01-070-1382 with a single-phase monoclinic structure of Scheelite type and space group C2/c, secondary phases were not identified. The XRD patterns were refined by the Rietveld method, whereby the lattice parameters and the unit cell volume were obtained. Regarding to the EDX analysis (atomic %), it was noted that there are small differences between the theoretical atomic percentages of Ce and Mo and synthesized samples. By means of the SEM images, it was observed that generally the powders are formed by large agglomerated particles of rounded shape, forming a porous material. The crystallite size of the study was made based on the interpretation of data from diffractograms estimated by Halder-Wagner-Langford (HWL) and Scherrer methods, observing an average crystallite size ranges between 11.67 to 32.75 nm. The optical properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated using DRS- UV/Vis analysis whereby the optical band gap were measured, ranging between 2.33-2.43 eV and are classified as semiconductor materials with potential photocatalytic application using the visible light as the radiation source. An experimental design 2³ with three replications in central point was performed and the effects of synthesis parameters in crystallite size were evaluated. The synthesis method used was efficient for the production of a crystalline, single phase and nanosized material, and it was found that the synthesis performed with the reaction parameters on the point 1 of the experimental design is the most suitable for production of the material with the desired characteristics of crystallite size and band gap. With the photocatalysis tests, it was observed that in the conditions discussed in this work the material has high removal performance of blue methylene dye even without light irradiation, reaching a decrease in absorbance of 98% dye after 6 hours contact with an initial dye concentration of 30 ppm using cerium molybdate in a concentration of 125 mg/L. It was found through adsorption kinetics studies of methylene blue on cerium molybdate particles that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model describes well the system on the experimental conditions discussed in the work.
16	TIAGO FERNANDES DE OLIVEIRA The influence of heat treatment in mixed nanostructured oxides of niobium and tantalum from columbite Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA UILAME UMBELINO GOMES Data: Oct 5, 2016 Show Abstract In this work the study of heat treatment in a mixture of niobium and tantalum oxide extracted from columbite mineral obtained in Santa Cruz, RN. Initially the mineral was physically prepared for their composition and grain size were appropriate subsequent steps of extraction and heat treatment of oxides, passing thus the grinding step, screening and quartering for mixing of samples, followed by characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Following the mineral was leached for 8 hours at 70 °C for removal of iron and manganese present in their composition. To eliminate the tin which is present in high concentrations in the raw mineral, with percentages above 10% were conducted leaching for 8 hours at 50 °C and 5 hours at 90 °C in order to work with the thermal stability of cassiterite (SnO2), but significant changes in its percentage in the treated mineral were not verified. Thus, new leaching was performed for 30 min at 70 °C with a mixture of 5M HF and H2SO4 0.5M to solubilize the oxides of Nb and Ta, and so separate them persistent impurity in mineral cassiterite. Hydrated oxides of Nb and Ta were precipitated with NH4OH and characterized by fluorescence X-ray (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical microanalysis by dispersive (EDS). Then the oxides were calcined at 800 °C for 5h and variable heating rate, 900 ° C for 5h at 10 °C.min-1, and to 1000 °C at a fixed heating rate 10 °C.min-1 and variable time calcination, to be made monitoring the crystallization of oxides. Mixed oxides of Nb and Ta were characterized by fluorescence X-ray (XRF), diffraction X-ray (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), chemical microanalysis by energy dispersive (EDS) and specific surface area (BET ). The influence of the heating rate was found in testing at 800 °C. An increase in crystal size was observed when the rate was reduced from 10 °C.min-1 to 5 °C.min-1. There was a higher crystallinity and formation of peaks relating to the hexagonal phase shift to the orthorhombic phase of the oxides as the calcination temperature was increased from 800 °C to 900 °C. At a temperature of 1000 °C intermediate and low crystallinity peaks relating to the formation of the monoclinic phase of niobium pentoxide were observed. The change in 5h calcination time for 10h at this temperature caused a reduction in the niobium pentoxide to NbO2, evidenced by the analysis of EDS, and decrease in crystal size with consequent increase in surface area. The oxides calcined at 900 ° C showed the greatest surface area among those studied in this work.
17	IÊDA LETÍCIA MENDES SILVA "CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUBILITY IN AQUEOUS MIXTURES OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL BY THE ANALYTICAL METHOD VIA DENSITY" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO ITALLA MEDEIROS BEZERRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Nov 9, 2016 Show Abstract In the oil and gas industry, hydrates formation is one of the issues related to the natural gas production. One of the most employed techniques to avoid hydrates formation is the injection of inhibitors compounds, like the monoethylene glycol (MEG) into the well. However, MEG stream returns to the surface impregnated with water and many salts coming from the rock sediments. Then, MEG must be regenerated to assure process environmental and economic viability. In order to optimize the operationals conditions of the reclamation process, this work aimed to determine the solubility of the calcium chloride in aqueous mixtures of MEG, in the temperatures of 25 and 50°C. The proposed methodology is analytical and applies indirect properties, density and conductivity, to determine solubility data. Therefore, the main data were obtained from densimetry, conductimetry, and beyond them, thermogravimetry and Karl Fischer titration to verify purity and moisture content. Observing the developed curves of density and conductivity versus calcium chloride concentration, it was detected the monotone and linear behavior for the density as function of the salt concentration. However, for the conductivity, it was observed a no-monotone and non-linear behavior. Thus, in order to determine solubility data, samples were evaluated with the aid of concentration versus density calibration data. The developed isotherms illustrate the calcium chloride solubility versus MEG concentration behavior. The isotherms have demonstrated the slight relevance of the salting-out effect, caused by the MEG presence in the solvent, until an average concentration of 33% MEG (salt-free). From that point, there are changes in the inclination of both isotherms and the solubility decreases more pronouncedly. In terms of the temperature increase, the calcium chloride solubility showed a positive effect. Setchenov equation and UNIQUAC+DH model were applied to describe the experimental data. In the UNIQUAC approach, it was not considered the change in the solid phase expressed by the corresponding thermochemical data due to MEG concentration. In the other hand, similarly to Setchenov correlation, two set of parameters were estimated for each isotherm, considering each solid phase formed. The description provided by the UNIQUAC+DH resulted closed to the experimental uncertainty, i.e., in average 2.00 % for the calcium chloride solubility.
18	ÉRICA GUEDES REBOUÇAS "INFLUENCE OF INERT IN A TUBULAR REACTOR FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM SOYBEAN OIL AND SUPERCRITICAL ETHANOL" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA AMANDA DUARTE GONDIM DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Dec 16, 2016 Show Abstract From the limitations of energy sources, mostly oil derivatives, biodiesel, traditionally produced comes with well-established routes of production such as the transesterification, using conventional heating and homogeneous catalysis. In the search for new technologies in the production of biodiesel, the methods that use alcohol in supercritical conditions have been widely investigated. The importance of continuous operation has taken to some studies of biodiesel production in supercritical method using tubular reactors. The following project has aims to investigate the use of inert (glass) in a tubular bed reactor for the production of biodiesel from soybean oil with pressurized. The effects of the temperature (300, 350 and 400°C), the volumetric flow rate of the reagents (0,5 and 1 mL/min), bed porosity (0.42, 0.38 and 0.32) under the conditions of 15 MPa and molar ratio oil: ethanol 1:40 on the esters conversion of the reaction were analyzed. In addition, the effect of the oil: ethanol molar ratio was analyzed, and for this, experimental runs were conducted at 350 ° C, 15 MPa and porosity of 0.38 at flow rates of 0.3; 0.5; and 1 mL / min, in different molar ratios (1:10 - 1:70). In general, the results indicated a positive effect of temperature on the ester content, due to the higher solubility of the oil in the alcohol under these conditions. Another interesting result was the combined effect of flow rate and porosity on residence time, maximizing the mass transfer and the miscibility between the phases, allowing the advance of the reaction at low times. The best result (98.99%) were achieved after 8 min of reaction under the conditions of 400 ° C, 15MPa, molar ratio soybean oil: ethanol 1:40, flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, and porosity of 0.32.
19	NÁRIO CÉZAR CÂMARA ALVES "USE OF MICROEMULSIONS SYSTEMS IN RECOVERING NON-AQUEOUS FLUIDS" Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Dec 20, 2016 Show Abstract Shown to be essential, and thus requires a continuous optimization. organic based drilling fluids are widely used in these operations, which, after use, become an expensive and polluting liabilities. Currently the treatment performed in this type of fluid is only correction, which usually requires large quantities of inputs, further increasing the cost of Fluid System for the drilling operation. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a method of recovery of non-aqueous drilling fluids through the breaking of the water in oil emulsion using as agent de-emulsifying microemulsion systems. To obtain this microemulsion qualitatively studied the influence of different surfactants in the phase separation of the fluid and defined the best efficiency (RNX 95). For mapping of the fluid used in the tests were made rheology analysis, ratio of water / oil / solids, salinity, and Electrical Estabildade. To study the emulsion breaking was varied: the composition dao microemulsion system for the RNX 95 tensaotivo, the aqueous phase of the microemulsion by using or not salt (CaCl2), the proportion of microemulsion / fluid system, the temperature at mixture. Test have also been made to the characterization of phases obtained after breaking test, as well as the possibility of reusing the non-aqueous fluid recovered. nonaqueous fluid recovered reuse tests had a satisfactory result.
20	HERICK DE BULHÕES CÂNDIDO "STUDY OF POLYACRYLAMID / XANTHAN GUM / TENSOATIVE SYSTEMS AS WATER BASED DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVES" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Dec 27, 2016 Show Abstract The rheological behavior of drilling fluids is essential to determine the best composition and treatments to be applied to fluids. This project presents a study of the rheological behavior of Polymer - Surfactant systems for use such as viscosifying additives in the base fluid water. The additives used were polymers Xanthan Gum (GX) and polyacrylamide (PAC) and the surfactants Soap Base (anionic) and Cetremid (cationic). The systems were subjected to rheological characterization of various surfactant concentrations at fixed polymer concentration. The rheological characterization was performed using rheology testing system using coaxial cylinders, where it obtained the flow curves, viscosity curves for each system. From the generated curves were applied mathematical models best represented the systems as well as the parameters of this model. In all systems, the model of Herschel-Bulkley was best represented the behavior and it can classify them as Plastics (Pseudoplastic with yield strength). From the rheological characterization, it was possible to determine and use concentrations with the highest viscosity values, which were Polyacrylamide with 400 ppm soap base and polyacrylamide with 400 ppm Cetremide. From the chosen concentrations were made three (3) fluids, modifying only the viscosifying additive, the fluid (XG), fluid B (PAC + 400ppm Soap Base), and Fluid C (PAC + Cetremide 400 ppm). Then rheological test was carried out with the aid of a field viscometer with the formulated fluids. Despite the Polymer - Surfactant solutions deliver better rheological results when added to the drilling fluid with other additives of the base formulation, had a substantial fall of viscosifying potential, which can be explained by the interference of NaCl and KCl salts in the polymer-surfactant interaction. So Fluid A (XG) showed the best results rheology.
	Thesis
1	DIVAL DE BRITO GUERRA NETO "EQUILÍBRIO DE FASES DE SISTEMAS COM ALCONOAMINAS E TENSOATIVOS EM ALTA PRESSÃO: MONTAGEM E TESTE DE UM APARATO EXPERIMENTAL" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Feb 19, 2016 Show Abstract O petróleo é uma mistura complexa, havendo predominância de hidrocarbonetos parafínicos, naftênicos e aromáticos (Freitas e Costa, 1969) além de outros constituintes (sulfurados, nitrogenados e oxigenados) que ocorrem normalmente na forma de compostos orgânicos. O CO2, por exemplo, estar presente em mais de 25% do óleo extraído da camada do pré-sal entre as bacias de Campos e Santos. Estimativas apontam que somente nas duas áreas com reservas delimitadas – os campos de Tupi e Iara, onde há um acúmulo de até 12 bilhões de barris de óleo e gás – existam 3,1 bilhões de toneladas de CO2, um dos gases que contribuem para o aquecimento do planeta. Devido a essa grande quantidade de contaminantes (CO2, N, S, etc.) presente na mistura de hidrocarbonetos extraída dessas bacias, é preciso buscar novas práticas de separação deste contaminante. Para tal desenvolvimento de novas práticas é importante um estudo constante sobre o equilíbrio termodinâmico entre os constituintes do petróleo e seus contaminantes. Com isso o objetivo é construir um equipamento que gere condições suficientes para poder verificar o comportamento de fase de vários sistemas de interesse da indústria do petróleo com seus contaminantes mais comuns, por exemplo: CO2 a alta pressão utilizando o conhecimento prévio do grupo Neto, 2010 de pesquisa, que deve operar em pressões e temperaturas de até 300 bar e temperatura até 100 graus Celsius. Alguns sistemas de interesse são: CO2 e alcanoaminas (monoetanolamina, dietanolamina, trietanolamina). Água e álcool laurílico etoxilado e CO2 e alcanos com leve contaminação de água.
2	ROGERIA HELEN LIMA VIDAL EVALUATION OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING THE CAJUÍNA BY RESINS OF IONIC EXCHANGE Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA LISANDRA MURMANN ANA CRISTINA MORAIS DA SILVA BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO Data: Mar 11, 2016 Show Abstract The cajuína is a refreshing drink, very consumed and appreciated because of its characteristic flavor, which is slightly astringent, free of turbidity due to the low level or absence of tannins, obtained from the cashew apple. Traditionally, the tannins are removed by non-standardized and/or rudimentary techniques, thus reducing the quality of the final product. Thus, this study aimed to remove the cashew apple juice tannins through the ion exchange process for obtaining the clarified cashew apple juice (cajuína). For that, two strong base resins were used, and a macroporous and other gel type. Equilibrium studies were carried out in batch and from them were evaluated operating parameters: temperature (25 to 50 °C), the resin ratio:juice (1:3, 1:6 and 1:9), stirring speed (50 and 122 rpm), maintaining the contact time constant. Based on the results, the optimized conditions were observed and from that heat treatment was conducted to obtain the cajuína. Were carried out physical and chemical analysis (pH, acidity, soluble solids - SST) as well as analysis of thermal and rheological properties of cajuína and other products from cashew (nectar and pulp). Studies in fixed bed (continuous system) were also performed using two systems: standard solution (catechin + vitamin C + sucrose) and cashew apple juice. The modeling of the process has been carried out using Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, Toth and Radke-Prausnitz models. The experimental results showed that the macroporous anionic resin presented a removal of tannins around 80% in optimal conditions (30 °C, 1:6, 122 rpm, 1 h). The cajuína obtained after the ion exchange process was clear and translucent, with low astringency, acidity and soluble solids (°Brix), according to Brazilian legislation. The physicochemical characterization for cajuína, nectar and cashew pulp presented in accordance with Brazilian legislation. For the thermal properties, the cajuína showed lower density (ρ = 1.035 ± 0.005 g / cm3), and higher thermal conductivity values (k = 0.58 ± 0.02 W/m °C), thermal diffusivity (α = 1.44 ± 0.02 × 10 -7 m2/s) and specific heat (Cp = 3834 ± 109 kJ/kg °C) when compared with the other cashew products. Rheological studies showed that cajuína behaved like a non-Newtonian fluid and presented a dilatant behavior at all tested temperatures, and that the Ostwald-de-Waelle model was the best fit to the experimental data for cajuína. Through the fixed bed of studies it was observed that vitamin C and sucrose showed no influence on the removal of catechin by macroporous resin. Regarding the cashew apple juice, even if these juices have shown differences in the amount of initial tannins, juice 1 (15 ± 1 mg/100g) and juice 2 (115 ± 1 mg/100 g) before passing through the fixed bed, the results showed that it is possible to obtain a completely clarified juice with the process of ion exchange column, presenting itself as a good alternative for obtaining the cajuína. Among the models evaluated, Sips, Freundlich and Radke-Prausnitz presented the best fitting with high R2 (0.9999; 0.9982; 0.9979, respectively), the Sips model presented the best fit to the experimental data. Thus, it was observed that the use of ion exchange resin strong base macroporous proved to be viable, being an important alternative for the production of cajuína.
3	LENITA DA SILVA LUCIO FERNANDES "Desenvolvimento de um sistema de polimerização por atomização para a formação de partículas em escala micro e sub-micro" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOSE CARLOS COSTA DA SILVA PINTO ROSANGELA DE CARVALHO BALABAN THELMA SLEY PACHECO CELLET Data: Mar 18, 2016 Show Abstract As nanopartículas são de grande interesse científico, devido a uma ampla variedade de potenciais aplicações nos campos da biomedicina, ótica e eletrônica. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados com o objetivo de produzir partículas poliméricas em nano escala. A principal razão é a maior proporção de área de superfície por volume, o que resulta em características específicas. Tais considerações levaram os pesquisadores a desenvolver técnicas para a obtenção de nanopartículas poliméricas com propriedades que permitem a aplicação em diferentes áreas. No presente trabalho, é proposto um processo de polimerização por atomização aplicado a sistemas de miniemulsão e suspensão para a formação de partículas submicrométricas de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) e poliestireno (PS), sob a forma de homopolímero e copolímero. Nesta técnica, um dispositivo atomizador é utilizado como um método alternativo para gerar as gotículas de monômero antes da dispersão no meio reacional. Reações usando a técnica proposta foram realizadas e as partículas de PMMA e PS obtidas por polimerizações em suspensão ou miniemulsão foram analisadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Observou-se, através das análises de DLS, que foram obtidas partículas poliméricas com tamanho médio entre 40 e 1400 nm. Já com as análises de MEV e MET, foi possível observar que as partículas geralmente alcançaram tamanhos inferiores a 200 nm e com característica morfológica bem definida e esférica. Tais resultados foram obtidos até mesmo nas polimerizações em suspensão, o que não é comum de conseguir com técnicas convencionais. Por outro lado, a técnica proposta neste estudo tem demonstrado dificuldade em atingir altas concentrações de sólidos, sendo o valor máximo obtido de 130 g/L. Tal limitação está associada ao arraste das gotículas de monômero durante a atomização, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado principalmente quando o monômero é mais volátil. Por esta razão, diferentes configurações do sistema de polimerização foram testadas com o propósito de melhoria dos resultados. Além de demonstrar que é capaz de obter partículas nanométricas, a técnica proposta neste trabalho parece promissora na obtenção de partículas carreadoras, sendo, portanto, uma alternativa interessante pela facilidade de adaptação para larga escala, diferentemente dos métodos convencionais de produção de nanopartículas poliméricas.As nanopartículas são de grande interesse científico, devido a uma ampla variedade de potenciais aplicações nos campos da biomedicina, ótica e eletrônica. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados com o objetivo de produzir partículas poliméricas em nano escala. A principal razão é a maior proporção de área de superfície por volume, o que resulta em características específicas. Tais considerações levaram os pesquisadores a desenvolver técnicas para a obtenção de nanopartículas poliméricas com As nanopartículas são de grande interesse científico, devido a uma ampla variedade de potenciais aplicações nos campos da biomedicina, ótica e eletrônica. Muitos estudos têm sido realizados com o objetivo de produzir partículas poliméricas em nano escala. A principal razão é a maior proporção de área de superfície por volume, o que resulta em características específicas. Tais considerações levaram os pesquisadores a desenvolver técnicas para a obtenção de nanopartículas poliméricas com propriedades que permitem a aplicação em diferentes áreas. No presente trabalho, é proposto um processo de polimerização por atomização aplicado a sistemas de miniemulsão e suspensão para a formação de partículas submicrométricas de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) e poliestireno (PS), sob a forma de homopolímero e copolímero. Nesta técnica, um dispositivo atomizador é utilizado como um método alternativo para gerar as gotículas de monômero antes da dispersão no meio reacional. Reações usando a técnica proposta foram realizadas e as partículas de PMMA e PS obtidas por polimerizações em suspensão ou miniemulsão foram analisadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Observou-se, através das análises de DLS, que foram obtidas partículas poliméricas com tamanho médio entre 40 e 1400 nm. Já com as análises de MEV e MET, foi possível observar que as partículas geralmente alcançaram tamanhos inferiores a 200 nm e com característica morfológica bem definida e esférica. Tais resultados foram obtidos até mesmo nas polimerizações em suspensão, o que não é comum de conseguir com técnicas convencionais. Por outro lado, a técnica proposta neste estudo tem demonstrado dificuldade em atingir altas concentrações de sólidos, sendo o valor máximo obtido de 130 g/L. Tal limitação está associada ao arraste das gotículas de monômero durante a atomização, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado principalmente quando o monômero é mais volátil. Por esta razão, diferentes configurações do sistema de polimerização foram testadas com o propósito de melhoria dos resultados. Além de demonstrar que é capaz de obter partículas nanométricas, a técnica proposta neste trabalho parece promissora na obtenção de partículas carreadoras, sendo, portanto, uma alternativa interessante pela facilidade de adaptação para larga escala, diferentemente dos métodos convencionais de produção de nanopartículas poliméricas.propriedades que permitem a aplicação em diferentes áreas. No presente trabalho, é proposto um processo de polimerização por atomização aplicado a sistemas de miniemulsão e suspensão para a formação de partículas submicrométricas de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) e poliestireno (PS), sob a forma de homopolímero e copolímero. Nesta técnica, um dispositivo atomizador é utilizado como um método alternativo para gerar as gotículas de monômero antes da dispersão no meio reacional. Reações usando a técnica proposta foram realizadas e as partículas de PMMA e PS obtidas por polimerizações em suspensão ou miniemulsão foram analisadas por espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Observou-se, através das análises de DLS, que foram obtidas partículas poliméricas com tamanho médio entre 40 e 1400 nm. Já com as análises de MEV e MET, foi possível observar que as partículas geralmente alcançaram tamanhos inferiores a 200 nm e com característica morfológica bem definida e esférica. Tais resultados foram obtidos até mesmo nas polimerizações em suspensão, o que não é comum de conseguir com técnicas convencionais. Por outro lado, a técnica proposta neste estudo tem demonstrado dificuldade em atingir altas concentrações de sólidos, sendo o valor máximo obtido de 130 g/L. Tal limitação está associada ao arraste das gotículas de monômero durante a atomização, sendo este efeito mais pronunciado principalmente quando o monômero é mais volátil. Por esta razão, diferentes configurações do sistema de polimerização foram testadas com o propósito de melhoria dos resultados. Além de demonstrar que é capaz de obter partículas nanométricas, a técnica proposta neste trabalho parece promissora na obtenção de partículas carreadoras, sendo, portanto, uma alternativa interessante pela facilidade de adaptação para larga escala, diferentemente dos métodos convencionais de produção de nanopartículas poliméricas.
4	BRÍGGIDA DANTAS DE MOURA "Estudo da Dinâmica de Secagem em um Secador Rotatório com Alimentação Intermitente" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOSILENE DE ASSIS CAVALCANTE SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA SEVERINO RODRIGUES DE FARIAS NETO Data: Apr 15, 2016 Show Abstract A crescente atividade industrial de beneficiamento de polpas de frutas é responsável pela geração de uma quantidade significativa de subproduto na forma de resíduos, constituídos basicamente de semente, casca e bagaço da fruta. Tais resíduos ainda são pouco aproveitados e o seu descarte direto pode resultar em prejuízos ambientais consideráveis. Portanto, é de grande interesse científico e tecnológico o desenvolvimento de estratégias para agregar valor econômico a estes resíduos. A secagem, por ser um dos processos mais utilizados na preservação de produtos alimentícios, representa uma alternativa interessante de aproveitamento dos resíduos, podendo gerar um material com potencial aplicação na forma de ingrediente para ração animal. Neste trabalho, foi realizado um estudo de secagem do resíduo de maracujá através de um secador rotatório com recheio de inertes e fluxo concorrente, operando com alimentação intermitente do material. Diferentes condições de intermitência e de temperatura do ar de secagem foram estudadas experimentalmente com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de resposta na saída do secador das seguintes variáveis: umidade do sólido; umidade do ar; temperatura do ar; e massa produzida cumulativamente ao longo da secagem. Também, um modelo matemático do processo foi implementado com o objetivo de descrever o comportamento de resposta dinâmica nas condições estudadas. Tal modelo matemático foi escrito com base nos balanços de massa e energia das fases sólido e gás (ar de secagem), resultando num sistema de equações diferenciais parciais (EDP), onde as variáveis do processo (umidade e temperatura do sólido e do gás) são dependentes do tempo e do espaço (direção da coordenada axial do secador). As propriedades fisico-quimicas e composicional do resíduo de maracujá foram avaliadas e permitiram inferir importantes parâmetros necessários ao modelo matemático. Testes iniciais de secagem em camada delgada demonstraram que a cinética de secagem apresenta uma característica de taxa constante, com constante de secagem dependente linearmente da temperatura. Um comportamento similar foi verificado no ajuste do modelo matemático do secador rotatório com os dados experimentais, onde se observou que a constante de secagem no termo de transferência de massa também apresentou forte correlação com a temperatura de operação. De um modo geral, os valores calculados pelo modelo matemático acompanharam adequadamente a evolução de resposta de todas as variáveis do processo, para todas as condições estudadas. Analisando-se a influència das condições operacionais em relação aos parâmetros do modelo, observou-se que a dispersão axial e a velocidade do sólido foram influenciadas moderadamente pela intermitência de alimentação, enquanto a constante de secagem e o coeficiente convectivo de transferência de calor foram fortemente influenciados pela temperatura. A partir do ajuste do modelo matemático do secador com as condições experimentais estudadas, simulações exploratórias foram feitas usando o modelo matemático em diferentes vazões de alimentação do material, tanto em regime contínuo quanto intermitente. O propósito principal com tais simulações foi de avaliar qual a característica dimensional de projeto (L/Dc) do secador capaz de garantir uma melhor produção de material e que atenda uma especificação de umidade do produto. Tais resultados demonstraram a capacidade do modelo matemático para avaliação dimensional de projeto básico, podendo ser também aplicado tanto na otimização do processo quanto na implementação de estratégias avançadas de controle.
5	NATÁLIA DE FREITAS OLIVEIRA "Isolation of the constituents of cashew nut integument (CNI) and evaluation of its potential as a natural antioxidant" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO GUSTAVO ADOLFO SAAVEDRA PINTO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA ROSELIA ALVES DE SOUSA Data: Apr 25, 2016 Show Abstract The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is one of the main sources of income for farmers in the Northeast region of Brazil. The cashew nut is composed of thee main parts: peel, almond, and a brown film known as integument (CNI). Crude vegetable oils have different constituents which are undesirable in the end product, causing oil oxidation. Factors such as oxidative degradation are extremely important to increase the shelf life of oils and fats. This research was developed aiming to: identify and isolate different types of secondary metabolites from the integument; develop and optimize a methodology for refining canola and sunflower oils; and evaluate the antioxidant potential of the integument extract in oxidative stability (OS) of vegetable oils. The phytochemical approach showed that the integument is rich in various metabolites such as alkaloids, ammonium salts, phenolic compounds (tannins). The oils were analyzed in four groups of samples: industrial oil, crude oil, degummed oil, and neutralized oil. The values of acidity contente (AV) obtained for the canola and sunflower neutralized oils were lower than the ones for industrial oils, as well as for iodine index (II) and peroxide index (PV). The results showed that the adopted refining process resulted in na oil with similar properties of the industrial one and in accordance with Brazilian standards. The accelerated oxidation test, Schaal Oven Test, and the AV, PV, especific absorty (EA) analysis, at 232 and 270nm, and OS (PetroOxy) were performed and it was observed that the addition of the natural antioxidants in vegetable oils ensured oxidative stability after accelerated aging in stove. It is also evident that the canola oil is more stable and resistant to long periods of storage. The use of integument methanolic extracts (IME) provided better results for AV, PV, DC in relation to the control and the synthetic antioxidante (BHA). The induction period measured by PetrOxy was increased with the addition of natural antioxidants from CNI, demonstrating that this product presents antioxidant action for vegetable oils, allowing it’s use as a natural bioactive compound
6	YANNE KATIUSSY PEREIRA GURGEL AUM "SISTEMAS MICROEMULSIONADOS VISANDO A REMOÇÃO DE DEPÓSITOS PARAFÍNICOS" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALEXANDRE GURGEL EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: May 23, 2016 Show Abstract A deposição de parafinas é um problema crítico na indústria do petróleo, pois pode influenciar de maneira crucial as operações de produção e transporte. Apesar da diversidade de técnicas de remediação, as utilizadas atualmente apresentam problemas e limitações na sua aplicação devido aos mais diversos cenários encontrados. As microemulsões apresentam elevado potencial de solubilização, entretanto há uma escassez de trabalhos voltados para a sua aplicação na remoção de parafinas. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver sistemas microemulsionados (ME) óleo em água (O/A) visando a remoção de depósitos parafínicos. Várias formulações para quatro diferentes sistemas microemulsionados O/A foram avaliadas. Esses sistemas foram constituídos por: ALK-L90, como tensoativo; n-butanol, como co-tensoativo; água destilada; e como fase óleo, quatro diferentes solventes, querosene, xileno, diesel e a mistura querosene-xileno. Os sistemas foram caracterizados quanto ao equilíbrio de fases, tamanho de partícula, tensão superficial e reologia. Estudos de molhabilidade da superfície parafínica a esses sistemas e do comportamento reológico dos sistemas ME contendo parafina, submetidos à diferentes temperaturas, foram realizados com a finalidade de avaliar a interação fluido-parafina. Uma metodologia para avaliar a eficiência de remoção de parafinas em dutos foi desenvolvida e empregada na avaliação do desempenho dos sistemas propostos. Os resultados mostraram que os componentes químicos utilizados favoreceram a formação de microemulsões O/A, do tipo Winsor IV. Os ensaios de molhabilidade confirmaram a elevada capacidade de interação entre os sistemas ME obtidos e a parafina. Sistemas ME com parafina apresentam comportamentos bighamiano e newtoniano, com boa capacidade de bombeamento devido aos baixos valores de viscosidade e de tensão inicial de escoamento. A eficiência de remoção (ER) dos sistemas ME O/A foi comparável e, em alguns casos, superior à dos solventes puros, apesar do elevado percentual de água. A modelagem e análise estatística dos dados experimentais de remoção geraram modelos capazes de descrever e estimar a ER em função da composição do sistema ME, bem como entender o seu mecanismo de atuação. Portanto, os sistemas ME O/A propostos apresentam-se como uma alternativa concreta na remoção de depósitos parafínicos, com menor risco ambiental e inflamabilidade que os sistemas convencionais utilizados na indústria.
7	ANA PAULA JUSTINO SOARES “Influência da molhabilidade da rocha na recuperação de petróleo de reservatórios carbonáticos” Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO ALEXANDRE GURGEL RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: May 24, 2016 Show Abstract Buscando otimizar as técnicas de produção de petróleo, tanto em eficiência, quanto em custo operacional, a molhabilidade do reservatório, propriedade que afeta diretamente a produção de petróleo desempenha um papel importante nos vários processos de recuperação de petróleo utilizados. Baseado neste contexto, esta tese estudou a influência da inversão na molhabilidade da rocha na produção e recuperação de petróleo de reservatórios carbonáticos, utilizando solução de tensoativo, sistemas microemulsionados e sistemas microemulsionados com adição de polímeros. Foram utilizados diferentes sistemas rocha-fluidos, escolhidos de forma a permitir diferenciar entre os efeitos relativos à redução na tensão interfacial e alteração na molhabilidade óleo-água. Foi escolhido um tensoativo catiônico, o brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB16) e avaliadas as duas principais propriedades do tensoativo, concentração micelar crítica e ponto de Krafft, e todos os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados através de medidas de tamanho de gotícula, tensão superficial e interfacial e viscosidade. A modificação da molhabilidade da rocha foi avaliada principalmente por medidas de ângulo de contato, porém para alguns sistemas foram realizados também os testes de embebição espontânea e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os sistemas com o maior potencial, de acordo com os resultados das caracterizações e mudança na molhabilidade da rocha de molhável ao óleo para molhável a água, foram aplicados no simulador de reservatórios pra que fosse possível quantificar os efeitos da utilização desses sistemas nas propriedades da rocha e dos fluidos nela contidos. Os melhores resultados de recuperação foram alcançados quando se utilizou a microemulsão polimérica, conseguindo recuperar até 80% do óleo que restou depois da aplicação do método convencional.
8	BRUNA MARIA EMERENCIANO DAS CHAGAS Fast Pyrolysis of Spirulina cyanobacteria for production of fuels and chemicals Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AKWASI A. BOATENG JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOSÉ GERALDO DE ANDRADE PACHECO FILHO MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Jun 9, 2016 Show Abstract Recently microalgae and cyanobacteria has been widely studied as a source of biofuels due to its high yield, high oil content and ability to grow on a wide variety of climates and land without competing with food production. Pyrolysis is an effective thermochemical conversion method capable of converting biomass to fuels, including bio-oil, bio-char and gas. Bio-oil is a liquid mixture of organic compounds that can be a source of valuable chemicals and potential to replace diesel oil depending on its quality. It has been shown that bio-oil from microalgae and other proteinaceous biomass are more stable, have a low oxygen content and higher calorific value than those produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks, though contains a high nitrogen content due to the presence of protein in its constitution. Spirulina is a cyanobacteria that has been studied in the thermal degradation processes due to its high protein and low lipids content. In this thesis, we investigated the potential for production of fuels and chemicals from the fast pyrolysis of Spirulina. Conventional fast pyrolysis experiments in Py-GC/MS were performed to investigate the influence of pyrolysis parameters such as temperature, heating rate and residence time in distribution of products. The pyrolysis yield was maximized at 450 °C and 30 s, regardless of heating rate. H-ZSM5 (23) showed the maximum hydrocarbon yield and the largest phenols redution when compared to the other zeolites, but the total nitrogenated compounds were not significantly reduced by any catalyst tested although some specific nitrogenous have been reduced or eliminated. H-β (38) was also able to increase aromatics production, although its effect was less significant when compared to H-ZSM5 (23) and (50). Subsequently tests of Spirulina fast pyrolysis were conducted in USDA’s bubbling fluidized bed pyrolysis reactor under different reaction atmospheres. Conventional (N2 atmosphere) and reactive (TGRP) pyrolysis were tested. Bio-oil, bio-char and gas obtained from TGRP process had their characteristics improved when compared to the products from conventional pyrolysis. TGRP Spirulina pyrolysis oil showed an increased concentration of aromatics hydrocarbon and the presence of nitrogenous compounds with single nitrogen atom (pyridines, pyrroles, indoles, nitriles and amides), low oxygen content and low acidity being thermally stable therefore a good feedstock for distillation process. Distillation successfully allowed concentrating various chemicals into distillate fractions which, in turn, could be individually isolated for processing to fuels or chemical co-products
9	RUTHINEIA JESSICA ALVES DO NASCIMENTO Real time monitoring of enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk by Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA MARCELO PERENCIN DE ARRUDA RIBEIRO SOLANGE MARIA DE VASCONCELOS Data: Jun 29, 2016 Show Abstract This study, in a first step, investigates the application of near infrared spectroscopy for rapid qualitative characterization of coconut husk fiber and evaluates the potential of this lignocellulosic material for the production of second-generation ethanol. In a second step, the near infrared spectroscopy associated with methods of data mathematical pretreatment and multivariate calibration methods have been investigated for their potential for real time monitoring of coconut husk fiber enzymatic hydrolysis process. The coconut husk was subjected to four types of physico-chemical pretreatments: Pre-treatment with dilute sulfuric acid (2% w/v), pre-treatment with dilute phosphoric acid (0.2% w/v), alkaline pre-treatment (NaOH 0.5% w/v) and hydrothermal pre-treatment. Morphological changes, chemical composition and crystallinity index variations caused by the physical-chemical pre-treatments, were evaluated. Also, the pretreatments influence in enzymatic hydrolysis yield and the theoretical ethanol yield were investigated. Changes in lignin, hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose were characterized by traditional methods such as SEM and XRD and using an alternative analytical method using NIR spectroscopy, and good results were obtained. Pretreatment with dilute phosphoric acid proved to be more efficient when the aim is the production of bioethanol, resulting in 39.16% of enzymatic hydrolysis yield and 83.68 L/t of theoretical ethanol yield. The monitoring calibration models were built and optimized with the cross-validation process and the models predictive ability were analyzed by the external validation. The mathematical pretreatments performed on spectral data were Standard normal variation (SNV), Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and Smoothing moving average (SMA) coupled with 1st and 2nd derivative of Savitzky-Golay. The best calibration models for quantification of ART, glucose, cellulose conversion and the theoretical ethanol yield were obtained for the mathematical pretreatment SMA + 2nd derivative having R2 and RMSEP values equal to, 0.98 and 0.1994 g.L-1, for ART; 0.99 and 0,0266 g.L-1 for glucose; 0.99 and 0.1839% for cellulose conversion; 0.99 and 0.2279 L/t of theoretical ethanol yield. The obtained calibration models were used for monitoring an enzymatic hydrolysis process of coconut husk with satisfactory results.
10	PATRÍCIA CRISTINA DE ARAÚJO PUGLIA DE CARVALHO " Combined treatment : filtration , adsorption and photo - Fenton of produced oil water." Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Aug 5, 2016 Show Abstract Among the waste from the oil and gas production operations is the water production commonly called produced water (PW) is the that most prominent wastwater because of its large volume and its toxic chemical composition. It effluent which excels by virtue of its volume and toxic chemical composition. There are several types of chemical treatment, physical, physico- chemical and biological that can be combined to better efficiency in wastewater treatment. The main objective of the work was to evaluate technically, the integration of filtration, adsorption and photo-Fenton of the removal of oils and greases Total (TOG) and total organic carbon (TOC) present in the PW. The processes were first studied individually in the final together. The combined process consisted of using a sand filter with mixed grain size (12/16 mesh, 36 mesh, 20/28 mesh and 12/16 mesh), activated carbon column (activated carbon from babaçu coconut shell) and the last step was the photo - Fenton process using a photochemical reactor 400 W mercury vapor lamp. In this step the synthetic effluent was prepared from a mixture of components (NaCl, phenol, heptane, xylene, distilled water and oil 1 (15 and 22 API °) using agitator (Turratec / Tecnal) for better homogenization was shaked for 20 minutes at 18000 rpm. The initial effluent was passed into the filter and adsorption column continuously until obtaining 6L treated effluent, then the effluent was taken to the reactor photochemical to degrade the remaining contaminants of the prior processes. Considering the reduction of the TOG the combined process efficiency was 98.8%, only the filtration reduced 90%. With regard to TOC reduction the overall efficiency of the combined process it was 99%, with the steps of adsorption and photo-Fenton the greater efficiency the combination of filtration processes, absorption and photo - Fenton was effective both in reducing the TOG as the TOC reduction of the produced water.
11	WANESSA PAULINO NEVES SILVA "Use of nonionic surfactants in phenol extraction: equilibrium and modeling" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA LUIS FERREIRA DE LIMA RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Dec 7, 2016 Show Abstract Environmental sustainability has been the subject of interest and concern in the industry, mainly due to the generation of waste. As the phenolic compounds are toxic to living organisms, the maximum level of 0.5 ppm is considered as concentration limit for releases in freshwater bodies by the Federal CONAMA Resolution no. 430 2011. In the process of treatment of these effluents, liquid-liquid extraction is the most economical process for the recovery of phenol, because it consumes little energy, but most often implements an organic solvent that can cause certain environmental problems. Some studies demonstrate the feasibility of using non-ionic surfactants to replace organic solvents. The main objective of this work was to study the process of wastewater phenol extraction using as extracting agent non-ionic surfactants nonylphenol ethoxylate: R-80, R-95, R-100, R-110 and R-120. They evaluated several properties like the cloud point and miclar concentration critique of surfactants micellization thermodynamic effect of salt concentration (Xsal), surfactant concentration (Xt), phenol concentration (Xf) and degree of ethoxylation molecule surfactant (EO) as well as the parameters of the extraction process. The results showed that the cloud point (NP) of the surfactants is directly affected by the amount of phenol and salts present in the effluent. The experimental design technique was efficient in the development of mathematical models capable of predicting the PN of surfactants and optimization of variables aimed at energy cost (reduction of PN). The conditions to obtain the lowest value PN is Xsal = 0.2%, Xt = 0.5 and EO = 10. Assays for determining the c.m.c and micellization thermodynamic analysis allowed to verify that the increase in temperature tends to decrease c.m.c of surfactants, the micellization is spontaneous and exothermic process for all temperatures studied and surfactants. The phenol removal efficiency of the systems was satisfactory and in some cases greater than 95%, despite the high percentage of the volume of coacervata phase. The modeling and statistical analysis of experimental data generated models capable of describing and predicting the removal efficiency and the process parameters depending on the composition of the system. Therefore, the proposed use of non-ionic surfactants nonylphenol ethoxylate represent a practical alternative for phenol removal from wastewater, less environmental risks than conventional systems used in industry.
12	MARCIO BARBALHO DANTAS BEZERRA "Fast pyrolysis of elephant grass under different reactive atmospheres and catalytic upgrading of the resulting bio-oil" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA LAÉRCIO GOMES DE OLIVEIRA LEOPOLDO OSWALDO ALCAZAR ROJAS Data: Dec 9, 2016 Show Abstract In recent years, due to the progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels, renewable energy sources have played an important role in the energy matrix. Among these sources, the lignocellulosic biomass appears as a viable option, available and relatively easy to grow, without competing with food production. Fast pyrolysis stands as a route of transformation of biomass into products of different phases (gas, bio-oil, char and pyrolytic condensate) with various applications. In this work, bio-oil is produced from elephant-grass (Schumach Pennisetum Purpureum) in 1.5 and 40 kg/h fluidized bed reactors under different atmospheres (air, N2 and gas recycled from pyrolysis itself) at a temperature of 500°C. In the 1.5 kg/h reactor, we carried out experiments with and without the HZSM-5 catalyst, both under N2. Pyrolysis without catalyst was also conducted with recycle (54, 74 and 85%) of gases. In the 40 kg/h reactor, we conducted experiments under moderate oxidative atmosphere of air (71% N2 and 21% O2) varying the configurations of a gas-washing column (without heat exchanger with simple heat exchanger, with multi-pass heat exchanger) and the condensate recirculation (light products) product of pyrolysis reaction. The bio-oil obtained from experiments with gas recycling in the bed of 1.5 kg/h were subjected to deoxygenation using 5% Pt/C in a slurry bed reactor. The results showed that the gas recycling caused a 53.96% increase in carbon content in the regular pyrolysis to 70.89% in the pyrolysis with 74% recycle and 77.16% in the catalytic pyrolysis with in situ HZMS-5. The oxygen content decreased from 39.64% to 21.76%. The high heating value (HHV) increased from 26.1 to 33.11 MJ/kg. Mass balance showed that 5.4 to 6.15% of the biomass was converted to CH4, C2H4, C2H6 and C3H8 with gas recycling. Regarding the liquid phase, all bio-oil samples were rich in phenols, especially those obtained in the oxidative atmosphere. The other components and majority functional groups are acetic acid, acetol, sugars and ketones.

2015

	Dissertations
1	CAMILA PACELLY BRANDÃO DE ARAÚJO "Obtenção de Mo2C com adição de Co por reação gás-sólido em reator de leito fixo" Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCISCO DE ASSIS OLIVEIRA FONTES GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Jan 30, 2015 Show Abstract As emissões de compostos sulfurados pela indústria do refino de petróleo vêm sendo sujeitas a legislações cada vez mais restritivas devido aos impactos ambientais e na saúde humana. Essas tem recebido também atenção especial dos produtores de derivados devido a sua relação com a vida útil dos equipamentos, a qual é diminuída devido ao caráter corrosivo desses compostos, e com a qualidade dos produtos finais, os quais sofrem alterações na sua cor, estabilidade e cheiro, diminuindo o valor econômico a eles atribuído. A remoção de compostos de enxofre, pode ocorrer através de reações de hidrotratamento (HDT) no qual alimentações selecionadas reagem em presença de hidrogênio, catalisadores, pressão e temperatura para remoção de heteroátomos (S,N,O) e metais. Catalisadores para HDT são geralmente óxidos ou sulfetos metálicos normalmente suportados em alumina. Para a remoção de enxofre (HDS) catalisadores de Co-Mo, Ni-Mo, Co-W e Ni-W/Al2O3 são os mais utilizados; porém, diante de leis ambientais mais rigorosas, o processamento de petróleo e derivados deve buscar a melhoria na eficiência de remoção desses contaminantes. Carbetos de metais refratários foram identificados como materiais potenciais para essa aplicação por terem-se apresentado como possuidores de atividade catalítica, por vezes, superiores àquelas verificadas para os metais nobres, e donos de taxas de envenenamento menores em atmosfera rica em enxofre. A dopagem de carbetos com metais interessantes permite um aumento no número de sítios ativos para as reações de interesse e pode representar um ganho de eficiência no processamento. No presente trabalho, carbetos de molibdênio com adição de cobalto foram obtidos através de reação gás-sólido com atmosfera de metano (CH4) e hidrogênio (H2) utilizando reator de leito fixo a partir de heptamolibdato de molibdênio [(NH4)6[Mo7O24].4H2O] e nitrato de cobalto [Co(NO3)2.6H2O], os quais foram cominuidos manualmente em proporções estequiométricas. Os precursores foram caracterizados por TG/DTA, MEV, FR-X e DR-X. As reações de carbonetação foram conduzidas a dois níveis de temperatura (700 e 750°C) e com duas composições de Co (2,5 e 5%) de maneira a possibiliar a avaliação dos efeitos dessas variáveis na morfologia, tamanho de partícula e formação de fases. Os produtos de reação foram caracterizados por FR-X, DRX, MEV, granulometria a laser, BET e TOC. Foi possível obter Mo2C com adição de 2,5 e 5% de Co formando uma única fase cristalina a 750°C, o que indica a dispersão desse dopante no material. O material produzido pode se prestar para reações de catálise por se apresentar com área superficial e teor de carbono compatíveis com os verificados para outros materiais catalíticos de natureza semelhante.
2	PAULA LUCIANA RODRIGUES DE SOUSA "Avaliação da biodegradação do dibenzotiofeno utilizando lodos ativados" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO SARAH DE ABREU MOREIRA ARAÚJO Data: Feb 2, 2015 Show Abstract Durante o processo de refino do petróleo tem-se como descarte um volume deenorme água, a qual carrega os contaminantes provenientes do processo. Uma classe decompostos contaminantes, decorrente da indústria petroquímica são os hidrocarbonetospoliaromáticos (HPA’s). Visando avaliar a biodegradação do Dibenzotiofeno presenteágua de refinaria preparou-se um efluente sintético para ser tratado utilizando lodosativados. Para isso, realizou-se um planejamento experimental 2³ acrescidos de 3 pontoscentrais e 6 pontos axiais tendo como variáveis a concentração inicial de DBT, pH e otempo de biodegradação. A biodegradação do DBT foi verificada através dos ensaios deDQO, pH, temperatura, SST, SSV, VFL, IVL. Para verificar a presença do DBT e seumetabólito, 2-HBF, no efluente final tratado pelo sistema de lodos ativados efetuou-se aextração líquida - líquida com posteriormente análise em CLAE/UV utilizando umametodologia validada no presente estudo. Os parâmetros utilizados para validaçãoforam LD, LQ, linearidade, recuperação e repetibilidade. Quanto à validação, osresultados indicaram que a metodologia avaliada pode ser utilizada nos experimentos,visto que foram obtidos ótimos valores de linearidade (0,9991 e 0,9945 para DBT e 2-HBF, respectivamente); coeficientes de variação (4,047 % para o 2-HBF e 1,207 % parao DBT), bem como percentuais de recuperação equivalentes a 125,5% para o 2-HBF e113,2% para o DBT. Para os testes de eficiência de remoção da DQO foi obtido umpercentual médio de 97,83%. As melhores condições operacionais para remoção deDQO foram verificadas quando operados com concentrações medianas de DBT,maiores tempo para biodegradação, e pH tanto na faixa ácida quanto na básica. Oscomportamentos crescentes dos testes de SST e SSV mostraram que os lodos ativadosforam bem adaptados. A biodegradação do DBT foi confirmada avaliando a presença do2-HBF. As maiores concentrações de 2-HBF foram obtidas nos extremos dasconcentrações de DBT e de pH, e em maiores tempos de biodegradação.
3	LAÍS SIBALDO RIBEIRO USO DE ÁGUA PRODUZIDA NA FORMULAÇÃO DE FLUIDOS DE PERFURAÇÃO Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Feb 3, 2015 Show Abstract Os fluidos de perfuração têm importância fundamental nas atividades petrolíferas, uma vez que, são responsáveis por permitir a retirada dos cascalhos provenientes da perfuração, a manutenção da pressão e a estabilidade do poço, evitando desmoronamentos e influxo de fluido na formação rochosa e a lubrificação e resfriamento da broca. Existem basicamente três tipos de fluidos de perfuração, são eles: de base aquosa, de base não aquosa e aerado. O fluido de perfuração de base aquosa é amplamente usado por ser menos agressivo ao meio ambiente e apresentar excelente estabilidade e inibição (em fluidos aquosos inibidos), entre outras qualidades. A água produzida é gerada simultaneamente com o petróleo durante a produção e possui grandes concentrações de metais e contaminantes, sendo necessário trata-la para descarta-la. A água produzida dos campos de Urucu-AMe do Riacho da Forquilha-RNpossuem elevadas concentrações de contaminantes, metais e sais, como de cálcio e magnésio, dificultando o seu tratamento e descarte. Com isso, o objetivo foi analisar o uso da água produzida sintética com características semelhantes à água produzida de Urucu-AM e de Riacho da Forquilha-RN na formulação de um fluido de perfuração aquoso, observando na águas sintéticas de Urucu-AM e sintética de Riacho da forquilha-RNa influência da variação da concentração de cálcio e de magnésio nos testes de reologia e filtrado. Realizou-se um planejamento experimental fatorial simples 32para modelagem estatística dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que a variação das concentrações de cálcio e magnésio não influencia na reologia do fluido, onde a viscosidade plástica, viscosidade aparente e os géis inicial e final não oscilaram significativamente. Para o filtrado, a concentração de cálcio influenciou de forma linear na concentração de cloreto, onde quanto maior a concentração de cálcio, maior a concentração de cloreto no filtrado. Para o volume de filtrado foi observado nos fluidos formulados com água sintética de Urucu-AM que a concentração de cálcio influencia de forma quadrática, isso significa que elevadas concentrações de cálcio interferem no poder de retenção dos inibidores de filtrado utilizados na formulação do fluido, já nos fluidos formulados a partir de água produzida sintética de Riacho da Forquilha-RN, a concentração de cálcio influencia de forma linear.A concentração de magnésio influenciou apenas na concentração de cloreto de forma quadrática nos fluidos formulados a partir da água sintética de Urucu-AM.O fluido com concentração máxima de magnésio (9,411g/L), e concentração mínima de cálcio (0,733g/L) apresentou bons resultados. Portanto, uma água produzida com concentração máxima de magnésio de 9,411g/L e máxima de cálcio de 0,733g/L pode ser utilizado para formulação de fluidos de perfuração de base aquosa, conferindo propriedades adequadas a esse tipo de fluido.
4	DANIEL NOBRE NUNES DA SILVA "Tratamento de cascalho de perfuração utilizando sistemas microemulsionados" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADRIANA MARGARIDA ZANBOTTO RAMALHO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS ZILVAM MELO DOS SANTOS Data: Feb 4, 2015 Show Abstract A indústria do petróleo é uma das atividades que mais gera resíduos ao meio ambiente. O cascalho de perfuração é um resíduo gerado em grande quantidade no processo de perfuração de poços e que pode provocar impactos ambientes, tais como contaminação de lençóis freáticos e contaminação do solo. Surge a necessidade de se desenvolver atividades cientificas e de pesquisar maneiras de adequar esses rejeitos as normas ambientais vigentes. No caso dos resíduos sólidos a norma NBR 10004:2004 da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) classifica-os em resíduos classe I (perigoso) e classe II (não perigoso). Este trabalho apresenta uma inovadora alternativa para tratar esse cascalho, removendo principalmente a n-parafina presente no mesmo que se origina da utilização deste contaminante no fluido de perfuração base óleo. Utilizando sistemas microemulsionados promove-se a remoção deste contaminante de amostras de cascalho de perfuração provenientes de poços localizados em Alto do Rodrigues – RN. Inicialmente determinou-se concentração de parafina utilizando o método de extração com ultrassom, obteve-se uma concentração de parafina na faixa de 36,59 a 43,52 g de parafina por quilograma de cascalho, logo levando em conta da quantidade de cascalho gerado na atividade tem-se uma dimensão da quantidade de contaminante que é descartado no meio ambiente. Utilizou-se dois sistemas microemulsionados contendo dois tensoativos não iônicos de diferentes classes, um é um álcool etoxilado (UNTL 90 – sistema 1) o outro um nonifenol etoxilado (sistema 2). Os resultados indicaram que o sistema com tensoativo UNTL 90 possui melhor eficiência que o sistema com RNX 110. Os estudos do tempo de contato na extração mostraram que a extração é rápida, mas não eficiente, pois o pico de extração começa em 25 minutos de contato. A reutilização do sistema microemulsionado mostrou queda de 43,69 % no percentual de extração. A extração com agitação se mostrou o mais eficaz no tratamento do cascalho, atingindo o percentual de extração de 87,04 %, ou seja, se obtém um cascalho de perfuração com 0,551 % de parafina. Utilizando o percentual de parafina empregado nos fluidos de perfuração não aquosos, chega-se a conclusão que o teor de parafina no cascalho não pode ser superior a 3,93 %. Conclui-se que a quantidade de parafina no cascalho tratado com o sistema microemulsionado e com agitação está bem abaixo do estabelecido pelo órgão americano (US EPA).
5	KATHERINE CARRILHO DE OLIVEIRA DEUS NOVOS ADSORVENTES PARA APLICAÇÃO NA REMOÇÃO DE ENXOFRE DE COMBUSTÍVEIS Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Feb 4, 2015 Show Abstract Atualmente o mercado exige derivados de petróleo cada vez mais puros e, com isso, surge a necessidade de novos métodos, mais eficientes e economicamente viáveis, para obtenção desses produtos. Considerando a remoção do enxofre do diesel, a maioria das refinarias utiliza o processo de hidrogenação catalítica, a hidrodessulfurização. Esses processos são de elevado conteúdo energético, alto custo de produção, além de baixa eficiência na remoção do enxofre a baixas concentrações (abaixo de 500 ppm). A adsorção apresenta-se como uma alternativa eficiente e economicamente viável em relação às técnicas atualmente utilizadas. Com isso, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é desenvolver e otimizar a obtenção de novos adsorventes a base de diatomita, modificados com microemulsões com dois tensoativos não ionicos, agregando eficiência ao material visando as suas aplicações na remoção do enxofre presente no diesel. Após a modificação da argila foram realizadas análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X, fluorescência de raios X, termogravimetria e adsorção de N2 (BET) para a caracterização dos novos materiais obtidos. Para o estudo da remoção do enxofre do diesel foram feitos ensaios em banho finito variando: os pontos de microemulsão para cada tensoativo, a fase aquosa da microemulsão, o tempo e a forma de contato durante a modificação. Além disso, foi realizada uma modelagem estatística para avaliar a influência da concentração do sal na fase aquosa, da temperatura do banho finito e da concentração de enxofre do diesel na capacidade de adsorção. Observou-se que a temperatura e a concentração inicialde enxofreforam os parâmetros mais significativos, quando se aumenta os valores aumenta-se a capacidade de adsorção do enxofre presente no diesel pela argila. A capacidade de adsorção aumentou de 0,43 mg/g para 1,34 mg/g com a otimização do ponto de microemulsão e com a adição de sais (CaCl2 e BaCl2).
6	IZADORA PEREIRA MACHADO "Avaliação térmica e desempenho do processo de secagem de misturas de graviola e leite em secador de leito de jorro" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ENRIQUE DE MEDEIROS JERONIMO MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Feb 13, 2015 Show Abstract Neste trabalho foi estudada a secagem da polpa de graviola em leito de jorro com partículas inertes. A graviola (A. muricata) vem sendo estudada para avaliar o poder de certos constituintes com ação antitumoral. O leito de jorro se destaca na secagem de frutas e leite como um método barato e eficaz. A adição do leite a graviola melhora o rendimento do processo sendo desnecessária a utilização de outros aditivos. O secador é formado por uma coluna cônica cilíndrica contendo partículas de polipropileno como inerte. Os ensaios foram baseados num planejamento experimental 24 sendo avaliados os efeitos das variáveis independentes (temperatura, vazão do ar, tempo de intermitência da alimentação, e concentração do leite) sobre a taxa de produção, umidade do pó, rendimento, taxa de secagem e eficiência térmica do processo. Realizaram-se análises de umidade, atividade de água, acidez total titulável e solubilidade para o produto em pó e de sólidos solúveis totais, pH, acidez total titulável e tempo de reconstituição para o produto reconstituído. Foram ajustados modelos estatísticos de primeira ordem aos dados de produção de pó, rendimento e eficiência térmica, que se mostraram estatisticamente significativos e preditivos. Foi alcançado um rendimento superior a 40%, e as condições mais favoráveis ao processo foram elevadas vazões de ar e de concentração de leite e baixa temperatura. O tempo de intermitência não apresentou efeito significativo sobre as variáveis analisadas. O produto final apresentou umidade e atividade de água adequadas a conservação e as misturas reconstituídas por reidratação do pó mantiveram as mesmas características das misturas naturais. Os resultados demonstram a viabilidade do processo de secagem em leito de jorro da graviola com adição de leite.
7	TALLES NÓBREGA SOUSA "Aplicação de Nanoemulsão Ácida em Acidificação de Poços de Petróleo". Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: May 29, 2015 Show Abstract A constante busca da indústria de petróleo pelo aumento de produção à um baixo custo operacional faz necessário o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que una as duas necessidades. A Acidificação de matriz é um método de estimulação frequentemente empregado para aumentar produção de um poço de petróleo com um custo menor se comparado a um fraturamento. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a obtenção de nanoemulsões ácidas para aplicação em acidificação de matriz. As nanoemulsões são capazes de retardar reações, por diminuir a difusão do ácido no meio, possibilitando a acidificação em reservatórios com baixa permeabilidade. Os reagentes utilizados para formar os sistemas nanoemulsionados foram UNT L90/OMS e RNX 110 como tensoativos, Sec-butanol como cotensoativo, Xileno e Querosene como fase óleo e Solução de HCl como fase aquosa. As nanoemulsões foram obtidas a partir da diluição de microemulsões com água ou solução de HCl. Foi realizado estudo das tensões superficiais, estudo das cinéticas de reação, avaliação da injeção em rocha carbonática e remoção de borra asfáltica. As nanoemulsões apresentaram tensão superficial menor que suas microemulsões de origem. As nanoemulsões tiveram êxito em retardar a reação entre CaCO3 e HCl, onde o sistema mais eficiente é composto por UNT L90/OMS, Secbutanol, Querosene e solução de HCl. As nanoemulsões foram eficientes em formar wormholes em plugs de carbonato calcitico com baixa permeabilidade natural. As wormholes proporcionaram incremento de permeabilidade alcançando valores de até 390 mD. O sistema ácido apresentou bom resultado de remoção de borra asfáltica, mostrando o potencial das nanoemulsões em remover esse tipo de dano. Conclui-se que os sistemas nanoemulsionados têm grande potencial de aplicação em acidificação de matriz.
8	ROGERIO PITANGA SANTOS "Extração, caracterização e avaliação bioativa do extrato de Arrabidaea chica" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Jun 15, 2015 Show Abstract A utilização de plantas com finalidades medicinais é milenar, sendo bastante difundida sua aplicação em medicamentos. Apesar das plantas serem fontes promissoras para a descoberta de novas moléculas de interesse farmacológico, estimativas revelam que apenas 17% delas já foram estudadas quanto a sua possibilidade de uso na medicina. Assim, a biodiversidade da flora brasileira representa um imenso potencial de utilização econômica pela indústria farmacêutica. A planta Arrabidaea chica, popularmente conhecida como “pariri”, é comum na região Amazônica, e a ela são atribuídas várias propriedades medicinais. As folhas desta planta são ricas em antocianinas, que são compostos fenólicos com alto poder antioxidante. Os compostos antioxidantes desempenham um papel vital na prevenção de doenças neurológicas e cardiovasculares, câncer e diabetes, entre outras. Dentre as antocianinas encontradas na Arrabidaea chica, destaca-se a Carajurina (6,7-dihidroxi-5,4’-dimetoxi-flavilium), que é o principal pigmento encontrado nesta planta. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral o estudo sobre a extração supercrítica e a extração convencional (sólido-líquido) de folhas da Arrabidaea chica, avaliando-se o rendimento dos processos extrativos, a atividade antioxidante e a quantificação de Carajurina contida nos extratos. As extrações supercríticas utilizaram CO2 como solvente, adicionado de co-solvente (mistura etanol/água), e foram conduzidas pelo método dinâmico em um extrator de leito fixo. Os ensaios obedeceram a um planejamento fatorial fracionário 24-1, tendo como variáveis resposta o rendimento do processo, o poder antioxidante e a concentração de Carajurina, e como variáveis independentes a pressão, a temperatura, a concentração de co-solvente (v/v) e a concentração de água no co-solvente (v/v). Os rendimentos (massa de extrato seco/massa de matéria-prima utilizada) obtidos da extração supercrítica variaram de 15,1% a 32%, sendo que o melhor resultado foi obtido a 250 bar e 40°C, com uso do co-solvente a 30% (v/v) e concentração de água no co-solvente igual a 50% (v/v). Através de análise estatística, verificou-se que a concentração de co-solvente apresentou efeito significativo sobre o rendimento. Os resultados de rendimento em massa para as extrações convencionais foram de 8,1% (água) e 5,5% (etanol). Através de análises cromatográficas em CLAE (Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência), a Carajurina foi quantificada em todos os extratos obtidos e os valores de concentração (massa de Carajurina/massa de extrato seco) variaram entre 1% e 2,21% para os extratos supercríticos. Quanto às extrações convencionais, não foi detectada Carajurina no extrato aquoso, enquanto o extrato etanólico apresentou teor de Carajurina igual a 7,04%, sendo, portanto, mais seletivo em Carajurina do que as extrações supercríticas. A avaliação do poder antioxidante (método do sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil-DPPH) dos extratos supercríticos resultou em valores de EC50 (concentração efetiva que neutraliza 50% dos radicais livres) compreendidos entre 38,34 e 86,13 μg/mL, enquanto que as extrações convencionais resultaram em valores de EC50 de 167,34 (água) e 42,58 (etanol) μg/mL. A boa atividade antioxidante pode ser atribuída não somente à presença de Carajurina, mas também à existência de outros compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes naArrabidaea chica. Através da otimização do planejamento experimental, foi possível identificar o experimento que apresentou o melhor resultado considerando as três variáveis resposta em conjunto. Este experimento foi realizado nas seguintes condições: pressão de200 bar, temperatura de 40°C, concentração de co-solvente igual a 30% (v/v) e concentração de água no co-solvente igual a 30% (v/v). Conclui-se que, dentro da faixa estudada, é possível obter o resultado ótimo utilizando condições operacionais mais amenas, o que implica em menores custos e maior facilidade de operação.
9	GISLANE PINHO DE OLIVEIRA "DEGRADAÇÃO FOTOCATALÍTICA OXIDATIVA DO FENOL UTILIZANDO CARVÃO OBTIDO DA PIRÓLISE DE DIFERENTES BIOMASSAS" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANTONIO OSIMAR SOUSA DA SILVA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA Data: Jun 25, 2015 Show Abstract O progresso industrial moderno vem incorporando compostos fenólicos entre as impurezas encontradas em solução na água. Por se tratar de uma substância tóxica e cancerígena é imprescindível que a mesma seja reduzida à concentrações toleráveis aos organismos vivos, determinadas pelo CONAMA. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo o tratamento e caracterização de catalisadores oriundos do biocarvão, subproduto da pirólise de biomassa (avelós e pó de madeira), assim como a sua avaliação na degradação fotocatalítica do fenol. Os ensaios foram realizados em um reator leito de lama, com medições instantâneas da temperatura, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. Os experimentos foram realizados nas seguintes condições operacionais: temperatura igual a 50 ºC, vazão de oxigênio igual a 410 mL min-1, volume de solução reagente igual a 3,2 L, pressão de 1 atm, duração de 2 horas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o pH do meio reacional (3,0; 6,9 e 10,7), concentração inicial de fenol comercial (250, 500 e 1000 ppm), concentração de catalisador (0, 1, 2 e 3 g L-1), natureza do catalisador (CAADCM e CMADCM). Os resultados de FRX, DRX e BET comprovaram a presença de ferro e potássio em quantidades satisfatórias para o catalisador CAADCM e em quantidades reduzidas no catalisador CMADCM, e o aumento da área superficial dos materiais após a ativação química e física. As curvas de degradação do fenol indicam que o pH tem uma influência significativa na conversão do fenol, apresentando melhores resultados para os pH mais reduzidos. A concentração ótima de catalisador observada é igual a 1 g L-1, sugerindo que pouco catalisador é necessário para aumentar a conversão da reação em relação ao ensaio realizado na ausência de catalisador. O aumento da concentração inicial de fenol exerce uma influência negativa na condução da reação, entretanto, uma vez que o fenol está presente em baixas concentrações nos efluentes, esta metodologia se torna desejável frente aos outros métodos mais convencionais. Também foi observado o efeito positivo da presença de ferro e potássio na estrutura do catalisador: obteve-se conversões melhores para os ensaios realizados com o catalisador CAADCM, quando comparado com o catalisador CMADCM nas mesmas condições. A maior conversão foi obtida para o ensaio realizado em pH ácido (3,0), com uma concentração inicial de fenol igual a 250 ppm na presença do catalisador CAADCM a 1 g L-1. As amostras líquidas retiradas a cada 15 minutos foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência identificando e quantificando a hidroquinona, catecol e ácido maleico. Finalmente um mecanismo do processo reacional foi proposto, considerando que o fenol é transformado em fase homogênea e os demais reagem na superfície do catalisador. Aplicando-se o modelo de Langmuir-Hinshelwood juntamente com um balanço de massa, obteve-se um sistema de equações diferenciais que foram resolvidas utilizando o método de Runge-Kutta de 4ª ordem associado a uma minimização da função objetivo para obtenção e otimização dos parâmetros cinéticos e de adsorção.
10	MARINA DE SOUTO LEAL "Separação de fases de fluidos de perfuração utilizando tensoativos" Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS ANTONIO EDUARDO CLARK PERES KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO Data: Jul 3, 2015 Show Abstract Resíduos de fluido de perfuração constituem um dos principais poluentes produzidos na exploração e desenvolvimento de campos de petróleo e gás. Sólidos coloidais ultrafinos presentes na formação são incorporados ao fluido durante a perfuração interferindo na sua reologia e consequentemente no seu desempenho, o que com o tempo leva ao seu descarte. Se eliminados indevidamente, os fluidos de perfuração certamente poluirão o ambiente local, o que resultará em perdas inestimáveis, por sua vez, o desenvolvimento da indústria do petróleo irá ser restringido pela poluição ambiental. O alto consumo de água utilizada em plantas de processo juntamente com a escassez de água, tem motivado a indústria a reutilizar suas águas residuais. Desta forma, neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo sobre separação de fases sólido-líquido em resíduos de fluidos de perfuração base água, visando a reutilização da água presente no fluido depois de terminado sua vida útil na perfuração de poços. Para isso, foram testados os tensoativos não-iônicos nonilfenol etoxilado e álcool laurílico etoxilado, de diferentes graus de etoxilação; o aniônico dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) e o catiônico Brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB), afim de verificar a influência das cargas e do grau de etoxilação na separação de fases em dois fluidos de perfuração base água coletados diretamente nos campos de perfuração de poços de petróleo. Os fluidos foram aditivados com 1% de tensoativo, e em seguida submetidos à um processo de centrífugação. A partir dos resultados, foi realizado um planejamento experimental 22 , tendo como variáveis a rotação da centrífuga e o tempo de centrífugação, visando otimizar o processo de separação. Após otimização do processo de separação, foi feita a caracterização físico-química da água separada obtida. O tensoativo não-iônico nonilfenol etoxilado com grau de etoxilação 6 foi o que forneceu maior percentual de água separada dentre os tensoativos utilizados nos fluidos de perfuração estudados. Com as análises dos resultados de caracterização da água separada concluiu-se que a água recuperada utilizando tensoativo está apta para ser reutilizada na preparação de novos fluidos.
11	PAULA FABIANE PINHEIRO DO NASCIMENTO "APROVEITAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS CONTENDO METAIS ORIGINADO DO PROCESSO DE PIRÓLISE DE BIOMASSAS PARA ADSORÇÃO DE CO2" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ LUCIENE DA SILVA SANTOS Data: Jul 24, 2015 Show Abstract Tendo em vista o aquecimento global promovido pela emissão de CO2, há grande necessidade de desenvolver pesquisas que elimine esse poluente, principalmente com novos materiais, em particular resíduos sólidos, viabilizando economicamente o processo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo agregar valor ao carvão rico em óxidos metálicos originado da pirólise do lodo do esgoto doméstico e da serragem da madeira, para aplicação no processo de adsorção de CO2. Também foi avaliada a capacidade de adsorção de CO2 com a zeólita 13X comercial funcionalizada com grupo amina. As atividades experimentais realizadas compreenderam a ativação química dos carvões com KOH e física (atmosfera de nitrogênio), funcionalização da zeólita 13X com MEA, caracterização das amostras pelas técnicas BET, DRX, FRX, MEV e TG. A avaliação da capacidade adsortiva dos sólidos, frente à adsorção do CO2, foi realizada através dos processos estático (com mistura de 4% de CO2 e 96% de gás inerte) e dinâmico, sendo este último, com uma mistura sintética de CO2, CO, CH4, H2 e hidrocarbonetos. No processo estático (utilizando um microadsorvedor acoplado a uma balança de suspensão magnética), realizado na temperatura de 25ºC e pressões de 0,5 a 5,0 bar, foram construídas as isotermas de equilíbrio da adsorção, cuja equação do modelo (Langmuir) foi utilizada no balanço de massa aplicado ao modelo dinâmico. No processo dinâmico de adsorção, utilizando um reator de leito fixo, as curvas de rupturas foram obtidas na temperatura de 25ºC, pressão de 1atm, vazão da mistura gasosa de 50 ml/min e 20 g de massa de adsorvente ativado termicamente. Os resultados mostraram que após o tratamento químico com KOH, os carvões pirolíticos obtiveram uma melhora significativa nas suas propriedades texturais, influenciando positivamente a sua capacidade adsortiva. O carvão da pirólise do lodo de esgoto teve sua área superficial específica aumentada de 8 a 11 vezes, após a etapa de ativação, enquanto que para o carvão da pirólise da serragem da madeira esse aumento foi de 90 vezes. Os adsorventes tratados apresentaram os seguintes percentuais de remoção de CO2: zeólita pura - 63,32%, zeólita funcionalizada com MEA - 67,89%, carvão da pirólise do lodo de esgoto - 41,46% e carvão da pirólise da serragem da madeira - 54,10%. O modelo dinâmico aplicado se ajustou satisfatoriamente as curvas de rupturas com os valores experimentais, permitindo avaliar o coeficiente externo de transferência de massa (1,48 x 10-6 – 1,52 x 10-4 dm/min), o coeficiente de difusão efetiva intrapartícula (1,99 x 10-3 - 4,76 x 10-3 dm2/min) e o coeficiente de dispersão axial do leito (3,54 x 10 -6 – 4,7 x 10-5 dm2/min).
12	MARCELL SANTANA DE DEUS ESTUDOS DE SISTEMAS MICROEMULSIONADOS UTILIZANDO ÁGUA PRODUZIDA NA RECUPERAÇÃO AVANÇADA DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS MARCOS ALLYSON FELIPE RODRIGUES TULIO YTERBIO FERNANDES VALE Data: Jul 31, 2015 Show Abstract Os reservatórios de petróleo possuem, na época da sua descoberta, uma energia inicial, chamada de energia primária. Quando a energia natural do reservatório não é mais suficiente para fazer com que o óleo escoe para os poços, ainda há um grande volume de óleo retido no mesmo, portanto, para que esse volume chegue à superfície, é necessária a aplicação de métodos visando aumentar a produtividade do campo. Esses métodos são denominados de Métodos de Recuperação. Existem duas classes de métodos de recuperação: convencionais e especiais ou avançados. A utilização de tensoativos e seus sistemas se enquadram na classe de métodos de recuperação avançada, sendo considerada uma alternativa eficiente dentre os métodos atualmente aplicados. Os processos de produção de petróleo e gás geram grandes volumes de resíduos líquidos, águas residuais ou água produzida, que contêm vários componentes orgânicos e inorgânicos, e a sua descarga sem tratamento pode poluir o solo e as águas da superfície e do subsolo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da utilização da água produzida como fase aquosa de sistemas de microemulsão e sua aplicação como método de recuperação avançada em reservatório carbonático. Foram obtidos diferentes sistemas microemulsionados com e sem água produzida e realizadas as suas caracterizações (reologia, tensão superficial e densidade). A rocha carbonática utilizada foi caracterizada por (microscopia eletrônica de varredura, fluorescência de raios-X, difração de raios-X e termogravimetria). Para os ensaios de recuperação foram utilizadas dois pontos de microemulsão (micela direta e bicontínua), variando a fase aquosa entre água produzida sintética e água de torneira. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram recuperações de óleo in place em torno de 90%, concluindo assim que o uso da água produzida como fase aquosa da microemulsão não prejudica a recuperação e não reduz a eficiência do processo.
13	JOSÉ WAGNER ALVES GARRIDO "UTILIZAÇÃO DA TÉCNICA COMBINADA FLOCULAÇÃO/FLOTAÇÃO POR AR DISSOLVIDO PARA REMOÇÃO DE ÓLEOS E GRAXAS DA ÁGUA PRODUZIDA COM A MISTURA DE FLOCULANTES NATURAL E COMERCIAL" Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA PRISCILLA LOPES FLORIDO Data: Aug 6, 2015 Show Abstract Na indústria do petróleo, vários segmentos impactam negativamente o meio ambiente. Por exemplo, no segmento representado pela extração do petróleo, o poluente mais relevante, é a água produzida, devido a sua complexa composição química de contaminantes e quantidade gerada que podem variar consideravelmente. Nesse contexto, a técnica de flotação tem sido bastante empregada no tratamento deste efluente na indústria de petróleo, no sentido de reduzir o teor de óleos e graxas, associando na etapa de pré-tratamento a operação de floculação, tornando essa etapa um ponto importante no processo. Os floculantes utilizados nessa etapa, dependendo da dosagem poderão acarretar sérios problemas à saúde do ser humano e ao meio ambiente por não serem biodegradáveis, ocasionando problemas de disposição e tratamento do lodo gerado, além de apresentarem um custo elevado. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de remoção de óleos e graxas aplicando-se a técnica combinada floculação/flotação por ar dissolvido no tratamento de água produzida da indústria de petróleo. Foram testadas várias formulações de floculantes obtidas com a mistura do floculante natural Moringa oleífera industrial e dois outros tipos de floculantes comerciais utilizados pela Petrobras. Os testes foram realizados conforme um planejamento composto central, através do qual verificou-se estaticamente a influência das variáveis do processo: concentração total de floculante, tempo de mistura lenta e tempo de flotação. A eficiência da técnica floculação/flotação foi interpretada a partir da variável resposta “remoção do teor de óleos e graxas” (TOG). Para cada tipo de mistura obtiveram-se modelos matemáticos estatisticamente significativos e preditivos decorrentes do planejamento experimental. Ambas as misturas do floculante natural Moringa oleífera industrial com os floculantes comerciais tipos (A) e (B), foram eficazes na remoção de TOG da água produzida, a ponto de atingir os requisitos ambientais para descarte deste efluente em corpos d´água naturais.
14	IGOR MICAEL ALVES UCHÔA Diesel fuel microemulsion with glicerin : formulation, evaluation and performance. Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES MARCELO BEZERRA GRILO Data: Aug 25, 2015 Show Abstract The increasing use of fossil fuels for energy and increasing vehicle fleet in the world, has increased emissions of air pollutants such as COx, NOx, SOx and soot. The requirement from environmental agencies for the use of renewable energy sources or less polluting potential becomes increasingly constant in all parts of the world. Biofuels, especially biodiesel, emerged as alternative energy sources. They are renewable, biodegradable, and cleaner burning than mineral fuels. The issue of biodiesel production is the generation of glycerin, which creates problems of storage and disposal of this byproduct. In this context, this paper discusses the design and characterization of a base diesel fuel microemulsion with glycerine, with the goal of energy use. For formulation developed a statistical study type 23, with duplicate in the center point, where the independent variables were: surfactant concentration (CONCT), ratio of surfactants (Prop) and concentration of the glycerin solution (Concsol). The observed response was the mass concentration of the glycerine solution (C. mass) supported by mineral diesel fuel, before the turbidity point. The formulations were characterized according to the rheological behavior, where it was noted that the kinematic viscosity did not show great variation and the representative model of the experimental data was to Herschell Buckley. In tribological study of prepared formulations using a solution of 15% glycerin showed a film forming of 100% in 250 seconds, coefficient of friction of 0.1, behavior similar to mineral diesel. In specific consumption tests the higher the power dissipated by the larger engine is the fuel burning efficiency. Microemulsions showed thermodynamic stability when left for long periods at rest.
15	NATÁLIA MORAES MEDEIROS "Caracterização e Separação física de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos" Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA LUCIANA DE FIGUEIREDO LOPES LUCENA Data: Aug 25, 2015 Show Abstract O consumo desenfreado de equipamentos eletrônicos juntamente com a rápida imersão de novas tecnologias no mercado impulsiona o crescimento acelerado de resíduos eletroeletrônicos. Esses resíduos sólidos, em sua maioria, contem placas de circuito impresso em sua estrutura. Estas, por apresentarem muitos metais dentre eles metais pesados, são altamente tóxicas. Os resíduos eletrônicos são descartados de forma indevida e indiscriminadamente, normalmente sem nenhum tratamento e junto com os demais resíduos urbanos, contaminando o meio ambiente e causando graves problemas a saúde humana. Além desses metais, há também metais preciosos e de base de alto valor agregado, que podem ser recuperados e reciclados, reduzindo a exploração dos recursos naturais. Assim, devido ao alto potencial de crescimento e reutilização desses resíduos, processos de tratamento, de caracterização e de separação foram aplicados às placas de circuito impresso. As placas foram submetidas a tratamentos físicos, como desmantelamento, moagem, separação granulométrica, separação magnética e por tratamentos químicos como pirólise e lixiviação. Através dos processos de caracterização (pirólise e lixiviação) as proporções dos componentes das faixas granulométricas foram determinadas: 46,08% de metais; 23,32% de polímeros e 30,60% de cerâmicos. Observou-se também pela separação granulométrica, que os componentes metálicos tendem a se concentrarem nas frações mais grosseiras, enquanto que os materiais poliméricos e cerâmicos nas frações finas. Do processo de separação magnética obteve-se 12,08% de material magnético e 82,33% de material não magnético.
16	FERNANDO JOSÉ VIEIRA DA CUNHA FILHO "ESTUDO REOLÓGICO DE UM FLUIDO DE PERFURAÇÃO À BASE DE n-PARAFINA, UTILIZANDO ARGILA MODIFICADA COM TENSOATIVO" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Aug 25, 2015 Show Abstract A perfuração de poços de petróleo, uma das etapas da exploração de óleo e gás, é feita ininterruptamente e hoje é capaz de ser realizada em regiões de grande complexidade como nas chamadas águas profundas. Para isto, é de extrema importância a utilização do fluido de perfuração. Dentre os fluidos de perfuração existentes, os fluidos de perfuração à base de óleo são utilizados em situações nas quais se requer maior resistência a temperaturas elevadas, baixa taxa de corrosão, baixa solubilidade das formações de sal, tais como as encontradas nas perfurações da camada pré-sal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar reologicamente, atraé do STATISTICA 10, um fluido de perfuração, produzido, a partir de um sistema microemulsionado, utilizando uma argila (bentonita) organofilizada. O fluido estudado foi constituído de n-parafina como fase óleo, água salina (35g/L de NaCl), tensoativo nonilfenoletoxilado com quatro graus de etoxilação e a baritina, como adensante, para dar peso ao fluido e chegar ao peso de 8,5 lb/gal, usualmente utilizado em perfurações e padrão neste trabalho. O procedimento experimental foi dividido em seis etapas: processo de organofilização da bentonita, na qual foi realizada a modificação superficial da argila através do tensoativo catiônico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB) em três diferentes concentrações: 30% acima da concentração micelar crítica (c.m.c); 30% abaixo da concentração micelar crítica (c.m.c); na concentração micelar crítica (c.m.c); análise da tensão superficial e da molhabilidade, para assegurar que a modificação superficial foi realizada com sucesso; construção dos diagramas de fase ternários para obtenção dos sistemas microemulsionados; preparo do fluido de perfuração; planejamento fatorial, para estudo estatístico através do software STATISTICA 10.0; e análise reológica, que foi realizada no equipamento reômetro Thermo Cientific – HAAKE MARS (Modular Advanced Rheometer System) em três diferentes temperaturas: 25°C, 45°C e 65°C. As variáveis de respostas obtidas após ensaio reológico foram: viscosidade plástica, viscosidade aparente, limite de escoamento e tixotropia.
17	LUCIANA AVELINO RATKIEVICIUS "AVALIAÇÃO DE ARGILA MODIFICADA POR TENSOATIVO PARA APLICAÇÃO EM FLUIDO DE PERFURAÇÃO À BASE DE ÓLEO VEGETAL" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Aug 27, 2015 Show Abstract Os fluidos de perfuração base óleo são utilizados em situações nas quais se requer características especiais, tais como as exigidas na perfuração da camada Pré-sal. Para o desenvolvimento de uma nova formulação de fluido base óleo foi escolhida a microemulsão devido a sua maior estabilidade frente às emulsões tradicionalmente utilizadas. Os fluidos foram preparados utilizando-se uma composição de microemulsão (Winsor IV) definida através de diagrama de fases ternário constituído por óleo de soja, álcool lauríco trietoxilado e água salina. A este sistema microemulsionado adicionou-se bentonita sódica modificada por brometo de hexadecil trimetil amônio e baritina. A etapa de modificação da argila foi realizada utilizando-se três diferentes concentrações de tensoativo catiônico com o objetivo de tornar possível a dispersão da argila em meio orgânico. Foi realizado um planejamento fatorial 2³ com triplicata do ponto central para avaliação da influência da concentração de tensoativo hexadecil trimetil amônio na organofilização da argila, da concentração de viscosificante na composição do fluido de perfuração e da temperatura através das variáveis respostas obtidas. As análises reológicas forneceram resultados de viscosidade plástica, viscosidade aparente, tixotropia e limite de escoamento. A partir destes resultados, determinou-se a formulação de um fluido de perfuração e este foi caracterizado através de ensaios reológicos. Os resultados mostraram que a adsorção dos cátions quaternários de amônio na superfície da argila foi significativa e apresentou mais eficiência utilizando-se concentração de tensoativo acima da concentração micelar crítica. O estudo do efeito das variáveis independentes mostrou que a temperatura é o fator mais influente nas propriedades reológicas do fluido preparado.
18	ARIANO BRITO DE FARIAS "ESTUDO DA ABSORÇÃO DAS ESPÉCIES PESADAS DO GÁS NATURAL EM OCTANOL: EFEITOS DA TEMPERATURA E VAZÃO" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA CÍCERO SENA MOREIRA GOMES DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA Data: Sep 28, 2015 Show Abstract Na indústria do petróleo, o gás natural é um componente vital no suprimento de energia do mundo e uma importante fonte de muitos hidrocarbonetos. É uma das mais limpas, mais segura e mais aplicável de todas as fontes de energia, e ajuda a conhecer a crescente demanda mundial por energia limpa no futuro. Com a crescente participação do gás natural na matriz energética no Brasil, o principal objetivo de seu uso tem sido o abastecimento de energia elétrica através da geração de energia térmica. No processo de produção atual, como em uma Unidade de Processamento de Gás Natural (UPGN), o gás natural passa por diversas unidades de separação visando à produção de gás natural liquefeito e gás combustível. Este último deve ser especificado para atender as máquinas térmicas. No caso dos poços remotos, o processo de absorção dos componentes pesados visando o seu ajuste é uma alternativa para de aumentar a malha energética do país e/ou local. Atualmente, devido à elevada demanda por este gás processado, a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de técnicas que visam o ajuste do gás natural são estudados. Métodos convencionais hoje empregados, como a absorção física, possuem bons resultados. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a remoção dos componentes pesados do gás natural. Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado como absorvente físico o álcool octílico. Foi estudada a influência dos parâmetros, como temperatura (5°C e 40°C) e vazão (25 e 50 ml/min) sobre o processo de absorção em termos de capacidade de absorção, expresso pela quantidade absorvida; e em termos cinéticos, expresso pelo coeficiente de transferência de massa. Conforme esperado pela literatura, foi observado que a absorção das frações pesadas de hidrocarbonetos é favorecida em baixas temperaturas. Por outro lado, tanto a temperatura como a vazão favorece a transferência de massa, efeito cinético. A cinética de absorção de remoção dos componentes pesados foi acompanhada através de análise cromatográfica e os resultados experimentais mostraram elevado percentual de recuperação dos componentes pesados. Além disso, foi observado que o emprego de álcool octílico como agente absorvedor demonstrou ser viável o processo de separação.
19	PETRÚCIA KARINE SANTOS DE BRITO BEZERRA “Obtenção de novas emulsões asfálticas utilizando óleo lubrificante usado ou contaminado (OLUC)” Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALEXANDRE GURGEL CRISTIAN KELLY MORAIS DE LIMA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Sep 28, 2015 Show Abstract Emulsões asfálticas (EAs) são dispersões de Cimento Asfáltico de Petróleo (CAP) em fase aquosa ou vice-versa, estabilizadas por tensoativos, produzidas em moinhos coloidais. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas e caracterizadas emulsões asfálticas convencionais (EACs) e emulsões asfálticas modificadas (EAMs) pela incorporação de óleo lubrificante usado ou contaminado (OLUC). De acordo com a Resolução nº 362/2005 do CONAMA, todo o OLUC deve ser destinado à reciclagem por meio do processo de rerrefino. Porém, alguns fatores ligados à infraestrutura da indústria de rerrefino, como a fiscalização insuficiente, o baixo percentual de coleta (< 40%), o alto custo de logística, frente ao rendimento do processo, que é em torno de 60%, têm inviabilizado o rerrefino no Brasil. Sendo o OLUC quimicamente compatível com o CAP, o principal objetivo deste estudo foi incorpora-lo ao CAP para produzir emulsões asfálticas modificadas estáveis, de menor custo e com possibilidades de aplicação em pavimentos sem danos ao meio ambiente. Planejamentos experimentais foram utilizados como ferramenta para direcionar o estudo e reduzir o número e o tempo das etapas necessárias à obtenção e caracterização das EAs. Inicialmente, realizou-se um estudo preliminar para definir a composição básica e as condições de emulsificação para obtenção EACs. No planejamento fatorial 1 (2³), avaliou-se os fatores temperatura de emulsificação, tempo de processo e quantidade de tensoativo na obtenção de EACs. No planejamento fatorial 2 (2²), verificou-se a influência das quantidades de CAP e tensoativo na obtenção de EACs, fixando as variáveis temperatura (80°C) e tempo de emulsificação (5 min.) já otimizadas no primeiro planejamento. No planejamento fatorial 3 (2n + 2.n + 4; n=2), fixou-se a variável CAP em 60%, determinado no planejamento anterior, e estudou-se as quantidades de OLUC e tensoativo necessárias à obtenção de EAMs com características compatíveis à Norma DNIT 165/2013. Todas as EAs obtidas nos planejamentos foram caracterizadas quanto à viscosidade de Saybolt Furol (50°C), resíduo asfáltico por evaporação e sedimentação. Por fim, um estudo de otimização das EAMs foi realizado na tentativa de enquadrá-las totalmente nas especificações do DNIT, caracterizando-as quanto à viscosidade de Saybolt Furol (50°C), resíduo asfáltico por evaporação, sedimentação, peneiração, penetração e ductilidade. Os resultados de caracterização obtidos e avaliados estatisticamente mostraram que foi possível produzir emulsões asfálticas estáveis e de acordo com a norma técnica específica, operando em temperaturas não muito elevadas (80°C) por um curto período de tempo (5 min.), com baixas quantidades de tensoativo. Concluindo-se que é possível incorporar o OLUC às EAs, obtendo-se EAMs com propriedades compatíveis às exigências do órgão regulamentador, com baixo custo e que podem ser usadas em operações de pavimentação.
20	EMERSON ALENCAR DE MEDEIROS "AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DA PALIGORSQUITA MODIFICADA E DO CARVÃO DA PIRÓLISE DO LODO DE ESGOTO NO PROCESSO DE DEGRADAÇÃO FOTOCATALÍTICA DO FENOL" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA MARCELO MENDES PEDROZA Data: Oct 2, 2015 Show Abstract É preocupante o descontrole por parte das indústrias que produzem insumos relacionados aos compostos fenólicos, promovendo a emissão ou descarte desse poluente no meio ambiente, trazendo danos irreversíveis à natureza bem como ao ser humano. Diante disso, é imprescindível a realização de um tratamento desses efluentes antes de serem descartados no meio ambiente, reduzindo a concentração do contaminante à valores determinados pela legislação. Procura-se, portanto, o tratamento desses efluentes utilizando novos materiais catalíticos que viabilizem o processo como um todo. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo o tratamento, caracterização e avaliação de novos catalisadores na reação de degradação fotocatalítica do fenol. Os ensaios foram realizados em um reator fotocatalítico, em condições constantes de temperatura (50 ºC), potência da lâmpada (400 W), volume da fase líquida (3,4 L), concentração do catalisador (1 g L-1), concentração inicial do fenol (500 ppm) e tempo de reação 3 horas. Preliminarmente à reação foi realizado um estudo com a vazão de oxigênio (410, 515, 650 e 750 mL min-1) a fim de identificar o valor ótimo (650 ml min-1) a ser utilizado no processo de degradação do fenol. Os demais parâmetros foram variados: pH do meio reacional (3, 5,5 e 10) e a natureza do catalisador (paligorsquita acidificada calcinada, paligorsquita impregnada com 3,8% de ferro e carvão originado da pirólise do lodo de esgoto doméstico). Os materiais catalíticos foram caracterizados por DRX, FRX, BET e distribuição granulométrica. No processo de degradação fotocatalítica do fenol, os resultados mostraram que o pH tem influência significativa na conversão do fenol, apresentando melhores resultados para o pH igual a 5,5. Os valores da conversão do fenol variaram entre 58% (para a paligorsquita acidificada calcinada) e 52% para o carvão do lodo de esgoto. As amostras líquidas analisadas por cromatografia líquida identificaram e quantificaram os seguintes produtos da degradação: hidroquinona, catecol e o ácido maléico. Por fim, foi proposto um mecanismo do processo reacional, considerando que o fenol é transformado em fase homogênea e os demais reagem na superfície do catalisador. Para este último, foi aplicado o modelo Langmuir-Hinshelwood, cujos balanços de massas conduziram a um sistema de equações diferenciais que foram resolvidas utilizando o método numérico associado a uma minimização da função objetivo para obtenção e otimização dos parâmetros cinéticos e de adsorção. O modelo se ajustou satisfatoriamente aos resultados experimentais. A partir do mecanismo proposto e com as condições operatórias utilizadas no presente trabalho, a etapa mais favorecida, independente do catalisador, foi a do grupo ácidos (originada dos compostos quinônicos), sendo transformado em CO2 e água, cuja constante de velocidade k4 apresentou valor 0,578 mol L-1 min-1 para a paligorsquita acidificada calcinada, 0,472 mol L-1 min-1 para o Fe2O3/paligorsquita e 1,276 mol L-1 min-1 para o carvão do lodo, sendo este último o melhor catalisador para mineralização dos ácidos em CO2 e água. Os quinônicos foram mais fortemente adsorvidos nos sítios dos catalisadores paligorsquita acidificada calcinada e Fe2O3/paligorsquita, cujas constantes de adsorção foram semelhantes (~4,45 L mol-1) e superior ao carvão do lodo (3,77 L mol-1).
	Thesis
1	MARIA SUSANA SILVA "Desenvolvimento de novos biolubrificantes hidráulicos derivados dos óleos de maracujá e de moringa in natura e epoxidados" Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EVERLANE FERREIRA MOURA GABRIEL FRANCISCO DA SILVA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA SALETE MARTINS ALVES TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Feb 2, 2015 Show Abstract O aumento da consciência ambiental, maximizando a biodegradabilidade e minimizando a ecotoxicidade é a força motriz principal para os novos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos. Deste modo, os lubrificantes biodegradáveis utilizados em áreas ambientalmente sensíveis podem ser mais explorados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi obter novos biolubrificantes a base de óleo de maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Degener) e de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamarck) in natura e epoxidados e otimizar um novo pacote de aditivos utilizando planejamento experimental para sua utilização como fluido hidráulico. Na primeira etapa do trabalho foi realizada a otimização do processo de epoxidação dos óleos utilizando o planejamento experimental fracionado 24-1, variando a temperatura, tempo de reação, razão de ácido fórmico e peróxido de hidrogênio. Em seguida, foi investigada a seletividade, termodinâmica e a cinética da obtenção dos dois epóxidos a 30, 50 e 70 °C. O resultado dos planejamentos experimentais confirmou que para a epoxidação do óleo de maracujá são necessárias 2 horas de reação, 50 °C e uma razão H2O2/C=C/HCOOH (1:1:1). Para o óleo de moringa foram necessárias 2 horas de reação, 50 °C e uma razão de H2O2/C=C/HCOOH (1:1:1,5). Os resultados das conversões finais foram iguais a 88,05% (±0,5) para o epóxido de óleo de maracujá e 91,40% (±0,4) para o epóxido do óleo de moringa. Em seguida foi feito o planejamento experimental fatorial 23 para avaliar quais as melhores concentrações do inibidor de corrosão e antidesgaste (IC), antioxidante (BHA) e extrema pressão (EP). Os biolubrificantes obtidos nessa etapa foram caracterizados segundo as normas DIN 51524 (Part 2 HLP) e DIN 51517 (Part 3 CLP). O processo de epoxidação dos óleos foi capaz de melhorar a estabilidade oxidativa e diminuir o índice de acidez total quando comparados aos óleos in natura.. Em termos de desempenho físico-químico como lubrificantes o melhor fluido foi o epóxido do óleo de moringa aditivado (EMO-ADI), seguido do epóxido do óleo maracujá aditivado (EMA-ADI) e, por último, o óleo de maracujá in natura sem aditivos (OMA). Para finalizar, foi feita a investigação de seus comportamentos tribológicos sob condições de lubrificação limítrofe. O desempenho tribológico dos lubrificantes desenvolvidos foi analisado em um equipamento HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig) e através da medição do coeficiente de atrito, que ocorre durante o contato e a formação do filme lubrificante, durante o ensaio. O desgaste foi avaliado através de microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Em todos os ensaios, foi formado um filme lubrificante e que a adição de aditivos EP e IC nas bases vegetais de óleo de maracujá e moringa in natura não favoreceu uma redução significativa no desgaste. Os biolubrificantes desenvolvidos a partir de óleo de maracujá e moringa modificados via epoxidação apresentaram propriedades tribológicas satisfatórias, mostrando serem potenciais lubrificantes para substituição dos fluidos comerciais de base mineral.
2	JULIANA CHRIS SILVA DE AZEVEDO "Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans". Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADRIANA SILVA FRANCA JAILANE DE SOUZA AQUINO KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Feb 27, 2015 Show Abstract A agroindústria brasileira transformou-se em um importante segmento da economia do país e, inevitavelmente, em resposta a esse avanço do setor agroindustrial, a geração de resíduos agroindustriais também aumentou. O camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) é um fruto nativo da Região Amazônica, que se tornou mundialmente conhecido por seu elevado teor de ácido ascórbico. Apesar de estudos que apontam sua riqueza bioativa seus efeitos biológicos, pouca são as informações sobre técnicas de transformação e aproveitamento do resíduo industrial de camu-camu. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho avaliou a aplicação de dois processos de secagem, por convecção em secador de bandejas e liofilização, com vistas a produzir um produto funcional. Foi realizada a caracterização físico-química (composição, cor, solubilidade, higroscopicidade), compostos bioativos (compostos fenólicos totais, ácido ascórbico, carotenoides e flavonoides) e o estudo da funcionalidade desses grupos experimentais que incluiu a determinação das atividades antioxidante, antienzimática e antimicrobiana. Além disso, sistemas-modelo in vivo C. elegans foram usados para investigar o efeito dos extratos de camu-camu sobre doenças neurodegenerativas (Alzheimer e Parkinson), longevidade e stress oxidativo. Tomados em conjunto, a presente tese apresenta dados inéditos e inovadores sobre o resíduo desidratado de camu-camu, que revelam a multifuncionalidade desse material ainda subexplorado do ponto de vista científico e comercial. Os resultados aqui apresentados constituem uma importante etapa no esclarecimento do valor funcional de extratos naturais obtidos a partir da rica, e ainda inexplorada, biodiversidade Brasileira.
3	ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO "ESTUDO DA MOLHABILIDADE DE SUPERFÍCIES DE PARAFINA E AÇO INOXIDÁVEL POR SOLUÇÕES DE TENSOATIVOS NÃO IÔNICOS" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS GERALDINE ANGÉLICA SILVA DA NÓBREGA MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA Data: Mar 6, 2015 Show Abstract Molhabilidade é uma propriedade amplamente utilizada em muitas aplicações industriais. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a molhabilidade de superfícies de parafina de cadeia longa por tensoativos não iônicos com graus de etoxilação diferentes. As interações entre as fases sólida e líquida foram determinadas através de medições do ângulo de contato aparente, enquanto a morfologia foi obtida por microscopia de força atômica. Os resultados demonstraram que a massa molar da parafina tem uma influência direta sobre a molhabilidade das superfícies por soluções de tensoativo. O aumento na mossa molar da parafina promoveu uma redução do ângulo de contato entre as interfaces sólido-líquido, devido à formação de superfícies com menor rugosidade. Um aumento do grau de etoxilação do tensoativo reduziu a molhabilidade diretamente, tendendo para um comportamento similar ao da água. Observou-se que a parafina derretida cristaliza mais abruptamente quanto maior for a sua temperatura de fusão, o que impede a formação de cristais e, consequentemente, redução na rugosidade.
4	KATIA CRISTINA BORGES "Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) desidratada por atomização e liofilização: Características físico-químicas, compostos bioativos e efeito sobre longevidade, estresse oxidativo e neurotoxicidade induzida em modelos in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans" Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN KATIA CASTANHO SCORTECCI NELY HOLLAND CARMEN SILVIA FAVARO TRINDADE MARIA DO SOCORRO MOURA RUFINO Data: Mar 9, 2015 Show Abstract Considerado um dos países com a maior biodiversidade, o Brasil detém mais de 100.000 mil espécies de plantas distribuídas em diferentes biomas, incluindo uma diversidade de frutas tropicais e exóticas. Muitas delas ganharam popularidade e atingiram os mercados interno e externo, entretanto uma fração permanece pouco estudada. Dentre elas está a pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), fruta tropical cultivada no Nordeste com sabor, aroma e aparência apreciados, com considerável teor de vitamina A e C, além de substâncias biologicamente ativas, principalmente compostos fenólicos. Contudo, a disponibilidade do fruto apenas em determinadas estações do ano e sua alta perecibilidade, dificulta a conservação e armazenamento da fruta in natura. Assim, o presente trabalho avaliou a aplicação de dois processos de secagem (spray drying e liofilização) em duas variedades de pitanga (Eugenia uniflora), visando à obtenção de um produto com aplicação funcional. Foram determinadas as características físico-químicas (composição, cor, solubilidade e higroscopicidade), compostos bioativos (compostos fenólicos totais, carotenoides, antocianinas e ácido ascórbico), perfil fenólico (flavonoides, ácidos fenólicos, proantocianidinas e ácido elágico), funcionalidade in vitro (atividades antioxidante, antienzimática e antimicrobiana). Também foi avaliada a funcionalidade in vivo, utilizando o nematoide C. elegans como modelo para investigação da longevidade, estresse oxidativo e doenças neurodegenerativas (Alzheimer e Parkinson). A pesquisa apresenta dados inéditos sobre a potencialidade funcional e neuroprotetora dessa fruta tropical da biodiversidade brasileira, ainda pouco estudada.
5	RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO "REMOÇÃO DE CORANTES UTILIZANDO TENSOATIVOS: EXTRAÇÃO POR PONTO DE NUVEM E FLOCULAÇÃO IÔNICA" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO LEOCADIA TEREZINHA CORDEIRO BELTRAME LIANA FILGUEIRA ALBUQUERQUE MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA SHIRLLE KATIA DA SILVA NUNES Data: Apr 23, 2015 Show Abstract O setor têxtil é um dos principais responsáveis pela geração de efluentes industriais devido, principalmente, aos grandes volumes de água que apresentam elevado teor de carga orgânica. Neste observa-se à presença de corantes, tensoativos, amido, alcoóis, ácido acético e outros constituintes, provenientes das várias etapas de processamento do material têxtil. Diante disto, o tratamento destes efluentes é necessário antes de lançá-los nos corpos de água, pois podem causar alterações físico-químicas desastrosas para o meio ambiente. Os tensoativos são substâncias muito utilizadas nos processos de separação e, neste trabalho foram utilizados no tratamento de efluentes têxteis aplicando a extração por ponto de nuvem e a extração por floculação iônica. Na extração de corante reativo por ponto de nuvem foi utilizado o tensoativo nonilfenol, com grau de etoxilação 9,5. A avaliação do processo foi realizada em termos da temperatura, concentração de tensoativo e de corante. Neste processo, a remoção de corante alcançou 91%. A floculação iônica ocorre devido à presença de cálcio, que reage com tensoativo aniônico e forma tensoativos insolúveis capazes de atrair a matéria orgânica através da adsorção. Neste trabalho, a floculação iônica, utilizando sabão base, foi aplicada ao tratamento de efluente sintético contendo corantes pertencentes a três classes: os diretos, reativos e dispersos. A avaliação do processo foi realizada pela influência dos seguintes parâmetros: concentração de tensoativo e de eletrólitos, velocidade de agitação, tempo de repouso, temperatura e pH. A floculação do tensoativo foi realizada de dois modos: formando o floco no próprio efluente e formando o floco antes de misturá-lo ao efluente. A remoção do corante direto, quando o floco é formado dentro do efluente têxtil, foi de 97%, em pH 11. No caso em que o floco é formado antes de adicioná-lo ao efluente, alcançou-se 92%. Estes resultados mostram que os processos avaliados foram eficientes para remoção de corantes de efluentes têxteis.
6	MARIA DE FATIMA BEZERRA "Polpa de jambolão (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) fresca e desidratada: características físico-químicas, bioativas e funcionais, efeitos biológicos em Caenorhabditis elegans e uso para produção de frozen yogurt caprino probiótico" Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : BEATRIZ DE CASSIA MARTINS SALOMAO KATIA CASTANHO SCORTECCI RENATA VALERIANO TONON ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN SILVANA MAGALHAES SALGADO Data: Apr 24, 2015 Show Abstract A presente tese avaliou a polpa de jambolão (Eugenia jambolana Lam.) fresca e desidratada mediante dois processos de secagem (liofilização e atomização: 110 oC, 120 oC e 130 oC com 10 % de goma Arábica) quanto as características físico-químicas (pH, umidade, atividade de água, diâmetro médio de partículas, solubilidade dos pós e cor instrumental), bioativas [compostos fenólicos totais (CFT), antocianinas monoméricas, proantocianidinas (PA), ácido elágico total (AET), miricetina e cianidina] e estudo da funcionalidade in vitro (atividade antioxidante, antienzimática e antimicrobiana). Em seguida, a funcionalidade in vivo da polpa de jambolão foi avaliada, com uso do modelo Caenorhabditis elegans, quanto à via sinalização de insulina, longevidade e doenças neurodegenerativas (doença de Alzheimer e Mal de Parkinson). A polpa de jambolão desidratada apresentou elevada retenção de CFT (50 % a 75 %), PA (90 % a 98 %), AET (31 % a 83 %), miricetina (40 % a 84 %), cianidina (72 % a 84 %) e atividade antioxidante (15 %). A polpa fresca, o pó liofilizado e o pó atomizado a 110 °C apresentaram elevada atividade inibitória contra lipase pancreática (4,4 a 5,8 mg/mL), alfa-glicosidase (10,3 a 13,8 mg/mL) e alfa-amilase (8,9 a 11,2 mg/mL). Esses grupos experimentais também se apresentaram inibidores ativos contra o crescimento de S. aureus. Os pós de jambolão aumentaram a expressão de genes ligados à via de sinalização de insulina (SIR-2.1, PPTR-1, DAF-16, SOD-3, e CTL) e foram capazes de estender o tempo médio de vida de C. elegans (18,07 % a 24,34 %), reduzir a paralisia induzida pelo amiloide AB1-42 e os danos causados pela molécula neurotóxica 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). A partir disso, foi desenvolvido frozen yogurt com uso do leite caprino adicionado de Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BI-07 com polpa ou pó atomizado (110 °C) de jambolão. O produto final foi avaliado quanto a suas características físico-químicas (pH, acidez titulável, sólidos totais, proteína, açúcares redutores totais, gordura, cinzas, overrun e teste de derretimento], bioativas (CFT e antocianinas monoméricas), atividade antioxidante, viabilidade da cultura probiótica e análise sensorial (teste de aceitação, preferência global e intenção de compra). As amostras de frozen yogurt caprino com cultura probiótica apresentaram menor pH e maior acidez, CFT, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante. Foram observados baixos níveis de overrun (14,2% a 22,6%) e elevada taxa de sobrevivência da bifidobactéria durante o armazenamento congelado (97%). As amostras de frozen yoghurt com cultura probiótica alcançaram resultados inferiores para o atributo sabor e o grupo desenvolvido a partir do pó de jambolão sem cultura probiótica alcançou maior preferência (57 %) entre os provadores. De maneira geral, a presente pesquisa apresenta o jambolão como um fruto rico em compostos bioativos, com elevada capacidade funcional, com potencial para modular importantes vias biológicas, aumentar a expectativa de vida e retardar risco de doenças neurodegenerativas. Atualmente o jambolão é um fruto exótico subaproveitado no Brasil com elevado poder corante e a presente tese mostra, pela primeira vez na literatura, importantes achados tecnológicos, biológicos e científicos sobre essa fruta que podem ser usados para o desenvolvimento de produtos alimentares saudáveis.
7	GRACIANA CLECIA DANTAS "Contribuição para a Tecnologia de Produção de Corpos de Oclusão do Baculovírus Spodoptera: Análise das Proteínas Virais e Caracterização Matemática." Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA KATERINE DE CARVALHO LIMA LOBATO ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA LUCIANO PACELLI MEDEIROS DE MACEDO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI PAULO SERGIO MARINHO LUCIO Data: May 29, 2015 Show Abstract O uso de agrotóxicos em cultivo agrícola é cada vez maior. Os inseticidas químicos usados na agroindústria causam grandes preocupações como a contaminação ambiental e a falta de seletividade aos organismos. Uma alternativa para esse problema é a utilização de bioinseticidas. Os bioinseticidas são mais seguros que os agrotóxicos comuns e apresentam vantagens como menor toxicidade e alta especificidade. Ademais, podem ser utilizados em menor quantidade, decompõem-se mais rápido e sua utilização associada com os inseticidas sintéticos faz com que o uso de agrotóxicos seja menor, causando baixo impacto ambiental. Em particular, bioinseticidas do tipo baculovírus têm sido apontados como uma opção de substituição a estes inseticidas químicos na agricultura. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a produção in vitro do baculovírus Spodoptera frugiperda nucleopolyhedrovirus e o estudo do seu perfil eletroforético com base nas proteínas virais presentes nos vírus extracelulares deste baculovírus. As partículas de vírus extracelulares obtidas durante a passagem seriada do baculovírus foram analisadas por eletroforese em gel desnaturante e, como esperado, a poliedrina – proteína responsável pela formação do corpo de oclusão - com aproximadamente 30 kDa foi destaque em todas as passagens analisadas. Proteínas na região entre 14,4 e 97 kDa também foram detectadas. A análise do efeito da adição do hormônio β-ecdisona extraído do Ginseng brasileiro e do hormônio ecdisona sintético na produção do baculovírus Spodoptera foi realizada na terceira e quarta passagens em células Sf21, momento em que a formação dos corpos de oclusão foi reduzida. Os resultados mostraram que o hormônio ecdisona não influenciou na produção dos corpos de oclusão na terceira passagem. Porém, na quarta passagem ao se adicionar o hormônio ecdisona, tanto o sintético como o extraído do Ginseng brasileiro, houve um aumento aproximado de duas vezes na formação dos corpos de oclusão quando comparados à produção sem adição de ecdisona. Utilizando este processo de infecção, foi realizada uma modelagem e simulação matemática que representasse o mecanismo de produção do bioinseticida.
8	MAXWELL FERREIRA LOBATO "Desenvolvimento de material BaXPr1-XO3 (0 ≤ X ≤ 1) com estrutura perovskita para oxidação catalítica do CO a CO2 em reator de leito fixo." Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Jun 19, 2015 Show Abstract O Cerato de bário (BaCeO3) tem estrutura perovskita do tipo ABO3, na qual A e B são cátions metálicos. Estes materiais, dopados ou não, têm sido estudados por apresentarem características que os tornam promissores na aplicação em células a combustível de óxido sólido, permeação de hidrogênio e oxigênio, como catalisadores, entre outros. Porém, como os materiais cerâmicos de condutividade mista têm sido produzidos por métodos distintos de síntese, algumas condições influenciam diretamente as propriedades finais, sendo uma das mais importantes a dopagem do sítio B, que pode ter influência direta no tamanho de cristalito, que por sua vez pode influenciar a sua atividade catalítica. No presente trabalho, perovskitas do tipo (BaCexO3) tiveram o cério gradativamente substituído pelo praseodímio para obtenção de materiais ternários do tipo BaCexPr1-xO3 e binários BaPrO3. Esses materiais foram sintetizados pelo método de complexação combinando EDTA-Citrato, sendo o material caracterizado via DRX, MEV e BET para identificação da sua estrutura, morfologia e área superficial. Além disso foram realizados, em todos os materiais, testes catalíticos em reator de leito fixo visando a identificação daquele responsável pela conversão total de CO em CO2 na menor temperatura de operação, etapa que poderá ser utilizada como posterior à produção de gás de síntese (CO+H2) a partir da oxidação do metano. No presente trabalho a fase cristalina foi obtida apresentando estrutura ortorrômbica para todas as composições, com morfologia formada por aglomerados de partículas. O tamanho médio dos cristais variou entre 100 nm e 142,2 nm. As áreas superficiais foram de 2,62 m²g-1 para a composição BaCeO3, de 3,03 m²g-1 para a composição BaCe0,5Pr0,5O3 e de 2,37 m²g-1 para a composição BaPrO3. Em relação aos testes catalíticos, pode-se concluir que a vazão ótima de operação do reator foi de 50 ml/min e que a composição que obteve a taxa máxima de conversão com a menor temperatura foi o BaCeO3, para 400º C. Enquanto isso, observou-se que ao substituir parcialmente o cério pelo praseodímio houve uma diminuição na atividade catalítica do material.
9	RICARDO HENRIQUE ROCHA DE CARVALHO "Extração Supercrítica de Óleo de Sesamum indicum L. e Aplicação Como Inibidor de Corrosão em Aço AISI 1020 Através de Sistemas Microemulsionados" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ANDERSON ALLES DE JESUS ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO Data: Aug 6, 2015 Show Abstract O problema da corrosão tem preocupado diversos setores da indústria no mundo, trazendo uma série de inconvenientes e prejuízos na reposição ou manutenção de diversos equipamentos constituídos de ligas metálicas. Inibidores de corrosão formulados à base de sistemas microemulsionados, têm sido estudados buscando minimizar os transtornos causados por processos corrosivos. Diante dessa realidade, o presente trabalho propôs a formulação de sistemas microemulsionados utilizando óleo de gergelim como fase orgânica. O óleo de gergelim utilizado na formulação das microemulsões foi extraído via CO2 supercrítico, mediante utilização de planejamento fatorial 23, buscando as melhores condições de temperatura, pressão e percentual de metanol (co-solvente) para melhorar o rendimento do processo. A extração supercrítica concentra no extrato obtido uma série de componentes polares conhecidos como lignanas, destacando-se a sesamina, sesamolina e o sesamol, conferindo ao óleo uma excelente capacidade antioxidante. A eficiência do óleo de gergelim (Sesamum indicum L.) como antioxidante e como inibidor de corrosão foi avaliada mediante análise dos sistemas β-caroteno/ácido linoléico e técnica eletroquímica de curvas de polarização de Tafel. Os sistemas microemulsionados foram caracterizados e em seguida aplicados como inibidores de corrosão em aço carbono AISI 1020, muito comum na indústria do petróleo. Dois sistemas microemulsionados foram formulados, O SME1 (composto por óleo de gergelim, água e Tween 80 como tensoativo) e o SME2 (composto por óleo de gergelim, água e uma mistura na razão de 1:1 de Ultrol L/90 e butanol, como tensoativo e cotensoativo respectivamente). Os sistemas SME1 e SME2 foram testados em concentrações de 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 e 400 ppm em soluções salina afim de determinarmos o percentual de inibição à corrosão de cada sistema. No processo de extração supercrítica, segundo análise estatística, o parâmetro que mais influenciou no rendimento foi a pressão, alcançando o máximo de 34,23% a uma pressão de 250 bar, temperatura de 70°C e 10% de metanol como co-solvente. Foi possível gerar um modelo matemático que se mostrou preditivo e significativo para um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Quanto à inibição da corrosão do aço AISI 1020, o sistema SME2 na concentração de 400 ppm alcançou uma eficiência máxima de 88,16% de inibição de passagem de corrente pelo eletrodo em estudo. Os resultados de eficiência de inibição da corrosão do SME2 foram ajustados às isotermas de Langmuir e Frumkin, visando entender melhor o processo de adsorção dessas microemulsões sobre as superfícies metálicas. A isoterma que melhor se ajustou aos resultados experimentais, apresentando um R2 = 0,99 foi a de Langmuir, comprovando que o processo de adsorção das micelas foi puramente físico, ligando-se à superfície metálica por forças de Van Der Walls.
10	ANA KARLA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA "Remoção Simultânea de Sulfetos e Petróleo, a partir de Águas Produzidas, utilizando o MDIF (misturador-decantador à inversão de fases)" Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA PRISCILLA LOPES FLORIDO ROSINEY ARAÚJO MARTINS Data: Aug 7, 2015 Show Abstract As águas produzidas estão associadas aos processos de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás. Estas águas são misturas complexas e possuem muitos contaminantes como petróleo, metais pesados e gases, como o H2S e o CO2, que também são componentes presentes na água de produção. Os gases são originados a partir da própria composição do petróleo e do gás natural. O H2S deve ser removido dos fluidos da indústria do petróleo, pois é um gás altamente tóxico, potencialmente letal e misturado à água forma um ácido corrosivo aos dutos e linhas de fluxo e outros equipamentos. Na atual legislação ambiental estabelecida pelo CONAMA, a concentração de sulfetos nas águas de descarte, deve ser inferior a 1 ppm e, para reuso, 0,3ppm. Neste trabalho, foram testadas três aminas comerciais solubilizadas em QAV visando a remoção simultânea de óleo e H2S em águas produzidas com concentração inicial de 0,660 ppm de H2S. A operação de extração líquido-líquido foi estudada fazendo-se uso do aparelho Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases (MDIF). As aminas comerciais testadas foram: DUOMEEN T, ARCUARD 2C-75 e DUOMEEN O. Todas apresentavam função tensoativa e caráter hidrofóbico (alquilaminas). Os teores de H2S e petróleo (ppm) foram avaliados antes e após o contato entre as fases orgânica (solução orgânica amina/QAV) e aquosa (água produzida). Após testes de extração em funis de separação conduzidos em batelada selecionou-se a amina ARCUAD 2C-75, para realizar os testes sistemáticos com o MDIF (Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases). As condições operacionais foram estabelecidas com base nas seguintes variáveis: relação orgânico/aquoso (1/5;1/3; 2/5) em v:v; vazão total (60; 65; 70; 75; 80; 85; 90; 100) em L/H; e concentração do extratante amina solubilizada em QAV (0,1; 0,15 e 0,20) em (v:v). Os resultados experimentais foram analisados com base em dois approaches, o Planejamento Estatístico Experimental e a Rede Neural Artificial (NRA). Obteve-se uma eficiência de remoção simultânea de sulfetos e petróleo de 74 e 83%, respectivamente, para uma relação orgânico/aquoso de 1/3; uma vazão de 90 L/H e uma concentração de extratante amina em QAV de 0,10 v:v.
11	JOSELISSE SOARES DE CARVALHO SANTOS "AVALIAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS CONSTITUÍDOS POR POLÍMEROS/ TENSOATIVO/ EDTA NA RECUPERAÇÃO AVANÇADA DE PETRÓLEO" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO FABÍOLA DIAS DA SILVA CURBELO FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO Data: Oct 19, 2015 Show Abstract A recuperação avançada de petróleo tem sido foco de inúmeras pesquisas buscando o melhoramento da recuperação do óleo in place dos reservatórios, isto porque os reservatórios maduros e/ou aqueles que possuem óleos muito viscosos precisam de meios que auxiliem no escoamento e conseqüente produção. Diante disto, foram estudadas as propriedades físico-químicas, entre estas propriedades verificaram-se o comportamento reológico e a tensão superficial dos polímeros, variando a concentração e a temperatura. Após a obtenção da concentração de overlep, foi analisada a tensão interfacial da solução de petróleo/poliacrilamidas e, estas em presença de tensoativo e EDTA. Também, observou-se a permeabilidade destas soluções, modificando a concentração. Com isso, o objetivo desta caracterização foi observar a viabilidade destas soluções nos processos de deslocamento de petróleo em meio poroso. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o aumento da ionicidade das poliacrilamidas promove um aumento da viscosidade no meio. No caso da temperatura seu aumento reduz a viscosidade para as poliacrilamidas de baixa ionicidade, a aumenta a viscosidade das poliacrilamidadas de alta ionicidade. Quanto a permeabilidade, verificou-se que os polímeros aniônicos apresentaram pressões mais elevadas em comparação aos polímeros de baixa ionicidade, e acredita-se que esse comportamento esteja relacionado às viscosidades destes polímeros, que são mais altas. Na tensão superficial observou-se a região da concentração de overlep de cada polímero, consequentemente foi observado que as cargas iônicas não influenciaram consideravelmente na redução das tensões interfaciais entre o óleo e as poliacrilamidas e constataram-se reduções das IFT de todas as soluções estudadas quando comparada ao caso água/petróleo. Tal resultado é um bom indício para seu uso no processo de recuperação avançada de petróleo. Finalmente, ao injetar as soluções estudadas no meio poroso, verificou-se que as soluções de polímeros com maior ionicidade em presença de tensoativo e EDTA promoveram uma sinergia na recuperação avançada de petróleo, quando comparadas às soluções contendo apenas polímeros.
12	LUZIANY ADYJA DA COSTA FREIRE "Recuperação de proteínas funcionais de soro de leite de cabra utilizando sistemas aquosos bifásicos" Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA BEATRIZ DE CASSIA MARTINS SALOMAO BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL JULIANA NEVES RODRIGUES RACT Data: Oct 21, 2015 Show Abstract A região Nordeste possui o maior efetivo do rebanho caprino brasileiro, porém o soro de leite caprino é um subproduto da indústria de laticínios pouco aproveitado e muitas vezes desperdiçado pela indústria de alimentos. O soro é um alimento nobre com alto valor nutritivo e rico em proteínas, a α-Lactoalbumina (α-La) e a β-Lactoglobulina (β-Lg) são as proteínas mais abundantes, com importantes propriedades nutricionais, funcionais e fisiológicas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi a recuperação das proteínas α-La e a β-Lg provenientes do soro de leite de cabra in-natura. Dessa forma, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e reológica do soro de leite de cabra e as proteínas α-La e β-Lg foram identificadas e quantificadas, além de ser avaliada a relação entre os tempos de retenção e as variantes genéticas dessas proteínas. O estudo da partição das proteínas α-La e β-Lg foi realizado utilizando sistemas aquosos bifásicos formados por polímero-fosfato de potássio, polímero-goma do cajueiro e polímero-maltodextrina, onde os polímeros utilizados foram polietilenoglicol, com massas moleculares de 1500, 4000 e 8000, polipropilenoglicol, com massas moleculares 425, 2000 e 4000 e polivinilpirrolidona, com massas moleculares de 3500, 10000 e 40000. Dessa forma, foi avaliada a influência do tipo, massa molecular e porcentagem do polímero na partição dessas proteínas. Dentre os sistemas analisados, o sistema formado por 17,93% polietilenoglicol 1500 e 17,89% fosfato de potássio foi o mais indicado por apresentar um maior coeficiente de partição (Kα-La = 10,995 e Kβ-Lg = 0,101), uma maior seletividade (= 108,36) além de alto rendimento (= 90,25%; = 92,13%) e pureza ( = 72,79; = 97,59). Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo para a separação das proteínas α-La e β-Lg provenientes do soro de leite de cabra in-natura foram satisfatórios, demonstrando a viabilidade e eficiência da técnica de separação por sistemas aquosos bifásicos utilizando sistemas reais.

2014

	Dissertations
1	SÉRGIO DANTAS DE OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR "Produção de enzimas por fungos em fermentação semi-sólida utilizando bagaço de coco e pedúnculo de caju como substrato" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CRISTIANE FERNANDES DE ASSIS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MATHEUS DE FREITAS FERNANDES PEDROSA SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS Data: Jan 16, 2014 Show Abstract A agroindústria no Brasil tem um desafio que é o aproveitamento sustentável dos resíduos gerados. A produção de enzimas por microrganismos utilizando resíduos agroindustriais é importante e pode estar associada a diversas aplicações tais como, indústrias de alimentos, química, têxtil entre outras. O objetivo deste trabalho é a produção de enzimas CMCase, Xilanase, Avicelase e FPase através da fermentação em estado sólido (FES), usando como substrato o bagaço do coco verde e o pedúnculo de caju seco utilizando os microrganismos Penicillium chrysogenum e um fungo isolado da casca do coco. Utilizando a metodologia do planejamento experimental fatorial e análise de superfície de resposta estudou-se a influência da variação da umidade e do pH. Como meio de cultivo foram utilizados o bagaço do coco para o Penicillium chrysogenum e para o fungo isolado, e em outra fermentação usou-se a mistura de bagaço de coco e pedúnculo de caju. Foram realizadas fermentações usando apenas o bagaço do coco como substrato, nos cultivos utilizando o fungo isolado e o fungo Penicillium chrysogenum, e uma mistura com 50% de bagaço do coco e de 50% do pedúnculo de caju apenas com o fungo Penicillium chrysogenum, as condições de cultivo foram: 120 horas à 30 °C em BOD, variando umidade e pH. Com o objetivo de verificar a influência das variáveis: umidade e pH, foi elaborado um planejamento experimental fatorial 22, sendo então dois fatores e dois níveis para cada fator com três repetições no ponto central. Os níveis das variáveis independentes utilizadas foram, na ordem crescente (-1, 0, +1), para umidade, 66%, 70,5% e 75% e para o pH 3, 5 e 7. Foi usado o programa computacional STATISTICTM (versão 7.0, da StatSoft, Inc.) para calcular os efeitos principais das variáveis e suas interações. A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi usada para otimizar as condições da FES. A caracterização química e físico-química do bagaço do coco verde determinou as composições de Celulose (%) = 39,09; Hemicelulose (%) = 23,80; Lignina Total (%) = 36,22 e de Pectina (%) = 1,64. Já para a caracterização do pedúnculo de caju os valores foram de Celulose (g) =15,91; Hemicelulose (%) = 16,77; Lignina Total (%) = 30,04 e Pectina (%) = 15,24. Os resultados obtidos indicam o potencial dos materiais como substrato para fermentação semi sólida visando produção de enzimas. Os dois microrganismos utilizados se apresentaram bons produtores de celulases. Os resultados mostraram o potencial do fungo isolado na produção da enzima CMCase, com valor máximo de 0,282 UI/mL e para a enzima Avicelase o valor máximo variou entre 0,018 – 0,020 UI/mL, usando apenas o bagaço do coco como substrato. O fungo Penicillium chrysogenum apresentou os melhores resultados para as enzimas CMCase = 0,294 UI/mL, FPase = 0,058 UI/mL, Avicelase = 0,010 UI/mL e Xilanase = 0,644 UI/mL, usando o bagaço do coco e o pedúnculo de caju como sustratos. O fungo Penicllium chrysogenum apresentou atividades enzimáticas usando apenas o coco como substrato, para CMCase = 0,233 UI/mL, FPase = 0,031 – 0,032 UI/mL, Avicelase = 0,018 – 0,020 UI/mL e Xilanase = 0,735 UI/mL. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os microrganismos e os substratos utilizados apresentam potencial para processos de produção de enzimas em cultivo semi-sólido.
2	SAMUEL ALVES DE OLIVEIRA "AVALIAÇÃO CINÉTICA E POTENCIAL Nb2O5 OBTIDO A PARTIR DE UM COMPLEXO DE NIÓBIO PARA FORMAÇÃO DE OLEATO DE METILA ATRAVÉS DA REAÇÃO DE ESTERIFICAÇÃO DO ÁCIDO OLEICO" Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA KALYANNE KEYLY PEREIRA GOMES Data: Jan 30, 2014 Show Abstract A catálise heterogênea apresenta-se como uma alternativa mais sustentável para a produção de biodiesel. Dentre os catalisadores heterogêneos que despontam, os materiais a base de nióbio mostram-se como uma alternativa para suprir essa demanda de catalisadores. O presente trabalho visa avaliar o potencial catalítico de um catalisador heterogêneo derivado de um complexo de nióbio na produção de biodiesel. Foi utilizada, para o estudo, uma reação alternativa a transesterifcação de óleos vegetais em biodiesel, a reação de esterificação metílica do ácido oleico. O catalisador foi sintetizado após a calcinação em diferentes temperaturas (200, 300, 450, 600 e 700 °C) de um precursor de nióbio, o tris-oxalato-oxiniobato de amônio hidratado ((NH4)3[NbO(C2O4)8].nH2O), gerando um óxido de nióbio com uma nanoestrutura diferente do óxido de nióbio comercial, usado para sintetizar o precursor. O óxido de nióbio comercial, o precursor e o catalisador foram caracterizado por termogravimetria (TG), análise de área superficial (BET), volume de poros, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análise de dispersão de energia (EDS) e difração de Raios-X (DRX). Na termogravimetria verificou-se que o precursor se decompõe em sucessivas temperaturas a até um limite de 700 °C onde ocorre a sua estabilização. Na análise de volume de área superficial (BET) verificou-se um aumento significativo da área entre o óxido de nióbio comercial com 1 m2/g para 17 m2/g com o catalisador calcinado em 600 °C. Na microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) observou-se que o aumento na temperatura de calcinação do precursor gerava um catalisador com grãos menores, atingindo uma ordem inferior a 100 nm. A análise por DRX permitiu observar que o material começa a se cristalizar com o aumento da temperatura, permanecendo estável em uma temperatura superior a 600 °C. Para o estudo do potencial catalítico foi realizado um planejamento fatorial composto com ponto central, com três fatores (temperatura de calcinação, razão molar de álcool/ácido oleico e percentual mássico de catalisador), em um reator de vidro encamisado com um banho termostatizado no período reacional de 60 minutos, em uma temperatura de 60 °C e com pressão atmosférica. Dentre esses fatores verificou-se que o ponto ótimo experimental se deu mediante a temperatura de calcinação do precursor em 600 °C, uma razão molar de álcool/ácido oleico de 3,007/1 e percentual mássico de catalisador de 7,998%, apresentando uma conversão de 22,44% do ácido oleico em oleato de metila. A análise estatística dos dados permitiu realizar uma regressão linear e quadrática composta e buscar uma otimização dos fatores, com o objetivo de se determinar um ponto ótimo estatístico da reação, sendo a temperatura de calcinação do precursor em 450 °C, razão molar de álcool/ácido oleico de 3,3408/1 e percentual mássico de catalisador de 7,6833%. A partir da condição ótima estatística a cinética reacional foi estudada nas mesmas condições de temperatura e pressão atmosférica em tempo de reação de 240 minutos. A modelagem cinética foi realizada mediante proposição e estimação de parâmetros para o modelo de catálise heterogênea, onde foi evidenciado uma forte interação entre os reagentes e a superfície do catalisador. O modelo proposto se ajustou satisfatoriamente aos resultados experimentais. Em termos de conversão foi encontrada no tempo final de reação uma conversão de 85,01% com catalisador e de 42,38% sem o catalisador, permitindo avaliar que o catalisador estudado possui potencial catalítico para ser utilizado na produção de biodiesel.
3	ZANIEL SOUTO DANTAS PROCÓPIO "Avaliação da Produção de Biodiesel de Microalga Isochrysis Galbana via Transesterificação In Situ" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO OFÉLIA DE QUEIROZ FERNANDES ARAÚJO Data: Apr 4, 2014 Show Abstract As microalgas são organismos microscópicos fotossintetizantes que crescem rapidamente e em diferentes condições ambientais devido a sua simples estrutura celular. O cultivo de microalgas pode ser considerado um sistema biológico muito eficiente no tocante ao armazenamento de energia solar, haja vista a produção de compostos orgânicos via processo fotossintético. Assim, compreende-se que o cultivo desses mecanismos fotossintetizantes se insere numa proposta relevante uma vez que, quando comparados a outras matérias primas produtoras de óleo, apresentam uma elevadíssima produtividade (dezenas de ton.ha/ano), sendo, portanto, uma matéria-prima capaz de suprir a totalidade da demanda atual de biodiesel. O objetivo geral do projeto foi a obtenção do biocombustível através da aplicação processo de transesterificação do bio-óleo obtido a partir da microalga Isochrysis galbana. O estudo ainda teve por objetivos específicos aperfeiçoar um modelo de fotobiorreator, utilizado para o cultivo da microalga; pesquisar as características do biodiesel produzido do acúmulo de biomassa proveniente do cultivo da microalga Isochrysis Galbana, a partir do processo e transesterificação in situ; estudar uma nova rota para desinfecção deste meio de cultura, por meio do uso do agente químico hipoclorito de sódio com o intuito de desonerar o processo produtivo da biomassa. Dessa maneira, a pesquisa apontou resultados bastante satisfatórios para as características verificadas no bio-óleo obtido, o qual se enquadrou nos padrões preconizados pela resolução adotada. Além disso, demonstrou-se que o fotobiorreator projetado atendeu às expectativas no que concerne ao crescimento do cultivo estudado e contribuiu amplamente para o desenvolvimento da espécie de microalga escolhida. A desinfecção do meio de cultivo com o hipoclorito foi seguida de contagem celular da espécie, cultivada em meio f/2 com diferentes concentrações de hipoclorito (razões volumétricas de hipoclorito 0% v/v ou autoclavada, como solução padrão; 10% v/v; 5% v/v; 1% v/v; 0,1% v/v; 0,01% v/v). Com a introdução deste novo método foi possível obter a cinética de crescimento do cultivo para o fotobiorreator, além de obter a biomassa necessária para transformação nos experimentos de análise e obtenção do biodiesel. Dessa maneira, pode-se constatar que a microalga Isochrysis galbana se mostrou como uma espécie de extrema relevância para a produção de biodiesel, considerando tanto o seu potencial energético quanto ambiental. Essa matéria-prima é, portanto, capaz de ser utilizada para produção de combustível renovável, gerando um produto de qualidade e com grande potencial de aplicabilidade na matriz energética mundial.
4	PEDRO FERREIRA DE SOUZA FILHO "Palma forrageira (Opuntia fícus indica e Nopalea cochenillifera) como matéria-prima para produção de etanol celulósico e enzimas celulolíticas" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA Data: May 9, 2014 Show Abstract A necessidade de novas fontes de energia e a preocupação com o meio-ambiente têm impulsionado a pesquisa por fontes renováveis de energia, como o etanol. O uso de biomassa lignocelulósica como substrato aparece como uma importante alternativa devido à abundância desta matéria-prima e por não concorrer com a produção de alimentos. Entretanto, o processo ainda encontra dificuldades de implementação, entre elas o custo para produção das enzimas que degradam a celulose em açúcares fermentescíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das espécies de palma forrageira Opuntia fícus indica (gigante) e Nopalea cochenillifera (miúda), comumente encontradas na região Nordeste do Brasil, como matérias-primas para produção de: 1) etanol celulósico pelo processo de sacarificação e fermentação simultâneas (SFS) usando duas cepas diferentes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PE-2 e LNF CA-11) e 2) enzimas celulolíticas através da fermentação em estado semissólido (FES) usando o fungo filamentoso Penicillium chrysogenum. Antes do processo de fermentação alcoólica, o material foi condicionado e pré-tratado por três diferentes estratégias: peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino, alcalino usando NaOH e ácido usando H2SO4, seguido de deslignificação alcalina com NaOH. Análises de composição, cristalinidade e digestibilidade enzimática foram feitas com o material antes e depois do pré-tratamento. Adicionalmente, imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram usadas para comparar qualitativamente o material e observar os efeitos dos pré-tratamentos. Um planejamento fatorial 2² com triplicata no ponto central foi utilizado para avaliar a influência da temperatura (30, 40 e 45 °C) e da carga inicial de substrato (3, 4 e 5% de celulose) no processo SFS, usando o material obtido nas melhores condições de pré-tratamento e testando duas cepas deS. cerevisiae, sendo uma delas floculante (LNF CA-11). Para a produção de celulase, o fungo filamentoso P. chrysogenum foi testado com a espécie de palma N. cochenillifera no estado in-natura (sem pré-tratamento) e submetida a um pré-tratamento hidrotérmico, variando-se o pH do meio fermentativo (3, 5 e 7). A caracterização das palmas forrageiras resultou em 31,55% de celulose, 17,12% de hemicelulose e 10,25% de lignina para a espécie N. cochenillifera e 34,86% de celulose, 19,97% de hemicelulose e 15,72% de lignina para a espécie O. ficus indica. Analisou-se ainda, para as palmas miúda e gigante, o teor de pectina (5,44% e 5,55% de pectato de cálcio, respectivamente), extrativos (26,90% e 9,69%, respectivamente) e cinzas (5,40% e 5,95%). O pré-tratamento usando peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino apresentou os melhores resultados de recuperação de celulose (86,16% para a palma miúda e 93,59% para a palma gigante) e de deslignificação (48,79% e 23,84% para as palmas miúda e gigante, respectivamente). Este pré-tratamento foi também o único a não elevar o índice de cristalinidade das amostras, no caso da palma gigante. Entretanto, quando analisada a digestibilidade enzimática da celulose, o pré-tratamento alcalino foi o que proporcionou os melhores rendimentos e, portanto, este foi o escolhido para os testes de SFS. Os experimentos demonstraram maior rendimento da conversão de celulose em etanol pela cepa PE-2 usando a palma miúda pré-tratada (93,81%) a 40 °C e usando 4% de carga inicial de celulose. A palma miúda demonstrou melhores rendimentos que a gigante e a cepa PE-2 resultou melhor desempenho que a CA-11. A palma miúda se mostrou um substrato possível de ser usado na FES para produção de enzimas, alcançando valores de 1,00 U/g de CMCase e 0,85 FPU/g. O pré-tratamento não se mostrou eficaz para aumentar os valores de atividade enzimática.
5	HERMANO GOMES FERNANDES "Aplicação de Na2S2O8, H2O2 e ferro (II e III) na remediação de solos (latossolo e areia destrófica) contaminados com diesel" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA CARLOS ENRIQUE DE MEDEIROS JERONIMO Data: May 10, 2014 Show Abstract Passivos ambientais oriundos de acidentes na indústria varejista do petróleo, principalmente nas zonas urbanas, tem representado um sério problema cujo impacto atinge o subsolo, a saúde das pessoas e ainda prejuízos econômicos no processo de remediação. Só nos EUA, são estimados centenas de bilhões de dólares aplicados em processos de descontaminação de solos. Os resultados dos laudos e relatórios de investigação de passivo em postos de combustíveis distribuídos na zona urbana do município de Natal-RN foram utilizados para estimativa do cenário local de contaminação. Dessa base de dados foi possível determinar os principais contaminantes (BTEX, PAH, TOC), os bairros atingidos e os tipos de solos potencialmente mais impactados. Foram realizados experimentos objetivando reverter contaminação desse cenário, onde o tipo de solo foi um fator no planejamento, pois influencia diretamente na eficácia das técnicas de remediação estudadas: Oxidação por injeção de peróxido de hidrogênio e oxidação por injeção de persulfato de sódio. Esses oxidantes são ativados formando os radicais livres (OH•-, SO4•-, HO2•,O2•-, S2O8-2, etc) responsáveis por queimar os hidrocarbonetos e outros orgânicos (liberando O2 e CO2). No processo de ativação, foram estudados os íons ferroso (II) e férrico (III) bem como o peróxido na ativação da técnica com persulfato, sendo esta última, a que apresentou melhor eficiência entre todas no estudo, quando ativado com Fe+3. Além de definir qual a técnica mais eficiente, foi objetivo desse estudo a avaliação da influência entre os diferentes solos entre as técnicas oxidativas, caracterizando o efeito da concentração desses oxidantes e ainda o da concentração dos catalisadores. Existe na maioria dos cenários avaliados a presença de ferro total intrínseca a matriz do solo. Os chamados latossolos apresentam coloração avermelhada indicando à presença dessas espécies reativas, como ferro, e aspecto argiloso. O estudo cinético foi conduzido por planejamento experimental e monitoramento do percentual de carbono total (SSM-5000A) nas fases sólidas e líquidas, sabendo que 82,4% da molécula de diesel é carbono. Foi analisado ainda o carbono orgânico e o pH de amostras líquidas para as técnicas, caracterizando a influência do tipo de solo e sua condição operacional. A técnica (Fenton-like) H2O2 e Fe+2 apresentou oxidação satisfatória, inclusive para solo arenoso, mas bem inferior ao melhor resultado. O persulfato sozinho, mesmo no solo mais favorável não apresentou boa eficiência. A técnica viabilizada no estudo teve o perfil de concentração com 2,2x10-1mol.L-1 de Na2S2O8 ativado com o 6,53x10-1mol.L-1 de H2O2 e 2,5x10-2 Fe3+mol.L-1, que reduziu em menos de um dia 96% a contaminação em solo vermelho, inicialmente com 66.667mg de diesel por kg de solo limpo.
6	SUZARA RAYANNE DE CASTRO SENA "Equilíbrio líquido-líquido para o sistema biodiesel de óleo de semente de melão (Cucumis melo l.) + metanol + glicerina" Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO REINALDO CAMINO BAZITO Data: Jun 3, 2014 Show Abstract O Rio Grande do Norte, estado da região Nordeste do Brasil, corresponde ao maior produtor e exportador do melão amarelo, também conhecido como melão espanhol. Apesar do consumo dessa fruta ser basicamente a polpa, a semente do melão é uma importante fonte de lipídios, sendo considerada resíduo industrial tem sido produto de descarte. O uso de sementes oleaginosas como fonte para a produção de biodiesel constitui-se numa importante matéria prima e o incentivo da sua produção contribui para o desenvolvimento agrário da nação. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse trabalho foi utilizar óleo de semente de melão amarelo para produzir biodiesel e realizar um estudo de equilíbrio de fases do sistema envolvendo biodiesel, metanol e glicerina. O biodiesel foi obtido pela transesterificação do óleo através da rota metílica na razão molar 1:9,7 (óleo:álcool), usando uma massa de NaOH de 0,5% da massa de óleo; o tempo de reação foi de 73 minutos a 328 K. Obteve-se uma taxa de conversão de 84,94 % em biodiesel. Os dados de equilíbrio apresentaram um comportamento bem caracterizado, com uma grande região de duas fases. As linhas de amarração indicaram o metanol com uma solubilidade maior na fase rica em glicerina. A consistência dos dados experimentais foi feita com base nas correlações de Othmer-Tobias e Hand em que foram obtidos valores acima de 0,99 para os índices de correlação, conferindo uma boa consistência termodinâmica aos dados experimentais. Os modelos NRTL e UNIQUAC foram utilizados para predizer o equilíbrio líquido-líquido desse sistema, sendo observado uma melhor concordância nos resultados quando NRTL foi empregado (desvio médio de 1,25%), embora o modelo UNIQUAC também tenha apresentado resultado bastante satisfatório (desvio médio de 2,70%). Os modelos NRTL e UNIQUAC ainda foram utilizados para avaliar o efeito da temperatura no intervalo de 328 K e 358 K, em que foi observado pouca variação na solubilidade em relação aos dados obtidos a 298 K, sendo assim considerado desprezível o efeito da temperatura.
7	EVERALDO DANTAS DE MORAIS Produção do carvão ativado a partir do mesocarpo do coco-da-baía (cocos nucifera linn) utilizando H3PO4, CH3COONa e KOH como ativantes. Advisor : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANITA MARIA DE LIMA JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MARCELO MENDES PEDROZA Data: Jun 9, 2014 Show Abstract Atualmente a preocupação com o meio ambiente tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias capazes de minimizar o impacto causado pelo homem. A utilização do mesocarpo do coco-da-baía para produção de carvão ativado reduz o impacto ambiental por ele causada. O presente trabalho pretende produzir e ativar o carvão gerado a partir mesocarpo do coco-da-baía com ácido fosfórico (H3PO4), hidróxido de potássio (KOH) e acetado de sódio (CH3COONa) em concentrações variadas avaliando-os em duas faixas de granulometria: retido em 48 Mesh e passante de 325 Mesh, assim como caracterizá-los através do índice de azul de metileno e de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foi realizada a adequação das curvas de adsorção ao modelo de Langmuir.
8	ANA LUIZA MACEDO DE ARAUJO "JAMBOLÃO (Syzygium cumini) DESIDRATADO POR LIOFILIZAÇÃO E SECAGEM EM LEITO DE JORRO: AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO DO PROCESSO DE SECAGEM E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL FUNCIONAL DO PRODUTO FINAL" Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JAILANE DE SOUZA AQUINO MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Jul 24, 2014 Show Abstract As frutas tropicais têm sido extensivamente estudadas devido a seu potencial funcional atribuído à presença de compostos naturais bioativos. A fruta exótica jambolão (Syzygium cumini) é reportada por sua apreciável quantidade de compostos fenólicos, sobretudo antocianinas, além de significativa capacidade antioxidante. Apesar disso, praticamente não existem produtos derivados de jambolão no mercado brasileiro e volumes consideráveis da fruta são perdidos devido a sua elevada perecibilidade. Sabe-se também que o segmento de frutas desidratadas ganha importância no mercado de frutas processadas, justificada pela praticidade de comercialização, redução de peso e volume e diminuição dos custos com transporte e armazenamento do produto final. Dessa forma, o presente estudo pretende obter e avaliar o jambolão desidratado por dois tipos de desidratação (secagem em leito de jorro e liofilização), além de verificar o impacto dos dois processos de secagem sobre o produto final. Para isso, as características físico-químicas (umidade, atividade de água - aw, solubilidade, cor, granulometria, densidade e higroscopicidade), concentração de bioativos (compostos fenólicos totais - CFT, antocianinas, proantocianidinas, ácido ascórbico) e atributos funcionais (atividade antioxidante, inibição das enzimas alfa-amilase e alfa-glicosidase), além da eficiência da secagem pelos dois processos foram avaliadas e comparadas. Os resultados demonstraram que a umidade (5,78%) e aw (0,350) do jambolão desidratado em leito de jorro foram superiores ao pó liofilizado (3,54% e 0,260, respectivamente). Por outro lado, o teor de ácido ascórbico do pó liofilizado variou entre 299,6 e 319,4 mg/100g, faixa superior a encontrada para o produto seco em leito de jorro (119,8 e 123,1 mg/100g). Os teores de CFT dos produtos obtidos pelos dois processos investigados apresentaram valores próximos entre si e ficaram entre 536,0 a 553,6 mg GAE/100g para o pó liofilizado e 467,1 a 529,3 mg GAE/100g para o pó produzido em leito de jorro. Os resultados do presente trabalho mostram que apesar do impacto causado pelos processos de secagem, tanto o jambolão liofilizado, quanto seco em leito de jorro apresentam elevada concentração de bioativos e características físico-químicas e funcionais apropriadas para seu uso como ingrediente alimentar. De maneira geral, os dados aqui apresentados mostram a secagem como estratégia racional de aproveitamento para a fruta exótica jambolão.
9	PEDRO HENRIQUE DA SILVA OLIVEIRA "Influência da Intensidade de Aeração na Formação do Floco de Lodo Ativado e na Eficiência de Remoção de Matéria Orgânica" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA LAERTE DE MEDEIROS BARROS JUNIOR Data: Jul 24, 2014 Show Abstract No tratamento de águas residuárias, os sistemas de lodos ativados têm sido uma tecnologia largamente aplicada como tratamento secundário. Durante essa etapa, a qual possui uma característica fortemente biológica, é necessário o fornecimento de oxigênio para a manutenção da atividade metabólica das bactérias através de aeradores. Os dispositivos de aeração são responsáveis pela maior parte do consumo de energia ao longo dessa fase. Nesse contexto, a influência de três intensidades de aeração (vazão de ar atmosférico de 3,5, 7,0 e 10, 5 L.min-1) e a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) sobre a dimensão de flocos de lodo ativado, e bem como sobre a eficiência de remoção foram avaliadas utilizando um sistema tradicional de lodos ativados alimentado com efluentedoméstico sintético. Amostras foram retiradas semanalmente das três unidades que compunham o sistema – tanque de alimentação, de aeração e de armazenamento – para verificar a Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO). A eficiência do processo foi estabelecida através da comparação entre a DQO inicial e final. Além dos parâmetros já mencionados, este trabalho de monitoramento do sistema de lodos ativados de bancada foi observado também por meio de medições de Sólidos em Suspensão Totais (SST) e Voláteis (SSV), pH e temperatura. Os resultados mostraram uma eficiência máxima de remoção de quase 75% na primeira sequência de aeração e aproximadamente 85% para a segunda e terceira sequências. Para a primeira aeração, a concentração de OD manteve-se maior que 3,0 mg.L-1 e uma faixa de diâmetro de 10 a 60 μm foi observada, enquanto que na segunda e terceira sequência, a concentração de OD permaneceu superior a 4,0 mg.L-1 com uma faixa de diâmetro de 10 a 200 μm. Embora a sequência 2 e 3 tenham apresentado, ambas, desempenhos similares para remoção de matéria orgânica, a sequência 3 promoveu uma distribuição de tamanho de flocos mais regular e com baixos valores de Índices Volumétricos do Lodo (IVL), configurando em uma melhor habilidade de sedimentação. Em adição, os resultados reafirmam o que literatura tem relatado, maiores concentrações de OD produzem flocos com maiores dimensões.
10	FRANCISCA PEREIRA DE MORAES "SUCO DESIDRATADO DE CAJU (Anacardium occidentale L.) POR ATOMIZAÇÃO: CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA, BIOATIVA E ESTUDO DA VIDA DE PRATELEIRA DO PRODUTO" Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOSÉ MARIA CORREIA DA COSTA KARLA SUZANNE FLORENTINO DA SILVA CHAVES DAMASCENO KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Jul 25, 2014 Show Abstract Apesar da cadeia do caju (Anacardium occidentale L.) relativamente organizada e da diversidade de derivados encontrados no mercado a partir dessa fruta tropical, estima-se que mais de 90% do pedúnculo seja desperdiçado. Uma possível estratégia de aproveitamento comercial do pedúnculo seria utilizá-lo para a produção de suco de caju desidratado, por meio da secagem em spray (spray drying). Dessa forma, o presente trabalho aborda o processo de secagem por spray do suco de caju e o estudo do produto final. A partir disso, a vida de prateleira do produto obtido acondicionado em diferentes embalagens foi avaliada. A secagem foi conduzida em duas temperaturas de secagem (140oC e 150ºC) e duas concentrações de goma arábica (GA, 15% e 25%), constituindo assim, quatro grupos experimentais. O rendimento da secagem foi avaliado, bem como as características físico-químicas (umidade, aw, sólidos solúveis totais, pH, densidade, solubilidade, diâmetro de partícula, higroscopicidade, grau de caking, cor, MEV e DRX), composição (proteína, cinzas, gordura, FDA, FDN, açúcares, lignina) e valor bioativo e funcional (compostos fenólicos totais, carotenoides, ácido ascórbico, e atividade antioxidante) dos produtos finais. Os resultados mostram que todos os ensaios apresentaram rendimento de secagem superior a 65%, com destaque para o grupo C4 (150oC e 25% GA) que alcançou 93,4%. Observou-se também que os pós apresentaram alta solubilidade (94,7-97,9%) e os grupos com menor higroscopicidade (5,8% e 6,5%) foram aqueles com maior proporção de coadjuvante. O diâmetro das partículas variou entre 14,7 μm e 30,2 μm, aumentando com a proporção de GA. Ao se comparar o produto antes e após a secagem por spray, fica claro o impacto da secagem. No entanto, apesar das perdas observadas, o suco de caju desidratado apresentou elevada concentração fenólica (235,9 a 380,4 mg GAE eq/ 100 g MS), carotenoides entre 0,22 e 0,49 mg/ 100 g MS e considerável teor de ácido ascórbico (852,4 a 1346,2 mg/100 g MS), além de apreciável atividade antioxidante 12,9 a 16,4 µmol Trolox Eq/g MS. O estudo de vida de prateleira revelou decréscimo do conteúdo de fenólicos das amostras, além de ligeiro ganho de atividade de água. Os resultados avaliados em conjunto mostram o potencial tecnológico e bioativo do suco de caju desidratado como ingrediente funcional a ser utilizado em formulações alimentícias ou como produto pronto para reconstituição. A rota tecnológica aqui apresentada pode servir como eficiente estratégia para melhor utilização do pedúnculo de caju, evitando o alto desperdício desse material que se observa atualmente.
11	CAMILLA EMANUELLE MENDES ROCHA GURGEL "SECAGEM DA POLPA DE GRAVIOLA (A. MURICATA) EM CAMADA DE ESPUMA - DESEMPENHO DO PROCESSO E CARACTERÍSTICAS DO PRODUTO" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS Data: Jul 29, 2014 Show Abstract A graviola se destaca pela riqueza em sais minerais e presença de antioxidantes, podendo prevenir doenças como o câncer. Estudou-se a desidratação da polpa desta fruta com adição de leite e aditivos (1% de Liga Neutra e 1% de Emustab) pelo processo foam-mat no qual, alimentos líquidos e semilíquidos são transformados numa espuma estável pela adição de agentes químicos com propriedades emulsificantes e espessantes. A elevada área de contato da espuma, com o ar facilita a remoção da umidade. O processo é de baixo custo e apresenta vantagens sobre outros métodos de desidratação. Os experimentos foram realizados conforme o planejamento experimental 23, com 3 repetições no ponto central, analisando-se os efeitos da temperatura, espessura da camada e concentração de leite na cinética de secagem, e nas características físico - químicas do produto em pó (umidade e atividade de água) e da mistura reconstituída (tempo de reconstituição, acidez, pH e teor de sólidos solúveis). A secagem apresentou importante período de taxa constante às taxas específicas de foram calculadas a partir da inclinação das retas ajustadas aos dados experimentais de massa de água evaporada. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou o importante efeito da temperatura no sentido de aumentar as taxas de secagem, todavia deve-se considerar que temperaturas muito elevadas podem comprometer a qualidade do produto. Espumas mais espessa apresentaram menores taxas de secagem, mas é importante evidenciar que para o mesmo volume processado as espumas mais finas vão requerer maior área de exposição ao ar, o que implica na utilização de secadores maiores. A adição do leite promoveu maior expansão da espuma facilitando a secagem e aumentando as taxas. Dependendo da combinação das condições, os efeitos contrários das variáveis independentes podem anular o efeito das variáveis individuais. Os resultados conduzem a um estudo de otimização mais rigoroso das condições do processo. Com relação aos resultados das análises físico-químicas a graviola em pó apresentou características adequadas para conservação o pó apresentou elevada solubilidade e curto tempo de reconstituição, a adição do leite diminuiu a acidez do produto, todavia prejudicou a reconstituição do pó diminuindo a solubilidade e aumentando o tempo de reconstituição. De uma forma geral, as características físico-químicas analisadas não sofreram alterações importantes com o processo de secagem em camada de espuma.
12	EMILIANNY RAFAELY BATISTA MAGALHAES "AVALIAÇÃO DE FLOCULANTE NATURAL À BASE DE MORINGA OLEIFERA NO TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUA PRODUZIDA NA INDÚSTRIA DO PETRÓLEO: APLICAÇÃO DA TÉCNICA COMBINADA FLOCULAÇÃO/FLOTAÇÃO" Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO MARCEL VASCONCELOS MELO Data: Jul 30, 2014 Show Abstract O principal efluente presente na indústria do petróleo é a água produzida, que normalmente está associada ao óleo produzido, apresentando um considerável volume de produção e podendo refletir em efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente e à sociedade caso seu descarte seja inadequado, sendo imprescindível, portanto, um valoroso cuidado para estabelecer e manter a sua gestão. O tratamento convencional para este efluente associa as técnicas de floculação e flotação. Na floculação são utilizados floculantes convencionais que, além do alto custo, são fornecidos com pouca informação técnica. A flotação é a etapa na qual é possível obter a separação das partículas coloidais presentes no efluente, sendo a flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD) uma técnica que vem se consolidando economicamente e apresentantdo grande confiabilidade ambiental ao se comparar com outros processos. A FAD se apresenta como um processo largamente empregado em vários campos de tratamento de águas de abastecimento e de efluentes industriais em todo o planeta. Neste sentido, esse trabalho objetivou avaliar o potencial de um floculante alternativo natural à base de Moringa oleifera na redução do teor de óleos e graxas (TOG) da água produzida na indústria do petróleo através do método de floculação/FAD. Avaliou-se a eficiência do floculante natural e se comparou sua eficiência com dois floculantes comerciais normalmente utilizados pela indústria do petróleo (A e B). Os resultados de eficiências globais para todos os floculantes foram tratados através de planejamentos estatísticos experimentais com base na utilização do software STATISTICA versão 10.0. Obteve-se no planejamento experimental superfícies de contorno e de resposta que foram interpretadas em termos da variável resposta eficiência de remoção de TOG (Teor de Óleos e/ou Graxas). O planejamento permitiu ainda a obtenção de modelos matemáticos para cálculo da variável resposta nas condições estudadas. Os floculantes comerciais A e B apresentaram comportamentos similares, com eficiência global média de 90% na eficiência de remoção do óleo, sendo a análise econômica o fator decisivo para a escolha de utilização desses floculantes no processo. O floculante alternativo natural, à base de Moringa oleifera, apresentou menor eficiência de separação que àquelas de A e B (em média 70%), por outro lado este floculante se apresenta ambientalmente correto e de menor custo.
13	LARISSA AZEVEDO SOARES "SINTESE, ATIVAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE CARVÃO OBTIDO A PARTIR DE BAGAÇO DE CANA DE AÇUCAR E AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE DE ADSORÇÃO" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE IVANILDO JOSÉ DA SILVA JUNIOR Data: Jul 30, 2014 Show Abstract O presente trabalho tem como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar carvões ativados(CAs), preparados por metodologias diferentes, comparando-os quanto a morfologia edesempenho em teste de adsorção.Carvões ativados (CA) foram preparados a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar,utilizando KOH e H3PO4 como ativantes químicos e pirolisados sob fluxo de argôniosob fluxo de 240ml min-1, a 500 e 400ºC, respectivamente. A caracterização dos CA foirealizada pela análise de isotermas de adsorção de N2 (77K), difração e fluorescência deraios X, microscopia eletrônica e descoloração de solução de azul de metileno (100mg.L-1). O rendimento médio dos carvões foi de cerca de 30% em relação à massainicial de bagaço de cana. O CA preparado com H3PO4 apresentou os melhoresresultados chegando a valores de área superficial específica de 510 m2.g-1, cerca de 17vezes maior quando comparado ao ativado com KOH, e volume de poros compredominância de micro e mesoporos, como mostra o estudo da isoterma de adsorção.
14	PRISCILLA DE LIMA NUNES "SIMULAÇÃO DINÂMICA DE UMA UNIDADE DE DESTILAÇÃO ATMOSFÉRICA DE PETRÓLEO USANDO O SOFTWARE UniSim® – ESTUDO DE CASO" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA LAERTE DE MEDEIROS BARROS JUNIOR Data: Jul 31, 2014 Show Abstract Neste trabalho, as simulações estacionária e dinâmica foram realizadas para uma unidade de destilação atmosférica de uma refinaria de petróleo bruto. Esta unidade representa o núcleo de quase todas as refinarias e possui um dos processos mais complexos, caracterizado por interações múltiplas e alto nível de não-linearidades. Para a realização da das simulações utilizou-se como ferramenta o simulador comercial de processos químicos UniSim® Design R420. A unidade atmosférica foi simulada levando em conta os equipamentos auxiliares principais. Ajustes de variáveis do sistema foram realizados de forma a fazer com que as especificações dos produtos fossem atendidas. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi conduzida, avaliando as principais variáveis do sistema de forma a obter os limites de convergência da simulação. O sistema foi ampliado do estado estacionário para simulação dinâmica. A partir da simulação dinâmica e dos dados de entrada e saída dos testes de identificação do projeto de implantação do controle avançado da unidade em estudo, aplicou-se os mesmos valores dos degraus nas mesmas variáveis manipuladas na simulação e observou-se a variação da variável controlada. Foi possível calcular o ganho do processo de cada variável. Os ganhos obtidos na simulação apresentaram sinais iguais e valores aproximados aos testes de identificação com exceção do modelo da variável PIC-030 que nos testes de identificação apresentou comportamento inesperado e não foi inclusa nos modelos do controlador.
15	MILLENA CRISTIANE DE MEDEIROS BEZERRA JÁCOME "Caracterização e avaliação dos óleos extraídos das sementes de melão amarelo (Cucumis melo) e mangaba (Hancornia speciosa), possibilidade de uso alimentício" Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL LISANDRA MURMANN RENATA ALEXANDRA MOREIRA DAS NEVES Data: Sep 12, 2014 Show Abstract As sementes de melão e mangaba são exemplos de resíduos descartados pela indústria e largamente produzidos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação das sementes de melão e mangaba visando sua futura utilização na indústria de alimentos e afins. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal das sementes e extração dos óleos destas; como também análises físico-químicas e termofísicas e de caracterização dos óleos quanto aos índices de acidez, de peróxidos, de refração, de saponificação, teor de umidade, teor de ácidos graxos livres, compostos fenólicos totais e perfil lipídico. A atividade antioxidante dos óleos extraídos também foi avaliada. As sementes de melão e mangaba apresentaram alto teor de fibras e proteínas, sendo o valor encontrado para as fibras superior ao exigido pela legislação para que essas sementes sejam fonte desse nutriente (52,7 e 47 %) respectivamente. O teor lipídico nas sementes de mangaba (22,34 %) foi superior ao das sementes de melão (9,43 %), em ambas o processo de extração do óleo se mostrou possível. Os resultados das análises nos óleos apresentaram resultados próximos aos encontrados na literatura para óleos semelhantes, pois não foi divulgado até hoje por quaisquer pesquisadores em óleos de sementes de melão e mangaba, como nesse trabalho resultados referentes às analises realizadas. Os índices de peróxidos foram de 9,98 e 10,59 meq/kg, respectivamente para os óleos de sementes de melão e mangaba, esses índices estão bem próximos ao exigido pela legislação para óleos comestíveis. Elevadas quantidades de ácidos graxos insaturados foram encontradas nos óleos de sementes de melão (88,65 %) e mangaba (78,52 %) com predominância dos ácidos oleico, lenolelaídico, elaídico. Os ácidos graxos majoritários presentes no óleo de semente de melão foram o ácido linolelaídico (59,14 %) e elaídico (22,95 %). Para o óleo de semente de mangaba as maiores concentrações foram do ácido oleico (61,13 %), seguido do pentadecílico (19,61 %). O teor de compostos fenólicos presentes no óleo de semente de melão foi de 455,75 mg/g e para o óleo de semente de mangaba de 564,13 mg/g de óleo. Os óleos de sementes de melão e mangaba apresentaram atividade antioxidante acima de 70 % em todas as concentrações estudadas (0,5 – 10 mg/mL), contudo a atividade antioxidante do óleo de sementes de mangaba se mostrou superior para a maioria das concentrações. As análises termofísicas de densidade, volume específico, calor específico, condutividade térmica e difusividade térmica indicaram que os óleos de sementes de melão e mangaba se comportaram de forma similar aos óleos comerciais refinados, mesmo sem ter passado pelo processo de refino, legitimando seu futuro processamento.
16	ANTONIO DE ANCHIETA CAMARA JUNIOR "Microencapsulação de Fisetina em Células de Levedura (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) através de choque osmótico" Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA KATIA CASTANHO SCORTECCI LOURENA MAFRA VERISSIMO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Oct 7, 2014 Show Abstract Moléculas bioativas tais como flavonoides, antioxidantes e vitaminas podem ser incorporadas a produtos alimentícios com apelo funcional. No entanto, flavonoides lipossolúveis como a fisetina possuem biodisponibilidade reduzida quando submetidos ao pH do trato gastrointestinal humano. Nesse caso, a microencapsulação desse tipo de bioativo em células de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae através de choque osmótico é uma estratégia promissora para proteger e transportar essas substâncias in vivo. Contudo, até o presente não havia sido relatado estudo quantitativo sobre esse processo. Desse modo, este trabalho avaliou a eficiência do processo de encapsulação (EE) e o teor de fisetina internalizada (FI) nas células da levedura através de dois métodos de quantificação: (1) cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e (2) espectrofotometria UV-Visível. Os parâmetros operacionais foram determinados por meio do delineamento composto central rotacional 23. As variáveis analisadas foram a concentração de fisetina (C), a pressão osmótica de desidratação (P) e a temperatura do processo (T). A caracterização das células foi realizada através de microscopia confocal a laser (MCL), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e viabilidade celular. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos pelo método 2 nas condições dos pontos centrais (C = 2,00 mg.mL-1, P = 30 MPa e T = 25 °C), onde a EE = 33,30 % e teor de FI = 1,20 mg. Os ensaios de MCL mostraram que a etapa de lavagem com etanol, indispensável no método 1, influenciou negativamente a EE e o teor de FI. As imagens em alta resolução capturadas pela MEV mostraram que o choque osmótico não afetou a estrutura encapsulante do envelope celular da levedura. A manutenção das células em soluções com P ≤ 30 MPa reduziu ligeiramente a viabilidade celular (84 % viáveis) e a comparação com a amostra controle não mostrou diferença significativa (p.< 0,05). Os resultados encontrados demonstram o forte potencial do uso das leveduras como matrizes encapsulantes para componentes bioativos sensíveis. Estes resultados demonstram que essa técnica pode ser aplicada com sucesso na produção de produtos alimentícios com alto teor de compostos bioativos.
17	GISELLE KALLINE GOMES CARVALHO BARROS "Remoção de metais utilizando o hexadecanoato de sódio" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA SHIRLLE KATIA DA SILVA NUNES Data: Nov 28, 2014 Show Abstract Atividades industriais de mineração, galvanoplastia e o processo de extração do petróleo, vem aumentando os níveis de metais pesados, tais como Cu, Fe e Cd, nos ecossistemas aquáticos. Este aumento está relacionado ao descarte de efluentes contendo teores desses elementos acima do valor máximo permitido por lei. Métodos como troca iônica, filtração por membranas e precipitação química vem sendo estudados como meios de tratamentos da contaminação por esses metais. A precipitação de metais utilizando tensoativos aniônicos obtidos a partir de ácidos carboxílicos surgiu como uma alternativa para a remoção de metais de efluentes industriais. A reação entre íons bivalentes e esses tipos de tensoativos em solução aquosa leva a formação de carboxilatos de metais, que podem precipitar na forma de flocos e serem removidos posteriormente por um por um processo de decantação dos flocos formados ou por uma simples filtração. Neste trabalho, a extração de metais é realizada por meio da utilização do tensoativo hexadecanoato de sódio como agente extrator. O objetivo principal é estudar o efeito da variação da temperatura do meio, pH da solução de metal e concentração do tensoativo no processo de remoção do metal. A modelagem estatística do processo mostrou que o processo é diretamente dependente das variações de pH e concentração do tensoativo, porém inversamente proporcional e pouco dependente da variação de temperatura, sendo esse último efeito considerado desprezível na maioria dos casos. O estudo individual do efeito da temperatura mostrou uma forte dependência do processo à temperatura de Kraft, tanto do tensoativo utilizado como agente extrator como do tensoativo obtido após a reação desse tensoativo com o metal. A partir de dados de temperaturas e concentrações do tensoativo foi possível fazer uma analogia do processo de adsorção com o que ocorre entre o tensoativo e o metal. Posteriormente foram determinados parâmetros termodinâmicos, comprovando que o processo é exotérmico e espontâneo.
18	JOSE HILTON DA SILVA "OTIMIZAÇÃO DE UMA UNIDADE DE DESTILAÇÃO ATMOSFÉRICA DE PETRÓLEO UTILIZANDO REDES NEURAIS E ALGORITMOS GENÉTICOS" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE ADRIAO DUARTE DORIA NETO VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA LAERTE DE MEDEIROS BARROS JUNIOR Data: Dec 17, 2014 Show Abstract A unidade de destilação atmosférica é a planta mais importante de uma refinaria de petróleo. Para levar a operação desta unidade próximo ao seu ponto operacional ótimo é necessário medir algumas propriedades chaves, em tempo real, para a atuação do sistema avançado de otimização. Neste contexto um sistema especialista de uma unidade de destilação de petróleo bruto foi desenvolvido para realizar a otimização do processo com maximização da produção diesel, produto de maior valor agregado, atendendo aos requisitos de qualidade determinados pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). A modelagem no processo de destilação foi realizada por meio de redes neurais artificiais (RNA). As variáveis operacionais de entrada do processo foram propriedades de petróleo bruto e variáveis manipuladas, enquanto que as variáveis de saída do sistema foram definidas como as de qualidades do óleo diesel. O modelo de RNA construído pode ser aplicado na previsão das variáveis de qualidade do produto principal da unidade, óleo diesel,respeito às variáveis de entrada do sistema. Além disso, foi desenvolvido um otimizador do processo com o uso de algoritmos genéticos (AG’s) com o objetivo de minimizar erros de saída do sistema especialista e também maximizar a produção do óleo diesel. Assim sendo, condições de funcionamento ideais foram encontrados usando o banco de dados de conhecimento obtido pelas redes neurais com um método de otimização por algoritmos genéticos de acordo com uma função objetivo definido.
19	VIVIANE HIROMI UCHIDA "Extração do corante do fruto de castanhola (Terminalia catappa Linn) e estudos dos seus compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e atividade antioxidante" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA BEATRIZ DE CASSIA MARTINS SALOMAO BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE Data: Dec 17, 2014 Show Abstract A Terminalia Catappa Linn (da família Combretaceae), popularmente conhecida como castanhola, cresce em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, particularmente localizadas em áreas costeiras. Os frutos da castanhola possuem uma polpa carnosa, contendo em seu interior uma semente arredondada e rica em óleo, envolvida por uma casca muito dura. A coloração do fruto é verde passando ao amarelo e vermelho quando maduros. Eles são comestíveis, fonte de proteínas e lipídios e são utilizados em alimentos, especialmente para as crianças, aves e outros animais. A pigmentação natural presente no fruto da castanhola indica a presença de antocianinas, componentes de natureza fenólica pertencente ao grupo dos flavonóides, que apresentam atividade antioxidante. Estes possuem um papel fundamental na habilidade para capturar radicais livres e assim, promover a prevenção de várias doenças. A presente pesquisa foi realizada com a castanhola e teve como principal objetivo o estudo de fatores que influenciam a extração de corantes a partir de sua polpa. Os extratos foram obtidos utilizando-se um reator enjaquetado por extração sólido líquido. Os fatores avaliados foram a temperatura, o tempo, a proporção do solvente e o pH de extração. Adotando-se um planejamento fatorial de 24, com 4 repetições no ponto central, os efeitos destes fatores sobre o processo de extração foram analisados utilizando-se o software Statistica 7.0. A atividade antioxidante (AA), o teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e o teor de antocianinas monoméricas totais (AMT) foram avaliadas como variáveis resposta do planejamento. Na análise estatística dos resultados, os efeitos que mais influenciaram a extração foram diferentes para cada uma das respostas (CFT, AMT e AA). No entanto o pH se mostrou significativo para a extração de todos os compostos. Nos compostos fenólicos a temperatura e a interação do da temperatura com o pH tiveram bastante influencia no rendimento da extração. Para as antocianinas os fatores significativos foram o pH, tempo, as interações do solvente com o tempo, a temperatura com o pH e a temperatura com o tempo. Na atividade antioxidante o pH, temperatura e a interação da temperatura, proporção do solvente e tempo foram significativos. Foi realizado o estudo da estabilidade em função da temperatura, concentração do extrato e pH, em que todos os fatores se mostraram influentes. O comportamento cinético da extração do corante também foi estudado para os compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas monoméricas e atividade antioxidante a partir do método diferencial, que se mostrou bastante satisfatório. Foi observado que a cinética de extração para CFT pode ser descrita como de ordem zero, já para AA e AMT a cinética pode ser descrita como de pseudo primeira ordem.
20	JOÃO HENRIQUE BRITO PESSOA "Estudo da viscosidade aparente em sistemas óleo e água visando o escoamento em oleodutos" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 19, 2014 Show Abstract A produção de petróleo, ao longo do tempo e do grau de explotação dos reservatórios, traz consigo uma crescente vazão de água de formação. Essa água produzida tende a formar emulsões com o petróleo tanto no próprio reservatório como nos dutos que escoam a produção. A emulsão formada e estabilizada por componentes do próprio petróleo (asfaltenos, resinas, graxas, entre outros) tende a causar um efeito de aumento de viscosidade do fluido e, consequentemente, um aumento na perda de carga em tubulações. A medição da viscosidade desses fluidos emulsionados em fluxo é um problema complexo, pois os padrões de escoamento formados nas tubulações diferem da configuração em que se apresenta o fluido dentro de um viscosímetro. Além de toda a incerteza em termos de obtenção das características dos fluidos escoados temos também o fato de que, nos sistemas de escoamento industriais, a malha de escoamento é composta, muitas vezes, de várias estações de bombeio ao longo dos dutos de transferência e a mistura de uma série de petróleos de diferentes formações com características distintas. Diante disto, foi montado um circuito de testes de escoamento das emulsões água e óleo de maneira a determinar, de forma controlada, a viscosidade aparente das emulsões variando parâmetros como o teor de água e a vazão bruta. Também foram coletados dados de um sistema real de escoamento e, através de um tratamento estatístico desses dados e o uso de equações aplicáveis ao escoamento em tubulações, foi obtida a curva de viscosidade aparente em função do teor de água. Por último, foram obtidos dados de viscosidade de uma série de emulsões como função do teor de água utilizando reômetro Brookfield. Todos estes dados foram analisados com a finalidade de determinar o melhor método para obtenção da viscosidade aparente do fluido de trabalho e dessa forma obter uma melhor descrição do escoamento.
21	HERBERT SENZANO LOPES "SIMULAÇÃO DA DESTILAÇÃO MOLECULAR DE FILME DESCENDENTE PARA O PETRÓLEO" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA Data: Dec 23, 2014 Show Abstract A parte pesada do petróleo pode ser utilizada para inúmeras finalidades, uma delas é a obtenção de óleos básicos lubrificantes. Com base nesse contexto muitos pesquisadores vêm estudando alternativas de separação desses constituintes de petróleo bruto, entre elas podemos citar a destilação molecular, uma técnica de evaporação forçada diferente dos outros processos de evaporação convencionais presente na literatura. Este processo pode ser classificado como um caso especial de destilação a alto vácuo com pressões que chegam a atingir faixas extremamente baixas na ordem de 0,1 Pascal, de modo que o efeito do vapor gerado na superfície do liquido praticamente não influencia na taxa de evaporação e no fator de separação. Portanto, a superfície de evaporação e a superfície de condensação devem apresentar uma distância entre si da ordem de grandeza do percurso livre médio das moléculas evaporadas, isto é, as moléculas evaporadas facilmente atingirão o condensador, pois as mesmas encontrarão um percurso sem obstáculos, o que beneficia a não existência no processo do equilíbrio entre as duas fases. Logo a principal importância deste trabalho consiste em formular as equações matemáticas de modelagem do destilador molecular de filme descendente. O óleo bruto foi caracterizado utilizando o UniSim® Design e o Aspen HYSYS®. Com os resultados desta caracterização foram efetuados cálculos das propriedades físico-químicas dos resíduos de uma amostra de petróleo, i.e., termodinâmicas e de transporte. De posse dessas propriedades estimadas e as condições de contorno sugeridas pela literatura, resolveram-se as equações dos perfis de temperatura e concentração através do método de diferenças finitas implícito. Os resultados dos perfis de temperatura e concentração foram coerentes e permitiram uma avaliação do processo de destilação molecular como função das variáveis de interesse. Como ferramentas computacionais foram desenvolvidas planilhas de cálculo e linguagem Visual Basic (VBA).
	Thesis
1	KAHILDETE RODRIGUES FORTE DUARTE “Novas Alternativas de Remoção de Enxofre do Óleo Diesel Utilizando Tensoativos e Microemulções” Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE ANTONIO EDUARDO CLARK PERES Data: Mar 12, 2014 Show Abstract Os óxidos de enxofre formados pela combustão do óleo diesel podem ser descarregados para a atmosfera sob a forma de particulados e poluentes primários como SO2 e SO3, acarretando grandes prejuízos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana e, ainda, podem se transformar em ácidos na câmara de combustão, causando danos aos motores. A preocupação mundial com o meio ambiente saudável e despoluído tem levado à instituição de normas e leis no sentido de reduzir os níveis de emissão de poluentes no ar, estabelecendo teores de enxofre cada vez mais baixos nos combustíveis, de modo a se ter produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública. Os métodos de remoção de enxofre de diesel convencionais tem custo elevado, além de não serem capazes de produzir combustíveis com nível zero de enxofre. Assim, esse trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver novos métodos de remoção de enxofre do diesel utilizando tensoativos e sistemas microemulsionados, procurando associar novas tecnologias e viabilidade econômica dos processos. Para escolha do tensoativo foi feito estudo preliminar de extração na região de Winsor I, com cloreto de dodecilamonio (DDACl) e RNX 95(nonil fenol etoxilado). Através dos resultados foi escolhido o RNX 95 para ser utilizado como constituinte do sistema microemulsionado nos processos de adsorção e, como extratante, de extração líquido-líquido. Utilizou-se a vermiculita tratada com microemulsão, constituída por RNX 95 (Tensoativo), n-Butanol (Cotensoativo), hexano (Fase Oleosa) e água destilada, como adsorvente tanto em banho finito como em adsorção em coluna e como fase fluida o óleo diesel comercial. Na etapa de adsorção em banho finito aplicou-se dois planejamentos fatorial (23), com três variáveis (temperatura, concentração da solução salina de CaCl2 e granulometria da vermiculita) em dois níveis (superior e inferior), variando a razão vermiculita:diesel, sendo um para a razão igual a 1:2 e outro para razão igual a 1:5, tendo como resposta a capacidade da vermiculita em adsorver o enxofre. Os melhores resultados, tanto para a razão vermiculita/diesel de 1:5 como para a razão 1:2, foram obtidos a uma temperatura de 60°C, concentração de CaCl2 1500ppm e granulometria da vermiculita 65 mesh, obtendo-se capacidades de adsorção de 4,24 mg/g para a razão 1:5 e 2,87 mg/g, para a razão 1:2, indicando que a variável mais significativa, em ambas as razões, foi concentração da solução salina de CaCl2. Foi realizado também um estudo alternativo de modificação de outros adsorventes para fins de comparação. Os ensaios foram feitos em banho finito com bentonita e diatomita e os agentes modificadores foram os já estudados neste trabalho acrescidos de soluções salinas de BaCl2 20ppm e 1500ppm como fase aquosa do sistema microemulsionado. Para a bentonita a melhor capacidade de adsorção foi de 7,53 mg/g utilizando o sistema microemulsionado com água destilada na fase aquosa e para a diatomita o melhor resultado ocorreu com a microemulsão contendo solução salina de CaCl2 20ppm, obtendo-se uma capacidade de adsorção de 17,04 mg/g. Na extração liquido-liquido, realizada em duas e em seis etapas, utilizou-se a mesma proporção de tensoativo e diesel e obteve-se percentuais de extração de 46,8% e 73,15%, respectivamente e mostrou que o RNX95 é eficiente na remoção de enxofre do combustível diesel. No entanto, é importante considerar o alto custo de RNX95, justificando a investigação de novos métodos alternativos que usa uma quantidade menor de surfactante para remover contaminantes do óleo diesel.
2	BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO "MICROPARTÍCULAS DE QUITOSANA ESTRUTURADAS COM AEROSIL®: ESTABILIDADE, ADSORÇÃO, ENCAPSULAÇÃO E LIBERAÇÃO DE SUBSTANCIAS ATIVAS" Advisor : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN BARTIRA ROSSI BERGMANN KLEBER LANIGRA GUIMARÃES MARIA INÊS RÉ Data: May 5, 2014 Show Abstract Micropartículas biodegradáveis são utilizadas como sistemas de liberação controlada de fármacos e estão em constante desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento (novos materiais, novos processos, entre outros). Quitosana representa uma alternativa interessante de biomaterial devido às suas características físico-químicas e biológicas. Micropartículas de quitosana apresentam-se como sistemas promissores para carreamento e liberação controlada de fármacos e vacinas principalmente por vias não invasivas de administração como as vias de mucosa. O controle da velocidade e da capacidade de intumescimento destes sistemas em meio ácido são os principais fatores limitantes que precisam ser superados para que micropartículas de quitosana possam ter todo o seu potencial de aplicação explorado no campo farmacêutico. Existem muitos estudos referentes a modificações da estrutura de micropartículas de quitosana através de técnicas diversas (reticulação química, blendas com outros polímeros, síntese de novos materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânico com a finalidade de modificar estas propriedades que comprometem o uso da quitosana no desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação controlada. A proposta deste trabalho foi de conceber e desenvolver um novo tipo de veículo para liberação controlada à base de quitosana. Nanopartículas de sílica (Aerosilâ foram incorporadas à uma solução de quitosana para gerar micropartículas de quitosana nanoestruturadas com sílica à partir da evaporação do solvente (água) através de um processo de secagem por spray drying. As micropartículas obtidas foram caracterizadas através de diferentes técnicas (espetroscopia infravermelho, difração de raios X, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, análise termogravimétrica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizadas para caracterizar as micropartículas, também foram feitas estabilidade ácida, capacidade de sorção de umidade, propriedades de liberação e ensaios biológicos. As micropartículas nanoestruturadas com sílica hidrofóbica (Aerosil® R972) apresentaram maior degradação térmica, a afinidade de água mais baixo, melhor estabilidade ácida e capacidade de retardar a rifampicina e cloridrato de propranolol (modelos de drogas) a liberação em condições fisiológicas simuladas. Estudos de biocompatibilidade in vitro indicaram baixa citotoxicidade e baixa capacidade de ativar a produção de óxido nítrico das células, sendo compatível com uma baixa ação pró-inflamatória, encorajando mais estudos sobre a utilização das micropartículas de quitosana nanoestruturadas com Aerosil® como os sistemas carreadores de fármacos por via oral ou nasal.
3	JOSÉ AUGUSTO FURTADO DE OLIVEIRA "MODELAGEM E SIMULAÇÃO DA SOLUBILIDADE DE SAIS EM SISTEMAS AQUOSOS COM MONOETILENOGLICOL" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jun 2, 2014 Show Abstract Monoetileno glicol (MEG) tem sido aplicada como um inibidor de formação de hidrato no processamento primário de gás natural. A unidade de recuperação de MEG apresenta as questões de incrustações de sal que promovem problemas operacionais no processamento primário do gás natural. Pesquisa bibliográfica e análise dos dados de solubilidade de sal em misturas de solventes, i.e., água e MEG, revelam que estudos experimentais estão disponíveis para um número relativamente restrito de espécies iônicas presentes na água produzida, tais como NaCl e KCl. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método de cálculo para a solubilidade do sal em solventes mistos para NaCl e KCl em misturas aquosas contendo MEG. O método de cálculo aplica o modelo de Pitzer-Lorimer para sistemas aquosos contendo um sal e um solvente (MEG). Linguagem Python foi usada como ferramenta computacional. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da modelagem proposta para uma série de dados de solubilidade de sal (NaCl e KCl) em misturas de água e MEG. Além disso, a interface desenvolvida em ambiente Python tem demonstrado ser adequadamente aplicada para fins de estimação de parâmetros e de simulação.
4	YGUATYARA DE LUNA MACHADO “Avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa e determinação da cinética de oxidação de óleos vegetais, ácido oleico e biodiesel utilizando o método PetroOXY (ASTM D7545)” Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO JOSE LUIS CARDOZO FONSECA MARCIA RODRIGUES PEREIRA CÉLIO LOUREIRO CAVALCANTE JUNIOR IZABELLY LARISSA LUCENA Data: Jul 2, 2014 Show Abstract A Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis tem como principal missão regulamentar e especificar toda a produção e comercialização do biodiesel produzido em território nacional. Para a sua comercialização é necessário que o biodiesel passe por um controle rígido de qualidade, bem como esteja devidamente especificado pelas principais normas. A estabilidade oxidativa que é um dos parâmetros incluso pela norma européia EN 14214 vem adquirindo cada vez mais espaço em pesquisas por estar intrinsecamente relacionada à qualidade do biodiesel. Biodiesel é uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos de ácidos graxos obtido, convencionalmente, através da reação de transesterificação de um óleo vegetal ou gordura animal. No entanto, a natureza da matéria-prima a qual lhe dará origem é um dos fatores determinantes em seu grau de estabilidade, visto que por apresentarem insaturações em número e em distintas posições os tornam susceptíveis ao ataque do oxigênio atmosférico e a condições de elevadas temperaturas proporcionando, assim, a sua degradação. Uma das principais problemáticas enfrentadas, atualmente, pela indústria de biodiesel provém da sua baixa estabilidade levando a uma diminuição de sua qualidade por longos períodos de armazenamento sendo necessária a aplicação de antioxidantes. Nesta tese, um estudo cinético experimental baseado no consumo de diferentes antioxidantes sintéticos adicionados em distintas concentrações foi realizado com amostras de óleos vegetais de moringa (Moringa oleifera) e de maracujá (Passiflora edulis), ácido oléico estocado (AO) durante seis e dezoito meses e biodiesel de soja (Glycine max L.) e girassol (Helianthus annuus) em diferentes temperaturas, a uma pressão de oxigênio puro a 700 kPa, utilizando a metodologia ASTM D7545 (PetroOXY). O modelo de primeira ordem obtido para o óleo de moringa, amostras de ácido oléico estocado (AO) e biodiesel de soja permitiu obter informações a respeito de parâmetros, tais como: concentração crítica e concentração de antioxidante natural inerente à amostra avaliada , informando que o último não exerceu influência, a não ser inicialmente, no processo oxidativo das mesmas. Enquanto, o parâmetro determinado para o modelo de ordem zero para as amostras de óleo de maracujá e girassol relacionou-se a diferentes reatividades da matéria-prima. A estabilidade das amostras determinadas pela entalpia de ativação (ΔHA) deu-se na seguinte ordem: ΔHA (óleo de moringa) > ΔHA (óleo de maracujá); ΔHA (AO 6 meses) ΔHA (AO 18 meses) e ΔHA (biodiesel de soja) > ΔHA (biodiesel de girassol). Fatores de estabilização desempenharam diferentes papéis na estabilização dos sistemas estudados. Concentração de antioxidante e temperatura mostraram distintas influências, no processo oxidativo, para as amostras de óleos vegetais e ácido oléico estocadas (AO) acompanhadas pelos seus índices de acidez.
5	CÍCERO SENA MOREIRA GOMES “PROCESSO PARA REMOÇÃO DE HIDROCARBONETOS PESADOS DO GÁS NATURAL VIA ABSORÇÃO" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ANTONIO VIEIRA LIMA NETO DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO Data: Jul 18, 2014 Show Abstract A utilização do gás natural vem crescendo ano após ano em todo o mundo e também no Brasil. Verifica-se que nos últimos cinco anos o perfil de consumo de gás natural veicular ganhou um grande alcance e vários investimentos foram realizados nesta área. Na indústria do petróleo a utilização do gás natural para combustível no acionamento de motores já vem de longa data, e o mesmo é utilizado também para movimentar equipamentos, ou ainda, para gerar energia elétrica. Tais motores baseiam-se no ciclo motor de combustão Otto, que requer um gás natural com especificação bem definida, conferindo características antidetonantes necessárias ao desempenho de equipamentos com projetos baseados neste ciclo. Esta tese propõe a abordagem de aplicação de duas operações simples, ou seja , a absorção seguida por um flash para regenerar o solvente . Esta abordagem pode ser aplicada em áreas de produção remotas. Com base em simulações de processo e propriedades físico-químicas , álcool isooctílico foi selecionado como absorvente para esta análise. As medições de absorção de escala de laboratório são apresentadas usando um gás natural sintético e análise de cromatografia em linha. Também são descritos os resultados de cálculo de dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor de alcanos e álcool através da equação Soave-Redlich-Kwong de estado (EoS) modificada com a função alfa e parâmetros da regra de mistura (van der Waals e UNIFAC). Com base nas medições e cálculos EoS foram fornecidas as curvas de operação e de equilíbrio. Uma série sistemática de simulações de absorção GN de espécies pesadas seguido por um regenerador solvente flash é apresentada e discutida. Apresenta-se também um piloto de absorção de gás set-up até 70 bars que é capaz de avaliar a escala e efeito da pressão. É, assim, demonstrado tanto experimental e computacionalmente que a abordagem proposta de absorção de espécies C5 + do GN é simples e viável para especificar o índice de metano do gás de combustão para aplicações remotas.
6	ROSANE LIÉGE ALVES DE SOUZA "ESTUDO DA FUNCIONALIDADE DE ESPÉCIES COMESTÍVEIS DO SEMIÁRIDO NORDESTINO E ESTRATÉGIAS PARA SUA UTILIZAÇÃO COMO INGREDIENTES PARA FINS ALIMENTÍCIOS" Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARIA INES SUCUPIRA MACIEL MARISTELA DE FÁTIMA SIMPLÍCIO SANTAANA RENATA ALEXANDRA MOREIRA DAS NEVES ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Aug 1, 2014 Show Abstract O semiárido brasileiro configura-se por condições climáticas e de solo desfavoráveis e vegetação resistente a longos períodos de estiagem. As espécies de cactáceas nativas ou adaptadas à região, como o figo da índia (Opuntia fícus indica) e facheiro (Philosocereus pachycladus Ritter), têm frutos comestíveis pouco conhecidas. Além destas espécies, a leguminosa algaroba é uma matéria-prima com características ainda pouco investigadas do ponto de vista tecnológico e teor de substâncias bioativas. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou realizar a caracterização físico-química, bioativa e funcional da polpa das cactáceas figo da índia e facheiro e da farinha de algaroba. O estudo incluiu a caracterização físico-química, determinação do teor de compostos fenólicos, identificação e quantificação das betalaínas por LC-DAD-ESI-MS, além da investigação da atividade antioxidante e inibição das enzimas alfa-amilase e alfa-glicosidase, utilizando extratos aquosos e etanólicos obtidos a partir das espécies avaliadas. Como estratégias de aproveitamento, elaborou-se suco misto do figo da índia, biofilmes a partir do facheiro e barra de cereal a partir da farinha de algaroba. A caracterização do figo da índia revelou baixa acidez e elevada doçura, quando comparada ao facheiro. O fruto do Philosocereus pachycladus Ritter, por sua vez, apresentou maior conteúdo protéico e de cinzas. No entanto, a maior fração proteica e açúcares estão contidas na farinha de algaroba. O conteúdo de fibra alimentar total (FAT) revelou a potencialidade da farinha de Prosopis juliflora para atuar como regulador da função intestinal. O teor de fenólico total para extratos aquosos e etanólicos variaram de 3,87 a 16,21 mg GAE/100g para a farinha de algaroba, 79,24 a 110,20 GAE/100g para o figo da índia e facheiro 412,23 a 539,14 mgGAE/100g. O extrato etanólico a 70% de facheiro apresentou elevada atividade antioxidante, a qual se correlaciona com a alta concentração de fenólicos encontrada para esta espécie. Em relação à inibição enzimática, o melhor desempenho foi observado em extratos do figo da índia, os quais exibiram inibição moderada para as duas enzimas estudadas, enquanto não foi identificada inibição glicolítica para o extrato aquoso de facheiro. O presente trabalho mostra pela primeira vez na literatura resultados inéditos sobre a funcionalidade do facheiro, que incluem a presença das betalaínas betacianina e isobetanina na polpa desse fruto. No que diz respeito aos produtos desenvolvidos, as características sensoriais que melhor descreveram o suco misto de figo da índia e cajá foram doçura, acidez, cor amarela-alaranjada, corpo, turbidez e aroma de cajá. A análise discriminativa da barrinha de cereal elaborada com e sem farinha de algaroba mostrou que apenas o atributo textura foi diferente estatisticamente (p < 0,05) para as formulações testadas. Os resultados também indicam que a adição do extrato do facheiro não modificou visualmente as características dos biofilmes. De maneira geral, o presente estudo revela as características físico-químicas e bioativas desses vegetais abundantemente encontrados na caatinga brasileira, mas ainda pouco explorados do ponto de vista tecnológico e comercial, bem como sugere alternativas de aproveitamento para tais espécies.
7	MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA "Eterificação do Glicerol com 2-etilhexanol em Meio Pressurizado" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA CLAUDIO DARIVA ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO LUCIO CARDOZO FILHO Data: Aug 1, 2014 Show Abstract A rota tradicional de produção de biodiesel que envolve a transesterificação de óleos vegetais leva a formação de éster metílico ou etílico (biodiesel) e glicerol como subproduto. Para cada 90 m3 de biodiesel produzido obtêm-se, aproximadamente, 10 m3 de glicerol. Não há mercado para todo glicerol produzido, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de novas rotas de conversão do glicerol em produtos de alto valor agregado. Diante deste cenário, uma grande atenção tem sido dada à conversão da glicerina em aditivos oxigenados (ésteres e éteres de glicerina), para uso em combustíveis. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo o estudo da reação de eterificação do glicerol com o álcool 2-etilhexanol visando a produção de um novo aditivo, já que o glicerol não pode ser adicionado diretamente aos combustíveis. Neste trabalho, foram realizados inicialmente, estudos dos dados de equilíbrio de fases do sistema glicerina + 2-etilhexanol bem como, a determinação de dados de equilíbrio de fases em altas pressões dos sistemas 2-etilhexanol + CO2 e, glicerina + 2-etilhexanol + CO2. Na sequência, para a realização das reações de eterificação as seguintes variáveis de operação foram analisadas, através de um planejamento estatístico 24 ( com triplicata no ponto central): temperatura do sistema reacional (80 ºC a 110 ºC), quantidade de catalisador (1% a 5% em massa), tempo de reação (1h – 5h) e, razão molar 2-etilhexanol: glicerina (2:1 a 4:1). Os experimentos foram realizados sob pressão autógena e a 190 bar e, foram avaliados os catalisadores amberlyst-15 e H2SO4. A identificação e quantificação dos produtos foram realizadas utilizando GCMS. Verificou-se que para todas as condições estudadas, a resina amberlyst-15 apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao H2SO4. Não houve influência significativa da pressão em relação aos resultados de conversão e rendimento nos experimentos realizados, independentemente do tipo de catalisador empregado. Genericamente, maiores pressões favorecem o aumento da conversão e diminuem o rendimento
8	GICÉLIA RODRIGUES “OTIMIZAÇÃO DA SÍNTESE DO AlSBA-15 PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL POR TRANSESTERIFICAÇÃO DO ÓLEO DE COCO” Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO CARLOS HENRIQUE CATUNDA PINTO JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS JOAO MARCONI DE ANDRADE RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Aug 22, 2014 Show Abstract Atualmente, o Brasil conta com grande potencial e boas perspectivas futuras para a manutenção e ampliação de sua matriz energética. São exemplos de alternativas para o futuro, os petróleos oriundos do pré-sal, energias eólicas, hidrelétricas, nuclear, além dos biocombustíveis. O estímulo à produção e ao consumo de bicombustível favorece mundialmente a política de preservação ao meio ambiente, contribuindo na redução dos gases, poluentes, causadores do efeito estufa e redução das alterações climáticas. A presença de catalisadores nos processos de produção de bicombustíveis desempenha um importante papel na melhoria da rotas de produção, tais como: taxa de reação, rendimento e seletividade de produtos e co-produtos de alto valor agregado. A tendência atual das pesquisas nesse campo foca no aprimoramento desses processos com o uso de catalisadores heterogêneos, visto que catalisadores heterogêneos apresentam vantagens significativas, tais como: menor contaminação dos produtos, facilidade de separação do catalisador do meio reacional, possibilidade de reaproveitamento do catalisador, diminuição dos problemas de corrosão. Portanto, pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas para obtenção de materiais mesoporosos, que são catalisadores heterogêneos, devido ao fato de que esses materiais apresentam facilidade de síntese e são economicamente viáveis, apresentam poros relativamente grandes que facilitam a acessibilidade de ácidos graxos no interior das partículas, minimizando resistências ao transporte de massa. Após montada matriz experimental para a síntese do Al-SBA-15, foi realizado a síntese hidrotérmica do Al-SBA-15 com diferentes razões de Si/Al variando as quantidades estequiométricas dos materiais precursores.Os testes catalíticos foram a reação de transesterificação utilizando como mátria-prima o óleo de coco bruto e a pirólise. As reações de transesterificação foram realizadas em um reator Parr de aço inoxidável, modelo 4523, equipado com agitador mecânico, indicadores de temperatura e pressão. O tratamento cinético referente aos dados da pirólise do óleo de coco puro e do óleo de coco com AlSBA-15, realizou-se por meio da utilização de curvas termogravimétricas (TG) obtidas em uma termobalança modelo TGA/SDT Q600 da TA instruments, nas seguintes taxas de aquecimento: 5,10 e 20°C min-1. O óleo de coco bruto apresentou com uma matéria-prima apropriada para obtenção do biodiesel via rota etílica e o catalisador sintetizado com as condições experimentais I, apresentou as melhores condições para a síntese de biodiesel. Os aspectos visuais e as características físico-químicas dos produtos da reação, mostram que o catalisador AlSBA-15 favoreceu a reação. De acordo com as analises físico-químicas a ordem de estabilidade oxidativa do produto da reação de transesterificação foi: 1500°C +AlSBA-15 > 100°C> 100°C + AlSBA-15> 200°C + AlSBA-15.
9	DAMILSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS "Síntese e Caracterização de tensoativos e Estudo de Equilíbrio de Fase dos sistemas CnH2n+2/H2O/CnH2n+1COONa/But-OH" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Sep 2, 2014 Show Abstract O crescente uso de tensoativos nas mais diferentes áreas da indústria tem levado a um aumento nos estudos envolvendo soluções contendo este tipo de molécula. Devido a sua natureza anfifílica, sua molécula apresenta uma parte polar e outra apolar, que facilmente interage com outros tipos de moléculas podendo modificar as propriedades do meio. Quando a concentração, na qual seus monômeros saturam, a interface do sistema ar-líquido, é atingida promovendo a redução da tensão interfacial. Os tensoativos dos ácidos graxos puros com cadeias carbônicas C8, C12 e C16 foram sintetizados em meio alcoólico utilizando hidróxido de sódio. Eles foram caracterizados por análise térmica (DTA e DTG) e espectroscopia de infravermelho com o objetivo de se observar a pureza dos mesmos. Foram determinadas algumas propriedades físico-químicas como: tensão superficial, c.m.c. , excesso de tensoativo na interface e energia livre de Gibbs de micelização a fim de se entender o comportamento das interações dessas moléculas com meio aquoso. Foram elaborados diagramas de fase pseudo-ternários com o intuito de realizar as delimitações do equilíbrio de Winsor para compreender como o tamanho da cadeia carbônica dos tensoativos contribui com região de microemulsão. Preparou-se soluções com concentrações conhecidas para se estudar como os tensoativos podem influenciar a espectroscopia de espalhamento dinâmico de luz (Dynamic Ligth Scattering - DLS) e como o coeficiente de difusão é influenciado quando a concentração do meio é alterada. Os resultados mostraram que a variação do tamanho da cadeia da parte lipofílica dos tensoativos estudados permite conceber tensoativos com propriedades interfaciais similares, mas dependente do tamanho da parte lipofílica do tensoativo. Esta variação deixa o tensoativo com menor tendência a microemulsionar óleo em água. Outro resultado observado é que o tamanho das moléculas de n-alcanos promoveu uma redução da região de microemulsão dos diagramas de fases obtidos.
10	ALEXANDRE DE ARAUJO GUILHERME "ESTUDO EXPERIMENTAL E MODELAGEM DO PROCESSO DE SACARIFICAÇÃO E FERMENTAÇÃO SIMULTÂNEA UTILIZANDO BAGAÇO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FABIANO ANDRE NARCISO FERNANDES GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES MARIA VALDEREZ PONTE ROCHA Data: Sep 8, 2014 Show Abstract Um estudo para a produção de açúcares redutores e etanol celulósico, a partir de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, foi realizado incluindo-se no conceito de biorrefinaria. No estudo para a produção de açúcares redutores, foi visto que o tamanho da partícula não influenciou na composição, na morfologia externa, nos grupos orgânicos, nem tão pouco, na hidrólise enzimática, nas condições aplicadas. A quantidade de enzimas celulases e β-glicosidase foi otimizada reduzindo custo de processo e se produziu quantidades satisfatória de glicose e xilose, em biorreator, utilizando bagaço de cana pré-tratado com ácidos, álcalis e peróxido de hidrogênio. A partir das caracterizações físico-químicas no bagaço de cana pré-tratado por quatro formas distintas, foi visto que os pré-tratamentos agem de forma diferente deixando a estrutura do material com a morfologia externa e grupos orgânicos diferentes para cada biomassa processada. Entretanto, pelo estudo de Difração de Raio–X não foi visto uma modificação drástica na cristalinidade da celulose do material lignocelulosico. Após uma hidrólise enzimática, foi obtido o melhor rendimento global em glicose e xilose utilizando o pré-tratamento com hidróxido de sódio. No estudo do processo de Sacarificação e Fermentação Simultânea (SFS) observou-se que o pré-tratamento que mais favoreceu a produção de etanol foi o pré-tratamento combinado com ácido e álcali. Com o estudo cinético do SFS em biorreator, foi possível monitorar todos os parâmetros do processo, açúcares, biomassa celular e etanol, dando condições para uma otimização em termos de quantidade de bagaço inicial, quantidade de inoculo e atividade enzimática inicial, bem como, gerar dados significativos para uma futura modelagem do sistema. O processo de SFS foi otimizado em sistema batelada e batelada alimentada obtendo-se rendimentos bem próximos dos obtidos em um processo convencional de produção de etanol. Para a modelagem da hidrólise enzimática, o modelo foi ajustado e representou de forma satisfatória o sistema complexo de hidrólise enzimática do material lignocelulosico. A etapa final deste trabalho foi a modelagem do processo SFS utilizando o modelo de hidrólise enzimática como primeira parte de um modelo mais complexo. De acordo com os resultados, foi visto que o modelo ainda precisa de alguns ajustes para representar de forma satisfatória todas as condições iniciais testadas. Portanto, os resultados aqui apresentados são de grande valor quando se pensa em produção de etanol celulósico, bem como, a ampliação de escala do processo SFS.
11	ALEXSANDRA RODRIGUES DO NASCIMENTO “Síntese e Caracterização de Materiais Mesoporosos para Captura de CO2: Influência do Óxido de Níquel” Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO ELEDIR VITOR SOBRINHO LUCIENE DA SILVA SANTOS FLÁVIA DE MEDEIROS AQUINO JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS Data: Sep 23, 2014 Show Abstract O setor de produção de energia representa a maior contribuição de emissões de CO2 para a atmosfera. Em 2011, sua emissão foi 3,2% maior em relação a 2010, atingindo um recorde de 31,2 gigatoneladas (Gt). Se esta tendência continuar, as emissões irão atingir uma trajetória que corresponde a um aumento da temperatura média global em cerca de 6 °C a longo prazo. Quanto maiores à emissão de gases de efeito estufa, como o CO2, maior será o aquecimento e a gravidade das consequências associadas. Adsorventes sólidos são materiais que têm boa capacidade de adsorção, são de fácil regeneração, além de apresentar considerável estabilidade química e mecânica durante longo período de ciclo do processo industrial. Diversos materiais estão atualmente em estudo para o processo de captura de CO2, a exemplo dos óxidos metálicos e óxidos metálicos mistos, zeólitas, materiais carbonáceos, estruturas metal-orgânicas (MOF’s), organosilica e superfícies de sílica modificadas. Neste trabalho, a capacidade de adsorção de CO2 em materiais mesoporosos de diferentes estruturas, como o MCM-48 e SBA-15, sem impregnação e impregnados com níquel nas proporções 5%, 10% e 20% (m/m), denominados como 5Ni/MCM-48, 10Ni/MCM-48, 20Ni/MCM-48 e 5Ni/SBA-15, 10Ni/SBA-15, 20Ni/SBA-15, foi avaliada. Os materiais foram caracterizados através das análises de DRX, análise térmica (TG e DTG), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, adsorção e dessorção de N2 e MEV com EDS. O processo de adsorção foi realizado variando-se a pressão de 100-4000 KPa e mantendo-se a temperatura constante e igual a 289 K. A maior capacidade de adsorção foi obtida com os materiais não impregnados MCM-48 (14,89 mmol g-1) e SBA-15 (9,97 mmol g-1). Os resultados mostraram que a capacidade de adsorção varia positivamente com a área específica, no entanto, apresenta uma dependência direta com o tipo e geometria dos canais da estrutura porosa. Os dados obtidos foram ajustados através dos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich e os parâmetros termodinâmicos avaliados foram energia livre de Gibbs e entropia do sistema de adsorção.
12	ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA “Elaboração de pós de ferrita de cobalto, CoFe2O4, nanoestruturados e hierarquisados: influência da morfologia sobre a detecção e oxidação catalítica de gases poluentes” Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CHRISTINE LEROUX JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA MADJID ARAB MIGUEL ALEXANDRE NOVAK VERONIQUE MADIGOU Data: Nov 6, 2014 Show Abstract Esta tese é parte de pesquisa sobre novos materiais para sensores de gás mais sensíveis, e mais seletivos. A resposta elétrica de um catalisador ou de um material sensível ao gás depende de vários parâmetros, tais como tamanho de grão, as faces cristalográficas expostas, a natureza dos cátions, a presença de deficiências de oxigênio. O objetivo desta tese foi desenvolver e caracterizar um único óxido em diferentes morfologias, a fim de estudar sua influência sobre a resposta elétrica e a atividade catalítica do material. Foi também de hierarquisar estes nanogrãos para obter maior difusividade do gás no material. A escolha do material caiu sobre CoFe2O4, pó de desenvolvimento feito pelas formas hidrotérmicas e solvotérmicas. Os pós foram caracterizados por termogravimetria, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (difração de elétrons, simulações de alta resolução), e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. As respostas catalíticas e elétricas foram testados em presença dos gases CO e NO2, este último em diferentes concentrações (1-100 ppm), e a diferentes temperaturas (temperatura ambiente até 350 ° C). Nano-octaedros com tamanho médio de 20 nm foram obtidos por via hidrotérmica. A temperatura, o tempo de reação, a concentração dos reagentes e o pH da mistura de reação foram otimizados para a produção destes octaedros (Publicação na Powder Technology). Brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTAB) atuando como um surfactante melhora a pureza do pó de CoFe2O4 através do bloqueio da formação de fases secundárias. O controle da forma dos grãos está principalmente associado com a natureza do agente precipitante e com a presença de íons OH- no meio de reação. Por via solvotérmico, de acordo com um método desenvolvido no nosso laboratório (tese L.Ajroudi UTLN de 2011), foram preparados os pós esféricos de CoFe2O4 e com tamanho de grãos de 8 e 20 nm. As medições de resistência elétrica dos pós em presença de gás mostrou que nanopartículas de CoFe2O4 apresentam uma resposta forte a pequenas quantidades de NO2 (10 ppm a 200 °C). A morfologia influencia significativamente o tempo de resposta e a sensibilidade do material. Sob gás oxidante (NO2), os nanooctatedros tem uma maior sensibilidade do que os grãos esféricos de mesmo tamanho, e apresentam menor tempo de resposta e menor tempo de retorno. Esta maior reatividade é devida à natureza da face cristalográfica {111} exposta nos nanooctaedros. Estes resultados foram confirmados através da modelagem da cinética de resposta e de recuperação do sensor. Durante esta tese, um novo sistema de medições catalíticas foi instalado no âmbito UFRN (LAMNRC), Natal, que se tornou operacional apenas no final de tese. Testes iniciais de atividade catalítica na reação de oxidação do CO entre 100 ° e 350 ° C mostram que o efeito do tamanho é predominante em relação ao efeito da forma no que diz respeito à conversão da reação. A morfologia dos grãos nanométricos influencia a taxa da reação. Uma maior taxa de reação é obtida em presença de nanooctaedros. A fim de melhorar as propriedades de detecção e catalíticas do material, nós desenvolvemos uma metodologia de hierarquisação de nanogrãos por adsorção dos mesmos sobre a superfície de grãos de carbono, seguido por calcinação da mistura para a remoção das esferas de carbono.
13	ANDREIA SOUTO VIEIRA “SECAGEM DE RESÍDUO DE GOIABA EM SECADOR CONVECTIVO DE BANDDEJAS: MODELAGEM MATEMÁTICA E ANÁLISE DO PROCESSO" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANTONIO MARTINS DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA LEOPOLDO OSWALDO ALCAZAR ROJAS SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA Data: Nov 28, 2014 Show Abstract O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de frutas do mundo, sendo a maior parte desta produção destinada para o consumo "in natura" ou processada na indústria de polpas e sucos. Ao longo da cadeia produtiva das frutas, as perdas quantificadas somam valores significativos, principalmente em razão dos efeitos associados ao clima, ao armazenamento e transporte, a sazonalidade e mercado consumidor, etc. Em particular, na indústria de polpas e sucos, o aproveitamento da fruta é de aproximadamente 50% em massa, sendo o restante descartado na forma de resíduo industrial. Por serem ricos em nutrientes, os resíduos de frutas, quando processados de forma adequada, podem gerar produtos com importante valor de mercado. Neste contexto, a secagem constitui um do processos alternativos para o aproveitamento de resíduos de frutas. Porém, a despeito do ganho que a secagem pode proporcionar aos resíduos, tal processo demanda uma quantidade significativa de energia e, em geral, apresenta limitações de eficiência térmica. Desta forma, o monitoramento e controle das principais variáveis no processo de secagem são importantes para garantir condições operacionais que permitam obter um produto final dentro de especificações de qualidade e com menor custo energético. Assim, a aplicação de modelos matemáticos do processo representa uma ferramenta importante para a avaliação e busca de condições ótimas.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o comportamento da secagem de resíduo industrial de polpa de goiaba num sistema batelada do tipo secador convectivo de bandejas com enfoque no estudo experimental e avaliação do processo através da modelagem matemática. No estudo experimental, a secagem numa série de bandejas e o consumo energético foram avaliados como resposta aos efeitos das condições operacionais (temperatura, vazão do ar de secagem e massa de sólidos). Os resultados obtidos permitiram observar as variáveis que apresentam um efeito mais significativo sobre o processo. Por outro lado, com base num modelo matemático fenomenológico implementado computacionalmente e validado com os dados experimentais, foi possível acompanhar a evolução da umidade e temperatura nas fases sólido e gás em cada bandeja e, a partir de simulações, foi possível investigar estratégias operacionais ótimas, visando encontrar um procedimento favorável à minimização do tempo de processamento e, conseqüentemente, menor gasto energético.

2013

	Dissertations
1	HANNIEL FERREIRA SARMENTO DE FREITAS "Modelagem e simulação de um separador bifásico com inversão de fases induzida" Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO VANJA MARIA DE FRANCA BEZERRA WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR ANTONIO GILSON BARBOSA DE LIMA Data: Jul 5, 2013 Show Abstract O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a modelagem e simulação de um separador bifásico com inversão de fases induzida, o MDIF (Misturador Decantador à Inversão de Fases), por meio da utilização do método das diferenças finitas para a resolução das equações diferenciais parciais que descrevem transporte da fração mássica do contaminante no interior da câmara de decantação do equipamento. Com esse intuito, foi desenvolvido o modelo determinístico diferencial AMADDA, o qual foi adimensionalizado e então semidiscretizado através do método das linhas. A integração do sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias resultante foi realizada através de um algoritmo modificado do método de Adam-Bashfort-Moulton, e a rotina de otimização estocástica de Basin-Hopping foi utilizada no procedimento de estimação de parâmetros do modelo. Com o intuito de estabelecer um referencial comparativo para a validação dos resultados obtidos com o modelo AMADDA, foram utilizados dados experimentais apresentados em trabalhos anteriores do grupo de pesquisa do MDIF. Os resultados experimentais e aqueles obtidos com o modelo foram avaliados quanto à sua normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e validados frente aos resultados experimentais através do teste t de Student e o o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, à depender do resultado. Os resultados mostraram satisfatório desempenho do modelo AMADDA na determinação da eficiência de separação do MDIF, sendo possível determinar que a um nível de significância de 1% os resultados calculados são equivalentes àqueles determinados experimentalmente nos trabalhos de referência.
2	ERIKA CRISTINA LOURENÇO DE OLIVEIRA "MODELAGEM E SIMULAÇÃO DA SOLUBILIDADE DA PARAFINA EM TUBOS CIRCULARES E EM REGIME LAMINAR" Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO Data: Jul 25, 2013 Show Abstract O Ã³leo produzido nos novos campos de petrÃ³leo estÃ¡ cada vez mais parafinico e viscosos, com isso, a medida que o Ã³leo Ã© escoado, parafinas sÃ£o depositadas sobre as paredes internas do tubo, e ao longo do tempo, tende a reduzir drasticamente a Ã¡rea transversal ao escoamento. Visando estudar o processo de solubilizaÃ§Ã£o da parafina em dutos, esse trabalho objetiva desenvolver modelos matemÃ¡ticos que represente o processo, com base nos fenÃ´menos envolvidos no processo tais como transferÃªncia de massa, transferÃªncia de energia e equilÃbrio sÃ³lido-lÃquido implementando-os em um ambiente de desenvolvimento VBA for Excel Â®. O presente trabalho foi realizado em quatro etapas: i) modelagem dos fenÃ´menos de transferÃªncia de calor e massa, ii) modelagem da rotina dos coeficientes de atividade atravÃ©s do modelo UNIFAC e modelagem do sistema de equilÃbrio sÃ³lido-lÃquido; iii) modelagem matemÃ¡tica do processo de solubilizaÃ§Ã£o e cÃ¡lculo da espessura da parafina ao longo do tempo; iv) implementaÃ§Ã£o dos modelos em um ambiente de desenvolvimento VBA for ExcelÂ® e criaÃ§Ã£o de um simulador com uma interface grÃ¡fica, para simular o processo de solubilizaÃ§Ã£o da parafina depositada em dutos e sua otimizaÃ§Ã£o. AlÃ©m disso, esse simulador visa permitir a simulaÃ§Ã£o nas diversas condiÃ§Ãµes de escoamento, bem como compreender a importÃ¢ncia das variÃ¡veis (vazÃ£o, temperatura de entrada, temperatura externa, cadeia carbÃ´nica do solvente). AtravÃ©s dos resultados foram possÃveis verificar os perfis de temperatura, fraÃ§Ã£o molar e o de solubilizaÃ§Ã£o.
3	JULIA CRISTINA DE LIMA TORRES MAIA "Obtenção de emulsões asfálticas convencionais e modificadas com nanoargilas" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS MOACIR GUILHERMINO DA SILVA CRISTIAN KELLY MORAIS DE LIMA Data: Aug 5, 2013 Show Abstract Com o aumento da demanda por asfaltos faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento de técnicas que melhorem a qualidade e aumentem o tempo de vida útil dos pavimentos. Com isso cresce a aplicação das emulsões asfálticas, que, são produzidas a partir de uma mistura de Cimento asfáltico de petróleo (CAP) e uma fase aquosa, tendo como principal vantagem a redução de custos energéticos devido a sua aplicação ser à frio. Para a obtenção de emulsões convencionais são utilizados: asfalto, água, solvente e aditivos. As emulsões asfálticas modificadas foram desenvolvidas a partir da adição de um agente modificante às emulsões convencionais. Esses modificadores podem ser fibras naturais, resíduos, polímeros, nanomateriais. Neste trabalho obtiveram-se emulsões asfálticas modificadas com argilas organofílicas. Primeiramente preparou-se uma emulsão asfáltica convencional nas seguintes proporções: 50% de CAP 50/70, 6% de aditivos e 6% de emulsificante em relação a quantidade de asfalto, 20% de solvente e 26,4% de água. Para a obtenção da emulsão asfáltica modificada foi utilizada a bentonita e vermiculita como agente modificador em proporções de 1% e 4 %. Foram realizados 26 ensaios, onde a bentonita e vermiculita foram adicionadas na sua forma bruta, na forma organofílica e na forma organofílica em meio ácido. Para a obtenção da argila organofílica e organofílica em meio ácido utilizou-se o método de Qian et al 2011 com adaptações. Para a preparação da emulsão asfáltica modificada adicionou-se quantidades pré-determinadas dos constituintes ao moinho coloidal do tipo RENEX por períodos de 30 minutos e 1 hora. Após o período de emulsionamento foram realizados os ensaios para caracterização da emulsão obtida. Os seguintes ensaios foram realizados de acordo com as especificações técnicas (DNER-EM 369/97): Peneiramento, viscosidade Saybolt Furol, pH, densidade, sedimentação, resíduo por evaporação e penetração.
4	TAMYRIS THAISE COSTA DE SOUZA "Nanoemulsões Aplicadas à Recuperação Avançada de Petróleo"´ Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TULIO YTERBIO FERNANDES VALE Data: Aug 7, 2013 Show Abstract A descoberta de poços de petróleo está a cada dia em circunstâncias mais adversas, no que diz respeito à profundidade dos poços como, também, em relação à fluidez do óleo. Os reservatórios de descobertas recentes não possuem energia própria para produzir ou os métodos convencionais não são eficientes para fazer com que esses reservatórios tenham uma vida útil elevada, devido alterações das propriedades físico-químicas, tais como densidade e viscosidade, que tornam o deslocamento do óleo pelos poros do reservatório até a superfície cada vez mais complexo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a preparação, caracterização e a utilização de nanoemulsões obtidas a partir de sistemas microemulsionados, com e sem a presença de polímero. Esses sistemas foram aplicados como método químico de recuperação de petróleo, com o intuito de obter maior eficiência de volume de óleo deslocado. O interesse por esse tipo de sistema existe devido a sua baixa tensão superficial, o pequeno tamanho de gotícula e, principalmente, pelo baixo percentual de matéria ativa presente em sua composição. Os ensaios realizados para caracterizar esses sistemas foram a avaliação do aspecto físico, medidas de tamanho de gotícula, índice de polidispersão, tensão superficial, pH, condutividade, reologia e ensaios de adsorção dos sistemas. Os ensaios de recuperação foram realizados em um equipamento que simula as condições de um reservatório de petróleo, utilizando plugs de rocha arenito Botucatu. Esses plugs foram saturados com salmoura (KCl 2%) e com petróleo proveniente da Bacia Potiguar do campo de Ubarana. Após essas etapas foi realizada a recuperação convencional utilizando a salmoura e, por último, foi injetada, a nanoemulsão, como método de recuperação avançada. Os sistemas obtidos variaram de 0% à 0,4% de polímero. Os ensaios de tamanhos de partícula obtiveram como resultado uma variação de 9,22 a 14,8 nm, caracterizando que as nanoemulsões estão dentro da faixa de tamanho inerente a esse tipo de sistema. Para ensaios de tensão superficial os valores foram na faixa de 33,6 a 39,7 dynas/cm, valores semelhantes às microemulsões e bem abaixo da tensão superficial da água. Os resultados obtidos para os valores de pH e condutividade se mantiveram estáveis ao longo do tempo de armazenamento, essa avaliação indica estabilidade das nanoemulsões estudadas. O teste de recuperação avançada utilizando nanoemulsão com baixo percentual de matéria ativa obteve como resultado de eficiência de deslocamento 46,67%. Porém esse valor foi crescente, de acordo com o aumento do percentual de polímero na nanomeulsão, chegando a 76,74% de eficiência de óleo deslocado pelo método avançado e 90,01% de eficiência total, com o sistema contendo a maior quantidade de polímero.
5	JULIANA LEAO MAIA "DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MICROCÁPSULAS CONTENDO AS ANTOCIANINAS PRESENTES NO CORANTE DO EXTRATO DO JAMBO POR POLIMERIZAÇÃO INTERFACIAL" Advisor : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ÉRICO DE MOURA NETO Data: Aug 8, 2013 Show Abstract As indústrias de alimentos, medicamentos e cosméticos aplicam a microencapsulação por diversas razões, dentre elas, estabilizar o ativo, controlar a liberação do encapsulado e separar componentes incompatíveis da formulação. Dentro deste contexto, as técnicas de microencapsulação têm sido usadas na indústria de alimentos para fornecer ingredientes líquidos e sólidos estáveis. As antocianinas possuem alto potencial antioxidante, entretanto são fotodegradáveis. Os desafios são portanto, direcionados à busca de técnicas que façam com que este potencial permaneça ativo e biodisponível e possa ser usado como veículo para a liberação de bioativos e micronutrientes, em condições e níveis adequados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor uma técnica para encapsular as antocianinas presentes no extrato do jambo vermelho utilizando a técnica de polimerização interfacial. Foram definidas as condições ideais de temperatura e agitação do sistema para o referido processo. As micropartículas obtidas foram caracterizadas quanto ao tamanho, morfologia, distribuição do ativo, carga superficial, degradação, composição e estabilidade. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a técnica utilizada para obtenção destas micropartículas foi satisfatória e possui potencial para aplicação na indústria de cosméticos e alimentos.
6	SAULO HENRIQUE GOMES DE AZEVÊDO "Extração enzimática de óleo e produção in situ de biodiesel a partir da Moringa Oleífera Lam" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO Data: Aug 8, 2013 Show Abstract Com o desenvolvimento e crescimento da sociedade moderna, surge a necessidade de busca por novas matérias primas e por novas tecnologias que apresentem características “limpas”, e que não agridam o meio ambiente, mas que possam suprir as necessidades energéticas da indústria e transporte. A Moringa Oleífera Lam, planta oriunda da Índia, e presente atualmente no Nordeste brasileiro, apresenta-se como uma planta multiuso, podendo ser utilizada como coagulante no tratamento de água, como remédio natural e como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel. Neste trabalho, a Moringa foi utilizada como matéria-prima em estudos sobre os processos de extração e posteriormente na síntese de biodiesel. Foram realizados estudos sobre as diversas técnicas de extração do óleo de Moringa (solventes, prensagem mecânica e enzimática), sendo especialmente desenvolvido um planejamento experimental para a extração aquosa com o auxílio da enzima Neutrase© 0,8L, com o objetivo de analisar a influência das variáveis pH (5,5-7,5), temperatura (45-55ºC), tempo (16-24 horas) e quantidade de catalisador (2-5%) sobre o rendimento de extração. Em relação ao estudo sobre a síntese de biodiesel, foi inicialmente realizada uma transesterificacão convencional (50 ºC, KOH como catalisador, metanol, e 60 minutos de reação). A seguir, foi realizado um estudo utilizando a técnica da transesterificacão in situ por meio de um planejamento experimental utilizando como variáveis a temperatura (30-60 ºC), % catalisador (2-5%), e razão molar óleo/álcool (1:420-1:600). A técnica de extração que obteve o maior rendimento de extração (35%) foi a que utilizou hexano como solvente. A extração utilizando etanol obteve 32% e a extração por prensagem mecânica alcançou 25% de rendimento. Para a extração enzimática, o planejamento experimental indicou que o rendimento da extração foi mais afetado pela combinação entre a temperatura e tempo. O rendimento máximo obtido nesta extração foi de 16%. Após a etapa de obtenção do óleo, foi realizada a síntese de biodiesel pelo método convencional e pela técnica in situ. Pelo método convencional foi obtido um teor em ésteres de 74 % e pela técnica in situ, 100%, em uma razão molar óleo/álcool de 1:420, temperatura 60 °C, 5% em massa de KOH, com o tempo de 1,5 h. Pelo planejamento experimental, foi constatado que a variável que mais afetou no teor de ésteres final foi a quantidade de catalisador. Pela análise físico-química foi observado que o biodiesel produzido pelo método in situ se enquadrou nas normas da ANP, sendo, portanto esta técnica viável, pois não necessita da etapa de extração do óleo e alcança altos teores de ésteres.
7	ENIO RAFAEL DE MEDEIROS SANTOS "Extração, caracterização e avaliação bioativa do extrato de Rumex acetosa" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Aug 8, 2013 Show Abstract Estudos revelam a grande influência dos radicais livres e outros oxidantes como responsáveis pelo envelhecimento e por doenças degenerativas, por sua vez, os compostos fenólicos naturais tem-se apresentado como ótimos antioxidantes por inibirem a peroxidação lipídica e a lipooxigenase in vitro. Dentre estes, encontra-se em destaque o trans-resveratrol (3,5,4’–trihidroxiestilbeno), composto fenólico, caracterizado como um polifenol da classe estilbeno. Na hortaliça popularmente conhecida como “Azedinha” (Rumex acetosa) foi encontrado o trans-resveratrol e a partir disto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral o estudo sobre a extração supercrítica e a extração convencional (Soxhlet e sequencial) em raízes da Rumex acetosa, avaliando tanto a eficiência dos processos extrativos quanto a atividade antioxidante, o teor de fenólicos totais e a quantificação do trans-resveratrol contido nos extratos. As extrações supercríticas utilizaram CO2 adicionado de co-solvente (etanol) e foram conduzidas pelo método dinâmico em um extrator capaz de operar com dióxido de carbono e co-solvente (etanol), obedecendo a um planejamento fatorial 23 com triplicata no ponto central, tendo como variável resposta o rendimento do processo e a concentração de trans-resveratrol e como variáveis independentes a pressão, a temperatura e o percentual de co-solvente. Os rendimentos (massa de extrato seco/ massa de matéria-prima utilizada) da extração supercrítica variaram de 0,8 a 7,63%, sendo que o melhor resultado foi obtido a 250 bar e 90°C, com uso do co-solvente etanol a 15% (v/v). O valor de YCER foi calculado para uma vazão de 0,6 g/min de CO2 resultando em 0,0782 (g soluto/ g solvente). Os resultados de rendimento em massa para as extrações convencionais variaram entre 0,779% (hexano) e 9,97% (etanol). Os modelos estatísticos gerados a partir destes dados de rendimento e de concentração de trans-resveratrol demonstraram que eram significativos e preditivos para uma confiança de 95% através do teste do F. Através de análises cromatográficas em CLAE, utilizando uma coluna C8 (150 x 4,6 mm), o trans-resveratrol foi quantificado em todos os extratos obtidos e os valores de concentração variaram entre 0,0033 e 0,42 (mg/g extrato) para os extratos supercríticos e entre 0,449 e 17,046 (mg/g extrato) para extrações convencionais, sendo a extração Soxhlet com etanol mais seletiva em trans-resveratrol que a supercrítica. A avaliação do poder antioxidante e da quantificação dos compostos fenólicos totais de todas as amostras foram realizadas com os respectivos métodos: método do sequestro do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) e método espectrofotômetro de Folin-Ciocalteau. Os valores do poder antioxidante dos extratos supercríticos resultaram em valores de EC50 compreendidos entre 7,89 e 18,43 μg/mL, enquanto que as extrações com Soxhlet resultaram em valores de EC50 na faixa de 6,05 e 7,39 μg/mL. Os resultados para a quantificação do teor de compostos fenólicos dos extratos supercríticos resultaram em valores compreendidos entre 85,3 e 194,79 mg EAG/g extrato, enquanto que os valores dos extratos oriundos do Soxhlet resultaram em valores compreendidos entre 178,5 e 237,8 mg EAG/g extrato. Os altos valores de poder antioxidante e de teor de compostos fenólicos podem ser atribuídos não somente à presença de compostos fenólicos, mas também à presença de outros antioxidantes existentes na Rumex acetosa.
8	THAYSE NAIANNE PIRES DANTAS "AVALIAÇÃO DE DADOS DE SECAGEM DE SUSPENSÕES DE POLPAS DE FRUTAS EM LEITO DE JORRO COM ALIMENTAÇÃO INTERMITENTE" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA Data: Aug 8, 2013 Show Abstract O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o estudo e aperfeiçoamento de modelos matemáticos, baseados em balanços de massa e de energia, que representem o processo de secagem transiente de polpas de frutas em secador de leito de jorro com alimentação intermitente. Os balanços de massa e de energia para a secagem, representados por um sistema de equações diferenciais, foram desenvolvidos em linguagem Fortran e adaptados para a condição de alimentação intermitente e de acúmulo de massa no interior do equipamento. Este programa realiza a integração deste sistema de equações diferenciais utilizando a rotina DASSL (Differential Algebraic System Solver) e o procedimento de estimação do parâmetro do modelo foi fundamentado na minimização da função objetivo da técnica de mínimos quadrados utilizando um método heurístico de otimização PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization). Utilizando dados experimentais gerados nas pesquisas de secagem de alimentos realizadas nos laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos e de Sistemas Particulados da UFRN, determinaram-se equações empíricas estatísticas e aplicaram-se os modelos referentes aos balanços para verificação da quantidade de água e da temperatura do ar de secagem na saída do leito de jorro e da massa de material acumulada no secador. Os modelos foram validados a partir dos dados experimentais de secagens cujas condições operacionais, de temperatura do ar, vazão da pasta e tempo de intermitência, variavam dentro dos limites estudados. Na análise dos resultados preditos, foi constatado que estes modelos representam bem os dados experimentais da cinética de produção e de acúmulo de pó e da umidade e da temperatura do ar na saída do secador.
9	ANDRE ANDERSON COSTA PEREIRA "FORMAÇÃO DE PARTÍCULAS SUBMICROMÉTRICAS DE PMMA POR CRISTALIZAÇÃO TÉRMICA DE SOLUÇÃO POLIMÉRICA" Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA CLAUDIO DARIVA Data: Aug 9, 2013 Show Abstract Partículas poliméricas formadas em escala nanométrica são de fundamental interesse atualmente, principalmente quando utilizadas como sistemas carreadores na liberação controlada de fármacos, cosméticos e nutracêuticos, além do interesse prático no recobrimento de materiais com propriedades magnéticas. O principal objetivo do presente estudo diz respeito à produção de partículas submicrométricas de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA) através da técnica de cristalização de uma solução polimérica por resfriamento controlado termicamente, segundo um perfil de taxa linear de resfriamento. Neste trabalho, soluções de PMMA em etanol e 1-propanol foram preparadas em diferentes concentrações (1% a 5% em massa) e cristalizadas em diferentes taxas de resfriamento (0,2 a 0,8 ºC/min) controladas linearmente. Análises de distribuição de partículas (DLS/CILAS) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram realizadas com o intuito de avaliar as características morfológicas das partículas formadas. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível obter partículas poliméricas submicrométricas com morfologia perfeitamente esférica utilizando a técnica abordada no presente estudo. Observou-se também que, a depender da taxa de resfriamento e da concentração da solução polimérica, é possível ter alto rendimento na formação de partículas submicrométricas. Adicionalmente, foram realizados testes preliminares com o propósito de verificar a capacidade desta técnica em formar partículas carreadoras de materiais com propriedades magnéticas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a técnica estudada pode ser uma alternativa interessante na obtenção de partículas poliméricas com propriedades magnéticas.
10	FRANCISCO CANINDE DE MORAES FILHO "AVALIAÇÃO DA APLICAÇÃO DE MODELOS PARA A SECAGEM DE PASTAS E SUSPENSÕES EM LEITO DE JORRO COM ALIMENTAÇÃO CONTÍNUA" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA Data: Sep 6, 2013 Show Abstract No presente trabalho estuda-se o desenvolvimento, a aplicação e o aprimoramento de um modelo macroscópico para descrever o comportamento do secador leito de jorro com alimentação contínua para a secagem de pastas e suspensões. Tal modelo está baseado nos modelos CST (Freire et al., 2009) e de Fernandes (2005), cuja base teórica é fundamentada em balanços macroscópicos de calor e massa para as três fases envolvidas no processo: gasosa, líquida e sólida. Pelo fato dessa técnica ser bastante relevante, os estudos da modelagem e simulação da secagem em leito de jorro são fundamentais na análise do processo com um todo, pois através deles é possível prever e compreender o comportamento do processo, o que contribui significativamente para um projeto e operação mais eficazes. O desenvolvimento e entendimento dos fenômenos envolvidos no processo de secagem podem ser adquiridos através da comparação dos dados obtidos experimentalmente com os provenientes de simulações computacionais. Tal conhecimento é de suma importância para que haja a escolha adequada das condições de processo, a fim de se obter uma boa eficiência da secagem. Ao longo dos últimos anos, a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de trabalhos voltados à secagem de pastas e suspensões em leito de jorro vem ganhando espaço no Brasil. O Laboratório de Sistemas Particulados, localizado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, vem desenvolvendo diversas pesquisas e gerando um enorme acervo de dados experimentais relativos à secagem de polpas de frutas, pastas de legumes, leite de cabra e de suspensões de resíduos da agroindústria. Desse acervo foram coletados dados para secagem de leite de cabra e resíduo da acerola (Malpighia glabra L.). Pela primeira vez esses dados serão utilizados para o desenvolvimento e validação de um modelo que consiga descrever o comportamento do secador leito de jorro. Com isso, foi possível modelar o secador e avaliar a influência das variáveis de processo (vazão da pasta, temperatura e vazão do ar de secagem) na dinâmica da secagem. Foram realizados ainda, experimentos de evaporação de água a fim de entender e equacionar o comportamento da temperatura na parede do secador e da taxa de evaporação. Todas essas análises contribuirão para trabalhos futuros que envolvam a implementação de estratégias de controle na secagem de pastas e suspensões. Os resultados obtidos nas análises em regime transiente foram comparados com dados experimentais indicando que o modelo representa bem o processo.
11	ALISON AUGUSTO MAIA BEZERRA "Remoção Conjugada de Óleo e Cálcio de Água de Produção Utilizando Tensoativos" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Sep 30, 2013 Show Abstract O petróleo é o principal produto da matriz energética mundial, sendo a sociedade contemporânea extremamente dependente dessa commodity e de seus derivados. As atividades de exploração e de refino do petróleo são responsáveis por uma alta carga de geração de poluentes, dentre os principais está a água produzida. Estimativas apontam que o volume de água produzida é aproximadamente 250 milhões de barris por dia. Esse fluido possui uma alta carga de contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos, que são nocivos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. A resolução do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, CONAMA, n° 430/2011, complementada pela resolução n° 357/2005 estabelece as regras para o descarte em corpos receptores o teor de óleos e graxas (TOG) não deve ser superior a 20 mg/L. Especificamente para descarte em atividades offshore, aplica-se a resolução CONAMA 393/2007, que estabelece a média aritmética simples mensal do teor de óleos e graxas (TOG) de até 29 mg/L, com valor máximo diário de 42 mg/L. Para injeção em campos produtores o limite do TOG não deve exceder as 5 mg/L, valor crítico para que se evite danos a formação. Além dos investimentos em estudos de otimização dos métodos convencionais de tratamento de água produzida, muito se tem trabalhado no desenvolvimento de novos métodos. Uma das rotas alternativas aos tratamentos convencionais da água produzida, já comprovada na literatura, é o emprego do tensoativo iônico como agente extratante de óleo e alguns metais. O objetivo central do trabalho foi estudar a influência das concentrações de tensoativo e de cálcio no processo de extração do cálcio e do óleo conjugada, buscando a proposição de um modelo estatístico capaz de representar o percentual de extração para cada caso. Para tanto, foi empregado o delineamento fatorial 3² completo utilizando como variáveis independentes a concentração de cálcio e de tensoativo. Após a obtenção do modelo foram obtidas as superfícies de respostas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os modelos estatísticos encontrados são capazes de representar a eficiência na extração do óleo e do cálcio respeitando as faixas estudadas. Podemos concluir que a formação do floco lipofílico obtido no processo de extração conjugada interage com o óleo disperso na água produzida sendo decisivo para a remoção conjunta de frações do óleo e do cálcio, em um processo de separação sólido-líquido. Os melhores resultados apontam para uma redução de 96% da concentração inicial de óleo e 52% de cálcio.
12	KAREN PEREIRA BATISTA DE AVELAR "Estudo da influência da temperatura na degradação termoquímica da biomassa de avelós (euphorbia tirucalli Linn)." Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS MARCELO MENDES PEDROZA Data: Oct 18, 2013 Show Abstract Nos dias atuais é cada vez mais importante a descoberta de fontes de energias alternativas, visto que os combustíveis fósseis estão a caminho da escassez. A pirólise da biomassa tem aparecido como alternativa interessante, uma vez que pode ser realizada com as mais diversas fontes de origem animal ou vegetal. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da temperatura no rendimento dos produtos originados do processo de pirólise do pó (dp = 0,15 mm e 9,37 % de umidade), obtidos dos galhos secos da planta avelós (euphorbia tirucalli.Linn), planta esta abundante na região nordeste do Brasil, utilizando um reator de cilindro rotativo em escala de laboratório. Antes do processo, a biomassa foi tratada e caracterizada por: análise imediata, (CHNS, umidade, materiais voláteis, cinzas e carbono fixo) bem como, avaliação dos teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose., além de outras técnicas instrumentais, tais como: Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier - FTIR, Análise Termogravimétrica e diferencial (TG/DTG) – com avaliação da energia de ativação no regime não isotérmico com taxas de aquecimento de 5 e 10 oC/min, Difratograma de Raios X - DRX, Fluorescência de Raios X- FRX, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura – MEV. Os resultados obtidos mostram a biomassa como uma matéria prima com potencial para produção de biocombustíveis, pelo fato de apresentar alto teor de matéria orgânica (78,3 % em material volátil) e carbono fixo (7,11 %). A energia de ativação exigida para degradação da biomassa variou entre 232,92 – 392,84 KJ/mol, no intervalo de temperatura da reação estudado e taxa de aquecimento de 5 e 10oC/min. No processo de pirólise, estudou-se a influência da temperatura da reação (350, 400, 450, 490 e 520 °C), mantendo-se constantes as demais variáveis, ou seja, a vazão do gás de arraste (100 cm³/min), a velocidade de centrifugação para condensação do bio-óleo (1840 rpm), a vazão de biomassa (600 g/h) e a rotação do reator (33,7 rpm). O rendimento máximo em bio-óleo foi de 8,12 %, carvão 32,7 %, fase gasosa não condensada de 35,4 % e perdas da ordem de 23,8 %, obtidos na temperatura de 450 oC. Para o bio-óleo obtido nesta temperatura foram feitas as seguintes caracterizações: poder calorífico superior (3,43 MJ/kg), pH (4,93), viscosidade (1,5 cP) e análise cromatográfica, se destacando na composição o fenol (12,71 %), seguido do metil ciclopentenona (10,56) e do dimetil ciclopentenona (7,76). Os produtos obtidos no processo de pirólise do pó do avelós apresentaram-se interessantes do ponto de vista de prováveis aplicações em processos industriais, pelo fato do bio-óleo apresentar baixa viscosidade (1,5cP), baixa acidez (pH = 4,93), alto teor de compostos cetônicos (30 %) e fenólicos (22 %), e inexistência de produtos de funcionalidades ácidas. O carvão obtido apresentou em sua estrutura alto percentual em potássio (39,48 %) e cálcio (37,97 %), enquanto que a fase gasosa não condensada se apresentou com um rendimento significativo em metano (86,1 %), destacando-se como uma fonte atrativa de energia
13	ALCIVAN ALMEIDA EVANGELISTA NETO "SECAGEM DE GRÃOS DE GIRASSOL EM LEITO FIXO E EM LEITO DE JORRO" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA ULIANA KARINA LOPES DE MEDEIROS Data: Nov 11, 2013 Show Abstract Neste trabalho, foram estudados dois métodos de secagem para os grãos de girassol cultivados na região do Oeste Potiguar, nas dependências do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte – IFRN – Câmpus Apodi. Tal iniciativa se deu pelo fato dos grãos colhidos no período da safra ficarem armazenados em galpões sem qualquer tipo de controle da temperatura, umidade etc. Com isso, muitas características físicas, químicas e fisiológicas ficam comprometidas e os grãos tanto perdem qualidade para produção de óleo como seu poder germinativo. Levando em conta que boa parte dos grãos estocados é utilizada para replantio, os métodos estudados contemplam a secagem dos grãos em camada fina utilizando estufa com circulação de ar (leito fixo) e a secagem em leito de jorro. Estudou-se a secagem dos grãos in natura, ou seja, recém-colhidos. A secagem na estufa foi realizada nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 ºC, Os experimentos no leito de jorro foram realizados com base em um planejamento experimental do tipo 22 + 3, com três repetições no ponto central, onde as variáveis independentes foram a carga de grãos (1500, 2000 e 2500 g) e a temperatura do ar alimentado (de 70, 80 e 90 ºC), obtendo-se as curvas de secagem e de dessorção. Previamente, foram obtidas as curvas características do leito. Tanto na estufa como no leito de jorro foram obtidas as curvas de secagem e as de dessorção através da pesagem dos grãos ao longo dos experimentos e das medidas de atividade de água, respectivamente. A secagem dos grãos no leito de jorro apresentou bons resultados com significativa diminuição do tempo de processamento. Foram ajustados os modelos de FICK e PAGE aos dados experimentais, modelos estes que representaram muito bem a secagem dos grãos tanto na estufa como no leito de jorro. As curvas de dessorção mostraram que não houve influência da temperatura de processamento nas características higroscópicas dos grãos. Os modelos de GAB, OSWIN e LUIKOV conseguiram representar bem as isotermas de dessorção.
14	INDIRA ARITANA FERNANDES DE MEDEIROS "Obtenção de Ferrita de Cobalto através de dois Métodos de Síntese: Método de Complexação Combinando EDTA-Citrato e Método Hidrotérmico." Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Dec 17, 2013 Show Abstract Neste trabalho foi sintetizada e caracterizada ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4) através de dois métodos: complexação combinada EDTA-Citrato e hidrotérmico. Analisou-se a influência das condições de síntese na formação da fase e no tamanho médio de cristalito. Os pós foram caracterizados principalmente por difração de raios-x. Em casos específicos, se usou também microscopia eletrônica de varredura, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, e isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de nitrogênio. O estudo do tamanho de cristalito foi baseado na interpretação dos difratogramas de raios-x obtidos, e estimado através do método de Halder-Wagner-Langford e de Scherrer. Um planejamento experimental com triplicatas no ponto central foi adotado com a finalidade de auxiliar na quantificação da influência das condições de síntese nas variáveis-resposta. Os parâmetros de síntese avaliados neste trabalho foram: pH do meio reacional (8, 9 e 10), temperatura de calcinação (método EDTA-Citrato – 600°C, 800°C e 1000°C), temperatura de síntese (método hidrotérmico – 120°C, 140°C e 160°C), tempo de calcinação (método EDTA-Citrato – 2, 4 e 6 hrs) e tempo de síntese (método hidrotérmico – 6, 15 e 24 hrs). Pelo método hidrotérmico foi possível produzir pós com tamanho médio de cristalito de até 7nm e área superficial de 113,44m²/g. Ao se utilizar o método EDTA-Citrato, cristalito com até 22nm e 27,95m²/g foram produzidos. As amostras que apresentaram menor e maior tamanho de cristalito nas mesmas condições de pH e tempo de calcinação/síntese foram analisadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva.
15	CARLOS EDUARDO DE ARAÚJO PADILHA "Recuperação e Purificaçãode Quitosanases Usuando Adsorção em Leito Expandido com Streamline DEAE com Modelagem e Simulação Usando Redes Neurais" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LÚCIA FIGUEIREDO PORTO DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA Data: Dec 18, 2013 Show Abstract A adsorção em leito expandido (ALE) é uma técnica integrativa que alia conceitos de cromatografia e fluidização de sólidos. A diversidade de parâmetros envolvidos e seus efeitos sinergéticos dificultam a tarefa de otimização da operação. Felizmente, ferramentas matemáticas foram desenvolvidas de modo a direcionar as investigações do sistema ALE. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe a aplicação do planejamento experimental, modelagem fenomenológica e redes neurais artificias (RNAs) na compreensão da adsorção de quitosanases na resina de troca iônica Streamline® DEAE. A cepa Paenibacillus ehimensis NRRL B-23118 foi responsável pela expressão quitosanolítica. Nos ensaios de adsorção usando o leito na forma expandida foi utilizada uma coluna de 2,6 cm de diâmetro por 30 cm de altura, acoplada a uma bomba peristáltica. Na base da coluna existia um distribuidor de microesferas de vidro com altura de 3 cm. Os ensaios de DTR revelaram elevado grau de mistura, entretanto pelos coeficientes de Richardson-Zaki mostram que a coluna está no limiar da estabilidade. Pelas regressões das isotermas puderam-se ajustar os dados de equilíbrio de adsorção, na presença de diferentes sais da escala liotrópica. O resultado do planejamento apontou que somente a força iônica governa a recuperação e pureza das quitosanases. As massas moleculares das duas espécies de quitosanases foram estimadas por SDS-PAGE, obtendo-se aproximadamente 23 kDa e 52 kDa. A modelagem fenomenológica foi direcionada para descrever as operações em batelada e na coluna cromatográfica. As simulações foram executadas no Microsoft Visual Studio 2010, usando a linguagem Fortran. O modelo de taxa constante ajustou-se as curvas cinéticas com excelência, nas condições de atividade iniciais 0,232, 0,142 e 0,079 UA/ml. As curvas de ruptura simuladas apresentaram algumas disparidades com os dados experimentais, principalmente quanto à inclinação. A inclusão de uma rotina de otimização poderia melhorar as respostas do modelo. Os testes de sensibilidade do modelo sobre a velocidade superficial, dispersão axial e concentração mostraram conformidade com os artigos publicados. A rede neural foi construída no ambiente MATLAB, por meio da Neural Network Toolbox. A validação cruzada foi usada para melhorar a capacidade de generalização. Aperfeiçoou-se os parâmetros da RNA até obter a configuração 9-6, função de ativação logsig e algoritmo de treinamento Levenberg-Marquardt. As simulações da rede neural mostraram boa concordância com os dados experimentais, com coeficiente de correlação da ordem de 0,93. Os efeitos das variáveis de entrada sobre os perfis das etapas de carga, lavagem e eluição foram compatíveis com a literatura.
	Thesis
1	RAIMUNDO COSME DA SILVA FILHO "OTIMIZAÇÃO DO MEIO DE CULTURA PARA APRODUÇÃO DE QUITOSANASE POR Metarhizium anisoplise EM CULTIVO DESCONTÍNUO SUBMERSO " Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA ELIANA SETSUKO KAMIMURA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MARIA GIOVANA BINDER PAGNONCELLI Data: Apr 5, 2013 Show Abstract No presente trabalho utilizou-se um planejamento Plackett & Burman, com 8 fatores e 12 ensaios em 2 níveis, para se investigar a influência das concentrações de Quitosana, Peptona, Extrato de Levedura, NaNO3, K2HPO4, KCl, MgSO4.7H2O e FeSO4 na produção da enzima quitosanase por Metarhizium anisopliae. Os ensaios para produção da enzima foram realizados em cultivo descontínuo submerso. Os resultados para o planejamento Plackett & Burman mostraram que a atividade quitosanolítica foi favorecida pelo aumento da concentração de substrato (quitosana) e sulfato ferroso (FeSO4) enquanto que o aumento da concentração dos outros fatores não contribuíram de forma significativa para a atividade quitosanolítica. A otimização do meio de cultura para a produção da enzima foi realizado por meio de um planejamento composto central, com os dois fatores que mais influenciaram a atividade quitosanolítica (quitosana e FeSO4), conforme planejamento Plackett & Burman, mantendo-se os outros nutrientes em seus valores mínimos. Nesse planejamento, para o fator FeSO4, tomou-se o limite inferior (-1) como sendo o limite superior do planejamento Plackett & Burman. Os resultados mostraram que a produção da enzima foi favorecida pelo aumento da concentração quitosana e pela diminuição da concentração de FeSO4. A produção máxima de atividade quitosanolítica foi da ordem de 70,0 U/L e foi atingida em apenas 18 h de fermentação, resultado esse vinte e oito vezes maior aos obtidos anteriormente para o mesmo micro-organismo que foi 2,5 U/L em 48h.
2	SYLLOS SANTOS DA SILVA “Integração dos Processos de Flotação e Foto-Fenton para Redução de Óleos e Graxas de Água Produzida em Campos de Petróleo” Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Jul 1, 2013 Show Abstract Durante a produção de óleo e gás, ocorre também a produção de uma corrente aquosa denominada água de produção de petróleo. Este subproduto apresenta em sua composição sais, compostos orgânicos, gases e metais pesados. Esta pesquisa buscou avaliar a integração dos processos de Flotação por Ar Induzido (FAI) e foto-Fenton para a redução do Teor de Óleos e Graxas (TOG) presente em águas produzidas, visando recuperar óleo presente na fase aquosa e mineralizar a carga orgânica remanescente. Os experimentos foram realizados com efluente sintético preparado a partir da dispersão de petróleo bruto em solução salina. O sistema foi agitado por 25 min a 33.000 rpm e depois deixado em repouso por 50 min para permitir a separação do óleo livre. A concentração inicial de óleo (TOG) no efluente sintético foi de 300 ppm e 35 ppm para as etapas de flotação e de foto-Fenton, respectivamente. Estes valores iniciais de concentração de óleo foram estabelecidos tomando com base a TOG médio do efluente nas unidades de processamento primário da bacia Potiguar. Os processos foram estudados individualmente e, em seguida, realizada a integração considerando as melhores condições experimentais encontrada em cada etapa individualmente. A separação por flotação apresentou elevada taxa de remoção de óleo com comportamento cinético de primeira ordem. A cinética de flotação foi dependente tanto da concentração quanto do Balanço Hidrofílico-Lipofílico (BHL) do surfactante. O melhor resultado foi obtido para a concentração de 4,06.10-3 mM (k = 0,7719 min-1) do surfactante EO 2 (BHL = 6,3) com 86 % de redução do TOG após 4 min de flotação. Para a série de surfactantes estudada, a eficiência de separação mostrou-se melhorada com o uso de surfactante com menores BHL. Com respeito à etapa de redução do TOG por foto-Fenton, a maior remoção de óleo alcançada foi de 84% após 45 min de reação, utilizando 0,44 mM e 10 mM de íons ferrosos e peróxido de hidrogênio, respectivamente. As melhores condições experimentais encontradas para os processos integrados foram 10 min de flotação seguida de 45 min de foto-Fenton, com redução global de TOG de 99%, o que representa 5 ppm de TOG no efluente tratado. A integração dos processos flotação e foto-Fenton mostrou ser altamente eficiente na redução de TOG em águas produzidas em campos de petróleo
3	IZABELLY LARISSA LUCENA Influência de Tensoativos não Iônicos na Destilação Molecular de Petróleo Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA FERNANDO LUIZ PELLEGRINI PESSOA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Jul 12, 2013 Show Abstract O aumento da disponibilidade nacional de petróleos pesados vem estimulando o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para o refino dessas matérias-primas. Dessa forma, o estudo de novas técnicas de separação torna-se essencial nesse contexto. Sendo assim, a destilação molecular apresenta-se como uma alternativa para separação e purificação desses materiais. O processo ocorre a temperaturas relativamente mais baixas, preservando ao máximo o material a ser purificado. A destilação molecular é um caso especial de evaporação que opera em alto vácuo na ordem 0,001 a0,0001 mmHg. No entanto, boa parte dos estudos relacionados a destilação molecular de petróleo avalia apenas as variáveis do processo, tais como: a temperatura do evaporador, temperatura do condensador, vazão e etc. Dessa forma, com o propósito de favorecer a destilação molecular visando aumentar o grau de recuperação da fração do destilado obtido no processo, avaliou-se aplicação de tensoativos não iônicos da classe do nonilfenol etoxilados, uma vez que tais moléculas apresentam a capacidade de interagir na interface líquido-líquido, líquido-vapor o que reduz a tensão interfacial do sistema em estudo. Portanto, neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de tensoativo comerciais do tipo Ultranex-18 e 50 na destilação molecular de uma fração de petróleo. Para tal fim, inicialmente, realizou-se a caracterização físico-química do petróleo a ser destilado determinando-se que o mesmo apresenta um grau API de 42, o que confere a amostra a ser destilada uma característica de fração leve. Na etapa do estudo das destilações moleculares realizadas sem tensoativo, no qual foi executado um planejamento estrela (2K ± α) com duas variáveis (temperatura do evaporador e temperatura do condensador), tendo como resposta a porcentagem de destilado obtida no processo (%D) verificou-se que a melhor condição experimental para a destilação molecular do petróleo estudado foi para a temperatura do evaporador de 120°C e para uma temperatura do condensador de 10°C obtendo-se uma porcentagem de destilado de 38 %. Posteriormente, para determinar uma faixa de concentração de tensoativo a ser aplicado no processo a ser realizado com tensoativo, realizou-se o estudo da determinação da concentração micelar critica aplicando a técnica de espalhamento de raio-X abaixo ângulo (SAXS). Através da técnica constatou-se que para os tensoativos da classe do nonilfenois etoxilados a concentração micelar critica encontra-se na faixa de 10-2 mol/L para os hidrocarbonetos estudados (octano, decano e dodecano). A partir dessa constatação aplicou-se no estudo das destilações com tensoativo (Ultranex-18 e 50) uma faixa de concentração entre 0,01 a 0,15 mol/L. Nesta etapa, verificou-se que a presença do tensoativo não iônico no processo de destilação do petróleo, aumentou a recuperação de hidrocarbonetos na faixa de 5 a 9 carbonos em comparação ao processo realizado sem tensoativo e que em alguns casos a recuperação foi superior a 700 % em relação ao processo convencional. O estudo mostrou que o aumento do grau de etoxilação no Ultranex-50 reduziu a porcentagem de compostos recuperados na faixa de C5 a C9, uma vez que o aumento da parte hidrofílica do tensoativo reduz da solubilidade do mesmo no petróleo. Finalmente, verificou-se que o aumento no grau de recuperação de hidrocarbonetos leves ao se aplicar tensoativo na destilação molecular do petróleo levou também ao aumento da porcentagem de destilado obtida, uma vez que para a destilação realizada com Ultranex- 18 o aumento em comparação ao processo sem tensoativo foi 10 % superior e que para a destilação realizada com Ultranex-50 em comparação ao processo convencional o aumento foi 4 % superior. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o Ultranex-18 apresentou maior capacidade de recuperação frente ao Ultranex-50 e que a aplicação de tensoativo na destilação molecular de petróleo favoreceu o processo, já que houve o aumento da concentração de compostos leves obtidos.
4	SHIRLLE KATIA DA SILVA NUNES "Tratamento de água de Produção de Petróleo visando o Aproveitamento na Obtenção de barrilha" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO ANTONIO EDUARDO CLARK PERES EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO Data: Jul 19, 2013 Show Abstract A produção do petróleo é associada à água produzida, que apresenta materiais dispersos e dissolvidos que prejudicam não só o meio ambiente, mas, também, as unidades de processamento de petróleo. Este trabalho objetiva o tratamento da água de produção enfocando, principalmente, a remoção de óleo e de metais e a utilização desta água tratada como matéria-prima para produção de barrilha. Inicialmente, verificou-se a remoção dos seguintes metais bivalentes: cálcio, magnésio, bário, zinco, cobre, ferro e o cádmio. Utilizou-se para este fim tensoativos derivados de óleos vegetais, tais como: óleo de coco, óleo de soja e óleo de girassol. Verificou-se que existe uma relação estequiométrica entre os metais removidos da água de produção e os tensoativos utilizados no processo. Também, desenvolveu-se um modelo que relaciona a constante de hidrólise do óleo de coco saponificado com a distribuição do metal entre as fases resultantes do processo proposto, fases floco e aquosa, relacionando os resultados com o pH do meio. Obteve-se um coeficiente de correlação na ordem de 0,96. Em seguida, iniciou-se o processo de obtenção da barrilha. Utilizou-se a água resultante das diversas correntes de tratamento da água produzida. Nesta etapa do trabalho, observou-se que o tensoativo auxiliava no tratamento da água de produção, removendo parte dos metais e a totalidade do petróleo disperso. O rendimento da produção da barrilha foi da ordem de 80% e sua pureza ficou em torno de 95%. Avaliou-se, ainda, no processo de produção da barrilha, a influência do tipo de reator, utilizando-se um reator contínuo e um reator em batelada. Estes ensaios mostraram que o processo em contínuo não foi tão eficiente quanto o processo em batelada. De forma geral, pode-se concluir que a produção de barrilha a partir da água de produção de petróleo é um processo viável, transformando um efluente que causa grande impacto ambiental em matéria-prima de larga utilização indústrial.
5	ANA PAULA COSTA CAMARA INCORPORAÇÃO DE RESÍDUO DE PERFURAÇÃO EM MATRIZ CERÂMICA: ESTABILIZAÇÃO POR SOLIDIFICAÇÃO Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Jul 29, 2013 Show Abstract Um dos resíduos gerados durante a perfuração de poços de petróleo são os cascalhos que ficam impregnados no fluido de perfuração. Este resíduo é composto por produtos químicos de alta toxidade, entre eles os metais pesados. Este estudo propõe um processo alternativo ao tratamento deste resíduo, incorporando-o na forma de matéria-prima em matriz cerâmica, e através da solidificação estabilizar os metais tóxicos presentes, Alumínio (Al), Ferro (Fe), Manganês (Mn) e Zinco (Zn). As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de fluorescência de raios-X (FRX), difratometria de raios-X (DRX), granulometria a laser (GL), termogravimetria (TG) e análise térmica diferencial (ADT). Para avaliar o efeito do percentual de cascalho nas propriedades tecnológicas e ambiental, foram obtidas formulações contendo 0, 10 e 20 % em massa do cascalho na matriz cerâmica. Após sinterização às temperaturas de 1080, 1120 e 1160 ºC, as amostras foram submetidas a ensaios de absorção de água, retração linear de queima, tensão de ruptura à flexão e solubilidade. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que a técnica de estabilização por solidificação, é uma alternativa viável a destinação segura do resíduo de perfuração. Os produtos cerâmicos obtidos podem ser utilizados na fabricação de tijolos maciços e blocos cerâmicos de alvenaria, em determinados percentuais e temperaturas de queima descritas neste trabalho.
6	LUIZ FERREIRA DA SILVA FILHO "AVALIAÇÃO E MODELAGEM DA ABSORÇÃO DE H2S DO GÁS NATURAL EM COLUNA DE LEITO ESTAGNADO" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES GERALDINE ANGÉLICA SILVA DA NÓBREGA Data: Sep 9, 2013 Show Abstract O gás natural, embora seja composto basicamente de hidrocarbonetos leves, apresenta também em sua composição gases contaminantes como o CO2 (Dióxido de carbono) e o H2S (Sulfeto de hidrogênio). O H2S, que comumente ocorre nas atividades de exploração e produção de óleo e gás danifica as tubulações de transporte do petróleo e do próprio gás natural. Por isso a eliminação do gás sulfídrico haverá significativa redução dos custos de operação e uma melhor qualidade do óleo destinado à refinaria, resultando assim num beneficio econômico, ambiental e social. Tudo isso demonstra a necessidade do desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de sequestrantes que removam o sulfeto de hidrogênio da indústria de petróleo. Atualmente existem vários processos para o tratamento do gás natural utilizados pela indústria petrolífera para remoção do H2S, no entanto eles produzem derivados de aminas que danificam às torres de destilação, precipitados insolúveis que provocam entupimento dos dutos e originam resíduos de grande impacto ambiental. Por isso, a obtenção de um sistema estável em meio reacional inorgânico ou orgânico capaz de remover o gás sulfídrico sem formar subprodutos que afetem a qualidade e o custo do processamento, transporte e distribuição do gás natural é de grande importância. Nesse contexto a avaliação da remoção do H2S surge como um procedimento valioso para o tratamento do gás natural e destino dos subprodutos do processo. Esta avaliação é realizada numa coluna de absorção recheada com anéis de Raschig, por onde o gás natural contaminado com H2S atravessava uma solução aquosa de sais inorgânicos estagnada, sendo por esta absorvida. Na saída da coluna o teor de H2S no gás é monitorado por um analisador de H2S. O estudo das curvas obtidas permite determinar a etapa controladora da transferência de massa dos processos envolvidos, os coeficientes volumétricos de transferência de massa, as concentrações de equilíbrio, a massa total e instantânea transferida de H2S, assim como, efetuar um estudo cinético. Os resultados mostram que a cinética de remoção é maior para o NaOH, mas pode ser aplicada com o KMnO4, FeCl3 e CuSO4.
7	ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO "Equilíbrio Líquido-líquido de Sistemas Aquosos com Tensoativos Polietoxilados: Dados Experimentais e Modelagem" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA EDSON LUIZ FOLETTO Data: Nov 11, 2013 Show Abstract Os tensoativos não iônicos, quando em solução aquosa, apresentam a propriedade de separação em duas fases, sendo um denominada de fase diluída, baixa concentração em tensoativo, e outra rica em tensoativo denominada de coacervato. A aplicação deste tipo de tensoativo nos processo de extração de solutos de meios aquosos vem aumentando o que implica na necessidade do conhecimento das propriedades termodinâmicas desses tensoativos. Neste trabalho foram determinados os ponto de névoa dos tensoativos polietoxilados, da família do nonilfenolpolietoxilado variando o grau de etoxilação (9,5;10;11;12 e 13) e do álcool laurílico polietoxilado nos respectivos graus de etoxilação (6;7;8 e 9). O método utilizado para determinação do ponto de névoa foi a observação do turvamento da solução ao aquecer o sistema à uma rampa de 0,1oC/minuto.No estudo da pressão foi,utilizada uma célula de alta pressão máximo (300 bar). Através dos dados experimentais obtidos dos respectivos tensoativos, foram utilizados os modelos de Flory-Huggins, UNIQUAC e NRTL para descrever a curva do ponto de névoa dos referidos tensoativos, além da influência da concentração do NaCl e da pressão, no equilíbrio sistema. O estudo da pressão é importante para os processos de recuperação avançada de petróleo nos quais os tensoativos em solução são submetidos à pressões elevadas. Enquanto que o efeito do NaCl permite obter pontos de névoa a temperaturas mais próxima do meio ambiente viabilizando sua utilização em processos sem controle de temperatura. O método numérico utilizado para ajustar os parâmetros é o Levenberg-Marquardt. Para o modelo de Flory-Huggins foram determinados parâmetros de ajuste como a entalpia e a entropia da mistura e o número de agregações. Para os modelos UNIQUAC e NRTL foram ajustados parâmetros de interação ”aij” utilizando uma dependência quadrática com a temperatura. Os parâmetros obtidos tiveram bons ajustes aos dados experimentais com RSMD < 0,3%. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a etoxilação quanto a pressão aumentam o ponto de névoa do tensoativo, enquanto o NaCl diminui.
8	KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO “Aplicação de tensoativos não iônicos na recuperação de fluidos de perfuração poliméricos” Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANA CRISTINA MORAIS DA SILVA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Nov 29, 2013 Show Abstract O fluido de perfuração, utilizado para auxiliar na operação de perfuração de poços de petróleo, acumula sólidos inerentes a formação à medida que é circulado no poço durante a perfuração, interferindo no seu desempenho durante a operação. Assim, após o uso ele é descartado, gerando um dos passivos ambientais mais difíceis de recuperar em todo o mundo. O presente estudo tem por finalidade promover a separação da fase líquida de fluidos de perfuração que já foram circulados em poços de petróleos, habilitando seu uso para formulação de um novo fluido. Para isso, foram utilizados tensoativos não iônicos a fim de selecionar o que melhor atuasse na separação de fases. Foram utilizados cinco fluidos de perfuração base água, reais coletados diretamente nos campos de perfuração de poços de petróleo, classificados como fluidos poliméricos. A metodologia utilizada constitui-se basicamente em aditivar o fluido com o tensoativo e depois submetê-lo à um processo de centrifugação ou decantação. Os ensaios de decantação foram programados através do planejamento experimental 23 e 32, utilizando como variáveis o % de tensoativo utilizado e o tempo de agitação em minutos. Os tensoativos utilizados foram o Nonilfenol etoxilado e o álcool laurílico etoxilado, ambos com diferentes graus de etoxilação. A separação de fases foi acompanhada inicialmente por ensaios de estabilidade e, posteriormente, pela altura da interface em provetas de 100 mL. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, dentre os tensoativos estudados, o álcool laurílico etoxilado, com 3 unidades de etoxilação, foi o que atuou de forma mais eficiente no processo de separação de fases dos fluidos de perfuração estudados. A aplicação de planejamentos estatísticos pode ser uma ferramenta de grande valor industrial no que diz respeito a programação de separação de fases em fluidos de perfuração. Concluiu-se que a fase líquida separada utilizando tensoativos pode ser reutilizada na formulação de um novo fluido de perfuração, com propriedades semelhantes a de um fluido novo, garantindo a eficácia do mesmo. Com a análise dos resultados sugere-se, ainda, que a adsorção é o mecanismo que governa a separação de fases, com o tensoativo adsorvendo-se nos sólidos ativos.

2012

	Dissertations
1	ANA PAULA JUSTINO SOARES "Aplicação de microemulsão na recuperação de petróleo de reservatórios carbonáticos" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Feb 7, 2012 Show Abstract Ao longo do tempo a produÃ§Ã£o de petrÃ³leo em um reservatÃ³rio vai diminuindo, nÃ£o sÃ³ pela reduÃ§Ã£o do volume de Ã³leo no reservatÃ³rio e queda de pressÃ£o, mas tambÃ©m, pela mudanÃ§a gradual das propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas do Ã³leo. Esta mudanÃ§a dificulta o escoamento de Ã³leo atravÃ©s o reservatÃ³rio atÃ© o poÃ§o e sua produÃ§Ã£o se torna cada vez mais difÃcil e de alto custo. O grande investimento em atividades exploratÃ³rias no mar brasileiro tem gerado novas descobertas, algumas em reservatÃ³rios carbonÃ¡ticos, com condiÃ§Ãµes de molhabilidade diferentes das usualmente consideradas em reservatÃ³rios siliciclÃ¡sticos, fortemente molhÃ¡vel Ã Ã¡gua. De uma forma geral, acredita-se que reservatÃ³rios carbonÃ¡ticos tendem a ser mais molhÃ¡veis ao Ã³leo do que reservatÃ³rios siliciclÃ¡sticos. Como as rochas carbonÃ¡ticas sÃ£o pouco permeÃ¡veis, hÃ¡ a necessidade de aumentar o fator de recuperaÃ§Ã£o nesses reservatÃ³rios atravÃ©s de mÃ©todos de recuperaÃ§Ã£o. O fator de recuperaÃ§Ã£o de petrÃ³leo nesse tipo de reservatÃ³rio gira em torno de 2% a 3%, enquanto o Ãndice apurado nas rochas de formaÃ§Ã£o arenito pode chegar a 30%, pelos mÃ©todos de recuperaÃ§Ã£o convencionais. A mobilizaÃ§Ã£o do Ã³leo, mesmo leve, de reservatÃ³rios carbonÃ¡ticos Ã© dificultada devido ao fato do reservatÃ³rio ser parcialmente molhÃ¡vel ao Ã³leo, esses Ã³leos podem ser mobilizados atravÃ©s da injeÃ§Ã£o de microemulsÃµes, mesmo nessas condiÃ§Ãµes, ou ainda, pode-se inverter a molhabilidade da superfÃcie do reservatÃ³rio e facilitar a produÃ§Ã£o, melhorando os Ãndices de produÃ§Ã£o. Este trabalho estudou a influÃªncia da inversÃ£o na molhabilidade da rocha na produÃ§Ã£o e recuperaÃ§Ã£o de petrÃ³leo de reservatÃ³rios carbonÃ¡ticos, utilizando sistemas microemulsionados. Foram utilizados diferentes sistemas microemulsionados de tensoativos de classes distintas e realizada a caracterizaÃ§Ã£o dos fluidos envolvidos e da rocha estudada.
2	RUTHINEIA JESSICA ALVES DO NASCIMENTO "MONITORAMENTO EM TEMPO REAL DE PROCESSOS FERMENTATIVOS POR ESPECTROSCOPIA NO INFRAVERMELHO PRÓXIMO (NIRS)" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO ALEXANDRE FERREIRA SANTOS Data: Feb 8, 2012 Show Abstract Nos processos biotecnológicos, como o agente transformador é um ser vivo, diversas variáveis podem interferir neste, conduzindo a mudanças no metabolismo dos microorganismos e afetando a quantidade e qualidade do produto final. Desta forma, monitorar continuamente as variáveis que interferem nos bioprocessos é de fundamental importância para que se possa atuar sobre certas variáveis do sistema, mantendo-o sob controle operacional e em condições desejadas. Em geral, durante um processo de fermentação, a análise de parâmetros importantes, tais como concentração de substrato, produtos e células, é feita de forma off-line, necessitando de amostragens, pré-tratamentos e procedimentos analíticos. Dessa maneira, este trabalho teve por objetivo implementar um sistema de monitoramento em tempo real (on-line) para um biorreator de bancada, sendo este realizado em duas etapas: (i) o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional com interface de comunicação entre o bioreator e o computador visando realizar a aquisição e registro de dados das variáveis monitoradas no processo (ii) o desenvolvimento de um método analítico quimiométrico utilizando espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIRS), para fins de monitoramento em tempo real da concentração de substrato, produtos e células durante um processo fermentativo para produção de etanol. O programa computacional construído apresenta interface máquina/usuário amigável e promove o monitoramento em tempo real das variáveis: ph, temperatura, frequência de agitação, concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, nível e nível de espuma. O monitoramento das variáveis concentração de substrato, produtos e células foi feita utilizando espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo através da utilização de técnicas de quimiometria. Foram testados vários pré-tratamentos com a utilização ou não de filtros de suavização de ruídos obtendo-se resultados mais satisfatórios quando, modelos de calibração foram construídos a partir de amostras reais do meio de cultivo retiradas dos ensaios de fermentação F1, F2 e F3 realizados mostrando que o método analítico baseado no NIRS pode ser utilizado como um método rápido e eficaz para quantificar concentrações de células, substrato e produtos permitindo a implementação do monitoramento em tempo real e in situ de processos fermentativos.
3	YANNE KATIUSSY PEREIRA GURGEL AUM "Modelagem e Simulação da Deposição de Parafinas em Escoamento Turbulento" Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOSÉ ERMÍRIO FERREIRA DE MORAES OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Feb 9, 2012 Show Abstract A garantia de escoamento tem se tornado um dos temas de maior interesse na indústria do petróleo, principalmente devido à produção e ao transporte de petróleo em regiões com condições extremas de temperatura e pressão. Nessas operações, a deposição de parafinas é um problema comumente encontrado no escoamento de óleos parafínicos, causando a elevação dos custos do processo, devido ao aumento dos gastos energéticos de bombeamento, decréscimo da produção, aumento da pressão na linha e risco de bloqueio da linha de escoamento. Visando descrever o comportamento do processo de precipitação de parafinas durante escoamento turbulento de óleos parafínicos, sob várias condições de operações, o presente trabalho foi realizado em três etapas: (i) estimativa de propriedades físicas e termodinâmicas de uma mistura de parafinas, através da utilização de correlações, modelos termodinâmicos e Equações de Estado; (ii) modelagem do processo de deposição, abrangendo os fenômenos de transferência de momento, calor, massa, e equilíbrio sólido-líquido; (iii) desenvolvimento de uma interface gráfica em ambiente MATLAB® para permitir a simulação das diversas condições de escoamento, bem como compreender a importância das variáveis (Vazão, Temperatura de entrada, Temperatura externa, Temperatura de início do aparecimento dos cristais de parafina, Composição do óleo) no comportamento do processo de deposição.
4	RANIERE DANTAS VALENCA “Modelagem da transferência de massa na remoção do óleo da água produzidapor flotação em coluna com uso de tensoativos de origem vegetal” Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOSÉ ERMÍRIO FERREIRA DE MORAES OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Feb 9, 2012 Show Abstract O tratamento da água produzida e suas implicações são continuamente estudadas e várias perguntas são direcionadas a esta área. Em nossa região, nas bases da Petrobras (UN-RNCE), os reservatórios em terra são, em sua maioria, poços maduros, com produção de água na faixa de 90%, alguns casos até 100%, e esta AP não pode ser descartada simplesmente. Além de ser um risco para o ambiente pela contaminação do solo, águas subterrâneas ou mesmo animais e plantas, bem como nos corpos de água nas plataformas (OFFSHORE), existem leis, normas nacionais e órgãos que regulam e controlam o descarte desta água produzida, principalmente pela presença de hidrocarbonetos, sais e metais pesados. Atualmente, são utilizados polieletrólitos que facilitam coalescência das gotas de óleo, como agentes coagulantes, mas além de não serem biodegradáveis, aumentam o custo desse processo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um processo de flotação em coluna utilizando tensoativos iônicos origem vegetal em substituição ao polieletrólitos, bem como modelar e obter uma correlação experimental que represente os resultados obtidos. Testes preliminares indicaram uma eficiência de remoção para a concentração do óleo na água próximo de 100% e a equação obtida do modelo ajusta bem os dados experimentais
5	ROMERO GOMES DA SILVA ARAÚJO FILHO "DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SISTEMAS DE PASTAS LEVES PARA APLICAÇÃO EM CIMENTAÇÃO DE POÇOS PETROLÍFEROS COM BAIXO GRADIENTE DE FRATURA" Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS MOACIR GUILHERMINO DA SILVA JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS JOAO MARCONI DE ANDRADE Data: Mar 16, 2012 Show Abstract Resumo: Em todo o mundo, ocorrem naturalmente depósitos de hidrocarbonetos, constituídos de petróleo e gás natural, contidos dentro de rochas denominadas "rochas reservatório", em geral arenitos ou carbonatos. Esses depósitos existem em variadas condições de pressão e profundidade, desde poucas centenas até milhares de metros. Em geral, reservatórios mais "rasos" tem a tendência a fraturar mais facilmente, pois possuem baixo gradiente de fratura, ou seja, as fraturas são formadas mesmo com colunas hidrostáticas de fluido relativamente baixas. Essas zonas de baixo gradiente de fratura são particularmente mais comuns em zonas onshore, como aqui no Rio Grande do Norte. Um dos momentos mais propícios para a ocorrência de fraturas é durante a cimentação do poço, ao se utilizar uma pasta cimentante de densidade superior ao máximo permitido pela estrutura rochosa. Além disso, em zonas já naturalmente fraturadas, o uso de cimentos comuns causa perda de fluido para a formação, o que pode dar causa à cimentações falhas. Comercialmente, existem alternativas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de pastas de cimento leves, mas esses falham ou em razão de seu elevadíssimo custo, ou em função das propriedades da pasta obtida não serem suficientemente boas para aplicações mais genéricas, ficando restritas a cada operação para qual a pasta de cimento foi feita. Nesse trabalho foi realizado um planejamento estatístico para determinar a influência de três variáveis, definidas como a concentração de cloreto de cálcio, concentração de vermiculita e concentração de nanosílica, nas várias propriedades do cimento. O uso da vermiculita, um minério de baixa densidade presente em grandes quantidades no nordeste brasileiro, como extensor para pastas cimentantes, permitiu a produção de pastas estáveis, com alta razão água/cimento, propriedades reológicas excelentes e baixas densidades, que foram fixadas em 12,5 lb/Gal. Viu-se também que o cloreto de cálcio é um poderoso viscosificante e gelificante, e seu uso combinado com a nanosílica possui grande efeito nas forças géis do cimento. Estudos de estabilidade hidrotérmica mostraram que as pastas foram estáveis nessas condições, e os ensaios de resistência mecânica mostraram valores da ordem de até 10 MPa.
6	ERLY MARIA MEDEIROS DE ARAÚJO NÓBREGA “SECAGEM DO RESÍDUO DE ACEROLA (MALPHIGIA EMARGINATA DC.): ESTUDO DO PROCESSO E AVALIAÇÃO DO IMPACTO DA SECAGEM SOBRE O PRODUTO FINAL” Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI JOSÉ MARIA CORREIA DA COSTA Data: Mar 30, 2012 Show Abstract Diante da importância que os compostos bioativos apresentam para a área de ciência e tecnologia de alimentos e o reconhecido impacto que a operação de desidratação pode acarretar à qualidade dos produtos, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a secagem do resíduo de acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC), no que diz respeito à cinética de secagem e características do material desidratado. Ênfase foi dada ao impacto da secagem sobre a cor, concentração de compostos bioativos selecionados e atividade antioxidante do resíduo da acerola, tomando o resíduo liofilizado como grupo-controle da secagem. O material, constituído pelo co-produto do processo de obtenção da polpa, e composto por casca, polpa residual e sementes, foi fornecido por indústria local e foi avaliado quanto à influência dos parâmetros de secagem convectiva em bandejas conforme planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial 23 + 3 pontos centrais. Modelos semiteóricos foram usados para descrever o comportamento cinético do processo da secagem no secador de bandejas e análises físico-químicas, cor instrumental, concentração de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante foram realizadas. O impacto do processamento sobre as características do resíduo agroindustrial de acerola desidratado por secagem convectiva em bandejas foi demonstrado. No entanto, considerando a concentração de compostos fenólicos, carotenóides, antocianinas e proantocianidinas detectada no produto final, bem como a caracterização colorimétrica e a estabilidade microbiológica alcançada pela considerável redução de umidade, pode-se concluir que o pó do resíduo de acerola constitui importante fonte de compostos bioativos com características adequadas para ser utilizado como ingrediente alimentar.
7	BRUNO CASTRO BARBALHO "Flotação por ar dissolvido para os minerais quartzo e feldspato utilizando coletores catiônicos" Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : BELARMINO BARBOSA LIRA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO RAQUEL FRANCO DE SOUZA Data: May 4, 2012 Show Abstract No Rio Grande do Norte os pegmatitos respondem por grande parte da produção de minerais industriais de silicatos como quartzo (sílica) e feldspato (aluminosilicato), destacando-se para o quartzo as indústrias óptica, eletrônica, de instrumentação, cerâmica e metalúrgica. Enquanto que para o feldspato destacam-se as indústrias de cerâmica, vidro, eletrodo para solda e tintas e vernizes. A liberação física correta do mineral de interesse envolve a adequação granulométrica através de operações de redução de tamanho. O método no tratamento mineral que apresenta alta eficiência na recuperação de finos é a flotação. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar a recuperação de quartzo e feldspato potássico utilizando os coletores catiônicos diamina e sal quaternário de amônio no processo de flotação por ar dissolvido – FAD. Os testes foram realizados baseados em um planejamento central composto 24, no qual verificou-se estatisticamente a influência das variáveis de processo: concentração dos dois coletores, pH e tempo de condicionamento. A eficiência de flotação foi calculada a partir do grau de remoção de turbidez da solução. O equipamento utilizado para estas determinações foi o turbidímetro modelo TB – 1000 (Tecnopon). Os resultados mostram que o equipamento apresentou boa eficiência na flotação dos minerais estudados, apresentando valores superiores a 50% para a maioria dos testes realizados. Resultados de máxima eficiência de flotação (80%) foram encontrados nas curvas de nível, plotadas nas condições de baixas concentrações dos coletores (1,0x10-5 mol.L-1). Estas altas eficiências de flotação foram obtidas operando-se na faixa de pH 4 – 8 com tempo de condicionamento variando de 3 a 5 minutos. Sendo assim, os resultados obtidos mostraram que as variáveis desempenharam papéis importantes no processo de flotação por ar dissolvido em relação a flotabilidade dos minerais.
8	RAFAEL EUGENIO MOURA RAMOS "ESTUDO DE UM SISTEMA HÍBRIDO DE DESTILAÇÃO SOLAR PARA POLIMENTO DE ÁGUAS PRODUZIDAS" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA Data: May 28, 2012 Show Abstract A indústria do petróleo, sentindo um grande impacto econômico e ambiental, tem investido crescentemente em pesquisas visando a um tratamento mais satisfatório de seu maior efluente: as águas produzidas em campos de produção. Estas são em sua maioria descartadas no mar, sem aproveitamento, após serem tratadas. Esse tipo de efluente contém uma gama de compostos orgânicos de alta toxicidade e difícil remoção, como hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos, além de sais, metais pesados etc. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi estudar a destilação solar da água de produção pré-tratada para remoção de sais e contaminantes da mesma a partir do uso de um sistema híbrido com pré-aquecimento. Este aparato desenvolvido foi denominado de sistema solar, que é composto por um aquecedor solar convencional e um destilador solar; o primeiro constitui-se de uma caixa d'água, uma placa coletora solar plana e um reservatório térmico; o destilador solar é de simples efeito, com 1m2 de área útil e 20° de inclinação na cobertura. A metodologia consistiu em cinco etapas: experimentos no sistema solar, com medição de temperaturas e de destilado obtido e obtenção de dados climáticos; modelagem e simulação do sistema; estudo de equilíbrio líquido-vapor de um efluente modelo de solução aquosa de p-xileno; realização de análises físico-químicas de amostras de alimentação, destilado e resíduo; e um estudo climatológico da cidade de Natal-RN. O sistema solar foi testado, separadamente, com água de abastecimento, solução aquosa sintética de NaCl e água produzida de petróleo. Foram realizadas medições de temperatura, a cada minuto, no reservatório térmico, na caixa d´água e no destilador (fases líquida e vapor). Dados de radiação solar e precipitação pluviométrica foram obtidos do INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). O pré-aquecimento solar mostrou-se eficiente para os líquidos testados e o fluido no reservatório térmico apresentou uma temperatura média de 58ºC, o que viabilizou a alimentação aquecida no destilador. O perfil de temperaturas no destilador solar apresentou comportamento similar à radiação solar diária, com temperaturas máximas próximas a 70ºC. Esse equipamento teve rendimento médio de 2,4L/d e eficiência média de 27,2%. A modelagem matemática permitiu identificar as variáveis e parâmetros mais influentes no sistema solar. O estudo do equilíbrio líquido-vapor, a partir de análise de TOC, indicou condição de heteroazeotropia, com o p-xileno se concentrando na fase vapor. As análises físico-químicas de pH, condutividade, STD, cloretos, cátions (incluindo metais pesados) e ânions, do efluente destilado apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, o que evidencia um potencial de reuso. O estudo climatológico indica a cidade ou a região de Natal-RN como favorável à operação de sistemas solares, mas o uso de aquecimento auxiliar nos períodos de maior pluviosidade e nebulosidade é recomendado
9	MAYARA FELICIANO GOMES "Otimização do tempo e temperatura no processamento da gipsita oriunda dos cristalizadores da produção de sal para obter gesso de uso na construção civil" Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO MARCONI DE ANDRADE JOSE NILDO GALDINO JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO Data: Jun 15, 2012 Show Abstract Segundo dados divulgados em 2009 do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior, o Rio Grande do Norte é o maior produtor tanto de sal quanto de camarão, em todo o Brasil. Os municípios de Macau e Mossoró são responsáveis por 75% da produção total do estado. Na indústria salineira a água do mar é a sua matéria prima, que é um recurso renovável e inesgotável. Durante o processo de produção do sal, as águas seguem um circuito preestabelecido e nos primeiros cristalizadores, com lâmina d’água menor, sinalizam a redução no processo de evaporação, porém intensificam o ritmo na precipitação da gipsita (carago), o sulfato de cálcio di-hidratado CaSO4.2H2O e o líquido é evaporado em sucessivos tanques até que os sais de magnésio e potássio comecem a depositar. O sal é recuperado, em seguida, lavado com salmoura e empilhado. Para obter gesso, de larga aplicação na construção civil, a indústria Salineira localizada em Mossoró faz-se à calcinação da gipsita (carago), que com isso, perde ¾ de água, sendo uma solução lucrativa para este subproduto residual que é descartado no solo sem nenhum isolamento da área ou descartado no mar ou rio. Assim, este trabalho visa tanto o estudo de uma solução lucrativa para um subproduto residual através da caracterização química e mineralógica da estrutura cristalina da gipsita (carago) oriunda dos cristalizadores, e do gesso já produzido na salina, através das seguintes técnicas: a difração de raios-X (DRX), a fluorescência de raios X (FRX), a Análise Termogravimétrica (TG/DTG), o microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) com EDS, análise granulométrica, e a otimização do tempo e da temperatura de calcinação da gipsita (carago), utilizando um planejamento fatorial de três níveis, com superfícies de resposta dos ensaios mecânicos de resistência a compressão e tempo de pega que é regulado pela norma NBR-13207: Gesso para Construção civil para obter um gesso β de boa qualidade
10	WANESSA PAULINO NEVES SILVA "Estudo dos parâmetros da extração de fenol de efluentes aquosos por um tensoativo não-iônico" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO KALYANNE KEYLY PEREIRA GOMES TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Jul 20, 2012 Show Abstract A sustentabilidade ambiental tem se tornado um dos temas de maior interesse nas indústrias, principalmente devido à produção de efluentes. Os fenóis e seus derivados são encontrados em efluentes de várias indústrias, como em refinarias, processamento de carvão, indústrias farmacêuticas, de plásticos, de tintas e de papel e celulose. Devido ao fato do fenol e vários de seus derivados serem compostos tóxicos ao ser humano e também a organismos aquáticos, a Resolução Federal CONAMA no. 430, de 13/5/2011 limita o teor máximo de fenóis, para lançamento em corpos de água doce, em 0,5 ppm. No processo de tratamento desses efluentes, o processo de extração líquido-líquido é o processo mais econômico para a recuperação do fenol, pois consome pouca energia. Um fato relevante é que a extração líquido-líquido, na maioria das vezes, implementa um solvente orgânico, sendo que o uso destes pode acarretar certos problemas ambientais, decorrentes da alta toxicidade dos mesmos. Devido a isto, existe a necessidade de desenvolver novas metodologias, as quais visem a substituição destes solventes por compostos biodegradáveis. Alguns compostos altamente hidrofílicos, como tensoativos não-iônicos, permite, sob certas condições de temperatura e concentração, a separação de duas fases aquosas, dessa maneira pode-se utilizar solventes biodegradavés para a extração de fenol de efluentes aquosos. Neste sentido, este trabalho aborda o estudo da extração de fenol de efluentes aquosos, através do fenômeno denominado Ponto Nuvem (do inglês, "Cloud Point"). Visando otimizar o processo de extração de fenol, o presente trabalho investiga o efeito das variáveis independentes sobre os parâmetros de extração empregando um delineamento fatorial 32 completo. As variáveis independentes foram a Temperatura de operação e a concentração de tensoativo e as variáveis dependentes foram os parâmetros de extração: Fração volumétrica da fase coacervata, concentração residual de tensoativo e fenol na fase diluída após a separação de fases e eficiência de extração do fenol. Para se alcançar os objetivos, o trabalho foi realizado em quatro etapas: (i)aplicação do modelo Box-Behnken para encontrar modelos matemáticos que descrevem o processo de extração de fenol; (ii) Cálculo da ANOVA com auxílio do programa STATISTIC 7.0, para avaliar a significância e predição dos modelos; (iii) Otimização dos modelos através de superfícies de respostas; (iv) Validação dos modelos matemáticos a partir da tomada de medidas adicionais, com amostras diferentes das utilizadas na obtenção dos modelos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os modelos matemáticos encontrados são capazes de calcular o efeito da concentração do tensoativo e da temperatura de operação em cada parâmetro de extração estudado. A otimização dos modelos obtidos permitiu de forma simples e rápida resultados coerentes e aplicáveis na operação para se alcançar resultados elevados de eficiência.
11	RICARDO PAULO FONSECA MELO "EXTRAÇÃO DO CORANTE REACTIVE BLUE 19 UTILIZANDO TENSOATIVO NÃO-IÔNICO" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE MARTA LIGIA PEREIRA DA SILVA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Jul 20, 2012 Show Abstract A extração por ponto nuvem é utilizada para remover o corante Reactive Blue da água utilizando tensoativo não-iônico Ultranex- 95. O objetivo é solubilizar as moléculas de corante no tensoativo, variando-se a concentração deste e a temperatura para estudar seus efeitos. Avaliando a concentração de corante na fase diluída após a extração é possível analisar variáveis termodinâmicas, construir isotermas de Langmuir, determinar o comportamento do volume de coacervato para uma concentração de tensoativo e temperatura, o coeficiente de distribuição e a eficiência de remoção de corante. Os resultados de eficiência de remoção alcançaram valores de 91,38%, 90,69%, 89,58%, 87,22% e 84,18% para temperaturas de 65,0, 67,5, 70,0, 72,5 e 75,0°C, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a extração por ponto nuvem é uma alternativa eficiente para o tratamento de efluentes contendo Reactive Blue.
12	FLÁVIA MELO DE LIMA "Estudo de Sistemas de Colchões lavadores para Aplicação em Poços Perfurados com Fluidos de Perfuração não Aquosos" Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES JOAO MARCONI DE ANDRADE JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO Data: Aug 3, 2012 Show Abstract Os fluidos de perfuração utilizados para auxiliar a operação de perfuração de poços desempenham várias funções dentre elas, a formação de um filme de baixa permeabilidade (reboco) nas paredes do poço prevenindo processos de filtração e impedindo danos à formação. Após a descida da coluna de revestimento, o espaço anular entre a tubulação de revestimento e as paredes do poço deve ser preenchido com cimento, durante esse processo utiliza-se entre eles um “colchão lavador” e um “colchão espaçador”, que em geral são fluidos Newtonianos que o primeiro tem por objetivo a retirada do reboco e o segundo evitar a contaminação entre o cimento e a lama. A eficiência do colchão lavador é reforçada pela presença de misturas de dispersantes e tensoativos em sua composição. O uso da tecnologia de tensoativo é uma nova abordagem na remoção do fluido de perfuração sintético e tem sido demonstrado em operações de campo que estas técnicas são bem sucedidas e melhora a aderência da pasta de cimento a formação. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho foi realizado com dois objetivos principais: estudo dos parâmetros que influenciam o sistema microemulsionado (natureza do tensoativo, razão cotensoativo/tensoativo, natureza e do cotensoativo) e a avaliação da eficiência de remoção de um filme de fluido de perfuração sintético a base de parafina e salmoura (70:30). Com os parâmetros analisados foram escolhidos diagramas com composição a base do cotensoativo n-butanol e razão C/T 0,5 por apresentar maior região de microemulsão. As microemulsões apresentaram estabilidade e resultados satisfatório de eficiência no Viscosímetro rotativo de cilindros coaxiais Chandler modelo 3500 numa velocidade de 300 rpm. É de grande interesse produtivo e econômico que o colchão tenha um bom desempenho em sua função contribuindo com a cimentação.
13	FRANCISCO ESCOLASTICO DE SOUZA JUNIOR "Secagem do Resíduo industrial da acerola em leito de jorro: Estudos fluidodinâmicos e análise do desenpenho do secador" Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLOS ENRIQUE DE MEDEIROS JERONIMO KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Aug 6, 2012 Show Abstract No presente trabalho estudou-se a secagem do resíduo industrial da acerola em secador de leito de jorro com partículas inertes de polietileno de alta densidade, visando-se a obtenção de um produto seco com elevado valor agregado, principalmente no que concerne ao teor de ácido ascórbico. O resíduo foi triturado, preparando-se uma suspensão com adição de água e de maltodextrina em diferentes proporções. Realizou-se inicialmente uma série de experimentos fluidodinâmicos para se avaliar o efeito da alimentação da suspensão sobre o comportamento fluidodinâmico do leito de jorro. Realizaram-se 11 experimentos de secagem com base em um planejamento experimental 23 com 3 réplicas no ponto central, onde foram avaliados os efeitos das variáveis, teor de sólidos, temperatura do ar de secagem e tempo de intermitência sobre a umidade, eficiência de produção, retenção de material no leito e perdas do produto em pó por elutriação de finos e aderido às paredes do equipamento. Avaliaram-se também os efeitos das variáveis independentes sobre a estabilidade do secador representada a partir de um parâmetro definido pela razão entre o volume suportado pelo leito e o volume total planejado para todos os experimentos. Finalmente, com o objetivo de se avaliar o desempenho do processo no que se refere a qualidade do pó, realizaram-se na concentração de sólidos mais favorável a obtenção do pó, quatro experimentos de secagem, fixando-se a vazão de alimentação e variando-se a temperatura e velocidade do ar de secagem e o tempo de intermitência. Os pós obtidos foram submetidos a análise do teor de ácido ascórbico. Os resultados destes experimentos foram comparados com os resultados obtidos na secagem da mesma suspensão, em secador spray. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a presença da suspensão interfere de forma importante no comportamento fluidodinâmico do leito, necessitando de maior vazão de ar para manter as condições de jorro. Promove uma expansão no diâmetro do jorro e diminui a taxa de circulação de sólidos, além de favorecer a distribuição do ar na região do jorro. Com respeito aos experimentos realizados conforme o planejamento experimental, todas as variáveis interferiram no desempenho do secador, destacando-se o importante efeito do teor de sólidos sobre a retenção de material no leito e perdas, bem como o efeito da intermitência sobre a estabilidade e retenção de material no leito. Na eficiência de produção o efeito principal foi atribuído à temperatura do ar de secagem. Foram obtidos modelos de primeira ordem que se ajustarem bem aos dados da eficiência de produção, retenção e perdas. Em relação aos experimentos finais, foram obtidos pós com teor de ácido ascórbico na faixa de 700 mg/100g, A secagem no spray forneceu um produto com teores de umidade e de ácido ascórbico compatíveis com o produzido no jorro, todavia a eficiência de produção de pó no spray (29%) foi muito inferior a do jorro, 55% em média. Os resultados obtidos são promissores e reforçam o leito de jorro como um secador que se adéqua bem a secagem de pastas e suspensões.
14	AQUILES FILGUEIRA NUNES “UTILIZAÇÃO DE POLÍMEROS À BASE DE ACRILAMIDA NA REMOÇÃO DE COBRE DE MEIO AQUOSO” Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE MARTA LIGIA PEREIRA DA SILVA Data: Aug 28, 2012 Show Abstract As Leis e Normas ambientais de despejo de efluentes estão cada vez mais aplicáveis e, juntamente com a pressão dos ambientalistas, proporcionam a consciência de acadêmicos em busca de soluções. No Brasil, a legislação federal, através da Resolução nº 357, de 17/03/05 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA, no Artigo 24, trata do descarte destes efluentes. A contaminação da água com metais pesados é uma preocupação em virtude da dificuldade de tratamento e remoção do ambiente. O cobre, por exemplo, é um elemento metálico e sob a forma de sal é bastante solúvel em água o que termina por dificultar sua remoção. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a extração do cobre com polímeros a base de acrilamida através do processo de floculação seguido de filtração. Para tanto foram utilizados polímeros a base de acrilamida, fornecidos pela SNF Floerger, com vários graus de ionicidade, que é o parâmetro analisado sobre a extração do cobre. Foram utilizados os polímeros FA 920 SH, AH 912 SH, AN 905 SH, AN 910 SH, AN 923 SH, AN 945 SH, AN 956 SH e AN 977 SH, que apresentam anionicidades diferentes entre si e crescente nessa ordem. Os parâmetros temperatura, pH, concentração da solução de cobre e velocidade de agitação foram fixados. A solução do polímero foi adicionada à solução do cobre a 200 ppm, variando a concentração de polímero. Após a agitação, ocorreu uma floculação assistida e em seguida filtração do efluente. O filtrado foi analisado no espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica e o percentual de remoção de cobre variou entre 63% a 97%, observando-se que os polímeros com maior carga iônica foram os responsáveis pelo maior percentual de extração de cobre. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram que é possível aplicar esses polímeros no tratamento de efluentes contendo metais como o cobre ou similares
15	JESSICA CAROLINE DA SILVA LINHARES "ESTUDO DO EQUILÍBRIO LÍQUIDO-VAPOR DO SISTEMA ÁGUA+ETANOL+LÍQUIDO IÔNICO VISANDO A SEPARAÇÃO DO ÁLCOOL ANIDRO" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL CHARLLES RUBBER DE ALMEIDA ABREU HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Sep 21, 2012 Show Abstract O etanol anidro tem ampla aplicação em indústrias químicas, farmacêuticas e indústrias de combustíveis. No entanto, os processos atuais para a sua obtenção na sua maioria envolvem custo elevado, alta demanda de energia e a utilização de solventes tóxicos e poluentes. Esse problema ocorre devido à formação de azeótropo na mistura etanol + água, não permitindo a separação completa por métodos convencionais tais como destilação simples. Como uma alternativa aos processos atualmente utilizados, este estudo propõe a utilização de líquidos iônicos como agentes na destilação extrativa. Trata-se de sais orgânicos líquidos a baixas temperaturas (abaixo de 100°C). Suas características, tais como baixa volatilidade (pressão de vapor nula) e estabilidade térmica os tornam interessantes para aplicações como catalisadores e solventes. Neste trabalho, dados experimentais de pressão de vapor de etanol e água foram obtidos de 20 a 101 kPa. Dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor do sistema para o etanol + água à pressão atmosférica varrendo toda faixa de concentração também foram determinados pelo método dinâmico com o ebuliomêtro Fischer. Os resultados apresentaram coerência com a literatura e consistência termodinâmica. Seguindo essa metodologia devidamente validada com valores de densidade para a determinação indireta da concentração, dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor para o sistema Etanol + Água + 2-HDEAA (acetato de 2-2-hidroxidietanolamino) em pontos estratégicos no diagrama foram obtidos para avaliar o comportamento de separação. Os resultados foram favoráveis, com o aumento da concentração de etanol na fase de vapor, porém o aumento não demonstrou ser pronunciado. O modelo preditivo COSMO-SAC (COnductor-like Screening MOdel – Segment Activity Coefficient), desenvolvido por Lin e Sandler (2002), foi aplicado para os cálculos de predição de Equilíbrio Líquido-Vapor do sistema etanol + água com líquido iônico a pressão atmosférica. Essa é uma alternativa para a previsão do equilíbrio de fases, especialmente para substâncias de interesse elevado, tais como líquidos iônicos, uma vez que não há necessidade de dados experimentais, nem parâmetros de grupos funcionais envolvidos, como no método UNIFAC (UNIversal Functional Activity Coefficient).
16	ALFREDO JOSÉ FERREIRA DA SILVA "REMOÇÃO DO COBRE DE EFLUENTE GALVÂNICO APLICANDO TENSOATIVO DERIVADOS DE ÓLEOS VEGETAIS" Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Nov 5, 2012 Show Abstract RESUMO: O cobre é um dos metais mais utilizados nos processos decorativos das indústrias galvânicas. A presença do cobre nos efluentes galvânicos, por ser um metal pesado, compromete a vida das pessoas e dos animais. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é extrair o cobre destes efluentes, utilizando para este propósito tensoativo aniônico. O processo de extração consiste em utilizar a parte polar do tensoativo aniônico para interagir com o cobre bivalente em solução. Os tensoativos utilizados neste estudo foram derivados dos óleos de soja, coco e girassol. Utilizou-se a água de lavagem do processo de cobre ácido de uma indústria galvânica como base para obtenção de um efluente sintético (280 ppm Cu+2). Para avaliar os parâmetros que influenciam no processo foram desenvolvidos planejamentos experimentais fatoriais 23 e 32. Para cada tensoativo derivado dos óleos vegetais avaliados (OSS, OCS E OGS) as variáveis independentes utilizadas no planejamento foram: a concentração de tensoativo (1,25 a 3,75 g/L), Ph (5 a 9) e a presença de um polímero aniônico (0 a 0,0125 g/L) A partir dos resultados colhidos neste primeiro planejamento experimental e dos cálculos obtidos através da relação estequiométrica entre os tensoativos e o cobre em solução foram realizados novos ensaios experimentais , variando a concentração do tensoativo na faixa de 1,25 a 6,8 g/L. Os resultados obtidos através do planejamento experimental foram submetidos a avaliação estatística para obtenção das curvas de isoresposta e do modelo matemático que descreve a eficiência do processo de extração do cobre. A avaliação estatística do planejamento experimental fatorial 32, onde se utilizou o óleo de coco saponificado, apresentou o modelo matemático que melhor descreveu o processo de extração do cobre. Conclui-se que, através da utilização de metodologias de planejamento experimental e da variação da concentração dos 3 tensoativos (1,25 a 6,8g/L), o OCS foi o tensoativo mais eficiente, chegando a remover 100% do cobre presente na solução.
17	RAFAEL HERNANDEZ DAMASCENA DOS PASSOS "Sintese e Caracterização de pós Ba(1-x)Sr(x)Co0,8Fe0,2O3-δ atraves do método de co-precipitação em meio oxalato" Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS GILSON GARCIA DA SILVA Data: Dec 27, 2012 Show Abstract Pós cerâmicos à base de óxidos mistos do tipo perovsquita Ba(1-x)Sr(x)Co0,8Fe0,2O3-δ (BSFC) foram obtidos através do método alternativo de síntese de co-precipitação em meio oxalato com variação do valor de x igual a 0,2, 0,5 e 0,8. Os materiais produzidos foram caracterizados por Difração de Raios-X (DRX) e tratado com o refinamento Rietveld e Análise termogravimétrica e termodiferencial (TGA-TDA). As análises dos resultados apresentaram que a fase de interesse foi obtida em todas as proporções estudadas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a técnica de síntese utilizada apresentou maior rendimento na produção de soluções sólidas cerâmicas monofásicas quando comparado com o método EDTA-citrato. Os pós obtidos apresentaram uma única fase cristalina e granulometria em escala nanométrica.
18	ALINE VIVIANE MAIA DE SANTANA "OTIMIZAÇÃO DO PROCESSO DE FLOTAÇÃO DE EMULSÃO ÓLEO/ÁGUA ATRAVÉS DO PLANEJAMENTO FATORIAL COMPLETO" Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO JÚLIO CÉZAR DE OLIVEIRA FREITAS JOAO MARCONI DE ANDRADE RENATA MARTINS BRAGA Data: Dec 27, 2012 Show Abstract Nas últimas décadas, a geração de resíduos sólidos e líquidos tem aumentado substancialmente devido ao aumento da atividade industrial que está diretamente ligada ao crescimento econômico. Por mais eficiente que seja o processo, é inevitável a geração desses resíduos. Na indústria petrolífera, um dos principais resíduos gerado na exploração do petróleo é a água produzida, que devido à sua composição complexa e à grande quantidade gerada, tem se tornado um desafio, diante das restrições impostas pela legislação ambiental quanto ao seu descarte, fazendo-se necessário criar alternativas de reuso ou tratamento com a finalidade de reduzir o teor de contaminantes e diminuir os efeitos nocivos ao meio ambiente. Essa água pode estar presente sob a forma livre ou emulsionada com o óleo, quando na forma de emulsão do tipo óleo/água, faz-se necessário à utilização de substâncias químicas para promover a separação, sendo a flotação o método de tratamento que vem se mostrando mais eficiente, pois consegue remover grande parte do óleo emulsionado quando comparada a outros métodos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos individuais e de interações de alguns parâmetros físico-químicos operacionais, baseado em trabalhos anteriores, para uma célula de flotação utilizada na separação de emulsão sintética óleo/água, visando otimizar a eficiência do processo de separação através um planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial completo 24 com ponto central. As variáveis de resposta para avaliar a eficiência da separação foram percentagem de remoção de cor e turbidez. As variáveis independentes estudadas foram: concentração do desemulsificante, teor de óleo em água, salinidade e pH, sendo fixadas a estas, limites mínimos e máximos. A análise da variância para a equação do modelo empírico mostrou-se estatisticamente significante e válidos para fins preditivos da eficiência de separação do flotador com R2 > 90%. Os resultados mostraram que o teor de óleo em água e a interação entre o teor de óleo em água e a salinidade, apresentaram os maiores valores dos efeitos estimados dentre o conjunto dos fatores investigados, tendo grande e positiva influência na eficiência de separação. Através da análise da superfície de resposta, foi determinada uma eficiência máxima de remoção acima de 90% tanto para medida de turbidez quanto para medida de cor quando em meio salino (30 g/L), a altas concentrações de óleo (306 ppm), utilizando concentrações baixas do desemulsificante (1,1 ppm) e com pH próximo do neutro.
19	MAYARA DE OLIVEIRA LESSA "AVALIAÇÃO DA CAPACIDADE DE ADSORÇÃO DO CO2 EM ZEÓLITA 13X COM GASES SINTÉTICOS E ORIGINADOS DA PIRÓLISE DO LODO DE ESGOTO" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA SIBELE BERENICE CASTELLA PERGHER MARCELO MENDES PEDROZA Data: Dec 27, 2012 Show Abstract O presente trabalho retrata um estudo da adsorção de gases em zeólita comercial do tipo 13X. O objetivo principal consiste em avaliar preliminarmente a capacidade de adsorção desse material frente aos gases produzidos (CO2, CO, H2, CH4, C3 e C4) em uma planta de pirólise de lodo de esgoto doméstico. Para a biomassa adquirida na forma de pó de uma estação de tratamento aeróbico de esgoto doméstico da cidade de Palmas – TO, foi feita uma análise imediata e elementar, TG/DTA (perda total de massa da ordem de 46,86 %), MEV (diferentes estruturas cristalinas e sem estrutura morfológica bem definida), FRX (maiores presença dos óxidos de ferro, sílica e alumina) e perfil calorimétrico (comportamento endotérmico e exotérmico). Para o adsorvente foram realizadas análises por MEV (estrutura cristalina com morfologia bem definida e heterogênea), FRX (Si/Al de 1 a 1,5) e B.E.T (313,86 m2/g), Desta forma, o estudo do processo de adsorção foi desenvolvido em três etapas: processo estático de adsorção em batelada em uma balança de suspensão magnética, com o CO2 comercial (4 %) e zeólita 13X, nas seguintes condições: vazão do gás de 72 mL/min, temperatura de 25 - 50 oC, pressão de 0,55 – 5,05 bar, tempo de adsorção de 7 h e adsorvente ativado a 100 e 200 oC, a segunda etapa sendo o estudo dinâmico em leito fixo de 10 cm de comprimento e 2 cm de diâmetro interno, com uma mistura de gases comerciais (4,02 % CO2, 1,11 % CO, 1,2 % H2, 0,233 % CH4, 0,1%C3, 0,0233% de C4 e o argônio como inerte fechando o balanço), ou seja, com a mesma natureza e composições que a fase gasosa produzida no processo de pirólise, nas condições operatórias: 40 oC, pressão de 1 atm, vazão da mistura gasosa de 50 mL/min e massa de adsorvente não ativada de 10, 15 e 20 g. Finalmente, o estudo em escala real da adsorção dos gases em um reator de leito fixo (comprimento de 20 cm e diâmetro interno de 2,5 cm) acoplado a unidade de pirólise do lodo doméstico em escala de laboratório, T = 40 oC e vazão da mistura gasosa de 50 mL/min. Na etapa batelada foram avaliadas as curvas de rupturas e comparadas as isotermas de adsorção representadas pelos modelos de Langmuir, Freundlich e Toth. Todos os modelos se ajustaram bem aos pontos experimentais, porém, o modelo de Langmuir foi o escolhido tendo em vista não apresentar implicações (indeterminação, maior número de parâmetros) quando em sua utilização nas equações do balanço de massa utilizado no modelo de Ragavhan e Ruthven para o processo dinâmico em leito fixo com a mistura de gases comerciais. Para este modelo foi considerado os resultados experimentais da adsorção obtidos apenas para o CO2 e massa de 20 g do adsorvente. As equações diferenciais foram resolvidas pelo método de diferenciais finitas cujos parâmetros foram avaliados: coeficiente de dispersão axial, difusividade efetiva no interior da partícula e coeficiente externo de transferência de massa. O processo de pirólise do lodo de esgoto foi realizado em um reator de cilindro rotativo nas seguintes condições de operação: T = 600 oC, vazão de entrada do gás inerte (N2) de 100 mL/min e vazão de alimentação de biomassa de 8 g/h. Na saída da unidade de pirólise (entrada do reator de leito fixo) e saída do reator de leito fixo a fase gasosa foi coletada e analisada por cromatografia em fase gasosa. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram que no estudo batelada o processo de adsorção com a zeólita 13X é favorável e que a massa adsorvida do CO2 aumenta com o crescimento da pressão, diminui com o aumento da temperatura e se eleva com a temperatura de ativação do adsorvente. O estudo dinâmico em leito fixo com os gases comerciais mostra que o processo de adsorção é de cinética lenta devido a difusão dos gases nos poros do adsorvente. Em relação as avaliações das três diferentes valores de massas do adsorvente, a capacidade de adsorção é limitada a massa de 15 gramas (tempo de saturação de 38 min) aumentando para 70 minutos para a massa de 20 g.
	Thesis
1	LEOPOLDO OSWALDO ALCAZAR ROJAS "Conversão Catalítica de Clorometano em hidrocarbonetos" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA LUIZ CARLOS LOBATO DOS SANTOS MOHAND BENACHOUR Data: Mar 2, 2012 Show Abstract Sílica alumina amorfa e modificada por impregnação incipiente de precursores de ferro, níquel, zinco e cromo foram sintetizados na forma de óxido e reduzidos e posteriormente avaliados como catalisadores na conversão de clorometano em hidrocarbonetos. Com técnicas comuns foram determinadas suas propriedades texturais e técnicas dinâmicas em temperatura programada foram usadas para a determinação das propriedades ácidas dos materiais. Um modelo termodinâmico para representar a capacidade de adsorção e dessorção de clorometano foi avaliado. Dois tipos de reações foram abordados. No primeiro, o clorometano é convertido cataliticamente a hidrocarbonetos (T = 300 – 450 oC e m = 300 mg) em um reator de leito fixo catalítico com controle de fluxo, pressão e vazão mássica e no segundo, com o suporte puro (T = 300 oC e m = 250 mg) é estudado a reação de desativação do catalisador pelo coque em um micro –adsorvedor com monitoramento gravimétrico. O teor de metal no suporte (2,5 %) e o percentual de clorometano na mistura (10 %) foram mantidos constantes durante os experimentos. Com os resultados obtidos foram avaliadas a conversão e a seletividade dos produtos gasosos, ou seja, H2, CH4, C3 e C4 bem como a energia da etapa de dessorção (75,2 KJ/mol para o Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 à 684 KJ/mol para o catalisador Zn/Al2O3-SiO2), considerando a taxa de adsorção do gás em função da temperatura. A presença do metal no suporte mostrou uma importância significativa em termos de atividade na reação de condensação do clorometano. Os catalisadores na forma de óxido apresentaram melhor desempenho para obtenção de hidrocarbonetos. Destaca-se o ZnO/Al2O3-SiO2 que , em termos de constituinte gasoso, produziu apenas C3 (Máx. de 83 %) e C4 (Máx. de 63%), respectivamente, na temperatura de 450 oC e 20 horas de reação,. O gás hidrogênio foi formado exclusivamente para os catalisadores FeO/Al2O3-SiO2 (Máx. de 15 %, T = 550 oC e tempo de reação de 340 oC e 5,6 h) e Ni/SiO2-Al2O3 (Máx. 75 %, T = 400 oC e tempo de 21,6 h). Todos os catalisadores produziram o gás metano (10 à 92 %), salvo os do tipo Ni/Al2O3-SiO2 e CrO/Al2O3-SiO2. No estudo com o suporte puro foram propostos dois modelos de desativação, do tipo paralelo, onde a formação do produto compete com a formação de coque e o seqüencial, onde a etapa de dessorção é a competidora. Com as equações do balanço de massa baseadas no mecanismo proposto foram determinados duas constantes cinéticas (a primeira de valor 3,82 min-1, relacionada à etapa da formação de hidrocarbonetos e a segunda, 5,0 min-1, ao coque depositado no sítio do material), três constantes de equilíbrio (a global 0,057, relativa ao clorometano 0,2 bar-1, e a de formação de hidrocarbonetos 580,8 bar-1) e o perfil do fator de atividade. Em termos de ajustes, o modelo representou de certa forma um comportamento qualitativo dos mecanismos propostos.
2	PRISCILA VANINI DANTAS DE MEDEIROS "Estudo da reidratação do feijão verde (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) desidratado por micro-ondas com e sem pré-tratamento osmótico" Advisor : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA WILSON DA MATA ÂNOAR ABBAS EL-AOUAR Data: Mar 19, 2012 Show Abstract O feijão verde apresenta características organolépticas e nutricionais que fazem dele uma importante fonte alimentícia em regiões de clima tropical como o Nordeste do Brasil. É uma fonte de proteína barata e importante para a nutrição da população rural contribuindo significativamente na agricultura de subsistência das famílias nordestinas. É consumido em toda a região e compõe junto com a carne de sol e outros produtos o cardápio dos restaurantes típicos, caracterizando-se assim como um produto importante para a economia da Nordeste. O feijão verde é consumido recém-colhido e apresenta ciclo curto, sendo caracterizado como um alimento de alta perecibilidade, o que dificulta a sua comercialização. A secagem desse produto se caracteriza como uma alternativa para o aumento da vida útil deste alimento, além de proporcionar uma redução de volume facilitando seu manuseio no transporte e armazenagem. Todavia necessário se faz buscar formas de secagem que preservem a qualidade do produto não só sobre o ponto de vista nutricional como organoléptico. Dentre as características que se alteram com o processo de secagem, destacam-se a coloração, a capacidade de reidratação e o tempo de cozimento dos grãos. A diminuição do tempo de secagem, ou de exposição dos grãos a elevadas temperaturas minimizam os efeitos relacionados com a perda de qualidade do produto. .Dentre as técnicas empregadas para minimizar o tempo de secagem e melhorar algumas características do produto, destaca-se a desidratação osmótica, muito utilizada em processos combinados como pré-tratamento na secagem dos alimentos. Atualmente a utilização do micro-ondas tem sido apontada como uma alternativa para a secagem de alimentos. A energia de micro-ondas gera calor no interior dos materiais processados e o aquecimento é praticamente instantâneo, o que resulta em tempos de processamento mais curtos e qualidade do produto superior à obtida pelos métodos convencionais. Considerando a importância do feijão verde para a região Nordeste, o desperdício da produção devido a sazonalidade da safra e sua alta perecibilidade, foi proposto nesta tese o estudo da secagem dos grãos em micro-ondas com e sem pré-tratamento osmótico, tendo como foco principal a busca das condições de processo que favoreçam a reidratação do produto, com preservação de suas características organolépticas. A partir da análise dos resultados da desidratação osmótica e propriedades dielétricas foi definida a condição operacional a ser utilizada no pré-tratamento do feijão verde, com concentração osmótica em solução salina contendo 12,5% de cloreto de sódio, a 400C por 20 minutos. A secagem do feijão verde por micro-ondas foi realizada sem e com pré-tratamento osmótico na condição otimizada. A pré-desidratação osmótica favoreceu a secagem complementar, reduzindo o tempo de processo. A reidratação do feijão verde desidratado com e sem pré-tratamento osmótico foi realizada em diferentes condições de temperatura e tempo de imersão de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 22, com 3 repetições no ponto central . De acordo com os resultados a melhor condição, foi obtida com o feijão pré-tratado osmoticamente e reidratado a uma temperatura de 600C por 90 minutos. Realizou-se a análise sensorial comparando-se as amostra de feijão verde in natura e reidratado nas condições otimizadas, com e sem pré-tratamento osmótico. Todas as amostras apresentaram um bom índice de aceitação referente aos atributos analisados (aparência, textura, cor, odor e sabor), estando todos os valores acima de 70%. Conclui-se que a secagem do feijão verde por micro-ondas com pré-tratamento osmótico é viável, tanto em relação aos aspectos técnicos como aos índices de reidratação e a qualidade sensorial do produto
3	KATIA REGINA SOUZA "Estudo da remoção de Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+ e Zn2+ por eletrocoagulação em água associada à produção de petróleo" Advisor : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA ANDREA FRANCISCA FERNANDES BARBOSA CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE DJALMA RIBEIRO DA SILVA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA WILSON DA MATA Data: Mar 30, 2012 Show Abstract Dentre os resíduos gerados na indústria petroquímica a água associada à produção de petróleo é o de maior volume. Ela é considerada um dos grandes gargalos devido à quantidade gerada e a presença de substâncias químicas consideradas tóxicas presente na sua composição. A presença dessas substâncias dificulta a reutilização da água associada nos processos de recuperação avançada. Por isso, antes da sua reutilização ou descarte, ela precisa ser tratada. Em virtude disso, este trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar a eficiência de remoção das espécies químicas: Ba2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+e Zn2+, presentes na composição da água associada à produção de petróleo por eletrocoagulação. A avaliação da remoção dessas espécies químicas foi realizada por testes em laboratório utilizando reatores eletroquímicos de batelada e de fluxo contínuo. Os testes iniciais da eletrocoagulação foram realizados com efluente sintético em reator batelada utilizando eletrodos de ferro. Os resultados de remoção de Zn2+ e de Ni2+ foram de 78% e 59%, respectivamente. Enquanto que o percentual máximo removido de Ba2+ foi apenas de 19%. As condições experimentais usadas para obter esses percentuais foram: maior tempo de residência dentro do reator e alta intensidade de corrente. Os testes com o efluente real, foram realizados em reator batelada utilizando a técnica da eletrofloculação e usado eletrodos de inox. O objetivo do uso dessa técnica foi remover parte do óleo disperso e compostos orgânicos presentes no efluente. De acordo com as condições experimentais utilizadas, os resultados de TOG foi de 60% (óleo recuperado) e degradação de TOC aproximadamente foi de 50% em relação à concentração inicial. Nos testes para avaliar a eficiência de remoção das espécies químicas, Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+, Sr2+e Zn2+, foram realizados 8 (oito) experimentos em reator contínuo com efluente semi-sintético usando eletrodos de ferro e alumínio, variando a vazão e a corrente. Os melhores resultados em realação aos 8 testes foram 100% de eficiência da remoção de Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ e Zn2+ e 77% de Sr2+, mediante ao uso do eletrodo de ferro. Os resultados obtidos com o eletrodo de alumínio foi de aproximadamente 65%.
4	MARCIO SILVA BEZERRA "Estudo da Produção de biossurfactantes sintetizados por pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029-GVIIA utilizando manipueira como fonte de carbono" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN CRISTIANE FERNANDES DE ASSIS ANITA MARIA DE LIMA FLÁVIO LUIZ HONORATO DA SILVA Data: Jun 11, 2012 Show Abstract Biossurfactantes são moléculas anfifílicas que agem preferencialmente na superfície de fluidos de diferentes polaridades como água/óleo ou água/ar, podendo ser sintetizados por micro-organismos. Caracterizou-se a manipueira, um resíduo agroindustrial, para ser utilizada como fonte de carbono. Empregando um planejamento fatorial 24-1 (fração meia), 10 ensaios foram realizados utilizando Pseudomonas aeruginosa AP029-GVIIA em cultivo descontínuo submerso em incubador rotatório (shaker). Foi analisada a influência dos fatores (temperatura, agitação, razão de aeração e concentração do substrato) em dois diferentes níveis para a síntese do biossurfactante. Amostras foram coletadas em intervalos regulares durante o cultivo até completadas 132 horas de fermentação. Buscou-se o melhor resultado acompanhando a produção através do consumo de substrato, massa seca, redução da tensão superficial (método do anel) e índice de emulsificação. O comportamento cinético do micro-organismo foi avaliado para a fonte de carbono utilizada. Os resultados mostraram que a manipueira é bastante assimilável e potencial substrato na produção do biotensoativo, onde se observou 91% de consumo pelo micro-organismo em estudo. A temperatura de cultivo revelou ser um dos fatores preponderantes na síntese do metabólito, acompanhada pela razão de aeração e agitação. Os melhores resultados mostraram uma redução de 30% da tensão superficial (%RTS) em relação ao meio inicial, alcançando valores de 31 mN/m; 3,0 g/L de biomassa e índice de emulsificação superior a 65%. O metabólito sintetizado ainda se mostrou estável para diferentes concentrações salinas (1, 5 e 10% m/v) e pH alcalino (8-10).
5	CRISTIAN KELLY MORAIS DE LIMA "Obtenção de Emulsões Asfálticas Modificadas Utilizando Resíduos Industriais" Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MOACIR GUILHERMINO DA SILVA ARIOSVADO ALVES BARBOSA SOBRINHO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Aug 3, 2012 Show Abstract Esta pesquisa visa o desenvolvimento e caracterização de emulsões asfálticas catiônicas convencionais e modificadas. As emulsões asfálticas foram modificadas através da adição de resíduos poliméricos provenientes da indústria de botões e de calçados. As emulsões asfálticas foram obtidas utilizando-se como matéria-prima o Cimento Asfáltico de Petróleo (CAP 50-70), oriundo da Fazenda Belém (PETROBRAS-Aracati-CE), cedido pela LUBNOR-Lubrificantes e Derivados de Petróleo do Nordeste (Fortaleza-CE). A pesquisa foi iniciada com o desenvolvimento da fase óleo (asfalto + solvente) e da fase aquosa (água + emulsificante + ácido + aditivo) separadamente. Para a fase óleo, o asfalto foi utilizado nas concentrações de 50, 55 e 60 %, e o solvente nas concentrações de 15 e 20 %. A temperatura de aquecimento desta fase foi de 120 °C. Para o desenvolvimento da fase aquosa, o emulsificante foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0,3 e 3,0 %, enquanto que o ácido e o aditivo foram utilizados apenas na concentração de 0,3 %. A água variou de 16,4 a 34,1 % e a temperatura de aquecimento da fase aquosa foi de 60 °C. Após o preparo de ambas as fases, estas foram introduzidas no moinho coloidal REX, onde permaneceram, em aquecimento e em sistema de refluxo, durante 15 minutos. Após a obtenção de cada emulsão asfáltica, foram feitos os seguintes ensaios de caracterização: peneiramento, viscosidade Saybolt Furol, pH, sedimentação, adesividade, resíduo por evaporação e penetração. Após a caracterização das emulsões asfálticas convencionais, escolheu-se a emulsão que apresentou resultados de acordo com a especificação (DNER-EM 369/97) para, em seguida, desenvolver as emulsões asfálticas modificadas. Para as emulsões asfálticas modificadas, foram adicionados três resíduos poliméricos, variando seu percentual. Após obtenção das emulsões modificadas foram feitos os mesmos ensaios de caracterização das emulsões convencionais. Realizada a caracterização das emulsões modificadas, partiu-se para o desenvolvimento de misturas asfálticas a frio. Foi utilizado o método Marshall como método de dosagem das misturas asfálticas a frio. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que foi possível determinar uma composição de emulsão asfáltica convencional que atendesse a alguns requisitos presentes na especificação (DNER-EM 369/97). Quanto as misturas asfálticas a frio, utilizando as emulsões convencionais, conclui-se que, para os teores de emulsão utilizados (5, 6 e 7 %), estas apresentaram valores de estabilidade acima do recomendado na especificação. Para as misturas asfálticas a frio, que utilizaram as emulsões modificadas, os melhores resultados de estabilidade foram obtidos com a emulsão modificada com resíduo de botão.
6	GERALDO MARTINS RODRIGUES FILHO "ADSORÇÃO DO CORANTE AMARELO REATIVO BF-4G 200% COM ARGILA ESMECTITA" Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS IVANILDO JOSÉ DA SILVA JUNIOR MOHAND BENACHOUR Data: Sep 28, 2012 Show Abstract As indústrias têxteis têm grande importância na economia brasileira, mas a geração de seus efluentes é um potencial poluidor. Em Pernambuco, um dos grandes problemas é a poluição hídrica provocada pelas indústrias têxteis, em especial àquelas das cidades de Caruaru, Santa Cruz do Capibaribe e Toritama. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de utilização das argilas esmectitas, como adsorventes, para remoção de cor de efluentes têxteis. Os experimentos foram realizados através de ensaios exploratórios definidos pelo método de planejamentos. As argilas esmectitas usadas foram originárias pólo gesseiro da região do Araripe-PE, e o corante utilizado foi o Amarelo Reativo BF-4G 200%. A argila esmectita foi coletada, acondicionada, etiquetada e transportada para o Laboratório de Física de Solos da UFRPE, onde se realizou a sua preparação através de secagem ao ar, destorroamento e classificação em peneiras, para em seguida submetê-la ao processo de adsorção. A partir da realização do planejamento fatorial 22 concluí-se que os valores de 96, 96,5 e 95,8% correspondentes aos percentuais de remoção para as argilas esmectitas in-natura, quimicamente e termicamente ativadas, respectivamente, mostraram que os processos de ativação utilizados não aumentaram o poder de adsorção da argila esmectita. No estudo do planejamento fatorial 24-1, pode-se observar que a argila esmectita é um eficiente adsorvente para remoção de corantes têxteis em soluções aquosas. Em concentrações de até 500 mg/L se obtém elevados percentuais de remoção de cor (92,37, 90,92 e 93,40 %) e capacidade máxima da adsorção (230,94, 227,31 e 233,50 mg/g) para as argilas in-natura, ativada quimicamente e ativada termicamente, respectivamente.

2011

	Dissertations
1	JOSILMA FATIMA FONTANA Extração de Ferro da Cera de Carnaúba Utilizando Sistemas Microemulsionados Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS KEILA REJANE DE OLIVEIRA MELO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Feb 11, 2011 Show Abstract Em virtude da constante busca por materiais biodegradáveis para diversas aplicações, a cera de carnaúba pode ser uma alternativa viável na fabricação de biolubrificantes. A carnaúba é a única entre as ceras a possuir uma combinação de propriedades de grande importância. Em estudos preliminares verificaram-se na composição da cera alguns metais que podem prejudicar a estabilidade oxidativa do lubrificante. Diante desses fatores, decidiu-se desenvolver um trabalho sobre a remoção de ferro, da cera de carnaúba, através de sistemas microemulsionados (Me) e realizar uma otimização de parâmetros, como: ajuste de pH, temperatura, tempo de extração, entre outros. A concentração de ferro foi determinada por Absorção Atômica e, para essa análise, a digestão da amostra em forno de micro-ondas se mostrou bastante eficiente. Foram realizadas algumas análises de caracterização da amostra como: espectroscopia de infravermelho por refletância total atenuada (IV-ATR), termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), fluorescência de raios-X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e ponto de fusão (PF). O sistema de microemulsão utilizado teve como tensoativo: óleo de coco, cotensoativo: n-butanol, fase óleo: querosene e/ou heptano, fase água: água. O pH escolhido para o estudo foi de 4,5 e a extração do metal foi realizada em banho finito. Para tanto, foi realizado um planejamento experimental fatorial para o sistema com fase óleo heptano e fase óleo querosene. Em ambos os planejamentos foram investigadas as variáveis temperatura, tempo e razão cera/microemulsão, que se mostraram estatisticamente significativas para a resposta extração de ferro a 95% de confiança. Tanto para o sistema em que a fase óleo foi o heptano quanto para o querosene, o melhor resultado obtido foi em 60°C, 10 horas e razão cera/Me 1:10. A melhor extração se deu com os sistemas microemulsionados com fase óleo querosene, extraindo cerca de 54% de ferro. Observou-se que na maior temperatura estudada obteve-se uma maior extração de ferro em ambos os sistemas
2	KATIA CRISTINA BORGES Estudo das Características Físico-químicas e Funcionalidade de Bagaço de Frutas Desidratados por Secagem em Leito de Jorro Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI MARIA INES GENOVESE Data: Feb 15, 2011 Show Abstract Devido à crescente importância atribuída aos compostos bioativos nos últimos anos, objetivou-se nesta pesquisa estudar a obtenção, características físico-químicas e funcionalidade dos resíduos desidratados de acerola (Malpighia glabra L.) cajá-umbu (Spondia ssp), jambolão (Syzygium cumini) e pitanga (Eugenia uniflora) obtidos em secador de leito de jorro. Foi analisada a composição química, granulometria e solubilidade dos pós, os quais foram utilizados para a preparação de extratos aquosos e etanólicos (70, 80 e 100%) para a investigação da funcionalidade. Os resíduos desidratados apresentam elevado teor de compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico e antocianinas, bem como expressiva atividade antioxidante medida pelo método DPPH. Os extratos aquosos e etanólicos apresentaram considerável inibição das enzimas a-amilase e a-glicosidase, o que aponta que essas frutas como possíveis candidatas para futuras investigações visando sua utilização como ingredientes funcionais
3	NATÁLIA DE FREITAS OLIVEIRA Avaliação Físico-química e Funcional da Algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) Proveniente do Semi-árido do Rio Grande do Norte Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN CLAUDIA SOUZA MACEDO HENRIQUE ROCHA DE MEDEIROS ELIANA JANET SANJINEZ ARGANDONA Data: Feb 17, 2011 Show Abstract A algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), planta típica de regiões áridas e semi-áridas produz vagem rica em açúcares e sua semente possui elevada concentração de proteínas. Esse tipo de vegetal apresenta compostos fenólicos, metabólitos secundários derivados das vias do ácido chiquímico e acetato-malonato, com reconhecida capacidade antioxidante e ampla atividade funcional. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a farinha de algaroba quanto à composição físico-quimica e funcionalidade, além da capacidade de inibição das enzimas α-amilase e α-glicosidase. Foram analisados três grupos experimentais (semente, vagem inteira e vagem sem semente), os quais foram secos em estufa e moídos, obtendo-se a farinha de cada um dos grupos. A partir disso, foram elaborados extratos aquosos e etanólicos (70, 80 e 100%) para a análise de funcionalidade. Os resultados da presente pesquisa permitem inferir que existem diferenças importantes entre a composição físico-química das farinhas da vagem, semente e vagem sem semente de algaroba. A farinha da semente se destacou das demais por sua elevada concentração de proteínas e gordura, ao passo que as farinhas das vagens apresentaram alta concentração de açúcares. Os compostos fenólicos existentes na algaroba estão em maior concentração na vagem sem semente, sobretudo para os extratos aquosos. A semente de algaroba alcançou a maior capacidade antioxidante pelo método DPPH em todos os extratos, com máximo observado nos extratos etanólicos a 80% (21,63 µM Trolox/g amostra). A análise da atividade antioxidante feita pelo método ABTS∙+ revelou que os extratos da vagem a 80% apresentaram maior atividade. Os extratos da farinha da vagem sem semente em água foram capazes de inibir as enzimas α-glicosidase e α-amilase. Sugere-se a algaroba como possível candidata para futuras investigações de sua funcionalidade, bem como material de estudos visando sua utilização como ingrediente funcional.
4	LUIZ ANTONIO DO NASCIMENTO REMEDIAÇÃO DE SOLOS CONTAMINADOS COM ÓLEO DIESEL UTILIZANDO UM SISTEMA DE LAVAGEM COM MICROEMULSÃO Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Feb 21, 2011 Show Abstract Os reservatórios subterrâneos do sistema retalhista de combustíveis representam uma ameaça, pois estando em mal estado de conservação esses tanques permitem o vazamento do combustível. O vazamento é imperceptível, e quando acontece num solo que ofereça as condições ideais, o líquido percola sem dificuldade e pode chegar a pontos distantes do local do vazamento. A fim de preservar a qualidade ambiental, quando a contaminação é detectada faz-se necessária a realização da limpeza do local para que seja retirado o contaminante, usando técnicas de remediação. Para contaminação com combustíveis como o óleo diesel este trabalho apresenta os sistemas microemulsionados usados pelo método de lavagem. Em ensaios feitos em coluna com amostra de solo arenoso contaminado artificialmente e previamente caracterizado, as microemulsões mostraram excelente desempenho extraindo em torno de 95% do óleo diesel. Este resultado comprova a eficiência da microemulsão no processo extração do óleo diesel do solo com a vantagem de ser um sistema de fácil obtenção e menos agressivo ao meio ambiente quando comparado aos solventes orgânicos.
5	PATRÍCIA CRISTINA DE ARAÚJO PUGLIA DE CARVALHO “CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ÁGUA PRODUZIDA NA INDÚSTRIA DE PETRÓLEO PARA FINS DE DESCARTE E OTIMIZAÇÃO DO PROCESSO DE SEPARAÇÃO ÓLEO/ÁGUA” Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JOSE BRAZ DINIZ FILHO MARCEL VASCONCELOS MELO Data: Mar 17, 2011 Show Abstract A indústria do petróleo possui vários segmentos que podem impactar o meio ambiente. Dentre eles, a água de produção, tem ganhado destaque na problemática ambiental em virtude do grande volume gerado e de sua composição tóxica, sendo esta uma das maiores fontes de resíduos da indústria do petróleo. A composição da água de produção é dependente do campo produtor. Um bom exemplo é a água que ocorre na Petrobras-Unidade Operacional do Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará (UO-RNCE). Uma única ETE desta unidade recebe efluentes de 48 poços (on-shore e off-shore) o que resulta em grandes variações na qualidade da água resultando em um complicador aos futuros processos de tratamentos. Este fato torna o efluente variável e complexo, o que representa um complicador aos processos de tratamento. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um diagnóstico da água de produção proveniente da UO – RNCE em observância a determinados parâmetros físicos e físico-químicos (concentração em cloreto, condutividade, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, TOG, concentração em nitrato, turbidez, salinidade e temperatura). A análise do efluente é realizada por meio de uma Sonda Multiparamétrica modelo MP TROLL 9500, através do Infracal TOG/TPH da Wilks Enterprise Corp – Modelo HATR – T (TOG) e ainda fazendo uso do condutivímetro da Digimed, MD – 31. Os dados foram tratados através de análise estatística univariada e multivariada (análise de componentes principais) associada à gráficos de controle estatístico. A análise estatística multivariada mostrou correlações negativas entre oxigênio dissolvido e turbidez (-0,55) e correlações positivas entre salinidade e cloreto (1), condutividade, cloreto e salinidade (0,70). A análise multivariada indicou os sete componentes principais que podem explicar a variabilidade dos parâmetros. As variáveis, salinidade, cloreto e condutividade foram as variáveis mais importantes, ou seja, de maior variância amostral. Com gráficos de controle estatístico foi possível estabelecer uma tendência geral entre os parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados.
6	MAXWELL FERREIRA LOBATO Caracterização Morfológica e Microestrutural da Perovskita BaCexPr1-xO3 Sintetizada a Partir do Método de Complexação Combinando EDTA/Citrato Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS Data: Mar 18, 2011 Show Abstract No presente projeto, perovskitas do tipo (Ba Cex Pr1-x O3) foram sintetizados pelo método de complexação combinando EDTA/Citrato, com as composições dos elementos cério e praseodímio variando de x=0,1 a x=0,9, com objetivo de determinar as condições mais adequadas para obtenção de materiais de alta cristalinidade e na escala nanométrica. Em principio as sínteses foram realizadas com base na rota proposta na literatura (Santos, 2010). Em seguida os precursores foram caracterizados via MEV e DRX, além de serem refinados pelo método Rietveld. A concentração de cério (Ce) e praseodímio (Pr) no material com fase mais pura foi tomada como base para novas sínteses, sendo o pó cerâmico do tipo BaCe0,8Pr0,2O3 o que apresentou melhores resultados, de acordo com a carta padrão ICSD 79002, foi o de composição cujo desvio padrão foi de 1,4, valor muito próximo da unidade que comprova o ajuste feito pelo refinamento. Com relação ao tamanho medio dos cristais, essa mesma composição apresentou o menor valor, 26,4 nm, que foi usado como referência na segunda etapa das análises, que diz respeito ao estudo da influência da variação do pH na microestrutura dos materiais. As novas sínteses foram realizadas com pH entre 3 e 9, e pode-se observar que, para todos os casos, houve aumento no tamanho dos cristais quando relacionado com as sínteses iniciais com pH 11.
7	LUZIANY ADYJA DA COSTA FREIRE Montagem e operação de um secador pneumático tipo "flash" Advisor : EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI ANTONIO MARTINS DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR Data: Jul 8, 2011 Show Abstract O milho é dos principais cereais cultivados no mundo todo, a cultura do milho consiste em uma das mais importantes para o Brasil em termos de volume produzido e destino de produção. O Brasil ocupa o terceiro lugar na produção mundial de milho, perdendo somente para Estados Unidos e China. A área total cultivada com milho no Brasil na safra 2009/10, foi 12.930,1 mil hectares. Cultivado e consumido em todos os continentes, o arroz destaca-se pela produção e área de cultivo, desempenhando papel estratégico tanto no aspecto econômico quanto social. Cerca de 150 milhões de hectares de arroz são cultivados anualmente no mundo, produzindo 590 milhões de toneladas. O Brasil está entre os dez principais produtores mundiais de arroz, com cerca de 11 milhões de toneladas para um consumo de 11,7 milhões de toneladas. Os secadores pneumáticos têm sido amplamente utilizados para a remoção da umidade superficial de pós e sólidos granulados. As partículas úmidas são introduzidas em uma corrente gasosa, previamente aquecida, escoando em uma tubulação, no qual ocorrem, simultaneamente, a secagem e o transporte das partículas do ponto de alimentação até o sistema de coleta de produto seco. O princípio de funcionamento deste equipamento está baseado na transferência de massa e energia entre duas correntes: a primeira, de ar aquecido por meio de um trocador de calor e a segunda, uma corrente de sólidos. O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi a montagem e operação de um secador pneumático tipo “flash” para análise da eficiência do equipamento e estudo do comportamento gás-sólido durante o transporte pneumático. Inicialmente foram realizados estudos sobre as diversas configurações que um secador pneumático tipo “flash” pode apresentar, após a análise de alguns modelos e suas aplicações foram obtidos dados suficientes para a montagem do secador. Primeiramente foi feito o dimensionamento da tubulação, verificou-se que uma tubulação de 50 mm atendia os requisitos desejados, logo em seguida foram feitos alguns testes para obter a melhor configuração para o secador chegando a um modelo composto por 3 ciclos sendo cada um de 2 m na horizontal e 0,5 m na vertical, foi desenvolvido um sistema de alimentação baseado no efeito Venturi, no qual o ar sai de uma tubulação de 50 mm, passa uma tubulação de 25 mm e retorna para a tubulação de 50 mm, diminuindo sua pressão e aumentando a sua velocidade, nesse sistema foi inserido uma tubulação para a alimentação, no qual produz um efeito de sucção dos alimentos, portanto o sistema de alimentação se mostrou bastante eficiente. O equipamento de secagem é composto por um soprador, um trocador de calor, um alimentador, um percurso de 7,5 m de tubulação de chapa zincada. Após a montagem do equipamento foram feitos teste preliminares para a otimização dos parâmetros de secagem, foram definidos como parâmetros ótimos a temperatura igual a 80°C e velocidade do ar de secagem na entrada do alimentador igual 35m/s, estas se mantiveram constantes ao logo de todo o processo de secagem. A partir dos dados obtidos na realização dos experimentos foi estudada a cinética de secagem do material através das curvas de secagem. Assim foi avaliado o desempenho operacional do secador pneumático tipo “flash”. Para a realização dos experimentos de secagem foram utilizados como matéria-prima o milho e o arroz com palha. O milho foi adquirido no comercio local, o mesmo Fo .i utilizado in-natura, foram realizados 3 ensaios no secador pneumático tipo “flash” e um ensaio no secador vertical para comparação. Foi utilizada uma massa inicial igual a 300g de milho em cada secagem, no final do processo de secagem de cada ciclo foram determinados os valores correspondente a umidade final em base seca, com os dados obtidos foi possível obter as curvas de secagem e efetuar a linearização das mesmas, assim foram obtidas as equações da reta e as constantes cinéticas. Para a secagem do arroz foram utilizadas 300g do produto, o processo de secagem do arroz foi semelhante a do milho seguindo as mesmas etapas. O modelo do secador pneumático, montado no laboratório de energia alternativa e fenômenos de transporte (LEAFT), apresentou boas respostas para o processo de secagem desenvolvido.
8	ANDRE LUIS LOPES MORIYAMA SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE TUNGSTATOS DE CÉRIO E ESTRÔNCIO PARA FINS CATALÍTICOS Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FRANCINE ALVES DA COSTA ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS Data: Jul 21, 2011 Show Abstract Devido à crescente importância da situação do meio ambiente para a sociedade atual, diversos organismos mundiais estipularam fins e meios que permitissem o avanço da tecnologia ao mesmo tempo em que o meio ambiente fosse preservado. A catálise se enquadra perfeitamente neste contexto por tornar as condições de um determinado processo mais maleáveis. Portanto, a produção de novos materiais com propriedades catalíticas representa um passo fundamental no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste sentido, o grupo de pesquisa do Laboratório de Materiais Nanoestruturados e Reatores Catalíticos da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte em parceria com o Institute Matériaux Microelectronique et Nanosciences de Provence da Université du Sud Toulon-Var vem desenvolvendo ao longo dos anos novos métodos e/ou materiais em escala nanométrica que possuem aplicação direta na catálise de poluentes redutores, como o metano e outros gases. Por se tratar de um tema já conhecido mas que ainda possui muitos aspectos a serem explorados, o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi trabalhar no desenvolvimento de diversos materiais com tamanho de grão na escala nanométrica que apresentassem potencial para uma aplicação específica como a transformação do metano. Quanto à metodologia empregada, foi utilizado o método de complexação EDTA-Citrato. A caracterização dos materiais realizada durante e após o processo de produção foi feita através das técnicas de termogravimetria simples e diferencial, difração de raios-x e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A análise da microestrutura foi realizada através do refinamento utilizando o método de Rietveld e os métodos de Scherrer e Williamson-Hall para a estimação do tamanho de grão e de sua distribuição. As condições de obtenção dos três materiais desenvolvidos (SrWO4, SrWO4 utilizando concentrado de óxido de tungstênio como matéria-prima e Ce2(WO4)3) foram ajustadas para a obtenção de um material de elevada pureza e cristalinidade. Os testes catalíticos exploratórios foram realizados na presença dos gases metano e oxigênio, e a análise da conversão foi feita com o auxílio de um equipamento de infravermelho à transformada de Fourier. As análises mostraram que, estruturalmente, os materiais SrWO4 produzidos com matéria-prima comercial e oriunda do concentrado de óxido de tungstênio são semelhantes. Seus parâmetros ideais de produção, dentro do que foi testado, são temperatura de calcinação de 1000ºC e tempo na isoterma de 5 horas. Para o Ce2(WO4)3, as condições ideais dentro do que foi testado são temperatura de calcinação de 1000ºC e tempo na isoterma de 15 horas. Com relação aos testes catalíticos exploratórios, os materiais se mostraram ativos, porém o processo reacional ainda precisa ser melhor estudado e otimizado.
9	BRUNA CIBELLE DE QUEIROZ "DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA UNIDADE LABORATORIAL PARA QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE BTX COMO POLUENTES ATMOSFÉRICOS USANDO MICROEXTRAÇÃO EM FASE SÓLIDA" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS REINALDO GUIDICI Data: Aug 19, 2011 Show Abstract Esta dissertação de mestrado visa a montagem e validação de um dispositivo experimental para determinar quantitativamente os teores de benzeno, tolueno e xilenos (BTX) na atmosfera. BTX são solventes extremamente voláteis e, portanto, desempenhar um papel importante na química atmosférica, sendo precursores na formação de ozono troposférico. Nesta dissertação um novo gás padrão BTX foi produzido em nitrogênio (N2) para sistemas estagnados. O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver um novo método, simples e barato, para quantificar e monitorar BTX no ar utilizando cromatografia em fase sólida micro-extraction/cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (SPME/CG/MS). As características do método de calibração proposto são apresentadas nesta dissertação. Amostragem SPME foi realizada sob condições de não-equilíbrio usando uma fibra Carboxen / PDMS exposta por 10 minutos na mistura de gases padrão BTX-N2. Observa-se que os principais parâmetros que afetam o processo de extração são tempo de amostragem, concentração e temperatura. Os resultados do sistema multicomponente BTX-N2 estudado mostraram um comportamento linear e não-linear em termos de concentração de BTX. Na faixa não-linear, é notável o efeito da concorrência por adsorção seletiva com a seguinte ordem de afinidade p-xileno> tolueno> benzeno. Este comportamento representa uma limitação do método, no entanto, está de acordo com a literatura, mas não impede a aplicação da técnica fora da região não linear para quantificar os teores de BTX na atmosfera.
10	TALITHA DE ANDRADE BORGES "DEGRADAÇÃO DO FUNGICIDA TIOFANATO METÍLICO PELO PROCESSO FOTO-FENTON EM REATOR FOTOQUÍMICO ANULAR E SOLAR" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA ANTONIO CARLOS DA SILVA TEIXEIRA COSTA EMMANUELLE DE PAIVA TELEMACO Data: Aug 23, 2011 Show Abstract Os efluentes de indústrias de agrotóxicos apresentam grande dificuldade quanto à descontaminação no meio ambiente e, além disso, são caracterizados por possuírem alta carga orgânica e toxicidade. O grupo de pesquisa do Centro de Engenharia de Sistemas Químicos (CESQ) do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo e do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte vem aplicando os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POA’s) à degradação de diversos tipos de poluentes. Pois estes processos são baseados na geração de radicais hidroxila, substâncias altamente reativas. Dessa forma, buscou-se explorar esse processo, já que o mesmo vem se apresentando bastante eficaz na remoção de carga orgânica. Portanto, decidiu-se pelo processo foto-Fenton aplicado na degradação do fungicida Tiofanato metílico em sistema aquoso, utilizando reator anular (com lâmpada Philips, HPLN de 125W) e solar. O planejamento experimental Doehlert utilizado para avaliar a influência da radiação ultravioleta, das concentrações do tiofanato metílico (C12H14N4O4S2), do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e dos íons de ferro (Fe2+), além de ter sido determinado as condições ótimas experimentais ([Fe2+] = 0,6 mM e [H2O2] = 112,5 mM no EXP 5 e ([Fe2+] = 0,6 mM e [H2O2] = 337,5 mM no SOL 5), obtendo um percentual máximo de degradação de 60% no reator anular e de 79% no reator solar. As amostras foram coletadas durante o experimento e analisadas quanto ao teor de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COT) utilizando um TOC 5000A da Shimadzu.
11	ROGERIA HELEN LIMA VIDAL "DIAGNÓSTICO REGIONAL DO PROCESSO DE QUEIJO DE COALHO COMERCIALIZADO EM NATAL/RN" Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA CLAUDIA SOUZA MACEDO LISANDRA MURMANN MARJO CADÔ BESSA Data: Nov 17, 2011 Show Abstract O queijo coalho é um produto típico da região Nordeste sendo consumido tanto cru como assado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as características dos processos artesanais e industriais na produção do queijo coalho comercializado em Natal/RN e avaliar a sua qualidade e o perfil do consumidor. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir do acompanhamento de quatro processos artesanais e envio de questionário às indústrias, bem como a aquisição de quatro amostras de queijo artesanais e quatro industriais para avaliação da qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e sensorial. A análise sensorial foi realizada com 108 provadores utilizando escala hedônica e o perfil do consumidor foi desenvolvido aplicando questionário a 400 consumidores de queijo coalho na cidade do Natal. Foi observado que as queijarias artesanais não possuem controle higiênico-sanitário e todas utilizam leite cru na fabricação do queijo. A pesquisa demonstrou que os queijos industrializados são fabricados a partir de leite pasteurizado, e que a matéria prima é recebida através de fornecimento próprio ou de terceiros, como observado nas queijarias artesanais. Em geral, os resultados indicaram uma variação no processo de fabricação do queijo coalho, o que permite que esse produto chegue ao consumidor sem padronização. Em relação às análises físico-químicas, a maioria das amostras artesanais e industriais apresentou teor de umidade entre 36 a 40 %, classificado como queijo de média umidade, sendo esse o único parâmetro que não apresentou diferença significativa (p > 0,05). No entanto, a atividade de água (Aw), pH e acidez dos queijos apresentaram valores que diferiram significativamente, o que sugere a falta de padronização entre os processos analisados. Na avaliação microbiológica observou-se que todas as amostras artesanais apresentaram contaminação por coliformes a 35 °C, o que confirma as condições precárias de higiene. Em relação aos coliformes a 45 °C observou-se que 75 % do queijo coalho artesanal apresentaram valor superior a 103 NMP/g, valor este acima do permitido pela legislação RDC 12, indicando contaminação fecal. Quanto à pesquisa de Estafilococos coagulase positiva verificou-se que 50 % das amostras de queijo coalho industrializadas apresentaram valores acima do limite permitido pela RDC 12, indicando manipulação inadequada. As avaliações sensoriais revelaram que o sabor foi o único parâmetro que apresentou diferença significativa, sendo que essa diferença foi apenas entre as duas marcas industriais. O estudo do perfil do consumidor demonstrou que muitos consumidores consomem o queijo por preferência do sabor e a maioria compra esse alimento em supermercado, mas ainda existe uma parcela que compra em feiras-livres e vindo do interior. Desta forma observa-se que não há padronização nos processos de fabricação do queijo coalho no RN, o que permite variações na composição físico-química e sensorial. Além disso, é necessário que os processos sejam executados com maior rigor no que se refere à higiene na manipulação.
12	EVELLIN PRISCILA SOUSA NASCIMENTO Efeito do ácido lático sobre as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensorial na carne de sol. Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA CLAUDIA SOUZA MACEDO LISANDRA MURMANN MARJO CADÔ BESSA Data: Nov 18, 2011 Show Abstract A carne de sol é um alimento tradicionalmente consumido pelos nordestinos e tem um comercio amplo na Cidade de Natal-RN, normalmente é produzida de maneira empírica, sem qualquer padronização na produção. Caracterizado como produto cárneo parcialmente desidratado, de maneira que a atividade de água presente não é suficiente para evitar o desenvolvimento microbiano e a degradação ou a produção de toxinas microbianas. A garantia de manutenção do mercado de carne de sol consiste no fornecimento de produto com padrões de qualidade higiênicos, microbiológicos, físico-químicos e sensoriais adequados e estáveis visando à segurança e satisfação do consumidor. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do ácido lático sobre as características físico-químicas, sensoriais e microbiológicas, além de conhecer o perfil do consumidor de carne de sol da Cidade do Natal/RN. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que o emprego do ácido lático com concentrações de 1% e 2% durante o processamento da carne de sol, não influenciaram estatisticamente (p-valor > 0,05) nas características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais. Com relação aos resultados sobre o perfil do consumidor, verificou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados (71,75%) não observa a presença do carimbo do Serviço de Inspeção (SIF) ao comprarem este derivado cárneo, que 81,55% dos consumidores verificam as condições de higiene do local e dos manipuladores, porém, uma grande parte dos entrevistados não se preocupa com a garantia de origem dos produtos típicos regionais caracterizando um perigo para a segurança alimentar dos consumidores da Cidade do Natal-RN.
13	SIDRAK JOSE DA PAZ "Inferência do Ponto de Orvalho em Amostras de Gás Natural Processado" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Dec 20, 2011 Show Abstract O presente trabalho de dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar a representatividade do analisador manual de espelho refrigerado (Chanscope II modelo 13-1200-C-N-2) usado para a determinação do condensado de hidrocarbonetos de gás natural frente aos métodos indiretos, fundamentados em modelos termodinâmicos de equação de estado. Adicionalmente, tem sido implementado neste estudo um modelo para cálculo do ponto de orvalho de gás natural. O modelo proposto constitui uma modificação na equação de estado de Peng-Robinson que admite a contribuição de grupos como estratégia para calcular os parâmetros de interação binária kij(T) com dependência da temperatura. Dados experimentais do trabalho de Brown et al. (2007) foram utilizados para comparar as respostas de ponto de orvalho do gás natural com os modelos termodinâmicos contidos no simulador de processo UniSim e com a metodologia implementada neste estudo. Em seguida, duas composições de gás natural foram estudadas, sendo a primeira uma mistura padrão de gás sintetizada gravimetricamente e, a segunda, uma mistura de gás natural processado. Tais dados experimentais foram também comparados com os resultados apresentados pelo simulador de processo UniSim e pelo modelo termodinâmico implementado. No entanto, os dados do analisador manual indicaram diferenças significativas nos resultados de temperaturas, sendo estas diferenças atribuídas à formação de ponto de orvalho de água, já que foi observado o aparecimento de umidade sobre a superfície do espelho refrigerado do equipamento.
	Thesis
1	PRISCILLA DINIZ LIMA DA SILVA BERNARDINO Desenvolvimento de sorvete probiótico a partir de leite de cabra: estudo da elaboração e das características físico–químicas, sensoriais e viabilidade das bactérias probióticas no produto final Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARMEN SILVIA FAVARO TRINDADE FLÁVIA CAROLINA ALONSO BURITI KARINA MARIA OLBRICH DOS SANTOS KARLA SUZANNE FLORENTINO DA SILVA CHAVES DAMASCENO LISANDRA MURMANN ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Feb 25, 2011 Show Abstract Apesar da região Nordeste ser a maior produtora de leite de cabra do Brasil, a produção e comercialização de produtos derivados caprinos no país ainda é incipiente. Tendo em vista o potencial nutritivo e tecnológico do leite de cabra e a importância do desenvolvimento de novos alimentos funcionais, esse projeto teve como objetivo estudar a elaboração e avaliação das características do sorvete caprino com adição de bactérias probióticas. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas. Inicialmente foram avaliadas quatro diferentes formulações contendo substitutos de gordura em dois diferentes sabores, avaliando-se o índice de incorporação de ar (overrun), aceitabilidade sensorial, teste de derretimento, caracterização físico-química e microbiológica. A partir da formulação mais aceita, foi conduzida a segunda parte da pesquisa, que abordou a produção de sorvete caprino com adição das bactérias probióticas Bifidobacterium lactis. Nessa etapa, foram estudados dois grupos experimentais (G1 e G2), variando-se o momento de adição do probiótico durante o processo produtivo e adoção de etapa de pré-fermentação. As amostras de sorvete potencialmente probiótico foram então avaliadas quanto à composição físico-quimica, teste de derretimento e avaliação sensorial, incluindo a Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ). Além disso, foi avaliada a cinética de crescimento das bactérias probióticas em leite de cabra e no próprio sorvete, bem como sua sobrevivência frente às condições gástricas e entéricas simuladas in vitro durante 108 dias de armazenagem. Durante o processo inicial de congelamento (0 a 24 horas), foram observadas variações significativas (p>0,001) na população de Bifidobacterium lactis presente no sorvete de leite de cabra. O produto com adição de probióticos apresentou índice de aceitação sensorial superior a 80% e a ADQ revelou escores elevados para atributos relacionados à textura do sorvete, o qual apresentou taxa de derretimento em torno de 3 mL/min. Os resultados da sobrevivência in vitro apontam o potencial probiótico do sorvete de leite caprino produzido mediante inclusão de etapa de pré-fermentação, tendo em vista que o produto apresentou contagem probiótica superior ao mínimo determinado pela legislação brasileira para se considerar o produto como tendo alegação funcional.
2	MANOEL REGINALDO FERNANDES "FORMULAÇÃO DE NOVOS COMBUSTÍVEIS BASE DIESEL: AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO E EMISSÕES" Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MARCELO BEZERRA GRILO MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA MICHELLE SINARA GREGÓRIO DANTAS TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: May 16, 2011 Show Abstract A indústria, ao longo dos anos, vem trabalhando no sentido de melhorar a eficiência dos motores, mais recentemente também surgiu à necessidade de reduções nas emissões de poluentes para se adequar às severas leis ambientais. Isto tem despertado pesquisas no sentido de substituir os combustíveis derivados do petróleo por diversos tipos de combustíveis, menos poluentes tais como: misturas de óleo diesel com ésteres de óleos vegetais e óleo diesel com óleos vegetais e álcool, emulsões e microemulsões. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver sistemas microemulsionados a partir de tensoativos não iônicos dos grupos (nonilfenois e dos álcoois láuricos etoxilados) e misturas com etanol utilizando diesel mineral e misturas diesel/biodiesel para uso em motores de ciclo diesel. Em uma primeira fase, visando selecionar os sistemas microemulsionados foram obtidos diagramas das misturas, sendo os sistemas compostos por: tensoativos não iônicos; fase polar-água e fase apolar-diesel e/ou misturas diesel/biodiesel. Os sistemas selecionados e as misturas, que representam os combustíveis estudados foram caracterizados quanto à massa específica, a viscosidade, o índice de cetano e o ponto de fulgor. Também foram avaliados o efeito da temperatura nos sistemas microemulsionados, o desempenho do motor, e as emissões de monóxido de carbono, óxidos de nitrogênio, hidrocarbonetos e fumaça dos sistemas microemulsionados, das misturas diesel/biodiesel e das misturas contendo mistura diesel/biodiesel/tensoativo/etanol. Os ensaios de consumo específico e das emissões em função da potência foram realizados em um motor ciclo diesel numa bancada dinamométrica e o analisador de emissões GreenLine 8000. Os resultados mostraram um ligeiro aumento no consumo do combustível microemulsionado e nas misturas diesel/biodiesel em relação ao diesel convencional, porém com uma redução na emissão de poluentes, principalmente, óxidos de nitrogênio, hidrocarbonetos e fumaça.
3	NORBERTO ARAUJO DE MORAES Comparação entre Planejamento Experimental e Análise Dimensional em Operação de Mistura e Separação para Sistemas Óleo-Água Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO LAERTE DE MEDEIROS BARROS JUNIOR WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR ÁUREO OCTÁVIO DEL VECCHIO MACHADO Data: Sep 30, 2011 Show Abstract Este trabalho objetiva determinar a melhor metodologia para auxiliar na predição de variáveis operacionais de um novo design de misturador-decantador aplicado ao tratamento de águas produzidas da indústria do petróleo, que vem sendo denominado de MDIF (Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases). Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram obtidos da Unidade de Tratamento de águas produzidas, denominada de UT-MDIF, que se encontra instalada em uma das estações de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) da PETROBRAS/UO-RNCE. A importância em determinar a melhor metodologia que permita a predição dos resultados das eficiências de separação e extração do equipamento, contribui de forma significativa para determinar as variáveis operacionais ótimas para o controle da unidade. O estudo se baseou na comparação dos resultados das eficiências experimentais (E) obtidas pela UT-MDIF, com os resultados das eficiências obtidas pela equação do modelo do planejamento estatístico (Eplan), gerado pelo programa Statistica Experimental Design® (versão 7.0), e com a utilização de uma equação utilizando modelagem com base em análise dimensional (Ecalc). Os resultados mostram que a equação decorrente do planejamento estatístico é capaz de predizer com boa aproximação os resultados de eficiência a serem obtidos com a unidade, possibilitando uma melhor confiabilidade dos dados, no que se refere à condição que antecede uma corrida operacional. O desvio médio entre a equação proposta e os dados experimentais é de 0,13%. Desta forma, o planejamento estatístico experimental se confirma como sendo uma ferramenta confiável, no que se refere ao tratamento dos dados experimentais da UT-MDIF.
4	KALYANNE KEYLY PEREIRA GOMES "SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ALUMINOFOSFATO IMPREGNADO COM MOLIBDÊNIO/ZINCO VISANDO A DESSULFURIZAÇÃO POR ADSORÇÃO" Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA CARLOS ALBERTO PASKOCIMAS FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS GENARO ZENAIDE CLERICUZI Data: Oct 27, 2011 Show Abstract As discussões sobre o problema da poluição causada por emissões veiculares são antigas e vêm evoluindo com o passar do tempo. A procura por tecnologias mais limpas e as alterações climáticas cada vez mais freqüentes induziram as indústrias e os órgãos governamentais a impor novos limites cada vez mais rigorosos para os teores de contaminantes nos combustíveis, os quais impactam diretamente nas emissões atmosféricas. Atualmente a forma de melhorar a qualidade dos combustíveis, quanto ao enxofre, é através do processo de hidrodessulfurização e recentemente, os processos de adsorção tem se mostrado como uma alternativa bastante interessante à remoção de enxofre, pois tais processos são mais simples e operam a temperaturas e pressões atmosféricas. O presente trabalho contempla a síntese e caracterização do ALPO impregnado com zinco, molibdênio ou ambos e sua aplicação no estudo da remoção de enxofre da gasolina através do processo de adsorção, utilizando uma gasolina modelo contendo iso-octano e tiofeno. Os adsorventes foram caracterizados por difração de raios-X, análise termogravimétrica (ATG), fluorescência de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A área específica, volume e diâmetro de poros foram determinados pelo método BET (Brunauer-Emmet-Teller) e método t-plot. O enxofre foi quantificado por analise elementar através do ANTEK 9000 NS. O Processo de adsorção foi avaliado em função da variação da temperatura e da concentração inicial de enxofre através das isotermas de adsorção e de seus parâmetros termodinâmicos. Os parâmetros variação de entropia (ΔS), variação de entalpia (ΔH) e variação da energia livre de Gibbs (ΔG) foram calculados pelo gráfico de ln(K) versus 1/T. Os modelos de Langmuir, Freundlich e Langmuir-Freundlich foram ajustados aos dados experimentais, tendo o último apresentado os melhores resultados. Os testes termodinâmicos foram realizados nas temperaturas de 30, 40, 50 ºC e constatou-se que o processo de adsorção é espontâneo e exotérmico. A cinética da adsorção foi estudada por 24 horas e mostrou que a capacidade de adsorção para os adsorventes estudados segue a seguinte ordem: MoZnPO > MoPO > ZnPO > ALPO. A capacidade máxima de adsorção foi 4,91 mg/g.
5	FRANCISCO WENDELL BEZERRA LOPES "Estudo dos Óxidos A2B2O7 e ABO3 a Base de Terras Raras, Para Aplicações Térmicas e Catalíticas à Altas Temperaturas" Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA JEAN RAYMOND GAVARRI JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA MADJID ARAB MOHAND BENACHOUR SEVERINO JACKSON GUEDES DE LIMA Data: Dec 16, 2011 Show Abstract Elementos terras raras têm sido recentemente envolvido em uma ampla gama de tecnologias avançadas, como a microeletrônica, membranas para a conversão catalítica e aplicações em sensores de gás. Na família de terras raras, elementos como o cério pode desempenhar um papel chave em tais aplicações industriais. No entanto, o alto custo desses materiais e do controle e eficiências dos processos associados necessários para sua utilização em tecnologias avançadas, são um obstáculo permanente ao seu desenvolvimento industrial. No presente trabalho, foi proposto a criação, com baixo custo, de novas fases baseado em elementos de terras raras que podem ser utilizados devido o seu comportamento térmico, condução iônica e propriedades catalíticas. Desta maneira, foram estudados dois tipos de estrutura (A2B2O7 e ABO3), a base de terras raras, observando suas propriedades de transporte iônico e eletrônico, bem como suas aplicações catalíticas no tratamento do metano. Durante o processo de obtenção da primeira estrutura, mostrou-se claramente que é possível, através de processos químicos otimizados, separar os elementos terras raras e sintetizar uma fase pirocloro específica de fórmula TR2Ce2O7. Esta “fase extraída" pode ser obtida diretamente, de baixo custo, baseado em sistemas complexos feitos de minerais naturais e resíduos, como a monazita. Além disso, este método é aplicado a matérias de "custo zero", que é o caso dos resíduos, tornando um método de preparação de fases útil para aplicações de alta tecnologia. Para a segunda estrutura, um novo método de síntese baseado no uso da mistura EDTA citrato foi usado para desenvolver um precursor, que submetidos a tratamento térmico a 950°C, resultou no desenvolvimento de pós submicrométricos da fase BaCeO3. A atividade catalítica desta perovskita começa a 450°C para alcançar a conversão completa em 675°C, onde nesta temperatura, a eficiência catalítica da fase é máxima. A evolução da condutividade em função da temperatura para a fase perovskita revelou uma série de mudanças elétricas fortemente correlacionada com transições estruturais conhecida na literatura. Finalmente, pode-se estabelecer uma correlação real entre a alta atividade catalítica observada em torno da temperatura de 650°C e o aumento da condutividade iônica de oxigênio.
6	MARCELO MENDES PEDROZA "Bio-óleo e Biogás da degradação termoquímica de lodo de esgoto doméstico em cilindro rotativo" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ARILZA CASTILHO PICKLER FRANCISCO DE ASSIS OLIVEIRA FONTES GLAUCIA ELISA GAMA VIERIA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO JUAN MIGUEL MESA PEREZ Data: Dec 22, 2011 Show Abstract O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir biocombustíveis (bio-óleo e gás), a partir do tratamento térmico do lodo de esgoto doméstico em cilindro rotativo, visando aplicação industrial. A biomassa foi caracterizada por análise imediata e instrumental (Análise Elementar, Microscópica Eletrônica de Varredura - MEV, Difração de Raios-X, Espectroscopia no Infravermelho, ICP-OES). Um estudo cinético, em regime não estacionário foi realizado para o cálculo da energia de ativação por Análise Térmica Gravimétrica avaliando os processos termoquímicos e termocatalíticos do lodo, sendo este último na presença da zeólita USY. Como esperado, a energia de ativação avaliada pelo modelo matemático "Model-free kinetics" aplicando técnicas isoconversionais foi menor para os ensaios catalíticos (57,9 – 108,9 kJ/mol, no intervalo de conversões da biomassa de 40 à 80%). A planta pirolítica, em escala de laboratório é constituída de um reator de cilindro rotativo cujo comprimento é 100 cm, com capacidade de processar até 1 Kg biomassa/h. No processo da pirólise termoquímica foram estudados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura da reação (500 à 600 °C), vazão do gás de arraste (50 à 200 mL/min), freqüência de rotação de centrifugação (20 à 30 Hz) para condensação do bio-óleo e freqüência de alimentação de biomassa (4 e 8 Hz). Os produtos obtidos durante o processo (líquido pirolítico, carvão e gás) foram caracterizados através de técnicas analíticas clássicas e instrumentais. O rendimento máximo de líquido pirolítico foi da ordem de 10,5% obtido nas condições de temperatura de 500 °C, rotação da centrifugação de 20 Hz, vazão de gás inerte de 200 cm³/min e frequência de alimentação de biomassa 8 Hz. O maior rendimento obtido para a fase gasosa foi de 23,3 %, para a temperatura da reação de 600 oC, vazão de inerte 200 mL/min, freqüência de rotação da coluna de condensação de vapores 30 Hz e freqüência de alimentação de biomassa de 8 Hz. Os hidrocarbonetos alifáticos não oxigenados foram encontrados em maior proporção no bio-óleo (55%) seguido pelos compostos alifáticos oxigenados (27%). O bio-óleo apresentou as seguintes características: pH 6,81, densidade entre 1,05 e 1,09 g/cm3, viscosidade entre 2,5 e 3,1 cSt e poder calorífico superior entre 16,91 e 17,85 MJ/kg. Os principais componentes obtidos na fase gasosa foram: H2, CO, CO2, CH4. O hidrogênio foi o principal constituinte da mistura gasosa, com rendimento da ordem de 46,2 %, para a temperatura de 600 oC e, dentre os hidrocarbonetos formados, o metano foi encontrado em maior rendimento (16,6 %) para a temperatura 520 oC. A fase sólida obtida apresentou elevado teor de cinzas (70%), devido à presença abundante de metais no carvão, em particular, o ferro, o qual esteve também presente no bio-óleo com um percentual de 0,068 % no ensaio realizado na temperatura de 500 oC. Foi determinado um balanço energético do processo de pirólise de lodo de esgoto cujos resultados mostraram que o tratamento térmico de lodos de esgotos representa uma alternativa economicamente viável para a disposição final do resíduo, em escala de laboratório.
7	MICHELLE ROSSANA FERREIRA VAZ "INFLUÊNCIA DAS CONDIÇÕES DE CULTIVO NA PRODUÇÃO DE ANTÍGENOS RECOMBINANTES DE LEISHMANIA i.CHAGASI UTILIZANDO ESCHERICHIA COLI M15 CULTIVADA EM INCUBADOR ROTATIVO E BIORREATOR" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS CRISTIANE FERNANDES DE ASSIS DANIELLA REGINA ARANTES MARTINS SALHA ANA LÚCIA FIGUEIREDO PORTO MARIA VALDEREZ PONTE ROCHA Data: Dec 29, 2011 Show Abstract Desde o advento da tecnologia do DNA recombinate, a Escherichia coli é um dos hospedeiros mais utilizados para produção proteínas recombinantes tanto em escala de laboratório como em escala industrial. Apesar do avanço expressivo dos estudos da biologia molecular e da imunologia das infecções, não existe, atualmente, nenhuma droga profilática capaz de prevenir o calazar. Desta forma, existe uma grande necessidade de identificação de antígenos específicos para o desenvolvimento de vacinas e kits para diagnósticos contra a Leishmaniose visceral. Com base no exposto, o presente trabalho tem como foco principal avaliar influência das condições de cultivo na produção dos antígenos de leishmania chagasi em cultivos realizados em incubador rotativo (shaker) e biorreator. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, um primeiro conjunto de ensaios foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento cinético dos antígenos (648, 503) de Leishmania chagasi em duas diferentes composições de meio (2xTY, TB), sem adição do indutor. Um segundo conjunto de ensaios foram submetidos a um procedimento de indução por IPTG e posteriormente, por lactose a fim de verificar a influência da adição destes indutores na expressão dos antígenos recombinantes, em incubador rotativo, no sentido de se melhorar a expressão, bem como validar as novas condições de expressão em biorreator de bancada, com o meio de cultivo e clone que apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios no segundo conjunto de ensaios, nas mesmas condições de temperatura, pH e velocidade de agitação utilizados em incubador rotativo (shaker). Posteriormente, em um quarto conjunto de ensaios avaliou-se a influência da velocidade de agitação no crescimento e na expressão da proteína, utilizando-se o clone que apresentou melhores resultados no terceiro conjunto de ensaios, e o indutor que induziu uma maior expressão de proteína. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo favoreceu a cinética de crescimento dos clones recombinantes (648, 503), no entanto, ao se tratar dos ensaios submetidos ao procedimento de indução por IPTG, a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo não favoreceu a expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Pode-se observar que a expressão dos antígenos 648 e 503 apresentam um comportamento associado ao crescimento e que em termos de localização, as proteínas 648 e 503, são armazenadas intracelularmente. A lactose pode ser o indutor mais adequado na expressão das proteínas tendo em vista os fatores, custo, toxicidade e estabilidade. A elevada agitação pode aumentar o crescimento celular do clone 503, entretanto, pode não acarretar em altas concentrações da proteína de interesse. Por outro lado, foram obtidos resultados positivos para todos os clones recombinantes (648, 503) testados, confirmada através do perfil eletroforético.

2010

	Dissertations
1	SYLLOS SANTOS DA SILVA ANÁLISE DOS PROCESSOS DE FLOTAÇÃO E OXIDAÇÃO AVANÇADA PARA O TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTE MODELO DA INDÚSTRIA DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 22, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO: A geração de resíduos na maioria dos processos industriais é quase que inevitável. Na indústria do petróleo, um dos grandes vilões para o meio ambiente é o enorme volume de águas produzidas nos campos de petróleo. Este efluente apresenta composição complexa e aliado ao grande volume envolvido pode-se tornar bastante danoso ao meio ambiente quando descartado de forma inadequada. Esta pesquisa está centrada na análise das eficiências dos processos de flotação em coluna e oxidação avançada por processo foto-Fenton para remoção/degradação de orgânicos presentes na água produzida. Uma série de tensoativos derivados de álcool laurílico foi utilizada na flotação para promover a melhoria da cinética e eficiência de separação. Os experimentos foram realizados com efluente sintético contendo xileno como poluente modelo. Os dados experimentais obtidos da flotação apresentaram cinética de 1ª ordem, identificada pela qualidade dos ajustes lineares. As melhores condições encontradas foram 0,029 g.L-1 para o EO 7, 0,05 g.L-1 para o EO 8, 0,07 g.L-1 para o EO 9, 0,045 g.L-1 para o EO 10 e 0,08 g.L-1 para o EO 23 com as seguintes constantes de velocidade iguais a 0,1765, 0,1325, 0,1210, 0,1531, 0,1699 min-1, respectivamente. Para a série estudada, o tensoativo mais adequado foi o EO 7 devido o menor consumo de reagente, maior constante cinética de separação e maior eficiência de remoção do xileno da fase aquosa (98%). De forma similar a flotação, o processo foto-Fenton demonstrou ser eficiente para degradação do xileno alcançando eficiência de mineralização da carga orgânica entre 90% e 100% em 90 min.
2	MARIA DE FATIMA BEZERRA CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA, REOLÓGICA E SENSORIAL DE IOGURTE OBTIDO PELA MISTURA DOS LEITES BUBALINO E CAPRINO Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN MARGARIDA MARIA DOS ANJOS MAGALHAES DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA JULIANE DOERING GASPARIN CARVALHO Data: Feb 25, 2010 Show Abstract O experimento foi desenvolvido a partir de cinco grupos organizados de acordo com proporção de leite caprino e bubalino: C - 100% leite de cabra, 7C3B - 70% leite de cabra e 30% leite de búfala, 5C5B - 50% leite de cabra e 50% leite de búfala, 3C7B - 30% leite de cabra e 70% leite de búfala, B - 100% leite de búfala. Inicialmente, os leites foram analisados quanto ao teor sólidos totais, depois foi acompanhado o perfil de acidificação de todos os grupos experimentais adicionados de sabor morango e em seguida, realizada análises físico-químicas, reológicas e sensoriais dos iogurtes elaborados. Os grupos com maior percentual de leite bubalino necessitaram de menor tempo para alcançarem taxa máxima de acidificação (Vm) e à medida que foi acrescentado leite de búfala nos iogurtes, o tempo necessário para atingir pH 4.6 (Tp) foi menor. Na determinação físico-química diferenças estatísticas só foram percebidas no percentual de gordura e sólidos totais com tendência a valores superiores para formulações com maior presença de leite de búfala. O modelo de Ostwald de Waale apresentou melhor ajuste para a maioria dos grupos e os índices de comportamento alcançados apontam que os iogurtes são fluidos pseudoplásticos e o comportamento das curvas de fluxo e da viscosidade aparente em função da taxa de cisalhamento indicam que os iogurtes se classificam como fluidos não Newtoniano. Quando analisado sensorialmente, o iogurte C ao ser comparado com os demais apresentou escores mais baixos para todos os atributos avaliados, enquanto o iogurte B obteve comportamento inverso. Os iogurtes a base de mistura de leite alcançaram escores intermediários com melhores notas para o grupo 7C3B.
3	RODRIGO CAETANO GUEDES "ESTUDO DA INFLUÊNCIA DE PRÉ-TRATAMENTOS DE DOIS RESÍDUOS LIGNOCELULÓSICOS (BAGAÇO DO PEDÚNCULO DE CAJU E CASCA DE COCO) UTILIZADOS COMO SUBSTRATO NA INDUÇÃO À SÍNTESE DE ENZIMAS CELULOLÍTICAS" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI SHARLINE FLORENTINO DE MELO SANTOS Data: Feb 26, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO – Recentemente o etanol de segunda geração, obtido da fermentação dos hidrolisados de celulose, vem despertando a atenção mundial por ser uma alternativa viável e ambientalmente correta ao petróleo, uma vez que aumentar a produção de etanol a partir do melaço da cana-de-açúcar, o etanol de primeira geração, implicaria na utilização de terras destinadas a produção de alimentos. Entretanto, o etanol de celulose exige rotas tecnológicas que ainda o tornam pouco competitivo, como a produção de enzimas que quebrem a celulose em glicose, as celulases, e a adoção de um processo de pré-tratamento eficiente e de baixo custo capaz de diminuir o grau de interação que existe nas fibras vegetais do presente trabalho. Trichoderma reesei ATCC 2768 foi cultivada em meio submerso para produção de celulases utilizando como substratos resíduos lignocelulósicos, bagaço do pedúnculo de caju e bagaço de coco, sem tratamento e tratados com NaOH 1M e por explosão a alta pressão. Os experimentos de produção das enzimas foram realizados em meio submerso e conduzidos em incubador rotatório (temperatura de 27ºC, velocidade de agitação de 150rpm e pH inicial do meio de 4.8). Os resultados mostraram que T.reesei ATCC 2768 apresentou maior produção de celulases em meio contendo bagaço do pedúnculo de caju tratado com NaOH 1M (2,160 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,215 UI/mL de FPase), onde o consumo de celulose em forma de açúcares redutores totais foi de 98,38%, quando comparado com o mesmo tratado por explosão a alta pressão (0,853 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,172 UI/mL de Fpase), apresentando um consumo de 47,39% de ART’s. Os resultados mostraram ainda que a produção de celulase é menor em meio contendo bagaço de coco tratado com NaOH 1M (0,480 UI/mL de CMcase e 0,073 UI/mL de FPase), chegando-se a 49,5% de ART’s consumidos. O bagaço do pedúnculo de caju sem tratamento apresentou uma atividade bem inferior aos bagaços com tratamento (0,535 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,152 UI/mL de FPase) e o bagaço de coco não-tratado não apresentou atividade enzimática. A concentração máxima de células foi maior quando se utilizou como substrato os bagaços do pedúnculo de caju e casca de coco tratados alcalinamente, 2,92 g/L e 1,97 g/L, respectivamente, do que aqueles tratados por explosão a alta pressão, 1,93 g/L e 1,17 g/L. Conclui-se que o pedúnculo de caju é um potencial indutor à síntese de enzimas celulolíticas, apresentando-se melhor que o bagaço de coco bem como o tratamento melhora bastante o processo de síntese das enzimas.
4	PAULYANNA MEDEIROS DE ARAUJO ESTUDO DA DESIDRATAÇÃO OSMÓTICA DE CENOURA (Daucus carota L.) EM FATIAS Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA KARLA SUZANNE FLORENTINO DA SILVA CHAVES DAMASCENO MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS OSVALDO SOARES DA SILVA Data: Apr 30, 2010 Show Abstract Na área de desidratação de alimentos, a secagem de hortaliças ocupa uma posição muito representativa, tem a finalidade de preservar os excedentes das colheitas e teve início com a secagem ao sol. Dentre as hortaliças encontra-se a cenoura, que teve sua origem no Sudoeste Asiático e no Brasil é uma hortaliça bastante cultivada. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal encontrar formas alternativas de conservação para fatias de cenoura, através da desidratação osmótica com secagem complementar em estufa. Inicialmente foram definidas as melhores condições da pré-desidratação osmótica (temperatura, tempo de imersão, tipo de solução osmótica) baseadas nos resultados de perda de umidade, ganho de sólidos, redução de peso e índice de eficiência das fatias de cenoura pré-desidratadas. As soluções osmóticas utilizadas foram compostas de NaCl (10%) e sacarose (50º Brix) denominada DO1, e sacarose (50º Brix) denominada DO2. Realizaram-se os ensaios de pré-desidratação osmótica das fatias de cenouras em dois níveis de temperatura, com secagem complementar em estufa com circulação de ar a 70ºC. Foi realizada análise sensorial e o estudo da reidratação das fatias desidratadas osmoticamente e das fatias sem tratamento osmótico. Os melhores resultados foram obtidas com as cenouras desidratadas com a solução DO1 a 60°C com tempo de imersão de 60 min. A secagem das fatias de cenoura apresentou período de taxa constante e de taxa decrescente. O pré-tratamento osmótico reduziu a umidade inicial das fatias de cenoura, reduzindo o tempo para o produto atingir o mesmo teor de umidade. O modelo de Fick, considerando o encolhimento, e o modelo de Page, se ajustaram de forma satisfatória aos dados experimentais, possibilitando a determinação de coeficientes de difusão efetivos, consistentes com a literatura.. Os resultados de análise sensorial do produto seco,indicaram maior aceitação das fatias de cenouras com tratamento osmótico.
5	JOSÉ CARLOS DO NASCIMENTO "CONVERSÃO DO METANO VIA OXICLORAÇÃO EM REATOR DE LEITO FIXO UTILIZANDO CATALISADOR DO TIPO CuCI2/SiO2" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANTONIO OSIMAR SOUSA DA SILVA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ Data: Jun 10, 2010 Show Abstract Catalisadores do tipo CuCl2 suportados em sílica, utilizados na conversão do metano via oxicloração, foram sintetizados pelo método de troca iônica em meio básico, usando um complexo amoniacal de cobre, com cargas metálicas nominais de 3 e 6% de cobre. Os materiais foram caracterizados por: termogravimetria (TG), fluorescência de raios X (FRX), redução em temperatura programada (RTP), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com espectroscopia dispersiva de elétrons (MEV-EDS) e determinação da área especifica e volume de poro pelo método BET. Os resultados das caracterizações indicavam a presença de cobre na superfície do suporte mostrando que o processo de impregnação via troca iônica foi adequado na síntese do catalisador. No teste catalítico reacional foi utilizada uma planta de oxicloração, em escala de laboratório, instalada no Centro de Tecnologias do Gás e Energias Renováveis – CTGAS-ER. Os experimentos catalíticos foram avaliados nas temperaturas de 673,1 e 773,1 K. Os resultados obtidos mostraram influência da temperatura e teor de cobre dos catalisadores na conversão do metano e na t axa de reação.
6	GRACIANA CLECIA DANTAS EFEITO DA ADIÇÃO DE COLESTEROL E ECDISONA NA PRODUÇÃO IN VITRO DO BACULOVÍRUS SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA MNPV Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA LISANDRA MURMANN LUCIANO PACELLI MEDEIROS DE MACEDO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI Data: Aug 2, 2010 Show Abstract Dentre as pragas que atacam a cultura do milho no Brasil, destaca-se a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), conhecida como lagarta-do-cartucho, que é a principal praga da cultura do milho. Devido à instabilidade genética durante a passagem seriada de baculovirus em cultivo de células de inseto, o desenvolvimento da produção in vitro de bioinseticidas virais é o maior desafio para a produção massal deste bioproduto. Passagens sucessivas de vírus usando vírus extracelulares (BVs), necessárias para o aumento de escala durante a produção de bioinseticida viral, leva ao aparecimento de formas aberrantes de vírus, processo conhecido como “efeito de passagem”. A principal conseqüência do efeito passagem é a diminuição da produção de corpos de oclusão (OB), inviabilizando economicamente sua produção utilizando o processo in vitro. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a passagem seriada do isolado 18 do baculovirus Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus em células Sf21. Foi observada uma queda na produção de OB de 170 para 92 da terceira para quarta passagem. Um planejamento experimental fatorial (22) foi empregado para verificar a influência de duas variáveis de entrada, concentração de hormônio 20- Hidroxiecdisona (CH) e concentração de colesterol (CC), sobre os valores das variáveis de resposta (produção volumétrica e produção específica de OB) do processo, buscando definir as faixas ótimas de operação tentando reverter ou minimizar o efeito passagem. O resultado deste planejamento indicou uma influência negativa da adição do colesterol e positiva na adição de hormônio, onde as faixas ótimas encontradas para as concentrações estudadas foram: 8 a 10µg/mL e 5 a 6,5µg/mL, para as concentrações de colesterol e hormônio, respectivamente. Novos experimentos foram realizados com a adição individual de hormônio e colesterol com a finalidade de verificar influência destes adjuvantes na produção de OB de forma independentemente. Enquanto que o melhor resultado do planejamento obteve uma produção volumétrica de 9,4 x 107 OB/mL e específica de 128,4 OB/célula, com a adição de somente 6μg/mL de 20-Hidroxiecdisona, estas concentrações aumentaram para 1,9 x 108 OB/mL e 182,9 OB/célula, respectivamente, confirmando que a adição do hormônio 20- Hidroxiecdisona aumenta a performance do processo in vitro de produção de SfMNPV em cultivos de células Sf21.
7	ALESSANDRO ALISSON DE LEMOS ARAÚJO DETERMINAÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL E MODELAGEM TERMODINÂMICA DO PONTO DE TURBIDEZ DE SISTEMAS AQUOSOS COM TENSOATIVOS NONILFENOLPOLIETOXILADOS Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Aug 5, 2010 Show Abstract Os tensoativos não-iônicos são constituídos por substâncias cujas moléculas, em solução aquosa, não se ionizam. A solubilidade destes tensoativos em água deve-se à presença de grupamentos funcionais que possuem forte afinidade pela água. Quando esses tensoativos são aquecidos ocorre à formação de duas fases evidenciada pelo fenômeno da turbidez. Este trabalho teve como intuito determinar os dados experimentais da temperatura de turbidez do nonilfenolpolietoxilado e posteriormente realizar uma modelagem termodinâmica, considerando os modelos de Flory-Huggins e da solução ideal. O método empregado para determinação do ponto de turbidez foi o método visual (Inoue et.al, 2008). A metodologia experimental consistiu na preparação de soluções sintéticas de: 0,25%, 0,5%,1%, 2%, 3%, 4%,5%, 6%, 7% 8%, 9%, 10%, 12,5% 15%,17% e 20% em massa de tensoativo . Os tensoativos não-iônicos utilizados foram ultranex: 95, 100, 110, 120 e 130. No decorrer dos experimentos as soluções foram homogeneizadas e a temperatura do banho foi aumentada gradativamente ao passo que a turbidez da solução foi verificada através de um termopar. Esses dados da temperatura de turbidez foram utilizados para alimentar os modelos avaliados obtendo parâmetros termodinâmicos para sistemas de tensoativos nonifenolpolietoxilados. Em seguida os modelos poderão ser utilizados em processos de separação de fases, facilitando a extração de solventes orgânicos, pois servirão como parâmetros quantitativos e qualitativos
8	CLAUDIO DANTAS DE MEDEIROS "EFEITO DE VARIÁVEIS DE PROCESSO NO TEMPO DE FERMENTAÇÃO DA CERVEJA E NA CONCENTRAÇÃO DAS DICETONAS VICINAIS TOTAIS (TVDK)" Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI LISANDRA MURMANN ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA JORGE LUIZ NINOW Data: Sep 10, 2010 Show Abstract Dentre os principais problemas que afloram o mercado industrial de produção de cerveja nos dias atuais podemos citar o atendimento/abastecimento do mercado com o menor custo possível e com qualidade visando garantir as expectativas dos consumidores e clientes. A etapa de fermentação da cerveja representa aproximadamente 70% de todo o tempo necessário para produzir uma cerveja, tendo uma obrigatoriedade de rigorosos controles de processo para não se tornar gargalo da produção de cerveja. Além de uma elevada representatividade em tempo a etapa de fermentação é responsável pela formação de uma série de subprodutos que são responsáveis pela composição do buquê de aroma existentes na cerveja e alguns destes subprodutos, se produzidos em maior quantidade passam para o produto final sabor e odor desagradáveis. Dentre os subprodutos que se formam na etapa de fermentação, as dicetonas vicinais totais é o principal componente, uma vez que ele é limitante para a trasfega do produto para as etapas subseqüentes, além de possuir um baixo limiar de percepção pelo consumidor e passar sabor e odor desagradável para quem consome o produto. Devido à instabilidade da qualidade das matérias primas principais (malte, principalmente) e dos controles de processo (temperatura, manejo do fermento, etc) durante a fermentação, o desenvolvimento de formas alternativas de produção de cerveja sem impactar no tempo total de fermentação e na qualidade do produto final é um grande desafio para a produção de cerveja. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma acidificação prévia no fermento utilizado na fermentação da cerveja, utilizando para isso ácido lático reduzindo o pH do fermento de aproximadamente 5,30 para 2,20 e alterando a característica do fermento de floculento para pulverulento, durante a fermentação da cerveja. Foi observado um aumento na quantidade de células de fermento em suspensão na segunda fase de fermentação na ordem 6 vezes em relação a fermentações com fermento sem acidificação prévia. Com a alteração de duas variáveis de entrada, curva de temperatura e taxa de multiplicação celular no intuito de minimizar os valores máximos encontrados de diacetil no tanque fermentador, foi obtida uma redução do pico de diacetil formado e consequentemente contribuiu para uma redução no tempo de fermentação e no tempo total de processo. Vários experimentos foram realizados com estas três alterações de processo de processo com a finalidade de verificar a influência no tempo total de fermentação e a concentração das dicetonas vicinais totais no final da fermentação. Um tempo total de fermentação de 151 horas e concentração de dicetonas vicinais totais de 0,08 ppm foram os melhores resultados obtidos. A massa de fermento em suspensão na segunda fase de fermentação aumentaram de 2,45 x 106 para 16,38 x 106 células/mL de fermento, fato este fundamental para uma maior eficiência na redução das dicetonas vicinais totais existentes no meio, confirmando que a acidificação prévia do fermento, bem como o controle de temperatura e redução da taxa de multiplicação celular do fermento no processo fermentativo aumenta a performance de redução das dicetonas e consequentemente reduz o tempo total de fermentação com concentração de dicetonas abaixo do valor esperado (Max: 0,10 ppm).
9	JOSEFA ANGELA BATISTA RIBEIRO “HIDRÓLISE DE RESÍDUOS LIGNOCELULÓSICOS UTILIZANDO EXTRATO ENZIMÁTICO CELULOLÍTICO PRODUZIDO POR TRICHODERMA REESEI ATCC 2768” Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FRANCINE FERREIRA PADILHA GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO Data: Sep 17, 2010 Show Abstract Extrato enzimático celulolítico produzido a partir de bagaços de pedúnculo de caju e de casca de coco cultivada por Trichoderma reesei ATCC 2768 em incubador rotatório foi utilizado para estudar o processo de hidrólise enzimática contendo os mesmos resíduos de bagaço do pedúnculo de caju e bagaço de coco como substrato, quando esses substratos foram pré-tratados alcalinamente (com NaOH 1M) e por explosão a alta pressão e combinando-se esses dois pré-tratamentos. Os ensaios de hidrolise foram realizados em condições de 125 rpm, 50ºC e pH inicial 4.8 durante 108 horas. O extrato produzido utilizando bagaço de caju tratado alcalinamente como substrato (1,337 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,074 UI/mL de FPase) apresentou rendimento de hidrólise de 90% de açúcares redutores (AR’s) produzidos e uma velocidade inicial de hidrolise 0,094 g/l.h, enquanto que o extrato obtido utilizando-se bagaço de coco tratado com NaOH 1M (0,64 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,07 UI/mL de FPase) apresentou uma velocidade inicial de hidrólise de 0,025 g/l.h e um rendimento de 48%. No caso dos bagaços tratados por explosão a alta pressão, verificou-se que o caldo enzimático obtido utilizando como substrato pedúnculo de caju (0,547 UI/mL de CMCase) apresentou menor rendimento de hidrólise 53,52% de AR’s e em relação ao bagaço de coco explodido a alta pressão (1,147 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,071 de FPase), apresentou um rendimento de hidrólise de 81%, verificou-se uma velocidade de hidrólise para o bagaço de pedúnculo de caju de 0,014 g/l.h e o bagaço da casca de coco de 0,029 g/l.h. Entretanto, quando se utilizou os bagaços pedúnculo de caju e casca de coco, submetidos a alta pressão e alcalino, obteve-se um caldo enzimático para o pedúnculo de caju (1,154 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,107 de FPase), indicando um rendimento de hidrólise de 88% e uma velocidade inicial de 0, 029 g/l. h, já na casca de coco verificou-se um extrato enzimático (0,538 UI/mL de CMCase e 0,013 UI/mL de FPase), com uma velocidade de hidrolise de 0,018 g/l.h e um rendimento de 69%. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o tratamento preliminar possibilitou melhorar a digestibilidade dos resíduos uma vez que foram obtidos bons rendimentos de hidrólise, onde a celulose presente no substrato converte-se em açúcar fermentescível com a ação da enzima, sendo importante para uma posterior fermentação alcoólica.
10	MARCIO BARBALHO DANTAS BEZERRA "Implementação de um Modelo Computacional para Estudo do Processo Fischer-Tropsch em Reator Leito de Lama" Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ SÉRGIO LUCENA Data: Sep 30, 2010 Show Abstract O presente trabalho tem como objetivos a definição e adaptação de um modelo computacional fenomenológico visando o estudo da análise dinâmica do processo Fischer-Tropsch em reator leito de lama a partir de gás de síntese (CO + H2) para a produção seletiva de hidrocarbonetos (CnHm), com ênfase na avaliação da influência das condições operacionais sobre a distribuição dos produtos formados durante a reação. O trabalho proposto possui cinco fases de desenvolvimento: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica para buscar informações sobre o processo Fischer-Tropsch em reaor leito de lama e, em particular, sobre os modelos matemáticos reportados para tal processo; (ii) definição do modelo matemático para o processo em questão com base nas equações de conservação, nos fenômenos de transferência de massa e na termodinâmica do sistema; (iii) implementação computacional do modelo e teste de desempenho para a escolha das técnicas numéricas usadas na resolução do problema; (iv) estimação dos parâmetros do modelo a partir de dados experimentais levantados na planta Fischer-Tropsch instalada no CTGÁS-ER; (v) validação do modelo computacional com dados adicionais e estudo de simulação para análise dinâmica do processo. Toda a etapa de desenvolvimento e implementação computacional será realizada usando-se a linguagem FORTRAN 90.
11	SUZIANI CRISTINA DE MEDEIROS DANTAS SOARES Desidratação de Polpas de Frutas pelo Método “Foam-mat” Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CLAUDIA SOUZA MACEDO MARCELLO MAIA DE ALMEIDA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Oct 15, 2010 Show Abstract O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o processo de secagem das polpas de abacaxi e manga através do processo “Foam-Mat”, avaliando a qualidade do produto final obtido. Para o desenvolvimento do mesmo utilizaram-se polpas industrializadas. A matéria-prima foi caracterizada quanto a sua composição físico-quimica. Inicialmente desenvolveu-se um estudo para definir a formulação a ser usada. Esta foi definida em relação ao testes de estabilidade e densidade das espumas formadas. Para a formulação das espumas foram usados os aditivos químicos Liga Neutra Artesanal e Emulsificante na proporção de 1% (p/p) cada. Os ensaios foram desenvolvidos em estufa com circulação forçada de ar nas temperaturas de 60°C e 70°C. As espumas foram dispostas em placas metálicas com revestimento anti-aderente. No desenvolvimento dos ensaios preliminares as espumas foram distribuídas nas placas com espessuras de 0,5cm. Após a definição das condições iniciais, os ensaios prosseguiram com espessuras de 0,4cm e 1,1cm, avaliando-se ocomportamento das curvas de secagem das espumas em função da espessura nas temperaturas de 60ºC e 70ºC. Como resultados físico-químicos o abacaxi e a manga apresentaram pH ácido de 3,83 e 3,92, respectivamente; teores de sólidos solúveis de 10,50ºBrix para o abacaxi e 10,02ºBrix para a manga; acidez total titulável de 0,59 g ácido cítrico/100g para o abacaxi e 0,55 g ácido cítrico/100g para a manga. As espumas apresentaram teores de vitamina C iguais a 28,21 mg/100ml e 53,18 mg/100ml, respectivamente. Os pós desidratados a 70ºC tiveram pH 4,43 e 4,71 para o abacaxi e a manga, nessa ordem. O pó de abacaxi teve acidez total titulável 4,78 g ácido cítrico/100g e o pó de manga 3,21 g ácido cítrico/100g. Os pós de abacaxi e manga apresentaram umidades em base úmida iguais a 3,46 % e 2,09%, respectivamente. Os teores de vitamina C presentes nos pós desidratados a 70ºC foram de 14,32 mg/100ml no pó de abacaxi e 17,73 mg/100ml no pó de manga. Os produtos em pó foram adicionados a iogurtes sendo realizada a análise sensorial destes. Os índices de aceitação de todos os quesitos avaliados foram superiores a 70% demonstrando a boa aceitação do produto.
12	JOSELISSE SOARES DE CARVALHO SANTOS APLICAÇÃO DE ULTA-SONS NO DESLOCAMENTO DE PETROLEO EM MEIOS POROSOS Advisor : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE Data: Nov 10, 2010 Show Abstract Nos processos de deslocamento de petróleo, observa-se em determinados reservatórios que contem óleo de alta viscosidade, a necessidade de técnicas economicamente viáveis para melhorias na produção. Um dos fatores que causam a diminuição na recuperação além da viscosidade é o decréscimo da pressão no reservatório, como também as tensões interfaciais do fluido injetado pelos métodos convencionais. A injeção de solução salina acrescida por vibrações ultra-sônica, que fornece bolhas de cavitações no meio poroso, provoca um aumento no deslocamento do petróleo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o deslocamento das soluções de petróleo em diferentes concentrações, observando o efeito das vibrações ultra-sônica nos fluidos em meio poroso para obter um aumento na produção de petróleo. As soluções foram preparadas em concentrações variando-se de 2 a 72% e analisadas suas respectivas viscosidades com intervalos de temperaturas de 25 a 55 °C, seguidos dos cálculos matemáticos na obtenção da energia de ativação. Para a recuperação de petróleo, utilizou uma rocha porosa que foi resinada na lateral deixando as extremidades livres (plug) para a transposição dos fluidos até saturá-la com 2% de KCl e conseqüentemente pelas soluções de petróleo. Todas as soluções estudadas obtiveram resultado satisfatório, aumentando o deslocamento final por meio de injeção salina. Dentre as soluções estudadas, observou-se que a utilização dos ultra-sons ajudou no deslocamento final, obtendo extrações de 79,32%, 74,45%, 73,51%, 68,20%, 62,81% de petróleo. O estudo em banho ultra-sônico provocou a formação de bolhas de cavitação, implodindo de forma assimétrica gerando jatos de líquido à alta velocidade na direção da rocha, deslocando as moléculas de óleo. Além disso, ocorreu um aquecimento ao plug que auxiliou na diminuição da viscosidade. Portanto o deslocamento de petróleo em vibração ultra-sônica obteve percentuais ligeiramente proporcionais em cada solução estudada.
13	ANNE PRISCILA OLIVEIRA DA SILVA Preparação e Caracterização de um Material Híbrido, à Base de Vermiculita Modificada com Quitosana, para a Remoção de Íons de Chumbo Presentes em Efluentes Sintéticos Advisor : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO CARLOS ALBERTO MARTINEZ HUITLE JAILSON VIEIRA DE MELO MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA Data: Dec 6, 2010 Show Abstract Nos últimos anos, em diversos países do mundo, vem sendo desenvolvidas pesquisas no sentido da obtenção de novos materiais e metodologias que visam minimizar problemas ambientais gerados pelo o aumento considerável de descartes de efluentes industriais contaminados com metais pesados. Dentre os processos estudados, a adsorção vem sendo utilizada como uma tecnologia alternativa eficaz, economicamente viável e potencialmente importante para a redução da disponibilidade dos metais, principalmente quando se utiliza adsorventes naturais baratos como no caso de alguns tipos de argilas. Outro material que vem sendo usado para este fim é a quitosana, polímero de origem natural derivado da quitina, presente na carapaça de crustáceos e insetos. Dentre as argilas, a vermiculita se destaca por ser um material barato, com boa capacidade de troca iônica e quando se encontra em sua forma expandida potencializa suas propriedades por aumentar bastante sua superficial específica. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a funcionalidade do material híbrido obtido através da modificação da vermiculita expandida com quitosana na remoção de íons de chumbo (II) em efluentes aquosos. O material obtido foi caracterizado por espectroscopoia do infravermelho (IV) com o intuito de se avaliar a eficiência da modificação da matriz inorgânica, a vermiculita, pelo material orgânico, a quitosana. A termogravimetria foi realizada objetivando-se avaliar tanto a estabilidade térmica do material, quanto a verificação da relação argila/polímero, no sentido de avaliar a eficiência do processo de obtenção do material híbrido. Outras técnicas como microscopia de varredura eletrônica(MEV) e (BET) também foram usadas para avaliação das características da superfície do material. A análise de BET revelou um aumento significativo da área superficial da vermiculita que, após interação com a quitosana, foi obtido um valor de 21, 6156 m2/g. Foram realizados ensaios de adsorção em função do tamanho de partícula, concentração e tempo. Os resultados mostram que a capacidade de remoção dos íons através da vermiculita foi, em média, de 88,4% para chumbo em concentrações na faixa de 20-200 mg/L e de 64,2 % na faixa de concentração de 1000 mg /L. Em relação ao tamanho de partícula, observou-se um aumento da adsorção com a diminuição da granulometria. Em função do tempo de contato, foi observado um equilíbrio de adsorção em 60 minutos com capacidade de adsorção. Os dados das isotermas foram ajustados a equação de Freundlich.O estudo cinético de adsorção mostrou que o modelo de pseudo segunda ordem descreve melhor o processo de adsorção, sendo encontrado os seguintes valores: K2 = 0,024 min-1 ,Qmáx= 25,75 mg/g valor bastante próximo do Qe calculado = 26,31 mg/g . A partir dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o material utilizado pode ser utilizado em sistemas de tratamento de efluentes como fonte adsorvente de íons metálicos devido a sua alta capacidade de adsorção.
14	CHRISTIANE MARIA CHRISTINA NÓBREGA BAKKER ANÁLISE TÉCNICA E ECONÔMICA DO PROCESSO DE OBTENÇÃO DE ESPAGUETE COM ADIÇÃO DE FARINHA DE TRIGO INTEGRAL E FARINHA DE LINHAÇA Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN KATIA NICOLAU MATSUI JOSÉ ARAÚJO DANTAS Data: Dec 16, 2010 Show Abstract O presente trabalho usa a fabricação de massas alimentícias através de farinha enriquecida com farinha integral e farinha de linhaça, visando disponibilizar dados e argumentos para comparação do processo convencional e a alta temperatura em sua avaliação de qualidade do produto e de estimativa do custo de produção. Foram realizadas avaliações físico-químicas das farinhas, ingredientes e misturas visando comprovar sua possível utilização na fabricação de massas segundo critérios tecnológicos e de atendimento à legislação vigente, realizando análise de umidade, cinzas, proteína, glúten úmido, glúten índex, granulometria e falling number. Foram fabricados macarrões tipo espaguete adicionando 10 e 20% de farinha integral e 10 e 20% de farinha de linhaça com análises físico-químicas, sensoriais e reológicas dos produtos. Além disso, foram feitas análises de aceitação do consumidor e de estimativa do custo de produção, servindo como argumento real para o incentivo a indústria alimentícia adicionar estes produtos de maior aceitação e viabilidade econômica no mercado. Na reologia do produto foi realizado o teste de cozimento das massas, com especificação do aumento de volume, tempo de cozimento e percentual de resíduos sólidos. Na avaliação sensorial foram realizados o teste triangular de diferenciação de produtos com 50 julgadores treinados e o teste de aceitação por escala hedônica com avaliação conjunta dos aspectos cor, sabor, odor e textura. Na definição do perfil sensorial do produto foi realizada ADQ com 9 julgadores recrutados e treinados na unidade fabril, utilizando escala não estruturada de 9 cm, avaliando os atributos: flavour de trigo, flavour de linhaça, consistência, textura do macarrão cru, cor do macarrão cru e cor do macarrão cozido. O produto de maior aceitação e boa qualidade foi o macarrão com 20% de farinha integral, seguido dos produtos 10% integral, 10% linhaça e 20% linhaça; caracterizados de média qualidade juntamente com massa integral concorrente testada. Na avaliação da estimativa do custo de produção, os dois produtos mais viáveis tecnologicamente (20% integral e 10% linhaça) foram avaliados nos processos a alta temperatura e convencional. Foi registrado o menor custo total com a fabricação a alta temperatura e viabilidade econômica dos novos produtos, frente a não necessidade de investimentos com equipamentos.
15	CELYNA KARITAS OLIVEIRA DA SILVA Avaliação do Processo Oxidativo Avançado por Permanganato de Potássio no Tratamento de Solos Contaminados com Hidrocarbonetos Poliaromáticos Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL CLÁUDIO AUGUSTO OLLER DO NASCIMENTO MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 16, 2010 Show Abstract A contaminação de solo com petróleo é uma das grandes preocupações das indústrias que atuam no ramo e também dos órgãos ambientais. O petróleo é constituído basicamente por hidrocarbonetos alcanos e aromáticos, tendo como exemplos mais comuns dos hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos: naftaleno, antraceno, fenantreno, benzopireno e seus vários isômeros. Estas substâncias apresentam efeitos nocivos ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Logo, este trabalho tem como principal objetivo, estudar o processo de oxidação avançada, utilizando o oxidante permanganato de potássio (KMnO4), na remediação de solos contaminados com dois hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos (HPAs): antraceno e fenantreno. Este estudo foi realizado em escala de bancada, sendo a primeira etapa realizada em batelada, utilizando como variáveis: tempo de remediação e concentração do oxidante. Na segunda etapa, a remediação foi realizada em regime contínuo utilizando coluna de leito fixo, sendo utilizada nesta etapa apenas a variável tempo de remediação. A concentração do oxidante nesta etapa, foi baseada no melhor resultado obtido nos ensaios em batelada, 2464 mg/L. Os resultados da degradação destes contaminantes foram satisfatórios, nas seguintes dosagens e tempo: 5g/kg em 48 horas, obtendo contaminantes residuais de 28 mg de fenantreno e 1,25 mg de antraceno por kg de solo e na dosagem 7g/kg em 48 horas restaram 24 mg de Fenantreno e 0,77 mg de Antraceno por kg de solo, ficando abaixo dos valores de intervenção residencial e industrial propostos pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB).
16	JULIANA CHRIS SILVA DE AZEVEDO Estratégias de Obtenção do Corante do Jambo-Vermelho (Sysygium malaccense) e Avaliação de sua Funcionalidade Advisor : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN LUIZ MÁRIO NELSON DE GÓIS Data: Dec 17, 2010 Show Abstract A indústria alimentícia demonstra forte interesse em estudos de extração envolvendo produtos naturais. A antocianina é um fenólico antioxidante de grande importância e atuação no organismo dos seres vivos. Vários estudos relacionam à ingestão de frutas e vegetais com a diminuição do risco e desenvolvimento de doenças crônico-degenerativas em função de suas propriedades antioxidantes. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar diferentes estratégias de obtenção do corante da casca e do jambo inteiro sem o caroço e analisar seu potencial funcional. As estratégias empregadas foram à obtenção de extratos etanólicos por extração convencional dos produtos in natura, mediante planejamento composto central, e extração seqüencial dos produtos desidratados. A investigação do potencial funcional foi realizada para todos os extratos obtidos por meio de análises de quantificação quanto ao teor de compostos fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante, antocianinas totais e inibição das enzimas α-amilase e α-glicosidase. Os extratos com os melhores resultados para a casca e jambo in natura foram, respectivamente, para fenólicos totais de 1371,22 e de 704,15 mg GAE / 100 g MS; para a atividade antioxidante de 28,07 e 29,83 µmol Trolox eq / g MS; para antocianinas totais de 1051,90 e 707,30 mg ci-3-gli / 100 g MS. Os melhores valores para a casca e jambo desidratados foram, respectivamente, para fenólicos de 7878,63 e 6015,60 mg GAE / 100 g MS; para atividade antioxidante de 218,43 293,24 µmol Trolox eq / g MS; para antocianinas 9396,92 e 4074,11 mg ci-3-gli / 100 g MS. E a ação conjunta das enzimas α-amilase (26,30%) e α-glicosidase (97,47%) mostraram potente atividade inibitória. Os extratos da casca apresentaram, de maneira geral, resultados superiores quando comparados aos valores dos extratos do jambo inteiro e as maiores quantificações foram obtidas dos produtos desidratados. As amostras analisadas exibiram fontes satisfatórias de fenólicos antociânicos, com potente capacidade antioxidante e atividade inibitória das enzimas α-amilase e α-glicosidase.
17	BRUNA MARIA EMERENCIANO DAS CHAGAS “Influência do estresse nutricional programado na composição da Microalga Marinha Isochrysis galbana” Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANITA FERREIRA DA SILVA ANITA MARIA DE LIMA OFÉLIA DE QUEIROZ FERNANDES ARAÚJO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 21, 2010 Show Abstract O aquecimento global decorrente da emissão dos gases geradores do Efeito Estufa (GEE), em especial o CO2, é um dos problemas mais graves do século XXI, tendo em vista as conseqüências que esse agravante pode trazer ao planeta. Atualmente, os processos biológicos vêm sendo apontados como uma possível solução, principalmente a biofixação do CO2 por microalgas. Essa estratégia tem sido ressaltada, uma vez que, paralelamente a mitigação do CO2 ocorre à produção de biomassa rica em compostos de alto valor. As microalgas são excelentes fixadoras de carbono, possuem capacidade fotossintética e taxa de crescimento superior aos vegetais superiores, duplicam a sua biomassa em um dia, o seu cultivo não segue regime de safras, são cultivadas em meio salino simples e não exigem irrigação, herbicidas ou pesticidas. O teor de lipídios destes microrganismos, dependendo da espécie, varia de 1 a 70% do seu peso seco, podendo chegar a 90% em certas condições de cultivo. Estudos indicam que é possível aumentar a produção de lipídios pelas microalgas através de estresses fisiológicos induzido pela restrição do nitrogênio no meio de cultura. Essas evidências justificam pesquisas envolvendo a produção de biocombustíveis a partir de microalgas. No presente trabalho, estudou-se a estratégia de aumentar a produção de lipídios pela microalga I. galbana através de um estresse nutricional programado, ocasionado pela restrinção do nitrogênio. Foram acompanhadas as respostas fisiológicas desta espécie, cultivada em meio f/2 com diferentes concentrações de nitrogênio (N:P 15,0-controle, N:P 5,0 e N:P 2,5). Durante a fase exponencial, as análises mostraram uma invariabilidade para os cultivos estudados. Porém, na fase estacionária, os cultivos submetidos ao estresse, indicaram menores rendimentos em biomassa. Observou-se um amento de 32,5% nos níveis de carboidratos e de 87,68% no teor de lipídeos na razão N:P 5,0 e uma redução média de 65% dos níveis protéico nas razões N:P 5,0 ou 2,5. Não houve variações significativas no teor de cinzas, independente do cultivo e fase. Apesar do aumento do acúmulo de lipídios, devido a limitação da produção de biomassa nas culturas, observou-se nas culturas estressadas menores produtividades de lipídios. Tendo em vista o aumento na concentração de lipídeos decorrente do estresse, este estudo sugere a utilização da microalga I. galbana como fonte alternativa para a produção de biocombustível. Entretanto, para otimizar a produção deve-se trabalhar a engenharia genética e a engenharia de processos para que a produtividade em biomassa seja aliada a produtividade em óleo
18	DIVAL DE BRITO GUERRA NETO Determinação de dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor a altas pressões para sistemas de hidrocarbonetos assimétricos Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CLAUDIO DARIVA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 22, 2010 Show Abstract O petróleo bruto é uma complexa mistura líquida de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos em que predominam os hidrocarbonetos, desde os alcanos mais simples até os aromáticos mais complexos, nessa mistura encontram-se presentes derivados como gasolina, diesel, álcool, querosene, nafta, gásoleos, etc., estes derivados são extraídos de qualquer petróleo, porem, somente os com uma qualidade bastante elevada, ou seja, o teor de hidrocarbonetos de baixo peso molecular é alto são realmente viáveis a produção destes compostos, a American Petroleum Institute(API) desenvolveu um sistema de classificação dos tipos de petróleo. No Brasil a qualidade da maioria dos petróleos retirado dos poços é muito baixa, sendo assim, é necessário obter novos conhecimentos a fim de desenvolver melhores práticas de refino com o intuito de produzir derivados de petróleo de alto valor comercial. Para isso se faz necessário o estudo de equilíbrio termodinâmico de seus derivados. Esta dissertação de mestrado consiste em apresentar dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor dos sistemas Fenilciclohexano - CO2 e Fenilciclohexano - Ciclohexano e CO2 a alta pressão e temperaturas entre 30 a 70 graus Celsius, bem como realizar comparações entres dados experimentais de equilíbrio liquido-vapor encontrados na literatura e o modelo teórico de Peng-Robinson usando um programa de simulação chamado SPECS IVCSEP v5.60. Estes conhecimentos adquiridos servirão para o desenvolvimento de um equipamento de alta pressão.
	Thesis
1	ULIANA KARINA LOPES DE MEDEIROS Viabilidade técnica de uma rota não convencional para a produção de leite de cabra em pó em cooperativas do Rio Grande do Norte Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA VIVIANE SANTOS BIRCHAL Data: Feb 22, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO: Atualmente o Brasil tem o maior rebanho caprino e é o maior produtor de leite de cabra da América do Sul. O estado do Rio Grande do Norte localizado no Nordeste do Brasil tem uma produção anual média de três mil metros cúbicos de leite de cabra in natura. Parte desta produção de leite é doméstica e provém de pequenas fazendas as quais se unem em cooperativas rurais, criadas para incentivar a produção e implementação de processos industriais para preservação e processamento do leite. Resultados apresentados na literatura e obtidos em ensaios preliminares nesta tese indicam que o secador não-convencional de leito de jorro com partículas inertes é capaz de produzir o leite em pó a partir do leite in natura (bovino ou caprino), com a mesma qualidade que o secador spray, porém operando a baixo custo. O método de secagem em leito de jorro consiste em injetar uma emulsão de leite sobre um leito de partículas inertes jorradas pelo ar quente. Esta emulsão recobre as partículas com uma película fina, que seca e é reduzida a pó durante a circulação dos inertes dentro do leito. O pó é arrastado pelo ar de exaustão e separado no ciclone. O atrito entre as partículas, resultado da circulação das partículas, induz altas taxas de cisalhamento na película fina da emulsão quebrando as forças coesivas e tornando possível este processo. Estudar o processo de secagem e produção do leite de cabra em pó em uma unidade de leito de jorro com partículas inertes, visando o desenvolvimento de uma rota tecnológica de baixo custo para produção de leite em pó é o objetivo principal desta tese. O leite em pó produzido por esta rota deverá atender a demanda local das indústrias alimentícias que necessitam de um produto intermediário para ser utilizado como ingrediente em alimentos (sorvete, doce de leite). Para atingir este objetivo são abordados, nesta tese, os aspectos relacionados com as características físicas, termodinâmicas e físico-químicas do leite de cabra, cujos dados completos ainda são inexistentes na literatura. As propriedades dos materiais são de fundamental importância para o projeto de qualquer processo que envolve operações de transporte de quantidade de movimento, calor e massa tais como os secadores que operam em regime fluidodinamicamente ativos, como o leito de jorro. Foram obtidos dados inéditos relativos às propriedades do leite de cabra em função da concentração de sólidos e da temperatura. Destaca-se também o estudo realizado sobre a cinética de retenção de sólidos no leito de partículas inertes ao longo da secagem do leite de cabra. Encontraram–se condições de processos mais adequadas à rota tecnológica proposta para ser implementada em pequenas e micro-indústrias, com simplificações tanto no sistema de injeção do leite como na forma de operação do secador. Obtiveram-se dados importantes para uma etapa posterior desta pesquisa que envolva a modelagem, simulação, controle e otimização do processo. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese, tanto em relação ao desempenho do processo como à qualidade do leite em pó produzido validam a proposta de se utilizar o secador de leito de jorro na produção de leite de cabra em pó.
2	MAGNA ANGELICA DOS SANTOS BEZERRA SOUSA Estudo da viabilidade da destilação solar para polimento de águas produzidas de petróleo Advisor : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDREA LESSA DA FONSECA DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Feb 23, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO: Esse trabalho visa estudar a viabilidade da Destilação Solar no polimento de efluentes oleosos: água produzida, de forma a possibilitar o seu reuso na irrigação de culturas oleaginosas ou forrageiras ou ainda na geração de vapor, bem como estudar os fenômenos de transporte envolvidos. A metodologia para desenvolvimento do projeto consistiu em caracterizar o efluente a ser tratado e realizar análises físico-químicas no destilado, construir os equipamentos de destilação, operação concomitante dos dois destiladores e realização de tratamento dos dados e avaliação econômica. A metodologia utilizada para todos os parâmetros é a preconizada no APHA (1998) e a amostragem do tipo composta. A alimentação dos equipamentos de destilação foi realizada com efluente tratado oriundo da UTPF de Guamaré. A temperatura foi monitorada ao longo dos destiladores e durante o tempo em que os mesmos estiveram em operação. A alimentação dos destiladores ocorria, via de regra, por sifonamento. Os destiladores foram operados por um período 17 meses, entre julho de 2007 e fevereiro de 2009, nos quais foram realizados 40 experimentos. Os dados de radiação e temperatura ambiente foram adquiridos através do site do INPE e as temperaturas dentro dos destiladores através de registradores do tipo DATALOGGER da Novus. As taxas de condensação (mL/min) foram determinadas através da medição do escoamento em proveta graduada de 10 mL e cronômetro. Foram utilizados dois destiladores solares simples efeito do tipo passivo com diferentes ângulos de inclinação na cobertura: 20° e 45 °. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho bem como as discussões pertinentes estão subdivididos em seis tópicos: caracterização da amostra e qualidade do destilado; construção dos destiladores; operação (dados obtidos, perfil de temperatura); aspectos climáticos; tratamento dos dados e análise econômica. Diante dos resultados obtidos pode se inferir que: a perda energética pela adoção da cuba de vidro não foi significativa, entretanto, dificulta a logística de manutenção dos equipamentos em larga escala; por outro lado, o revestimento da cuba com vidro protegeria a base do equipamento da deterioração; os dois equipamentos demonstraram desempenho semelhante, logo não se justifica o uso do equipamento de 45 °. Com respeito ao estudo climatológico verificou-se que a Cidade do Natal apresenta radiações médias mensais variando entre 350 e 600 W/m2, aproximadamente e velocidade dos ventos média de 5 m/s. Os teores de umidade médios ficam em torno dos 70 % e a pluviosidade é bem pequena. O regime do sistema é transiente e embora tenha sido dado tratamento de sistema estacionário verifica-se que o modelo representa adequadamente o sistema do destilador de 20°. A qualidade do destilado com respeito aos parâmetros avaliados nesse estudo é compatível com a Classe 3 de águas do CONAMA (Resolução 357). Logo se pode concluir que a destilação solar tem viabilidade para polimento de águas produzidas quando considerados os aspectos técnicos e ambientais, embora não seja viável economicamente.
3	ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA Título da Tese: Estratégias de Produção in vitro de Bioinseticida Viral: Influências do Isolado, da Cinética e do Modo de Operação Advisor : MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : BERGMANN MORAIS RIBEIRO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO KYRIA SANTIAGO DO NASCIMENTO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Mar 12, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO: A preocupação da sociedade com o meio ambiente tem buscado alternativas de substituição dos inseticidas químicos, em lavouras, por outros produtos menos agressivos ao homem e ao ambiente. Assim, a utilização de controle biológico às pragas torna-se uma técnica muito aceitável, pois reduz os riscos ambientais e públicos da utilização de produtos químicos convencionais. Em particular, os vírus do tipo baculovírus são uma grande alternativa devido à especificidade oferecida aos seus hospedeiros e a sua forma de propagação. No Brasil, o baculovírus Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopoliedrovirus (AgMNPV) é o principal agente de controle biológico da praga da soja Anticarsia gemmatalis. A crescente demanda deste bioinseticida tem estimulado o interesse no desenvolvimento de processos com base na produção in vitro de baculovírus. Assim, poderá aumentar a oferta de vírus, suprindo a necessidade do mercado deste bioinseticida para produção de soja. Neste trabalho, estratégias de produção in vitro do baculovírus selvagem AgMNPV e do seu recombinante vAgEGT∆-LacZ como influência do isolado, da cinética e do modo de operação foram analisadas como alternativa para futura ampliação de escala na produção deste bioinseticida viral. A produção em batelada de três isolados selvagens do baculovírus AgMNPV (AgMNPV-2D, AgMNPV-MP2 e AgMNPV-MP5) utilizando o cultivo em shaker, foi realizada com a finalidade de selecionar o melhor produtor de corpos de oclusão a partir das infecções em células de inseto Spodoptera frugiperda, linhagem IPLB-SF21 para uma avaliação comparativa com o recombinante vAgEGT∆-LacZ.. A seleção identificou o isolado AgMNPV-MP5 como melhor produtor de corpos de oclusão de 5,3x108 ± 0,85 OB/mL em 8 dias de infecção. A produção in vitro do vAgEGT∆-LacZ foi foco principal deste trabalho, pois não há, na literatura, a produção deste recombinante em sistemas de cultivo em suspensão. Foi realizado um estudo da multiplicidade de infecção para identificar a quantidade de inóculo viral para o cultivo. A partir daí, foram realizadas cinco bateladas sucessivas obtendo uma produção final de bioinseticida de 8,9x1019 corpos de oclusão. O aumento da produção de corpos de oclusão obtidos a partir do vAgEGT∆-LacZ foi analisado utilizando estratégias como batelada alimentada em baixa multiplicidade de infecção, os resultados demonstraram um aumento de três vezes quando comparada à produção em cultivos em batelada. E ainda, o baculovírus recombinante vAgEGT∆-LacZ mostrou-se competitivo quando comparado ao baculovírus selvagem AgMNPV-MP5.
4	JOSE NILDO GALDINO Influência da Granulometria e do Teor de Calcita e da Temperatura de Sinterização no Desenvolvimento de Massas Cerâmicas Para Revestimento Poroso (BIII) Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO EIJI HARIMA JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO RUBENS MARIBONDO DO NASCIMENTO Data: Apr 8, 2010 Show Abstract O estado do Rio Grande do Norte apresenta uma grande potencialidade para produção de revestimento cerâmico, haja vista, possuir matérias-primas naturais em quantidade e qualidade possibilitando sua exploração econômica, além do grande diferencial energético do Estado, que é o gás natural. Este trabalho objetiva estudar a influência da concentração de calcita, sua granulometria e temperatura de sinterização na obtenção de formulações para revestimento poroso que atendam as especificações do projeto. Os experimentos envolveram a caracterização físico–química e mineralógica das matérias-primas, e ensaios mecânicos nos corpos de prova secos e sinterizados, precedendo-se de um planejamento de experimento de mistura e fatorial, com o uso da metodologia de superfície de resposta, a fim de se obter as melhores combinações das matérias-primas para produzir massa cerâmica com propriedades específicas. As massas cerâmicas estudadas foram preparadas pelo processo via seca, caracterizadas, conformadas por prensagem uniaxial e sinterizadas nas temperaturas de 940ºC a 1180ºC utilizando um ciclo de queima rápido. As fases cristalinas formadas durante a sinterização nas temperaturas em estudo, revelaram a presença de Anortita e Wollastonita, além de quartzo com fase remanescente. Verificou-se que conforme se aumenta a participação do carbonato na composição das massas cerâmicas ocorre um pequeno incremento de absorção de água e uma pequena redução da retração linear para todas as temperaturas de sinterização. Já para a resistência mecânica houve uma tendência de aumento nas formulações com maior teor de mistura plástica e calcita, e diminuição da resistência com o aumento da participação do quartzo. A diminuição da granulometria da calcita provocou um leve aumento na Absorção de água para formulação com a mesma concentração desse carbonato mantendo praticamente inalterados os resultados de retração linear e resistência mecânica. Os resultados desse trabalho mostraram que, pode-se obter produtos cerâmicos para revestimento poroso (BIII) com as altas concentrações de calcita mantendo-se as propriedades exigidas em normas técnica e que a granulometria desse carbonato pode ser usada como parâmetro de ajuste das propriedades dos produtos cerâmicos.
5	ANA KATERINE DE CARVALHO LIMA LOBATO Análise de Fluxos Metabólicos para Otimização da Síntese do Antibiótico Cosmomicina por Streptomyces olindensis ICB20. Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES PATRÍCIA MACHADO BUENO FERNANDES Data: Apr 9, 2010 Show Abstract A análise de fluxos metabólicos (AFM) é uma importante ferramenta de análise do metabolismo celular. O seu conhecimento é de extrema importância para entender como se deve conduzir as condições de cultivo de um organismo, no sentido de melhorar os processos de obtenção de produtos de interesse do homem, bem como para entender como se deve manipular o genoma de uma célula possibilitando a otimização do processo para engenharia genética. Streptomyces olindensis ICB20 é um promissor produtor do antibiótico cosmomicina, uma potente droga antitumoral, sendo de extrema relevância estudar os fluxos metabólicos deste micro-organismo para otimizar a síntese deste produto do metabolismo secundário. Vários grupos de pesquisa brasileiros vêm desenvolvendo estudos na tentativa de otimizar esta produção em biorreatores. Entretanto, nada foi realizado ainda relativo à análise de fluxos metabólicos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar os fatores que afetam o metabolismo de Streptomyces olindensis ICB20, através da análise de fluxos metabólicos de forma que se possa aumentar a produção do metabólito secundário, cosmomicina. O modelo computacional de análise de fluxo metabólico foi desenvolvido através do reconhecimento das rotas metabólicas referente ao metabolismo primário e secundário do micro-organismo Streptomyces olindensis.
6	CARLOS ENRIQUE DE MEDEIROS JERONIMO ESTUDO DE TÉCNICAS PARA O TRATAMENTO ALTERNATIVO DE EFLUENTES OLEOSOS ORIUNDOS DA INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO DA CASTANHA DE CAJU Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO ANDRE LUIS CALADO ARAUJO CARLOS GOMES DA NAVE MENDES FERNANDO JORGE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA Data: May 24, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas técnicas de tratamento para os efluentes oleosos oriundos do processo de beneficiamento da castanha de caju. As técnicas avaliadas foram: processos de oxidação úmida, processos oxidativos avançados, processos de tratamento biológico e processos de adsorção. Os ensaios foram realizados com propostas de modelos cinéticos, com monitoramento da qualidade dos processos por meio da determinação da demanda química de oxigênio (definida como técnica de controle por meio de estudo comparativo entre as técnicas disponíveis). Os resultados demonstram que a biodegradação natural dos efluentes é limitada, e os resultados utilizando da flora natural presente no efluente mostrou-se inviável para aplicação em sistemas industriais, independente do ambiente de avaliação (com ou sem a presença de oxigênio). O emprego de microorganismos específicos para a degradação de compostos oleosos incrementou a viabilidade técnica dessa rota,em níveis adequados para aplicação em sistemas de tratamento de efluentes do beneficiamento da castanha, tendo-se uma boa expressividade, com remoção da DQO. Porém, o uso combinado com outras técnicas de pré-tratamento para esses efluentes mostrou-se ainda mais eficiente para o contexto do tratamento de efluentes e descarte em corpos receptores dentro dos padrões preconizados pela resolução CONAMA 357/2005. Apesar da geração significativa de resíduos sólidos, o emprego do processo de adsorção com resíduos agroindustriais (em especial a quitosana) é uma alternativa tecnicamente viável, porém, quando aplicada apenas para o tratamento dos efluentes para o descarte em corpos d’água, a viabilidade econômica é prejudicada e os ganhos ambientais minimizados. Porém, foi comprovado que se utilizado para fins de reuso, a viabilidade é equiparada e justifica os investimentos. Os processos fotoquímicos são aplicáveis ao tratamento dos efluentes estudados, tendo-se como resultados mais satisfatórios aqueles obtidos para as técnicas de UV-Peróxido. Sendo o resultado diferente do esperado pela utilização de catalisadores usados no processo de Foto-Fenton. Os catalisadores a base de óxido misto de Cério e Manganês, incorporado de promotores de Potássio, apresentaram os melhores resultados na decomposição dos poluentes envolvidos. Os resultados obtidos de forma combinada ao pré-tratamento fotoquímico, após desinfecção com cloro, garantem características próximas a potabilidade da água. O emprego da oxidação úmida apresenta resultados muito significativos na remoção de poluentes, entretanto, o seu alto custo só é viabilizado para emprego em projetos de reuso, em áreas de baixa escassez e de elevados custos com a captação/aquisição da água, em especial, para utilização para uso industrial e potável. A rota com melhores condições econômicas e técnicas para o emprego no tratamento dos efluentes do beneficiamento da castanha de caju, possui a seqüência a seguir: processo convencional de separação água-óleo, processo fotoquímico e por fim, o tratamento biológico complementar.
7	ANITA MARIA DE LIMA "Avaliação do potencial fitorremediador de Ricinus communis L. e Helianthus annuus L. na remoção de chumbo e tolueno em efluentes sintéticos" Advisor : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO APOLINO JOSE NOGUEIRA DA SILVA FABÍOLA GOMES DE CARVALHO DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA ANDREA LESSA DA FONSECA Data: May 28, 2010 Show Abstract O desenvolvimento de pesquisas que visam atenuar ou até mesmo eliminar os impactos ambientais proporcionados pelas ações antropogênicas, sobretudo pelo reflexo direto dos resíduos industriais nos compartimentos bióticos como solo, água e ar, ganharam maior espaço nos ambientes acadêmicos. Uma técnica de remediação natural é a fitorremediação que aplica-se à utilização de vegetais (árvores, arbustos, plantas rasteiras e aquáticas) e de sua microbiota com o fim de remover, degradar ou isolar substâncias tóxicas ao ambiente. O presente trabalho, teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial fitorremediador da mamona (Ricinus communis L) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L), culturas adaptadas da região agreste do Rio Grande do Norte, na redução das concentrações de chumbo e tolueno presentes em efluentes sintéticos que simulam as características da água de produção tratada originada no pólo petroquímico da região. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados em 4 réplicas. Foi utilizada a sementes da variedade BRS Energia para o desenvolvimento das mudas de mamona e Catissol 01 para o girassol, ambas cedidas pela EMPARN. As concentrações de chumbo testadas foram 250, 500 e 1000 mg/L denominados de T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente, para o tolueno as concentrações utilizadas foram 125, 256 e 501 mg/L, denominadas de T5, T6 e T7, respectivamente. Os dados obtidos para remoção de chumbo nos sistemas mamona e girassol foram de 43,89 e 51,85 % (T2), 73,60 e 73,74% (T3) e 85,66 e 87,80% (T4), respectivamente. e para o tolueno foram aproximadamente 52,12e 25,54% (T5), 55,10 e 58,05% (T6) e 79,77 e 74,76% (T7), para mamona e girassol, respectivamente. Os principais mecanismos envolvidos na redução dos contaminantes foram o da fitoextração, com relação ao chumbo e fitodegradação para o tolueno. A partir dos dado obtidos pode-se concluir que as culturas mamona e girassol são promissoras na redução dos contaminantes chumbo e tolueno, podendo serem utilizadas como no processo de pós-tratamento de efluentes industriais que apresentem este tipo de contaminante.
8	JANINE REGINALDA GUIMARAES VIEIRA "AVALIAÇÃO DE CATALISADORES A BASE DE CARBETO E NITRETO DE MOLIBDÊNIO NA OBTENÇÃO DE LACTITOL VIA HIDROGENAÇÃO DA LACTOSE" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA FABIANO ANDRE NARCISO FERNANDES FRANCISCO DE ASSIS OLIVEIRA FONTES JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA NELSON MEDEIROS DE LIMA FILHO Data: Jun 17, 2010 Show Abstract Visando, uma maior valorização do soro de queijo desenvolveu-se o processamento de hidrogenação da lactose para produção de lactitol, um póliol de alto valor agregado, utilizando os catalisadores Ni/C (com 15% e 20% de níquel), o nitreto Mo2N, o carbeto Mo2C e o carbeto bimetálico Ni-Mo suportado em carvão ativado. O reator utilizado na hidrogenação da lactose foi do tipo leito de lama cuja pressão (68 atm), temperatura (120 oC) e velocidade de agitação (500 rpm) permaneceram constantes durante os experimentos. O sistema operou em batelada para a fase sólida e líquida e semi-continuo para a fase gasosa. Além da natureza do catalisador, foi estudada a influencia do pH do meio reacional para o carbeto Mo2C bem como a avaliação do caráter inibidor das proteínas e íons cloretos na atividade dos catalisadores 20% Ni/C e o carbeto bimetálico Ni-Mo suportado em carvão ativado. A diminuição dos teores de proteínas foi realizada através da coagulação com quitosana e a adsorção dos íons cloretos foi realizada através de resinas de troca iônica. No processo de adsorção de proteínas e dos íons cloretos, o percentual máximo recuperado foi em torno de 78,68% e 73,83%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram índices de conversão da lactose em lactitol de 90% para o catalisador 20% Ni/C em pH 6 e 46,08% para o carbeto Mo2C em pH 8 utilizando a lactose comercial. O acompanhamento da evolução dos constituintes presentes no meio reacional foi feito por cromatografia em fase líquida. Um modelo cinético heterogêneo do tipo Langmuir-Hinshelwood foi desenvolvido cujas constantes estimadas evidenciaram que os catalisadores a base de nitreto e aqueles a base de carbetos promovem uma boa adsorção dos reagentes e boa dessorção dos produtos.
9	JORGE DOS SANTOS CAVALCANTI "RECUPERAÇÃO E PURIFICAÇÃO DE PROTEÍNAS DO SORO DE QUEIJO "TIPO COAHO" USANDO CROMATOGRAFIA DE TROCA IÔNICA E INTERAÇÃO HIDROFÓBICA EM LEITO NA FORMA EXPANDIDA" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA CRISTIANE FERNANDES DE ASSIS EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO IVANILDO JOSÉ DA SILVA JUNIOR LÍBIA DE SOUSA CONRADO OLIVEIRA Data: Jun 22, 2010 Show Abstract Resumo: A adsorção em leito expandido vem se destacando como uma técnica promissora dentro do “downstream processing” por ser de fácil manuseio, baixo custo, diminuir etapas de processamento e utilizar o material particulado no seu estado natural. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo recuperar e purificar proteínas presentes no soro de queijo tipo coalho, através da técnica de adsorção em leito expendido, utilizando resinas de troca aniônica Streamline DEAE e troca catiônica Streamline SP e interação hidrofóbica Streamline™ Phenyl,. Foi utilizada uma coluna de 2,6 cm de diâmetro por 30 cm de altura, acoplada a uma bomba peristáltica. Para o estudo do sistema foram realizados testes de hidrodinâmica e corridas de adsorção, com as três resinas, na presença de tampões Tris-HCl nas concentrações 30, 50 e 70 nM, com pHs ajustados com HCl para 7,0; 7,5 e 8,0. Para os testes hidrodinâmicos foram estudadas a expansão do leito e a Distribuição do Tempo de Residência (DTR). Na etapa de recuperação e purificação uma amostra de solução de soro (200 mL) foi aplicada, a temperatura ambiente, a uma coluna contendo resina (25 mL) previamente equilibrada em tampão Tris/HCl (50 mM, pH 7,0), após lavagem efetou-se a eluição de acordo com o tipo de técnica utilizada. Dessa forma, para adsorção com troca iônica a eluição ocorria com adição do eluente 100 ml Tris/HCl (50 mM, pH 7,0 em NaCl 1M). No caso de interação hidrofóbica o eluente consistia de Tris/HCl (50 mM, pH 7,0). Os ensaios de adsorção foram realizados com as resinas Streamline DEAE, Streamline SP e Streamline Phenyl e suas combinações. Os resultados mostraram que para as condições em foram realizadas os ensaios e para o tipo de coluna utilizada, houve uma tendência a linearidade, o coeficiente de correlação (R2) foi da ordem de 0,9 e que a resina Streamline Phenyl obteve um maior grau de expansão que as outras resinas, chegando a uma relação de 2,2. A porosidade das resinas DEAE e SP foram de 0,70 e da resina Phenyl foi um pouco maior, em torno de 0,75. O número de pratos teóricos foi 109, 41,53 e 17,78 e a foi Daxial 0,54, 1,40 e 3,70, para as resinas Streamline DEAE, Streamline SP e Streamline Phenyl, respectivamente. Pode-se obeservar também, que as proteínas do soro são adsorvidas nas três resinas e que após 10 minutos, a concentração de proteína em solução no tanque agitado diminui rapidamente nos primeiros instantes do processo de adsorção. Pode ser observado também que ao se aplicar o soro bruto sem tratamento para as três resinas até a saturação (ruptura), embora exista adsorção das proteínas para essas resinas, perde-se grande parte dessas proteínas nas etapas de carga e lavagem, essas perdas somam 84, 77 e 96%, para as resinas Streamline DEAE, Streamline SP e Streamline Phenyl, respectivamente. Entretanto, Pode-se recuperar 16, 23 e 4%, respectivamente, para as três resinas. As três resinas estudadas apresentaram picos de proteínas na eluição. De acordo com esses picos, foram identificadas 6 bandas de proteínas. Provavelmente essas proteínas sejam: albumina (69 KDa), lactoferrina (76 KDa) e lactoperoxidade (89 KDa), beta-lactoglobulina (18,3 KDa) e alfa-lactoalbumina (14 KDa)., dímero da beta-lactoglobulina. Portanto, as resinas estudadas são compatíveis para serem utilizadas em leito expandido.
10	ANDARAIR GOMES DOS SANTOS DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA ROTA QUÍMICA ALTERNATIVA DE SÍTESE DE SrCo0,8Fe0,2O3-d e LaNi0,3Co0,7O3-d PARA APLICAÇÃO NA REAÇÃO DE OXIDAÇÃO DO CO Advisor : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA CARLOS ALBERTO PASKOCIMAS FRANCISCO DE ASSIS OLIVEIRA FONTES JOSÉ MARCOS SASAKI MARTA LIGIA PEREIRA DA SILVA Data: Jul 2, 2010 Show Abstract Esta tese enfoca o método de síntese de coprecipitação para preparação de materiais cerâmicos com estrutura perovsquita, suas caracterizações e aplicação como material catalítico na reação de conversão de CO a CO2 a partir do catalisador proposto (SrCo0,8Fe0,2O3-d). Uma nova metodologia de síntese a partir da coprecipitação via meio oxalato foi proposta para síntese do material (SrCo0,8Fe0,2O3-d). No intuito de verificar a influência do método de síntese empregado nas características do material, o mesmo foi sintetizado também com base no método de complexação combinando EDTA - Citrato. Ambos os métodos de síntese permitiram obter pós monofásicos, todavia, foi necessário um estudo mais elaborado dos parâmetros de síntese do método de complexação combinando EDTA [UTF-8?]â€“ Citrato, tendo o pH, como um parâmetro relevante. A síntese com base no método via coprecipitação em meio oxalato permitiu obter partículas na mesma ordem de grandeza que os obtidos a partir do método de complexação combinando EDTA - Citrato, nas mesmas condições de tratamento térmico. A natureza do reagente utilizado no método via coprecipitação em meio oxalato apresentou uma diferença de aproximadamente 80 % no tamanho médio de cristalito, enquanto que o agente precipitante praticamente não afetou o tamanho médio de cristalito. Todavia, o método via coprecipitação em meio oxalato apresentou vantagens, tais como: excelentes rendimentos, (90 a 95 %), mantendo na mesma ordem de grandeza, o tamanho médio de cristalito que o método de complexação combinando EDTA - Citrato da rota de síntese estudada neste trabalho. Outras vantagens observadas do método de coprecipitação via oxalato proposto é a obtenção de precursores da fase em estado sólido e em baixa temperatura (~26 oC), como também um menor período de síntese, e com etapas independentes (obtenção dos precursores, lavagens, secagem e calcinação) quando comparado com o método de complexação combinando EDTA [UTF-8?]â€“ Citrato, demonstrando-se ser ainda um método de facilidade de processamento, reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade de produção dos pós. Por fim, o método empregado e as condições de síntese demonstraram ser de fundamental importância nas características e propriedades dos materiais. Para fins comparativo das propriedades catalíticas do material, a perovsquita LaNi0,3Co0,7O3-d foi também sintetizado pelo método de complexação combinando EDTA [UTF-8?]â€“ Citrato. Ambos os materiais (SrCo0,8Fe0,2O3-d e LaNi0,3Co0,7O3-d), foram aplicados em estudos catalíticos a partir da reação de conversão de CO a CO2 a partir do material cerâmico em um reator tubular numa faixa de 75 [UTF-8?]â€“ 300 oC. No início do processo catalítico (100 oC), o mesmo perfil em termos de atividade catalítica e uma cinética de conversão lenta para temperaturas inferiores a 150 °C é observada. Todavia, em altas temperaturas a perovsquita LaNi0,3Co0,7O3-d apresenta uma maior taxa de conversão de CO que a perovsquita SrCo0,8Fe0,2O3-d, 20 a 35 %, respectivamente. Acima desta temperatura, as amostras praticamente têm o mesmo comportamento catalítico.
11	JOSÉ ROBERTO DE SOUZA SÍNTESE DE FISCHER-TROPSCH SOBRE PEROVSKITAS LaYCu0,4Fe0,6O3 Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO LUIZ CARLOS LOBATO DOS SANTOS JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ ANTONIO OSIMAR SOUSA DA SILVA ALFREDO ISMAEL CURBELO GARNICA Data: Jul 30, 2010 Show Abstract A produção atual de 52 milhões m³/dia de gás natural e os grandes projetos para esta expansão vem estabelecendo novas fronteiras para a indústria nacional de petróleo e gás, sendo um dos maiores desafios a logística para o transporte do gás oriundo de campos offshore. Uma alternativa seria usar o gás natural para a produção de gasolina, diesel e/ou alfa-olefinas através da síntese de Fischer-Tropsch. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi investigado a produção de hidrocarbonetos via síntese de Fischer-Tropsch em um reator slurry mediante uso de catalisadores do tipo perovskita, LayCu0,4Fe0,6O3-d, onde y sofreu variação de 0 até 1 em base molar. A síntese dos catalisadores levou em consideração o estudo da influência do teor de lantânio e do suporte na atividade e seletividade da reação de Fischer-Tropsch, objetivando a produção de hidrocarbonetos. As conversões de H2 foram sensivelmente influênciadas pela presença de fases existentes em cada amostra, assim como pelo suporte. Os resultados da cinética de produção de CO2 sofreram grandes influências com a introdução do suporte em toda a série das amostras produzidas. Os catalisadores empregados permitiu a obtenção de cortes bem definidos de hidrocarbonetos na faixa de C1-C6 e C17-C28. sendo estes resultados claramente influênciados pelo suporte e pela variação do teor de lantânio. A maior relação olefina/parafina obtida foi de 1,8 para a perovskita com y igual a 0,8 na amostra não suportada, viabilizando a aplicação deste material na obtenção de olefinas.
12	OTIDENE ROSSITER SA DA ROCHA OLIVEIRA Avaliação de Diferentes Processos Oxidativos Avançados no Tratamento de Resíduos de Petróleo. Advisor : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE COMMITTEE MEMBERS : MARCIA MARIA LIMA DUARTE OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARTA MARIA MENEZES BEZERRA DUARTE RENATO FALCÃO DANTAS VALDINETE LINS DA SILVA Data: Sep 1, 2010 Show Abstract RESUMO. A indústria de petróleo lida com problemas de difícil solução em relação às atividades voltadas para a proteção ambiental, devido à geração de enormes quantidades de resíduos de diversos tipos e níveis de periculosidade. A contaminação do solo por compostos de fase líquida não aquosa, especificamente os hidrocarbonetos de petróleo, tem sido motivo de grande preocupação. Os compostos aromáticos e poliaromáticos apresentam risco à saúde humana por conta do seu caráter carcinogênico e mutagênico. Os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POA) são tecnologias extremamente eficientes para destruição de compostos orgânicos de difícil degradação presentes, muitas vezes, em baixas concentrações. Podem ser consideradas tecnologias limpas, pois não há a formação de subprodutos sólidos nem a transferência de fase dos poluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a degradação de resíduos da indústria de petróleo por Processos Oxidativos Avançados. Foram realizados tratamentos de água de produção de petróleo, borra de petróleo e solo contaminado com petróleo, alcançando-se uma degradação de HPA de 100 %, em 96 horas de tratamento para a borra, 100% em 6 horas de tratamento para água de produção de petróleo e uma degradação de COT de 50,28% em 12 horas de tratamento para o solo contaminado com petróleo. Os POA foram eficientes no tratamento de resíduos de petróleo apresentando-se como uma alternativa promissora no tratamento desses resíduos. Palavras-Chave: Resíduo de Petróleo, Degradação Fotoquímica, Fotocatálise Heterogênea, Hidrocarbonetos. Total de páginas: 104 Dados da Banca:
13	ARISTIDES FELIPE SANTIAGO JUNIOR "OXIDAÇÃO ÚMIDA DE FENOIS COM CATALISADORES DE FERRO SUPORTADO EM ARGILOMINERAIS EM REATOR DE LEITO DE LAMA (SLURRY)" Advisor : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JOAO FERNANDES DE SOUSA JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO ANTONIO OSIMAR SOUSA DA SILVA CESAR AUGUSTO MORAES DE ABREU JUAN ALBERTO CHAVEZ RUIZ MOHAND BENACHOUR Data: Oct 15, 2010 Show Abstract A oxidação úmida de compostos orgânicos a CO2 e H2O tem demonstrado ser uma técnica interessante no tratamento de efluentes. Este trabalho tem como foco a síntese dos catalisadores Fe/K-MnO2/CeO2, K-MnO2/CeO2/Paligorsquita e Fe/paligorsquita e o estudo da avaliação desses materiais na degradação oxidativa do fenol. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator de leito de lama, com controle de temperatura, pressão, velocidade de agitação e coleta de amostras da fase líquida. Os experimentos foram executados nas seguintes condições operacionais: temperatura de 130 oC, pressão de 20,4 atm, concentração mássica do catalisador de 5 g/L e concentração inicial do fenol de 0,5 g/L Os parâmetros avaliados foram: teor de ferro impregnado (0, 3; 7 e 10%) e o pH do meio reacional (3,1; 6,8 e 8,7). As análises por DRX, MEV e FRX, mostraram a dispersão do ferro na paligorsquita, a pureza das fases e finalmente, a composição dos elementos que constituem o catalisador. O uso da paligorsquita como suporte eleva a área especifica superficial do catalisador confirmada por análise BET. As curvas de degradação do fenol indicam que o catalisador FeIII suportado em paligorsquita tem um papel preponderante na conversão de Carbono Orgânico Total quando comparado aos demais catalisadores e que a diminuição da alcalinidade do meio reacional favorece a conversão de fenol. A conversão máxima obtida do fenol com o catalisador 3% Fe/paligorsquita foi em torno de 40 %. Os produtos obtidos identificados por cromatografia em fase líquida foram a hidroquinona, p-benzoquinona, catecol e vários tipos de ácidos. e ácido oxálico. O catalisador 3%Fe/paligorsquita não favorece a formação do ácido acético e sua atividade catalítica é mais favorecida em relação aos demais catalisadores estudados. Um modelo cinético homogêneo é proposto visando estimar as constantes cinéticas de cada etapa da reação.
14	MARIA VALDEREZ PONTE ROCHA "PRODUÇÃO DE BIOETANOL A PARTIR DE PEDÚNCULO DE CAJU (Anacardium occidentale L.) POR FERMENTAÇÃO SUBMERSA" Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ESTER RIBEIRO DE ANDRADE EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES MARIA GIOVANA BINDER PAGNONCELLI VÂNIA MARIA MACIEL MELO Data: Nov 22, 2010 Show Abstract Recentemente, a demanda mundial por etanol combustível tem se expandido de forma muito rápida, e esta deverá aumentar ainda mais no futuro próximo, sendo quase todo etanol combustível é produzido por fermentação de sacarose no Brasil ou glicose de milho nos Estados Unidos, porém, estas matérias-primas não serão suficientes para satisfazer a demanda internacional. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de bioetanol a partir do pedúnculo de caju. Para tal fim, inicialmente, estudou-se a produção de bioetanol a partir do pedúnculo do caju (Anacardium occidentale L) por fermentação submersa, avaliando a influência da concentração inicial das fontes de carbono do suco de caju. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em batelada utilizando a Saccharomyces cerevisiae e suco de caju como fonte de carbono, nas concentrações de 24,4 a 103,1 g.L-1 (glicose +frutose). Nesse ensaio obteve a concentração máxima de etanol (44,4 g.L-1), concentração celular (17,17 g.L-1) e concentração de glicerol (6,4 g.L-1) no ensaio com a concentração inicial de açúcar de 103,1 g.L-1, com um rendimento (YP/S) de etanol de 0,49 (g etanol/g glicose + frutose). Na segunda etapa, estudou a produção de etanol utilizando o bagaço de caju (CAB), realizando o pré-tratamento com ácido sulfúrico diluído, avaliando a concentração de ácido, concentração de bagaço e o tempo a 121 °C. O maior rendimento de glicose (162,9 mg/g de bagaço) foi obtida com 0,6 mol.L-1 de ácido sulfúrico em autoclave a 121°C por 15 min. Com a fermentação do hidrolisado por S. cerevisiae, contendo 16 ± 2,0g.L-1 de glicose, obteve-se 10 g.L-1 de etanol depois de 7 horas de cultivo, rendimento metabólico e produtividade de 0,63 g (g de glicose consumida)-1 e 1,43 g.L-1h-1, respectivamente. Também foi estudada a hidrólise enzimática do CAB após pré-tratamento com ácido diluído (CAB-H) e alcalino (CAB-OH) e a fermentação dos hidrolisados por S.cerevisiae para produzir etanol. Uma conversão de glicose de 82 ± 2 mg/g CAB-H e 730 ±20 mg / g CAB-OH foi obtida utilizando 2% (m/v) de sólidos e 30 FPU/g bagaço a 45 ° C hidrólise, obteve-se uma conversão de 2 vezes maior que o obtido quando usou-se 30 FPU/g bagaço, 44 ± 2 mg/g CAB-H e 450 ± 50 mg / g CAB-OH, respectivamente. Obteve-se uma concentração de etanol e produtividade de 20,0 ± 0,2 g.L-1 e 3,33 g.L-1.h-1, respectivamente,quando se utiliza o hidrolisado de CAB-OH (concentração inicial de glicose de 52,4 g.L-1). Para o hidrolisado CAB-H (concentração inicial de glicose de 17,4 g.L-1), a concentração de etanol de 8,2 ± 0,1 g.L-1 e a produtividade foi 2,7 g.L-1.h-1 em 3 h de ensaio. Esses ensaios apresentaram um rendimentos de etanol de 0,38 g/g de glicose e 0,47 g/g de glicose, prétratados com CAB-OH e CAB-H, respectivamente. O potencial do bagaço de caju como fonte de açúcares para a produção de etanol por Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025 também foi avaliado neste trabalho. Primeiro, a levedura foi cultivda em meio sintético contendo glicose e xilose. Os resultados mostraram que ela foi capaz de produzir etanol e xilitol em pH 4,5. Em seguida, o hidrolisado do pré-tratamento com ácido (CABH) foi utilizado como fonte de carbono e o ensaio foi conduzido em batelada a pH 4,5, e a levedura apenas produziu etanol, provavelmente devido a inativação das enzimas necessárias para a rota metabólica do xilitol. Nesse ensaio também verificou-se a influência da temperatura nos parâmetros cinéticos visando otimizar o processo. Os melhores resultados para a produção de etanol foram a 30 °C, coincidindo com a temperatura ótima de crescimento, resultando em 12,36 ± 0,06 g.L-1 de etanol, com uma taxa volumétrica de produção de 0,257 ± 0,002g.L-1.h-1 e uma produção de etanol de 0,417 ± 0,003 g/g de glicose. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram o potencial do hidrolisado de bagaço de caju como uma nova fonte de açúcares para produzir etanol por S. cerevisiae e K. marxianus CE025. A concentração de etanol e produtividade obtida usando o hidrolisado CAB-OH, foi próximo aos valores obtidos na fermentação alcoólica convencional do suco de caju e do melaço. Com estes resultados, conclui-se que o uso do suco e bagaço de caju como substrato para a produção de etanol trará benefícios econômicos ao processo, por se tratar de um substrato de baixo custo e também resolverá um problema de descarte, agregando valor à cadeia produtiva da castanha e caju.
15	ANDRE LUIS NOVAIS MOTA DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM SISTEMA DE FOTO-OXIDATIVO VISANDO APLICAÇÃO NO TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUAS PRODUZIDAS EM CAMPOS DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AMILCAR MACHULEK JUNIOR CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL CLÁUDIO AUGUSTO OLLER DO NASCIMENTO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 17, 2010 Show Abstract A crescente preocupação com o meio ambiente, além de leis cada vez mais rígidas para quem polui, tem feito as indústrias buscarem alternativas para o tratamento de seus resíduos. Nos últimos anos, a indústria de petróleo, especificamente, tem procurado meios de remediar um de seus maiores problemas ambientais: o descarte abundante das águas produzidas em campos de produção, que, após serem tratadas, são em sua maioria lançadas ao mar. Tais efluentes contêm compostos orgânicos dissolvidos de difícil remoção e alta toxicidade, como hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos – HPA, benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos – BTEX, fenóis. Os processos oxidativos avançados – POA têm-se mostrado eficazes na degradação de compostos orgânicos, pois geram substâncias (radicais hidroxila) com elevado potencial de oxidação, capazes de degradar estes compostos. O presente trabalho contempla o desenvolvimento de um reator fotoquímico aplicado no tratamento fotodegradativo (via processo foto-Fenton) de efluentes contendo compostos orgânicos dissolvidos, visando aplicação no tratamento e recuperação das águas produzidas. Utilizando um efluente modelo contendo fenol, este reator permitiu empregar e avaliar duas fontes emissoras de radiação ultravioleta (principal fator que contribui para viabilidade ou não da aplicação deste tipo de processo), o sol e lâmpadas fluorescentes de luz negra, além de outras variáveis relevantes ao processo como concentração de reagentes e área irradiada (este, que demonstrou ser um dos fatores que tem maior – e positiva – influência no processo) e ainda diversas configurações do reator de modo a maximizar o aproveitamento da radiação. A radiação solar mostrou-se mais eficaz do que a proveniente das lâmpadas, sendo um fator importante para a redução dos custos de operação deste processo. Testes do sistema aplicado à água produzida apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatórios, reduzindo em até 76 % a carga orgânica.
16	ANA CARMEN DOS SANTOS MENDES DE OLIVEIRA "Recuperação e Purificação de Ramnolipídeos Produzido por Pseudomonas Aeruginosa P029-GVIIA Utilizando Melaço de Cana como Substrato" Advisor : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO ANDREA FARIAS DE ALMEIDA FLÁVIO LUIZ HONORATO DA SILVA MARIA VALDEREZ PONTE ROCHA Data: Dec 29, 2010 Show Abstract Os biossurfactantes são produzidos por microrganismos, principalmente, bactérias do tipo Pseudomonas e Bacillus. Pseudomonas aeruginosas que produzem os rhamnolipídeos e Bacillus subtilis produtores de surfactina, um lipopeptídeo. Entre os biossurfactantes, o rhamnolipídeo é o mais estudado devido as suas propriedades tensoativas e emulsificantes. Apesar do processo biotecnológico de produção de biossurfactante, já tenha sido estabelecido há alguns anos, o alto custo de produção e o caro processo de downstream têm impedido sua ampla utilização. Deste modo, os últimos estudos estão concentrados na identificação de potenciais surfactantes, na avaliação de suas propriedades e na otimização dos processos fermentativos para sua produção, bem como das etapas de purificação. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver técnicas de baixo custo na separação e purificação de ramnolipideos produzidos por Pseudomonas aeruginosa P029-GVIIA utilizando melaço de cana como substrato. Para a produção do biossurfactante neste trabalho, foi utilizado uma cepa de Pseudomonas aeruginosas AP029/GLVIIA isolada de poço de petróleo e melaço de cana como fonte de carbono na concentração de 3%, uma concentração de 0,3% de NaNO3 como fonte de nitrogênio e uma razão de aeração 0,4 (Vmeio/Vfrasco). Com o caldo fermentado livre de células estudou-se as melhores técnicas de recuperação e purificação do biossurfactante produzido para este sistema. Dentre os ácidos estudados (HCl e H2SO4) para a etapa de precipitação o HCl foi o que obteve melhor resultado através de um planejamento experimental 24. A extração foi realizada com o éter de petróleo e a quantificação através do método do ácido tioglicólico. Estudos de adsorção foram realizados com carvão ativado tanto para banho finito através de um planejamento experimental 24 como em leito fixo com carvão ativado e o seu efeito combinado com uma resina de interação hidrofóbica Streamline Phenyl, com a finalidade de separar o biossurfactante produzido. Para a identificação foi utilizada a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Os ensaios em banho finito mostraram uma influência significativa do pH, da temperatura, da concentração do carvão e das interações entre elas na adsorção do biossurfactante do meio para o tempo de 60 mim. As curvas geradas em diferentes concentrações de caldo vs tempo para a fase liquida e para a fase sólida, nas melhores condições obtidas através do planejamento em banho finito, obteve-se uma redução da concentração de 41,4% e 37% para as concentrações iniciais de 340,751 e 269,448 mg/L na fase liquida no equilíbrio, respectivamente, e para a fase sólida foi possível adsorver os biossurfactantes na proporção de 15 mg de ramnolipídeo/ g de carvão. O eluido obtido do leito utilizando carvão ativado ao ser usado num leito de interação hidrofóbica permitiu a obtenção de uma fração de um pico de ramnolipídeo num tempo de retenção de 2,56 minutos a 265 nm ao ser analisado em cromatográfica liquida de alta eficiência.

2009

	Dissertations
1	RICARDO HENRIQUE ROCHA DE CARVALHO AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA DE CATALISADORES COMERCIAIS NA OBTENÇÃO DE BIODIESEL DE ALGODÃO (GOSSIPIUM HISUTUM L.) Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CRISLENE RODRIGUES DE MORAIS ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARTA MARIA DA CONCEIÇÃO Data: Feb 2, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: A crescente demanda por energia e as conseqüências ambientais derivadas do uso de energia fóssil, além da futura escassez do petróleo, que atualmente é a principal fonte de energia do mundo, impulsionaram as pesquisas em torno da produção de biodiesel. Neste trabalho foi realizada a síntese do biodiesel de algodão pela rota metílica, fazendo-se uso de catalisadores comerciais homogêneos, Na-Methylat e K-Methylat, visando à avaliação da eficiência destes. Um planejamento experimental 23 com ponto central em triplicata foi elaborado visando avaliar a influência das variáveis (razão molar óleo/álcool, % de catalisador e temperatura), bem como indicar o ponto ótimo de operação em cada caso. Os biodieseis foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa, indicando uma conversão de 96,79% quando utilizado o Na-Methylat como catalisador, e 95,65% quando se utilizou o K-Methylat. O melhor resultado encontrado com relação à conversão se deu nas seguintes condições: razão molar óleo/álcool (1:8), temperatura de 40°C e 1% de catalisador Na-Methylat, alcançando uma conversão de 96,79%, estando, portanto, acima do estabelecido pela norma européia (96,5%). A análise de regressão submetida mostrou que o único efeito significativo para um nível de 95% de confiança, foi o da variável temperatura. A análise de variância constatou que o modelo proposto se mostra muito bem ajustado às respostas experimentais, sendo significativo sob o ponto de vista estatístico, porém não serve para fins preditivos dentro dos intervalos estabelecidos para cada variável. As melhores amostras foram analisadas por infravermelho que identificou as bandas fortes de deformação axial C=O do éster metílico, caracterizadas através de análises físico-químicas que indicaram conformidade com as normas da ANP, que juntamente com as análises térmicas e reológicas constataram que o biodiesel pode ser utilizado como combustível alternativo em substituição ao diesel.
2	ANA PAULA COSTA CAMARA PROPRIEDADES CERÂMICAS E IMOBILIZAÇÃO DE MANGANÊS EM CERÂMICA ESTRUTURAL Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS LAIR PEREIRA DE CARVALHO MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO Data: Feb 19, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: Neste trabalho estudou-se a adição de um íon metálico, Manganês bivalente, em uma argila do Rio Grande do Norte para uso em cerâmica estrutural, tendo como objetivo avaliar a evolução das propriedades cerâmicas e ambientais. A argila foi caracterizada por Análise Química (FRX) e Difratograma de Raios X (DRX). O íon metálico foi adicionado à argila na forma de soluções aquosas nas concentrações de 100, 150 e 200 mg/L. A moldagem foi por extrusão e a queima foi realizada nas temperaturas de 850, 950, 1050 e 1150 ºC respectivamente. Fez-se a Análise Química de corpos queimados, e os ensaios ambientais de Solubilidade e cerâmicos de Cor, Retração Linear (%), Absorção de Água (%), Curvas de Gresificação, Porosidade Aparente (%), Massa Específica Aparente (g/cm3) e Tensão de Ruptura à Flexão (Kgf/cm2) para os corpos queimados. Os resultados mostraram que aumentando a concentração do íon metálico, propriedades como Porosidade Aparente (%), Absorção de Água (%) diminuem e a Tensão de Ruptura à Flexão (Kgf/cm2) cresce com o aumento da temperatura independente da concentração do íon. As curvas de gresificação mostraram que as temperaturas ótimas de queima ficaram no intervalo compreendido entre 950 e 1050 °C. A avaliação das propriedades cerâmicas demonstrou que o material estudado é possível seu uso em tijolo maciço cerâmico e materiais com função de preenchimento estrutural. Os resultados de solubilidade revelaram que a adição do íon não oferece risco ao meio ambiente.
3	BENTO PEREIRA DA COSTA NETO DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SISTEMAS MICRO E NANOESTRUTURADOS E QUITOSANA/MDI PARA APLICAÇÕES COSMÉTICAS Advisor : ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADRIANO MARIM DE OLIVEIRA ANA LUCIA DE MEDEIROS LULA DA MATA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS Data: Mar 5, 2009 Show Abstract Resumo: O presente trabalho visou o estudo e desenvolvimento de um sistema micro e nanoestruturado de quitosana reticulada por diisocianato, pela técnica de policondensação interfacial combinada com emulsificação espontânea, para encapsulação de benzofenona-3 (BZ-3), um filtro solar químico. Foi elaborado primeiramente um planejamento experimental de 23 para desenvolvimento da formulação de partículas de quitosana e MDI (4,4-difenil metano diisocianato), onde as variáveis foram às concentrações de MDI, de quitosana e do solvente. A partir dos dados fornecidos pelo planejamento experimental, optou-se pelas condições de processo e formulação capazes de gerar o menor diâmetro de partícula. O estudo prosseguiu com a incorporação de BZ-3 e Miglyol (núcleo das cápsulas formadas). Suspensões de nanocápsulas com concentrações de 6,25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 18,75 mg/mL e 25 mg/mL de BZ-3 foram preparadas, porém durante o período de armazenamento ocorreu o aparecimento de precipitados cristalinos, nas suspensões de 18,75 mg/mL e 25 mg/mL de BZ-3. Este aparecimento de precipitados cristalinos foi atribuído à difusão da BZ-3 para a fase aquosa não ocorrendo sua encapsulação. A suspensão contendo 6,25 mg/mL de BZ-3 apresentou diâmetro médio de 1,47µm, potencial zeta de 61 mV, pH de 5,64 e teor de encapsulação próximos a 100 %. A suspensão contendo 12,5mg/mL de BZ-3 apresentou diâmetro médio de 1,76µm, potencial zeta de 47,4mV, pH 5,71 e teor de encapsulação próximos a 100 % e foi selecionada juntamente com a de 6,25 mg/mL para a continuidade do estudo. Estas formulações foram caracterizadas também pela morfologia, turbidimetria, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, DSC e foi elaborado um estudo de liberação controlada do fármaco em diferentes meios receptores. Em conclusão, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra que estas formulações são sistemas promissores para a aplicação cutânea de filtros solares.
4	LUIZ FERREIRA DA SILVA FILHO AVALIAÇÃO DA REMOÇÃO DE SULFETO DE HIDROGÊNIO DO GÁS NATURAL EM COLUNA DE ABSORÇÃO Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALEXANDRE GURGEL EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Mar 5, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: O gás natural, embora seja composto basicamente de hidrocarbonetos leves, apresenta também em sua composição gases contaminantes como o CO2 (Dióxido de carbono) e o H2S (Sulfeto de hidrogênio). O H2S, que comumente ocorre nas atividades de exploração e produção de óleo e gás, além de estar entre os responsáveis pela chuva ácida e pelo efeito-estufa, causa sérios danos à saúde, levando inclusive à morte, e danifica as tubulações de transporte do petróleo e do gás natural. Por isso, eliminando-se o gás sulfídrico haverá significativa redução dos custos de operação e uma melhor qualidade do óleo destinado à refinaria, resultando assim num beneficio econômico, ambiental e social. Tudo isso demonstra a necessidade do desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de seqüestrantes que removam o sulfeto de hidrogênio da indústria de petróleo. Atualmente existem vários processos para o tratamento do gás natural utilizados pela indústria petrolífera para remoção do H2S, no entanto eles produzem derivados de aminas prejudiciais às torres de destilação, precipitados insolúveis que provocam entupimento dos dutos e originam resíduos de grande impacto ambiental. Por isso, a obtenção de um sistema estável em meio reacional inorgânico ou orgânico capaz de remover o gás sulfídrico sem formar subprodutos que afetem a qualidade e o custo do processamento, transporte e distribuição do gás natural é de grande importância. Nesse contexto a avaliação da cinética de remoção do H2S surge como um procedimento valioso para o tratamento do gás natural e destino dos subprodutos do processo. Esta avaliação foi feita numa coluna de absorção recheada com anéis de Raschig, por onde o gás natural contaminado com H2S atravessava uma solução estagnada, sendo por esta absorvida. Na saída da coluna o teor de H2S no gás era monitorado por um analisador de H2S. A comparação das curvas obtidas e o estudo das reações permitiram não somente determinar a eficiência e a etapa controladora da transferência de massa dos processos envolvidos como também efetuar um estudo cinético mais aprofundado e avaliar o potencial comercial de cada reagente.
5	MARCIONILA DE OLIVEIRA FERREIRA "PURIFICAÇÃO DA GLICERINA BRUTA OBTIDA A PARTIR DA TRANSESTERIFICAÇÃO DO ÓLEO DE ALGODÃO" Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA Data: Mar 5, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO A glicerina bruta é uma matéria-prima que pode ser empregada em uma ampla variedade de produtos como, cosméticos, químicos, farmacêuticos. Mesmo com todas as impurezas inerentes ao processo de sua obtenção, a glicerina bruta já se constitui em um subproduto vendável. Entretanto, o mercado é muito mais favorável à comercialização da glicerina purificada, que possui maior valor agregado. A glicerina é um subproduto resultante do processo de transesterificação de óleos e gorduras residuais na produção do biodiesel. Mais recentemente, a implantação da nova Lei Federal, relacionada à aplicação dos recursos energéticos, obriga, a partir de 2008, o acréscimo de 2% de biodiesel no diesel comum com perspectivas para 5% (B5). Dessa forma, é indispensável que novas rotas de purificação assim como novos mercados sejam desenvolvidos. O presente trabalho consistiu em purificar, através da troca iônica, a glicerina bruta obtida da reação de transesterificação do óleo de algodão. O óleo de algodão foi caracterizado quanto à composição em ácidos graxos e caracterização físico-química. O processo da troca iônica foi realizado em batelada. Foram utilizadas nesse processo as resinas catiônica forte, aniônica fraca e uma resina mista utilizada para deionizar água. A glicerina purificada foi caracterizada quanto ao teor de metais presentes. Foram realizados ensaios de adsorção com carvão ativado, e para isto, foram feitos ensaios de tempo de contato com carvão bem como quantidade de carvão utilizada. Foram avaliados: o tempo de ativação, a quantidade de solução de ativação, o tempo de contato da solução de glicerol com as resinas, a quantidade de resina aplicada e o tipo de resina utilizada. Considerando as análises feitas com carvão ativado, quando a solução de glicerina foi tratada utilizando as resinas em separado observou-se que, nas condições definidas para o tratamento (10g de resina, 5 horas de contato com cada resina e 50 mL de solução de glicerol), sua condutividade diminuiu para a resina catiônica, aumentou para a resina aniônica e teve um valor variável com relação a resina mista. No tratamento em série, houve uma diminuição constante da condutividade da solução de glicerina. Considerando os dois tipos de tratamento, em série e em separado, o teor de glicerol para a solução de glicerina pré-purificada com as diferentes resinas variou de 12,46 a 29,51% (solução diluída). Nas análises realizadas sem o uso do carvão ativado, o comportamento da condutividade da solução de glicerina foi similar ao resultado para o tratamento com carvão ativado, tanto em série quanto em separado. A solução de glicerina pré-purificada apresentou teor de glicerol variando de 8,3 a 25,7% (solução diluída). Com relação ao pH, este manteve um comportamento de acordo com o esperado, ácido para a solução de glicerina tratada com resina catiônica, básico quando a solução de glicerina foi tratada com a resina aniônica e neutro quando tratada com a resina mista, independente do tipo de procedimento utilizado (com ou sem carvão, resinas em separado ou em série). Com relação à cor da solução de glicerina pré-purificada, a resina que apresentou melhor resultado foi a aniônica (incolor), no entanto isto não quer dizer que a solução esteja mais pura em glicerol.
6	DIEGO ANGELO DE ARAUJO GOMES APLICAÇÃO DE MICROEMULSÃO NA SOLUBILIZAÇÃO DE FRAÇÕES PESADAS DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALEXANDRE GURGEL EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Mar 6, 2009 Show Abstract Resumo: No presente trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho das microemulsões na solubilização de frações pesadas do petróleo, responsáveis pela formação de depósitos. A primeira fase do trabalho foi direcionada à construção dos diagramas de fases, com o intuito de determinar a região na qual a microemulsão é formada. Os seguintes sistemas foram estudados: UNITOL L 90 n-Butanol Água Querosene (sistema 1); Unitol L 90 n-Butanol Água Xileno (sistema 2); Unitol L 90 n-Butanol Água Querosene/Xileno 10% (sistema 3); Unitol L 90 Sec-Butanol Água Xileno (sistema 4). Em paralelo foram conduzidos experimentos de adsorção física pelo método estático, com o intuito de simular condições naturais de reservatório. Utilizou-se óleo bruto do campo de Fazenda Belém, (Petrobras - Rio Grande do Norte), xileno como solvente, arenito Assu (Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil) e arenito Botucatu (Paraná, Brasil) como rochas reservatório. As curvas de adsorção foram enquadradas no formato S, de acordo com a classificação proposta por Giles, Smith & Huitson (1974). O processo de solubilização foi realizado em regime de batelada, variando o tempo de agitação, as microemulsões e a razão arenito/microemulsão. Ensaios mostraram que os sistemas apresentaram alta eficiência na solubilização do óleo bruto adsorvido sobre os arenitos. O sistema 2 apresentou uma eficiência de 99% para o arenito Assu e 97% para o arenito Botucatu.
7	SHIRLLE KATIA DA SILVA NUNES REMOÇÃO CONJUGADA DE METAIS E ÓLEO DE ÁGUA PRODUZIDA Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ALEXANDRE GURGEL EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Mar 6, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: O petróleo pode estar associado ou não com o gás natural, mas, em ambos os casos, a água está presente desde a sua formação. A presença da água ocasiona diversos problemas, tais como a dificuldade de remover o petróleo da rocha e a formação de emulsões do tipo água-em-óleo e óleo-em-água. A água de produção gera problemas ambientais, que devem ser solucionados para que o efeito da indústria do petróleo no meio ambiente seja minimizado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo remover associadamente o petróleo disperso e os metais dissolvidos na água de produção. O processo é viabilizado através da utilização de tensoativos aniônicos, que com suas partes hidrofílicas interagem com os metais ionizados e com suas partes lipofílicas interagem com o óleo. Os metais estudados foram: o cálcio, o magnésio, o bário e o cádmio. Os tensoativos utilizados na pesquisa foram derivados dos óleos de soja, girassol, coco e um sabão oriundo de uma mistura de 5% do óleo de coco e 95% de gordura animal. Utilizou-se uma amostra de água produzida proveniente do Terminal de São Sebastião, em São Paulo. Como a concentração dos metais estudados nesta água apresentavam valores próximos a 300 mg/L, decidiu-se fixar esta concentração como referência para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Para determinar as concentrações dos metais e do petróleo na água foram utilizados os espectrofotômetros de absorção atômica e de absorção molecular, respectivamente. Utilizou-se um sistema de filtração a pressão constante para promover a separação das fases sólida e líquida. Para representar o comportamento dos sistemas em estudo desenvolveu-se um modelo de equilíbrio e outro matemático. Os resultados mostraram que todos os tensoativos desenvolvidos apresentavam comportamento similar com relação à extração dos metais, sendo selecionado o tensoativo derivado do óleo de soja para este propósito. Os valores dos coeficientes de partição dos metais entre as fases sólida e líquida D variaram de 0,2 a 1,1, enquanto que os dos coeficientes do modelo de equilíbrio K ficaram entre 0,0002 e 0,0009. O percentual de remoção conjugada do óleo com todos os metais foi praticamente igual a 100 %, o que comprovou a eficiência do processo.
8	BRUNO ALEXANDRE DE ARAUJO SOUSA FUNCIONALIDADE DOS EXTRATOS FENÓLICOS OBTIDOS PELO CULTIVO SEMI-SÓLIDO DE RESÍDUOS DE ABACAXI (Ananas Comosus L.) E GOIABA (Psidium Guajava L.) Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARGARIDA MARIA DOS ANJOS MAGALHAES FLÁVIO LUIZ HONORATO DA SILVA Data: Apr 30, 2009 Show Abstract Resumo: O cultivo semi-sólido tem se tornado nos últimos anos uma alternativa eficiente no aproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de compostos de alto valor agregado, sobretudo em países em desenvolvimento. Este trabalho apresenta resultados da produção e funcionalidade de extratos fenólicos obtidos através de cultivo semi-sólido de resíduos de abacaxi (Ananas comosus L.) e goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) associados ao farelo de soja por meio do fungo Rhizopus oligosporus. Dois grupos experimentais foram estudados: (1) 9g de resíduo e 1g de farinha de soja (A9 ou G9); (2) 5g de resíduo e 5g de farinha de soja (A5 ou G5). Após o cultivo semi-sólido, 100 mL de água destilada foram adicionados a cada frasco Erlenmeyer contendo 10g de material bioprocessado para obtenção dos extratos fenólicos não concentrados. Amostras foram tomadas ao longo do cultivo e avaliadas quanto à concentração de fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante pelo teste DPPH ao longo de 12 dias de cultivo. Os extratos aquosos obtidos após dois e dez dias de cultivo foram selecionados e concentrados até redução de 1/10 do volume original. Em seguida, tanto os extratos concentrados quanto os não-concentrados desses pontos foram submetidos à avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella enterica e poder inibitório da enzima -amilase. Durante o cultivo foi observada relação inversa entre a produção de fenólicos livres e capacidade antioxidante dos extratos. As amostras fenólicas concentradas dos resíduos de abacaxi após dois dias de cultivo apresentaram capacidade de inibir o crescimento dos patógenos testados, especialmente o S. aureus. Para o resíduo de goiaba, foi observado que os extratos fenólicos concentrados de ambos os grupos experimentais após 2 dias de cultivo demonstraram expressiva inibição da Salmonella enterica, porém, não apresentaram resultados positivos contra S. aureus. Quanto à atividade anti-amilase, os extratos fenólicos do grupo experimental A9 após dois dias de cultivo apresentaram capacidade de inibir completamente a ação da enzima α-amilase. Comportamento similar foi detectado para as amostras do grupo experimental G9, porém, apenas para as amostras concentradas. A concentração por ebulição dos extratos fenólicos nos grupos A9 e G9 favoreceu o aumento da inibição enzimática. Comportamento diferente foi observado nas amostras dos grupos A5 e G5 que apresentaram baixa atividade anti-amilase, possivelmente influenciada por modificações decorrentes da concentração por ebulição.
9	BRUNO ALEXANDRE DE ARAUJO SOUSA FUNCIONALIDADE DOS EXTRATOS FENÓLICOS OBTIDOS PELO CULTIVO SEMI-SÓLIDO DE RESÍDUOS DE ABACAXI (Ananas Comosus L.) E GOIABA (Psidium Guajava L.) Advisor : ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FLÁVIO LUIZ HONORATO DA SILVA MARGARIDA MARIA DOS ANJOS MAGALHAES ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN Data: Apr 30, 2009 Show Abstract Resumo: O cultivo semi-sólido tem se tornado nos últimos anos uma alternativa eficiente no aproveitamento de resíduos agroindustriais para a produção de compostos de alto valor agregado, sobretudo em países em desenvolvimento. Este trabalho apresenta resultados da produção e funcionalidade de extratos fenólicos obtidos através de cultivo semi-sólido de resíduos de abacaxi (Ananas comosus L.) e goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) associados ao farelo de soja por meio do fungo Rhizopus oligosporus. Dois grupos experimentais foram estudados: (1) 9g de resíduo e 1g de farinha de soja (A9 ou G9); (2) 5g de resíduo e 5g de farinha de soja (A5 ou G5). Após o cultivo semi-sólido, 100 mL de água destilada foram adicionados a cada frasco Erlenmeyer contendo 10g de material bioprocessado para obtenção dos extratos fenólicos não concentrados. Amostras foram tomadas ao longo do cultivo e avaliadas quanto à concentração de fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante pelo teste DPPH ao longo de 12 dias de cultivo. Os extratos aquosos obtidos após dois e dez dias de cultivo foram selecionados e concentrados até redução de 1/10 do volume original. Em seguida, tanto os extratos concentrados quanto os não-concentrados desses pontos foram submetidos à avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella enterica e poder inibitório da enzima -amilase. Durante o cultivo foi observada relação inversa entre a produção de fenólicos livres e capacidade antioxidante dos extratos. As amostras fenólicas concentradas dos resíduos de abacaxi após dois dias de cultivo apresentaram capacidade de inibir o crescimento dos patógenos testados, especialmente o S. aureus. Para o resíduo de goiaba, foi observado que os extratos fenólicos concentrados de ambos os grupos experimentais após 2 dias de cultivo demonstraram expressiva inibição da Salmonella enterica, porém, não apresentaram resultados positivos contra S. aureus. Quanto à atividade anti-amilase, os extratos fenólicos do grupo experimental A9 após dois dias de cultivo apresentaram capacidade de inibir completamente a ação da enzima α-amilase. Comportamento similar foi detectado para as amostras do grupo experimental G9, porém, apenas para as amostras concentradas. A concentração por ebulição dos extratos fenólicos nos grupos A9 e G9 favoreceu o aumento da inibição enzimática. Comportamento diferente foi observado nas amostras dos grupos A5 e G5 que apresentaram baixa atividade anti-amilase, possivelmente influenciada por modificações decorrentes da concentração por ebulição.
10	ANA KARLA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA Extração Simultânea de Petróleo e de Metais Pesados em Águas Produzidas usando o Sistema MDIF com uma Mistura de QAV e Óleo de Coco como Extratante. Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: May 29, 2009 Show Abstract Entre os diversos efluentes gerados na indústria do petróleo, encontram-se as águas de produção que são misturas complexas de materiais orgânicos e inorgânicos, suspensos e dissolvidos. Dentre os seus contaminantes encontram-se os metais pesados e o petróleo, cuja concentração, nestes efluentes, pode exceder os limites permissíveis pela legislação em vigor. Atualmente, vários estudos estão sendo realizados a fim de se obter uma utilização industrial mais nobre para os óleos vegetais. Diante disto, o trabalho consistiu no isolamento dos ácidos graxos do óleo de coco a partir de três rotas: hidrólise alcalina, hidrólise ácida e método folch para utilização destes como extratantes, assim como o óleo de coco in natura. Neste contexto, foi realizado um estudo sistemático da extração de metais pesados e petróleo verificando-se o comportamento de complexação e separação tanto em ensaios de bancada, como fazendo uso do protótipo de Laboratório do Misturador-decantador à Inversão de Fases (MDIF) para tratar as águas de produção. As melhores porcentagens de eficiência de extração obtidas foram 83,5% para Cd, 77,0% para Pb, 65,5% para Ni e 84,0% para petróleo utilizando-se óleo de coco como extratante.
11	BRÍGGIDA DANTAS DE MOURA AUTOMAÇÃO DE UM SISTEMA ROTATÓRIO PARA SECAGEM DO REJEITO DE MARACUJÁ Advisor : EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA MANOEL MARCELO DO PRADO SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA Data: Aug 28, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: O secador rotatório é um dos equipamentos amplamente utilizados nas indústrias de processamento. Sua operação em modo de controle automático é importante para manter, principalmente, a umidade do produto final na especificação de interesse. As estratégias de controle clássicas, tais como o controle PID (proporcional integral derivativo), são largamente utilizadas no setor industrial devido à sua robustez e facilidade de implementação. Neste trabalho foi implementado um sistema de aquisição de dados para o monitoramento das variáveis mais relevantes do processo de secagem, tais como: temperatura do gás na entrada e na saída do secador, rotação do tambor, velocidade e umidade do ar na saída do secador, e massa do produto final. Testes em malha aberta foram realizados para identificar um modelo matemático capaz de representar o processo de secagem no sistema rotatório. A partir deste modelo, o controlador PID foi sintonizado utilizando o método de síntese direta e admitindo uma trajetória de primeira ordem. O controlador PID foi implementado no sistema com o objetivo de controlar a temperatura do ar de secagem na alimentação do secador. Por fim, testes em malha fechada (operando em modo automático) foram realizados para observar o desempenho do controlador e, com a melhor sintonia definida, experimentos com a matéria-prima, rejeito de maracujá, se procederam. Os ensaios realizados em malha fechada permitiram verificar um desempenho satisfatório da estratégia de controle implementada para a temperatura do ar de secagem do sistema rotatório.
12	LENITA DA SILVA LUCIO FERNANDES CONTROLE FEEDBACK DE NÍVEL BASEADO EM SENSOR DE IMAGEM APLICADO AO EQUIPAMENTO MISTURADOR-DECANTADOR A INVERSÁO DE FASES (MDIF) Advisor : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDERSON LUIZ DE OLIVEIRA CAVALCANTI FABRICIO MACHADO SILVA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: Sep 3, 2009 Show Abstract O tratamento de águas residuais contaminadas com óleo é um assunto de grande interesse prático, principalmente no que se refere às questões ambientais. Um processo bastante relevante que vem sendo estudado no tratamento semi-contínuo de águas contaminadas com óleo é o Misturador-Decantador à Inversão de Fases (MDIF®). Uma variável importante na operação do sistema MDIF® é o nível da interface água/solvente orgânico na seção de separação. O controle deste nível é essencial tanto para evitar o arraste de solvente pela água como para melhorar a eficiência de remoção do óleo pelo solvente. A despeito disso, a medida (em linha) da interface de separação ainda constitui uma tarefa difícil e são poucos os sensores capazes de medir tal interface. No caso de sistemas em escala de bancada, não há sensores de interface com dimensões compatíveis. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo implementar um sistema de controle de nível para a interface de separação (solvente orgânico/água) no equipamento MDIF®. A medida de nível da interface está baseada na aquisição e tratamento de imagens obtidas dinamicamente por uma câmera. A estratégia de controle foi desenvolvida para operar em modo feedback, onde a medida de nível obtida pelo sensor de imagem é comparada ao nível desejado e a ação de controle é tomada sobre uma válvula, seguindo uma lei do tipo PID. Um programa de aquisição de dados e controle foi desenvolvido em Fortran para realizar as seguintes tarefas: aquisição de imagem, identificação da interface água/solvente orgânico, tomada de decisões, envio dos sinais de controle e registro de dados em arquivo. Alguns experimentos em malha aberta foram realizados, onde perturbações aleatórias tipo pulso foram aplicadas na variável de entrada (vazão de saída de água). As respostas do nível de interface permitiram a identificação do processo através de modelos de função de transferência. A partir destes modelos, os parâmetros para o controlador PID foram sintonizados por síntese direta e testes em malha fechada foram realizados. Os resultados preliminares da malha feedback demonstraram que o sensor e a estratégia de controle desenvolvidos neste trabalho foram satisfatórios para controlar o nível da interface água/solvente orgânico.
13	ANDRE EZEQUIEL GOMES DO NASCIMENTO AVALIAÇÃO DA MOLHABILIDADE DE SOLUÇÕES DE TENSOATIVOS EM AÇO INOXIDÁVEL Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CLODOMIRO ALVES JUNIOR EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Sep 4, 2009 Show Abstract Com o crescente aumento da industrialização, provocado pela globalização do planeta, tornou-se cada vez mais comum a busca por materiais de alta resistência e durabilidade para os mais diversificados ramos de atividades. Assim, a produção e procura por materiais que atendam estas exigências tornou-se cada vez maior com o passar dos anos. Logo, um dos materiais que vêm preenchendo bem os requisitos necessários para esta aplicação é o aço inoxidável, devido às suas diversas características aplicáveis aos diferentes ramos da indústria. O interesse das companhias de petróleo por reservas de óleos pesados vem apresentando aumento constante durante as últimas décadas. As propriedades reológicas destes óleos impedem o seu transporte em sistemas convencionais de fluxo. A partir deste problema surge a necessidade do desenvolvimento de tecnologias que permitam melhorar o escoamento e transporte, reduzindo os custos de operação, para, assim, viabilizar a produção de óleo no reservatório. Diante disto, surge o transporte através de sistemas contendo tensoativos, que reduzem as tensões interfaciais, facilitando o escoamento do óleo através do duto, reduzindo as perdas de carga por atrito. Para verificar estas interações estudou-se a molhabilidade das superfícies, que é representada pela medida do ângulo de contato de soluções de tensoativos com placas planas de aço inox 304. Foram utilizadas soluções de KCl, tensoativos e misturas de tensoativos com cadeia carbônica linear e aromática de grupos etoxilados variando de 3 a 100. Para determinação da molhabilidade foi utilizado o goniômetro DSA 100, Krüss. A fim de observar a influência da rugosidade na molhabilidade, a placa de aço inoxidável foi usinada e polida com diferentes lixas de referência de 100 até 1200. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que lixar e polir a placa resulta em diminuição da molhabilidade. Quanto às soluções de tensoativos, estas apresentaram melhor molhabilidade em aço inoxidável do que as soluções de KCl testadas. Também foi observado que a mistura de tensoativos é uma opção considerável, uma vez que apresentou ângulos de contato satisfatórios para uma boa molhabilidade na placa de aço inoxidável. Outro fato observado é que a etoxilação também interfere na molhabilidade, reduzindo o ângulo de contato com a redução da etoxilação. Isto nos leva a concluir que tensoativos com maior etoxilação, sendo mais hidrofóbicas, diminuem a interação da água com o duto e, consequentemente, o atrito com o mesmo, melhorando assim o escoamento.
14	ZUZILENE DA SILVA EVANGELISTA Estudo da Remoção de Compostos Orgânicos, Benzeno e Tolueno, em Solução Aquosa, por Processos Oxidativos do Tipo Fenton Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANTONIO CARLOS DA SILVA TEIXEIRA COSTA EMMANUELLE DE PAIVA TELEMACO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 1, 2009 Show Abstract A indústria de petróleo e petroquímica em geral é responsável por gerar uma grande quantidade de resíduos e efluentes químicos. Dentre alguns efluentes, é possível encontrar os compostos benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e isômeros de xilenos, conhecidos como BTEX. Esses compostos são bastante voláteis, tóxicos ao meio ambiente e potencialmente causadores de câncer no ser humano. Processos oxidativos avançados, POAs, são tecnologias não convencionais de tratamento de efluente, os quais podem ser aplicados no tratamento e remoção desses compostos. Fenton é um tipo de POA, o qual utiliza os reagentes peróxido de hidrogênio e sais de ferro para promover a oxidação de orgânicos. Enquanto que o tipo Foto-Fenton utiliza-se os reagentes de Fenton acrescido de radiação UV (ultra violeta). Esses dois tipos de POA, segundo a literatura, podem ser aplicados a sistemas compostos de BTEX. O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação da utilização das tecnologias Fenton e Foto-Fenton em soluções aquosas de concentração de 100 ppm de BTEX, cada, simulando-se uma condição aproximada de efluente petroquímico. Foram utilizados reatores distintos para cada tipo de POA. Para as respostas analíticas de quantidade de remoção foram utilizadas as técnicas SPME (solid phase microextraction) para extração em fase gasosa desses analitos e a cromatografia gasosa/espetrometria de massas. O arranjo mecânico do sistema Foto-Fenton mostrou grandes perdas por volatilização desses compostos. O sistema Fenton mostrou-se capaz de degradar os compostos benzeno e tolueno, com percentagens mássicas de remoção na ordem de 99%.
15	IARA MICHELLE SILVA CORREIA EXTRAÇÃO DE PIRÓLISE DO ÓLEO DE GIRASSOL (Helianthus annus L.) VISANDO A PRODUÇÃO DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANTONIO SOUZA DE ARAUJO ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA MARTA MARIA DA CONCEIÇÃO Data: Dec 3, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: Atualmente, o aumento da preocupação com o meio ambiente, incentiva as pesquisas que buscam a aplicação de materiais alternativos provenientes de fontes renováveis em processos industriais. O extratante de óleo vegetal mais utilizado no mundo é o hexano, um derivado de petróleo tóxico e inflamável. Considerando este fato, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar extrações do óleo das sementes de girassol cultivadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte usando dois processos de extração, a extração mecânica e a extração com solventes, utilizando hexano e etanol como solvente alternativo. As extrações com solvente foram realizadas em um extrator Soxhlet utilizando três tempos de extração (4, 6 e 8 horas). O efeito do solvente no rendimento da extração foi avaliado. O óleo de girassol obtido da extração mecânica foi caracterizado em relação as suas propriedades fisico-químicas e comparadas com as propriedades do óleo de girassol refinado. Além disso, o presente trabalho explora as reações de pirólise do óleo de girassol como uma rota alternativa para a obtenção de biocombustíveis realizadas em um analisador termogravimétrico. Com essa finalidade as amostras de óleo foram aquecidas da temperatura ambiente até 900°C em razões de aquecimento de 5, 10, 20 ºC min-1 com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros cinéticos tais como energia de ativação e isoconversão. As curvas TG/DTG mostram o perfil térmico de decomposição dos triglicerídeos. As curvas mostraram também que o antioxidante presente no óleo refinado comercial, não influencia a estabilidade térmica do óleo de girassol. O rendimento dos processos de extração com hexano e etanol foi comparado e os resultados indicaram que a extração com etanol foi mais eficiente. Os resultados das reações de pirólise indicaram que o uso do óleo bruto requer menos energia para a obtenção de biocombustíveis que o óleo refinado.
16	ROBERTA VIANA ARAUJO CHAVES AVALIAÇÃO DE DOIS CLONES DE ESCHERICHIA COLI RECOMBINANTE QUANTO AO CRESCIMENTO E EXPRESSÃO DE ANTÍGENOS DE LEISHMANIA CHAGASI (KM11 E P36) Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DANIELLA REGINA ARANTES MARTINS SALHA GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO LUCIANA ROCHA BARROS GONÇALVES MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI Data: Dec 14, 2009 Show Abstract A leishmaniose visceral, causada pela espécie Leishmania chagasi, também conhecida como calazar, atinge quase duas mil pessoas por ano no Brasil, sendo 92% dos casos no Nordeste. O alto custo e toxicidade das drogas usadas no tratamento convencional dessa leishmaniose levaram a busca de tratamentos alternativos, com interesse especial na pesquisa e produção de antígenos por microrganismos recombinantes para desenvolvimento de vacinas e kits de diagnóstico. A bactéria Escherichia coli tem sido o microrganismo mais estudado e usado como hospedeiro para produção de proteínas recombinantes. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresentou como objetivo principal estudar influência da indução do crescimento celular e a verificação do tipo de expressão (intra ou extracelular) de antígenos de Leishmania chagasi através de cultivo de E. coli recombinante em incubador rotativo (shaker) em diferentes composições de meio (2xTY, TB, FASS+EL). Para isso, foram realizados ensaios em condições estabelecidas na literatura para E. coli (37°C e 200 rpm), suplementados com antibióticos para garantir somente o crescimento de células competentes. Na primeira etapa, foram realizados ensaios sem indução a fim de se verificar o comportamento cinético dos dois microrganismos (crescimento e consumo de substrato) nas diferentes composições de meio. Na segunda etapa, a indução foi realizada através da adição de IPTG, na primeira hora de cultivo, para uma concentração final de 1mM. Foi observada expressão das duas proteínas nos três meios testados no espaço intracelular, entretanto o maior nível, verificado nitidamente pela intensidade da densidade da banda nos géis de eletroforese, foi observado no meio 2xTY para a proteína kmp11. Mesmo contendo uma concentração menor de substratos e apresentando, conseqüentemente, uma concentração celular reduzida quando comparada aos outros meios, mostrou-se o mais indicado para produção das proteínas recombinantes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi alcançado, pois ocorreu a produção do bioproduto de interesse, o que motiva a realização de novos estudos com a finalidade de aumentar a produção através de diferentes estratégias de cultivo.
17	FERNANDO FRANCISCO GOMES FILHO RECICLAGEM DE MATERIAL ASFÁLTICO FRESADO UTILIZANDO SOLVENTES E MICROEMULSÕES Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO MICHELLE SINARA GREGÓRIO DANTAS TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Dec 30, 2009 Show Abstract Com o aumento dos serviços de fresagem asfáltica houve também um incremento significativo nos serviços de reciclagem de pavimentos asfálticos. As técnicas hoje empregadas são basicamente processos físicos nas quais o material fresado é incorporado a novas misturas asfálticas ou executado “in loco” com a incorporação de asfalto virgem e agente rejuvenecedor. Nesse trabalho propõe-se analisar a eficiência de solventes comerciais e de microemulsões na extração do CAP (Cimento Asfáltico de Petróleo) de misturas proveniente de fresagem asfáltica. Os solventes foram avaliados quanto a sua capacidade de solubilizar asfalto utilizando um extrator por refluxo do tipo Soxhlet. Foram determinados diagramas pseudoternários para identificação das regiões de microemulsão O/A utilizando tensoativo de baixo custo, o óleo de coco saponificado (OCS). As microemulsões foram utilizadas para extrair o CAP da mistura betuminosa através de processo físico-químico a frio. Foi realizada análise de concentração de CAP na solução através de espectroscopia. Os dados fornecidos na análise de concentração através da absorbância da solução serviram de base para o cálculo do percentual de extração e do fluxo mássico do CAP na solução. Os resultados mostraram que microemulsões elaboradas com baixa concentração de querosene têm grande poder de extração de CAP a frio e que sua eficiência foi maior do que o querosene puro, alcançando 95% de extração.
	Thesis
1	LIANA FILGUEIRA ALBUQUERQUE APLICAÇÃO DE ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA DAS SALINAS NO TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTE TÊXTIL Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALEXANDRA AMORIM SALGUEIRO CLÁUDIO AUGUSTO OLLER DO NASCIMENTO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO LEOCADIA TEREZINHA CORDEIRO BELTRAME MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Apr 3, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO. O tratamento de efluentes coloridos e alcalinos tem sido um desafio para as indústrias têxteis. Uma alternativa para a remoção de cor destes efluentes é a aplicação do cloreto magnésio como coagulante. O íon magnésio, em pH elevado, se hidrolisa, formando o hidróxido de magnésio que possui larga área adsortiva e cargas eletrostáticas positivas capazes de agir como um eficiente coagulante. Como fonte deste íon, tem sido estudada a água residuária das salinas, conhecida como água-mãe (A-M), rica em diversos sais. Atualmente, ela é lançada diretamente no mar, sem tratamento ou aproveitamento. Esta tese avaliou a capacidade de aplicação desta água residuária no tratamento de efluente de tinturaria contendo corante índigo e pH alcalino. Os experimentos foram realizados em Testes de Jarro, simulando as etapas de coagulação, floculação e decantação, variando o pH e a concentração do íon magnésio. Foram obtidas remoções médias de 96%, 91% e 76% para turbidez, cor aparente e cor verdadeira, respectivamente, utilizando 200 mg/L Mg2+. A redução de custos com ácido, quando se usou A-M em comparação com o Al2(SO4)3, foi de 62%. Para a degradação da matéria orgânica remanescente no clarificado, em torno de 900 mg/L, foi aplicado o processo de oxidação avançada: foto-Fenton. Os resultados preliminares apresentaram reduções de 57% de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a água residuária das salinas pode ser aplicada, como coagulante, no tratamento físico-químico do efluente de tinturaria de denim, sem ajustes prévios de pH, de forma eficiente e econômica.
2	TULIO YTERBIO FERNANDES VALE DESENVOLVIMENTO DE TENSOATIVOS E SISTEMAS MICROEMULSIONADOS PARA RECUPERAÇÃO DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO GILVAN SOARES FEITOSA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Jul 10, 2009 Show Abstract Um dos grandes problemas encontrados nos campos maduros é a alta saturação de óleo residual. Nesses campos, a injeção de microemulsão pode ser utilizada na recuperação de petróleo, pois esta tem se mostrado eficiente na recuperação de petróleo devido à obtenção de um deslocamento eficiente do petróleo, atuando diretamente no óleo residual. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar sistemas microemulsionados para a recuperação de petróleo, determinando suas estabilidades térmicas e avaliando suas eficiências de recuperação. Os sistemas microemulsionados selecionados foram obtidos escolhendo-se pontos no diagrama de fases, com a seguinte composição: co-tensoativo, álcool iso-propílico (razão C/T=1), querosene, tensoativo (TP) e 5% de p-toluenosulfonato de sódio (hidrótropo). Para a escolha desse diagrama de fases foram avaliadas: a razão C/T, o co-tensoativo e a adição de hidrótropo ao sistema. As formações estudadas na recuperação de petróleo foram: a Assu e a Botucatu. O estudo das estabilidades térmicas do sistema apontou que à medida que se aumentou a concentração de matéria ativa, aumentava-se a estabilidade térmica do mesmo. A maior estabilidade térmica foi obtida no ponto F (79,56 0C). Dos pontos selecionados (3) o sistema que apresentou o maior percentual de recuperação foi obtido com o sistema constituído de 70% C/T, 2% de querosene e 28% de água, levando a 94 % de eficiência total e 60% de injeção de microemulsão, utilizando-se a formação Botucatu, que no geral apresentou eficiências maiores do que a formação Assu (81,3 % de eficiência total e 38,3% com microemulsão).
3	ELISANGELA LOPES GALVAO EXTRAÇÃO SUPERCRÍTICA DO ÓLEO DE LINHAÇA: CONSTRUÇÃO DO EXTRATOR, ESTUDO DE PARÂMETROS DE PROCESSOS, AVALIAÇÃO QUÍMICA E ANTIOXIDANTE DO PRODUTO Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CARLSON PEREIRA DE SOUZA ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA LUCIO CARDOZO FILHO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Sep 3, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral extrair o óleo vegetal da linhaça (Linum usitatissimum L.) da variedade marrom fazendo uso de dióxido de carbono em condições supercríticas e de solvente orgânico, avaliar os teores de ácidos graxos e a capacidade antioxidante do óleo extraído e ainda realizar a avaliação econômica rápida do processo EFS de manufatura do óleo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em um extrator de bancada, capaz de operar com dióxido de carbono e co-solventes, obedecendo a um planejamento fatorial 2³ com triplicata no ponto central, tendo como variável resposta o rendimento do processo e como variáveis independentes a pressão, a temperatura e o percentual de co-solvente. Os rendimentos (massa de óleo extraído/ massa de matéria-prima utilizada) variaram de 2,2 a 28,8%, tendo os melhores resultados sido obtidos a 250 bar e 50°C, com uso do co-solvente etanol a 5% (v/v). A influência das variáveis sobre a cinética de extração e sobre a composição do óleo de linhaça obtido também foi investigada. As curvas cinéticas de extração obtidas foram modeladas por diferentes modelos matemáticos disponíveis na literatura. Os modelos de Martínez et al. (2003) e o Simple Single Plate (SSP) de Gaspar et al. (2003) representaram os dados experimentais com os menores erros quadráticos médios (MSE). O custo de manufatura de 17,85 US$/kgóleo foi estimado para produção do óleo de linhaça utilizando o software TECANALYSIS e a metodologia de Rosa e Meireles (2005). Com o intuito de estabelecer comparações com a EFS, foram realizados ensaios de extração por técnica convencional em aparato Soxhlet utilizando éter de petróleo. Estes apresentaram rendimentos médios de 35,2 % para um tempo de extração de 5h. Todas as amostras de óleo obtidas foram esterificadas e caracterizadas em termos de sua composição em ácidos graxos (AGs) usando a cromatografia gasosa. Os principais ácidos graxos detectados foram: palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), oléico (C18:1), linoléico (C18:2n-6) e α-linolênico (C18:3n-3). Os teores dos AGs obtidos com Soxhlet diferiram daqueles obtidos para a EFS, com percentuais de AGs saturados e monoinsaturados mais elevados para a técnica Soxhlet com éter de petróleo. Com relação ao teor do ácido α-linolênico (componente majoritário do óleo de linhaça) nas amostras, a EFS se mostrou mais vantajosa que a extração Soxhlet, apresentando percentuais de 51,18 a 52,71%, enquanto que na extração Soxhlet, este foi de 47,84%. A atividade antioxidante do óleo foi avaliada no sistema de co-oxidação -caroteno/ácido linoléico. Os percentuais de inibição do processo oxidativo chegaram a 22,11% para o óleo da EFS, sendo de apenas 6,09% para o óleo comercial extraído a frio, o que sugere que a técnica EFS preserva melhor os compostos fenólicos presentes na semente, compostos estes, provavelmente responsáveis pelo caráter antioxidante do óleo. Testes in vitro com a amostra de melhor resposta antioxidante foram realizados em homogenato de fígado de ratos, de forma a investigar a inibição da peroxidação lipídica espontânea ou autoxidação do tecido biológico. O óleo de linhaça se mostrou mais eficiente que o óleo de peixe (usado como padrão) na diminuição da peroxidação lipídica do tecido hepático dos ratos Wistar, apresentando resultados equivalentes aos obtidos com o uso do BHT (antioxidante sintético). A capacidade inibitória pode ser atribuída à presença de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante presentes no óleo de linhaça. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados tendo em vista a importância do óleo de linhaça como uma das maiores fontes de ω3 dentre os óleos vegetais.
4	FRANCISCO KLEBSON GOMES DOS SANTOS AVALIAÇÃO DO COMPORTAMENTO DE FLUIDO MICELARES NA RECUPERAÇÃO AVANÇADA DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO GERALDINE ANGÉLICA SILVA DA NÓBREGA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Sep 4, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: Em campos de óleos pesados há uma grande dificuldade de escoamento do óleo do reservatório até o poço, tornando sua produção mais difícil e de alto custo. A maior parte dos volumes originais de óleo encontrados no mundo é considerada irrecuperável pelos métodos convencionais. A injeção de soluções micelares propicia uma atuação direta nas propriedades interfaciais do óleo, provocando um aumento da recuperação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar e selecionar soluções micelares capazes de diminuir as interações interfaciais entre os fluidos e a formação, visando o aumento da produção. A seleção das soluções micelares foi feita a partir de tensoativos comerciais e sintetizados em laboratório, baseado em propriedades intrínsecas dessas moléculas, para se realizar uma recuperação avançada de petróleo. Reservatórios de petróleo foram simulados a partir de plugs de arenito da formação Botucatu Bacia do Paraná. Foram realizados, dentre outros, ensaios de recuperação convencional e avançada de petróleo com as soluções micelares. Os principais resultados mostram que todas as soluções micelares foram capazes de recuperar o óleo, e que a solução micelar preparada com tensoativo aniônico SB, em solução 2% KCl, apresentou maior fator de recuperação dentre as demais. Foi realizada, também, uma análise econômica, com a solução de tensoativo SB. Injetando-se 20% do volume poroso de solução micelar, seguida de injeção de salmoura, o acréscimo de recuperação de petróleo pode chegar a uma fração de recuperação de 81% ao longo do 3º volume poroso injetado. O acréscimo do custo do tensoativo à água de injeção representa um valor de R$ 7,50/tonelada de fluido injetado.
5	JOSILMA SILVA DE SOUZA SECAGEM DE MISTURAS DE POLPA DE FRUTAS TROPICAIS EM LEITO DE JORRO Advisor : MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA MARIA DE FÁTIMA DANTAS DE MEDEIROS MARIA LAURA DE AZEVEDO PASSOS ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA ROBERTA TARGINO HOSKIN SANDRA CRISTINA DOS SANTOS ROCHA Data: Nov 6, 2009 Show Abstract A secagem de polpas de frutas em secador de leito de jorro com partículas inertes tem sido indicada como uma fonte alternativa para a produção de polpas de frutas em pó. A maioria dos processos empregados na produção de polpas e sucos de frutas, tais como Foam Mat, encapsulação por co-cristalização, secagem por atomização em spray dryer, envolvem a utilização de uma série de adjuvantes e aditivos (espessantes, encapsulantes, emulsificantes, acidulantes, aromas e corantes). Na obtenção de polpas de frutas em pó no leito de jorro, a composição da fruta exerce importante efeito sobre o desempenho do processo. Estudos realizados por Medeiros (2001) revelaram que tanto os lipídios como o amido e a pectina presentes nas frutas facilitam a produção do pó, porém a secagem de polpas de frutas com elevado teor de açúcares redutores (glicose e frutose) era praticamente inviabilizada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi ampliar os estudos relativos à secagem de misturas de polpas de frutas, em leito de jorro acrescidas de adjuvantes (lipídios, amido e pectina), visando obter uma melhor performance do secador sem o comprometimento da qualidade sensorial e da composição do produto. A preparação destas misturas foi baseada na composição ótima encontrada por Medeiros (2001). Foram formuladas misturas de polpas de frutas (manga, umbu e seriguela) com adição de adjuvantes (amido de milho, pectina e lipídios). Como fonte de lipídios foram utilizados diferentes tipos de produtos: azeites extra virgem de oliva e de castanha do Pará, leite de coco, creme de leite, gordura da palma em pó e oleína de palma. Inicialmente, foram realizados experimentos para selecionar a melhor formulação para a mistura de polpas de frutas. Esta seleção se baseou no desempenho da secagem de cada mistura e características sensoriais do pó. Para tanto, as misturas foram submetidas à secagem, em condições operacionais (vazão do ar de secagem e de atomização, carga de inerte, temperatura e vazão de alimentação) fixas. Os resultados mostraram que entre as formulações desenvolvidas, aquelas que continham gordura de palma em pó e oleína de palma em sua composição, além de bem avaliadas nos testes sensoriais, se adequaram bem ao processo de secagem no leito de jorro. As misturas em pó foram criteriosamente avaliadas, com respeito às suas características físicas e físico-químicas. Avaliou-se também a solubilidade e o tempo de reconstituição das misturas, bem como às propriedades das misturas reconstituídas. De acordo com os resultados as misturas de frutas em pó apresentaram características semelhantes e qualidade compatível com a de alimentos vegetais em pó produzidos em outros tipos de secadores. Considerando que a oleína de palma é produzida no Brasil e está sendo utilizada pela indústria de alimentos em substituição a gordura de palma, optou-se por prosseguir os estudos relativos ao desempenho do processo com a mistura que incluía a oleína na sua formulação. Utilizando um planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial completo 23, com três réplicas no ponto central, foi realizado uma série de experimentos de secagem para avaliar os efeitos das variáveis de operação temperatura, vazão de alimentação e tempo de intermitência) sobre variáveis respostas relativas ao desempenho do processo (rendimento e retenção de material no leito), ângulo de repouso do leito de partículas revestidas e à qualidade do produto (umidade do pó, perdas de vitamina C e solubilidade). Na maioria dos experimentos a produção de pó foi uniforme e o maior rendimento e menor retenção de material no leito, 59,2% e 1,8g, respectivamente, foram alcançados quando a temperatura de entrada do ar foi fixada em 80°C, com alimentação de 5ml/min de mistura vazão em intervalos tempo de 10 minutos. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que as variáveis de processo e operação, individualmente ou de forma combinada, apresentaram efeitos significativos sobre as variáveis respostas analisadas rendimento, retenção de material no leito, umidade do pó e perdas de vitamina C. Na faixa de condições operacionais em que foram conduzidos os experimentos as variáveis respostas ângulo de repouso e solubilidade não sofreram influências significativas das variáveis de operação. Foi possível obter modelos estatisticamente significativos e preditivos para as variáveis umidade do pó e perdas de vitamina C.
6	LEDA MARIA OLIVEIRA DE LIMA UTILIZAÇÃO DE UMA COLUNA PILOTO DE FLOTAÇÃO PARA REMOÇÃO DE COMPOSTOS ORGÂNICOS DA ÁGUA DE PRODUÇÃO Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA MARIA CARLENISE PAIVA DE ALENCAR MOURA VANESSA CRISTINA SANTANNA Data: Dec 21, 2009 Show Abstract Tecnologias inovadoras que usam materiais tensoativos têm aplicabilidade em vários campos industriais, dentre eles petróleo e gás natural. Este estudo busca investigar o uso de um tensoativo, derivado de óleo de coco (OCS - óleo de coco saponificado), no processo de recuperação de compostos orgânicos presentes em efluentes oleosos da indústria de petróleo. Para este fim, foram realizados experimentos em uma coluna de bancada objetivando verificar a influência do tensoativo OCS na eficiência de remoção de óleo. Desta forma, foram preparadas emulsões com quantidades fixas de óleo (50, 100, 200 e 400 ppm), determinando-se a concentração ótima de tensoativo para cada uma delas. Foram, também, realizados alguns ensaios com água de produção da indústria de petróleo, visando comparar o resultado com o das emulsões. O processo de separação consiste no uso de bolhas gasosas formadas quando um fluxo de gás passa em uma coluna líquida, com concentrações de tensoativo, ocorrendo a coalescência das gotas de óleo dispersas e, consequentemente, o transporte delas ao topo da coluna, formando uma nova fase oleosa contínua. O processo fundamenta-se na saturação de tensoativo na interface gás-líquido, dependendo da concentração de tensoativo usada, resultando na flotação da fase óleo dispersa. Um filtro de prato poroso, com tamanho de poro que varia de 40 a 250 µm, foi colocado à base da coluna para permitir uma operação hidrodinâmica estável. Durante os procedimentos experimentais, o volume operacional da fase líquida foi mantido constante e a taxa de fluxo de ar variada em cada experimento. Os resultados experimentais do estudo hidrodinâmico demonstraram que a captura do óleo foi influenciada pelos diâmetros das bolhas e vazões de ar. Com o aumento da vazão de 300 para 900 cm3.min-1, ocorreu um aumento de remoção da fase óleo de 44% para 66% e a cinética de remoção do óleo foi definida como uma reação de 1° ordem.
7	ANTONIO VITOR MACHADO ESTUDO DA SECAGEM DO PEDÚNCULO DO CAJU EM SISTEMAS CONVENCIONAL E SOLAR: MODELAGEM E SIMULAÇÃO DO PROCESSO Advisor : EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DOMINGOS FABIANO DE SANTANA SOUZA EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA RENATO FONSECA ARAGÃO SAMUEL JORGE MARQUES CARTAXO SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA Data: Dec 22, 2009 Show Abstract RESUMO: Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a secagem do pedúnculo do caju com diferentes configurações de secadores utilizando energia convencional e solar. O propósito principal diz respeito ao aproveitamento do excedente de matéria prima regional e o conhecimento adequado para a aplicabilidade dos sistemas de secagem como rota de conservação dos alimentos. Buscou-se também, o aproveitamento de fontes de energia renováveis como a solar, que atende satisfatoriamente no processo de secagem de produtos agroindustriais. Foram realizados experimentos de secagem em secador convencional de bandejas com controle de temperatura e velocidade do ar de secagem nas condições de 55°C, 65°C e 75°C, de 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 m/s e espessuras das fatias de caju de 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 cm. Também foram realizados experimentos com os secadores solar sob convecção natural e convecção forçada nas velocidades de 3,0, 4,5 e 6,0 m/s, com espessuras do material de 1 e 2 cm, de modo a realizar uma comparação entre os sistemas em estudo. Para avaliar o secador convencional de bandejas foi utilizado o modelo difusional da 2a lei de Fick, onde as curvas de secagem foram bem ajustadas na configuração de placa plana infinita. Nos experimentos de secagem onde a temperatura ambiente não é controlada, foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático fenomenológico, para o secador solar de radiação indireta sob convecção natural e forçada, fundamentado nos balanços de massa e de energia do sistema. Adicionalmente, foram realizadas analises físico-químicas do material “in natura” e desidratado, análises estatísticas dos dados experimentais da secagem, análise sensorial do produto seco obtido e uma avaliação econômica simplificadas dos sistemas de secagem estudados nesta tese.
8	ERIKA ADRIANA DE SANTANA GOMES ESTUDO DA CRISTALIZAÇÃO DE PARAFINAS EM SISTEMAS SOLVENTES/TENSOATIVOS/ÁGUA Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS ALCIDES DE OLIVEIRA WANDERLEY NETO DOUGLAS DO NASCIMENTO SILVA HUMBERTO NEVES MAIA DE OLIVEIRA Data: Dec 30, 2009 Show Abstract A TIAC é a temperatura de início do aparecimento dos cristais de parafina. Nesta temperatura os primeiros cristais de parafina são formados, pelo resfriamento de sistemas parafina/solventes. As parafinas são compostas de uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos saturados de alto peso molecular. A remoção de parafinas dos poços e das linhas de produção significa um custo adicional ao petróleo produzido, portanto solubilizar estes depósitos formados decorrentes das modificações termodinâmicas tem sido um desafio constante das empresas exploradoras de petróleo. Este estudo alia a solubilização parafínica por sistemas microemulsionados, à determinação da TIAC dos sistemas parafina/solvente e a atuação do tensoativo na redução da cristalização. Utilizaram-se os métodos: reológico e o do sinal fotoelétrico, validando este último o qual foi desenvolvido visando otimizar os dados obtidos devido a sensibilidade do equipamento utilizado. Métodos desenvolvidos para descrição da precipitação da cera estão freqüentemente em pobre concordância com os dados experimentais; eles tendem a subestimar a quantidade de cera às temperaturas abaixo do ponto de turbidez. Foram aplicados os métodos de Won e o da solução ideal aos dados de TIAC da parafina obtidos em sistemas com solventes, sendo melhor representado pela segunda interação do método de Won com os solventes: nafta, hexano e LCO. Foi observado que os resultados de TIAC obtidos pelo sinal fotoelétrico quando comparados com a viscosidade, ocorrem antecipadamente, demonstrando a maior sensibilidade do método desenvolvido. O tensoativo iônico reduziu a viscosidade dos sistemas parafínicos, pois ele atuou modificando a estrutura cristalina, conseqüentemente o ponto de fluidez. As curvas que representam os dados experimentais da TIAC estão, de maneira geral, mais próximas da modelagem realizada pelo método de Won do que da solução ideal, pois este método subestima a curva de predição do início da temperatura de cristalização da parafina com os hidrocarbonetos. Isto ocorre porque a temperatura real medida foi a de cristalização, e a proposta pelos métodos é a de fusão.

2008

	Dissertations
1	MICHELLE ROSSANA FERREIRA VAZ ESDTUDO DO CULTIVO DE ESCHERICHIA COLI RECOMBINANTE PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ANTÍGENOS DA LEISHMANIA CHAGASI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI Data: Feb 25, 2008 Show Abstract VAZ, Michelle Rossana Estudo do Cultivo de dois clones de Escherichia coli recombinantes (eIF, LACK) para a Expressão de Antígenos da Leishmania chagasi. Dissertação de Mestrado, UFRN, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Química, PPGEQ, Áreas de Concentração: Engenharia de Processos, Natal/RN, Brasil. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo Co-orientadora: Profª. Dra. Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini RESUMO: Com advento da tecnologia do DNA recombinante, a expressão de proteínas recombinantes torna-se uma ferramenta importante nos estudos da estrutura, função e identificação de novas proteínas, principalmente com finalidades terapêuticas. A Escherichia coli tem sido o procarioto predominante nos estudos da engenharia genética devido à riqueza de informações a respeito do seu metabolismo. Apesar do avanço expressivo dos estudos da biologia molecular e da imunologia das infecções, não existe, atualmente, nenhuma droga profilática capaz de prevenir o calazar. Desta forma, existe uma grande necessidade de identificação de antígenos específicos para o desenvolvimento de vacinas e kits para diagnósticos contra a Leishmaniose visceral. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou estudar a expressão de antígenos recombinantes da Leishmania chagasi durante o cultivo de Escherichia coli em incubador rotativo (shaker). Um primeiro conjunto de ensaios foi realizado com o objetivo de se conhecer o comportamento cinético das proteínas recombinantes (eIF, LACK) em duas diferentes composições de meios (2xTY, TB) suplementados por antibióticos, sem adição de IPTG. Na segunda etapa dos ensaios, foi realizado o procedimento de indução por IPTG, a fim de verificar a influência da composição dos meios testados na expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo favoreceu a cinética de crescimento dos clones recombinantes (eIF,LACK), no entanto, ao se tratar dos ensaios submetidos ao procedimento de indução por IPTG, a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo não favoreceu a expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Por outro lado, foram obtidos resultados positivos para todos os clones recombinante (eIF, LACK) testados, confirmada através do perfil eletroforético. Palavras Chaves: Proteína. Recombinante. Leishmaniose visceral. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente: Profª. Dra. Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo (UFRN) Membros: Profª. Dra. Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini (UFRN) Profª. Dra Ester Ribeiro Gouveia (UFPE) Prof. Dr. Everaldo Silvino dos Santos (UFRN) DATA DA DEFESA: 25 de fevereiro de 2008
2	MICHELLE ROSSANA FERREIRA VAZ ESTUDO DO CULTIVO DE ESCHERICHIA COLI RECOMBINANTE PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ANTÍGENOS DA LEISHMANIA CHAGASI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ESTER RIBEIRO DE ANDRADE Data: Feb 25, 2008 Show Abstract VAZ, Michelle Rossana Estudo do Cultivo de dois clones de Escherichia coli recombinantes (eIF, LACK) para a Expressão de Antígenos da Leishmania chagasi. Dissertação de Mestrado, UFRN, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Química, PPGEQ, Áreas de Concentração: Engenharia de Processos, Natal/RN, Brasil. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo Co-orientadora: Profª. Dra. Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini RESUMO: Com advento da tecnologia do DNA recombinante, a expressão de proteínas recombinantes torna-se uma ferramenta importante nos estudos da estrutura, função e identificação de novas proteínas, principalmente com finalidades terapêuticas. A Escherichia coli tem sido o procarioto predominante nos estudos da engenharia genética devido à riqueza de informações a respeito do seu metabolismo. Apesar do avanço expressivo dos estudos da biologia molecular e da imunologia das infecções, não existe, atualmente, nenhuma droga profilática capaz de prevenir o calazar. Desta forma, existe uma grande necessidade de identificação de antígenos específicos para o desenvolvimento de vacinas e kits para diagnósticos contra a Leishmaniose visceral. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou estudar a expressão de antígenos recombinantes da Leishmania chagasi durante o cultivo de Escherichia coli em incubador rotativo (shaker). Um primeiro conjunto de ensaios foi realizado com o objetivo de se conhecer o comportamento cinético das proteínas recombinantes (eIF, LACK) em duas diferentes composições de meios (2xTY, TB) suplementados por antibióticos, sem adição de IPTG. Na segunda etapa dos ensaios, foi realizado o procedimento de indução por IPTG, a fim de verificar a influência da composição dos meios testados na expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo favoreceu a cinética de crescimento dos clones recombinantes (eIF,LACK), no entanto, ao se tratar dos ensaios submetidos ao procedimento de indução por IPTG, a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo não favoreceu a expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Por outro lado, foram obtidos resultados positivos para todos os clones recombinante (eIF, LACK) testados, confirmada através do perfil eletroforético. Palavras Chaves: Proteína. Recombinante. Leishmaniose visceral. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente: Profª. Dra. Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo (UFRN) Membros: Profª. Dra. Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini (UFRN) Profª. Dra Ester Ribeiro Gouveia (UFPE) Prof. Dr. Everaldo Silvino dos Santos (UFRN) DATA DA DEFESA: 25 de fevereiro de 2008
3	ANDREIA SOUTO VIEIRA AVALIAÇÃO DA SECAGEM DO BAGAÇO DE CAJÁ USANDO PLANEJAMENTO FATORIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : EDSON LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARGARIDA MARIA DOS ANJOS MAGALHAES ODELSIA LEONOR SANCHEZ DE ALSINA Data: Feb 28, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a cinética de secagem do bagaço de cajá (matéria prima proveniente da indústria de processamento de polpa de frutas), em um secador convectivo de bandejas com leito fixo, em que se determinou o coeficiente de difusividade efetiva através do modelo difusional de Fick. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial composto central no qual foram avaliados os seguintes fatores: temperatura do ar de entrada no secador (55; 65 e 75ºC); velocidade do ar de entrada (3,2; 4,6 e 6,0 m/s) e espessura da torta na bandeja (0,8; 1,2 e 1,6 cm). Os resultados mostraram que o modelo difusional de Fick descreve bem o processo de secagem e que a melhor condição foi com a temperatura de 75ºC, velocidade do ar de secagem de 6,0 m/s e espessura da torta de 0,8 cm onde a difusividade efetiva calculada foi de 6,772 x 10-9 m2/s no tempo de 220 minutos. A análise do planejamento mostrou que todos os fatores e suas interações foram significativos, com nível de confiança de 95%.
4	MICHELLE ROSSANA FERREIRA VAZ ESTUDO DO CULTIVO DE ESCHERICHIA COLI RECOMBINANTE PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ANTÍGENOS DA LEISHMANIA CHAGASI COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI ESTER RIBEIRO DE ANDRADE Data: Apr 25, 2008 Show Abstract VAZ, Michelle Rossana Estudo do Cultivo de dois clones de Escherichia coli recombinantes (eIF, LACK) para a Expressão de Antígenos da Leishmania chagasi. Dissertação de Mestrado, UFRN, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Química, PPGEQ, Áreas de Concentração: Engenharia de Processos, Natal/RN, Brasil. Orientadora: Profª. Dra. Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo Co-orientadora: Profª. Dra. Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini RESUMO: Com advento da tecnologia do DNA recombinante, a expressão de proteínas recombinantes torna-se uma ferramenta importante nos estudos da estrutura, função e identificação de novas proteínas, principalmente com finalidades terapêuticas. A Escherichia coli tem sido o procarioto predominante nos estudos da engenharia genética devido à riqueza de informações a respeito do seu metabolismo. Apesar do avanço expressivo dos estudos da biologia molecular e da imunologia das infecções, não existe, atualmente, nenhuma droga profilática capaz de prevenir o calazar. Desta forma, existe uma grande necessidade de identificação de antígenos específicos para o desenvolvimento de vacinas e kits para diagnósticos contra a Leishmaniose visceral. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou estudar a expressão de antígenos recombinantes da Leishmania chagasi durante o cultivo de Escherichia coli em incubador rotativo (shaker). Um primeiro conjunto de ensaios foi realizado com o objetivo de se conhecer o comportamento cinético das proteínas recombinantes (eIF, LACK) em duas diferentes composições de meios (2xTY, TB) suplementados por antibióticos, sem adição de IPTG. Na segunda etapa dos ensaios, foi realizado o procedimento de indução por IPTG, a fim de verificar a influência da composição dos meios testados na expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo favoreceu a cinética de crescimento dos clones recombinantes (eIF,LACK), no entanto, ao se tratar dos ensaios submetidos ao procedimento de indução por IPTG, a elevada complexidade do meio de cultivo não favoreceu a expressão das proteínas recombinantes. Por outro lado, foram obtidos resultados positivos para todos os clones recombinante (eIF, LACK) testados, confirmada através do perfil eletroforético. Palavras Chaves: Proteína. Recombinante. Leishmaniose visceral. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Presidente: Profª. Dra. Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo (UFRN) Membros: Profª. Dra. Márcia Regina da Silva Pedrini (UFRN) Profª. Dra Ester Ribeiro Gouveia (UFPE) Prof. Dr. Everaldo Silvino dos Santos (UFRN) DATA DA DEFESA: 25 de fevereiro de 2008
5	GUSTAVO DE SOUZA MEDEIR0S Aperfeiçoamento no Projeto de um Protótipo de Misturador- decantador à Inversão de Fases (MDIF) visando Aplicação na Indústria do Petróleo Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADRIANO DOS SANTOS JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO TARCILIO VIANA DUTRA JUNIOR WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: May 30, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: Na indústria do petróleo a mistura óleo/água (água oleosa) ocorre nos estágios de produção, transporte e refino, bem como durante a utilização de seus derivados. A quantidade de água produzida associada com o óleo varia muito, podendo alcançar valores da ordem de 90% em volume à medida que se caminha para a fase madura dos campos de produção. O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um novo projeto de um Misturador- Decantador a Inversão de Fases (MDIF) em escala de laboratório visando aplicação em escala industrial abrangendo as fases de projeto, construção e operação. As modificações mais significativas, em comparação ao protótipo original, abrangem os materiais de construção e a alteração do equipamento usado na etapa de mistura do processo. Testou-se a viabilidade de substituição do sistema original de mistura mecânica por pás por um misturador estático ou em linha. Realizou-se um tratamento estatístico através de um planejamento do tipo central composto a fim de avaliar o comportamento das principais variáveis de processo em função da eficiência de separação para o novo projeto do aparelho, com o propósito de se delimitar uma região ótima de operação para o equipamento. As variáveis de processo contempladas no planejamento experimental foram: concentração de óleo na água de alimentação (mg/L); vazão volumétrica total (L/h); razão volumétrica orgânico-aquoso (O/A). A eficiência de separação é calculada a partir da medida do teor de óleo e graxas (TOG) na alimentação e na saída do equipamento. Para determinação do TOG, utilizou-se o método de determinação por absorção de radiação na região do infravermelho. O equipamento utilizado para estas determinações foi o InfraCal® TOG/TPH Modelo HATR-T2 da Wilks Enterprise, Inc. Vale ressaltar que este método de medida vem sendo empregado pela PETROBRAS S.A. para medidas de TOG. Os resultados de eficiência de separação global água/óleo variaram entre 75,3 e 97,7% para águas contaminadas contendo até 1664,1 mg/L de óleo. Através de testes realizados com amostra real de água produzida fornecida pela PETROBRAS, conseguiu-se enquadrar o efluente dentro dos padrões exigidos pelo CONAMA Resolução 357/05 para descarte. Sendo assim, o novo projeto do equipamento constitui uma alternativa real para os atuais sistemas de tratamento de águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo.
6	GUSTAVO DE SOUZA MEDEIR0S Aperfeiçoamento no Projeto de um Protótipo de Misturador- decantador à Inversão de Fases (MDIF) visando Aplicação na Indústria do Petróleo Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADRIANO DOS SANTOS JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO TARCILIO VIANA DUTRA JUNIOR WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: May 30, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: Na indústria do petróleo a mistura óleo/água (água oleosa) ocorre nos estágios de produção, transporte e refino, bem como durante a utilização de seus derivados. A quantidade de água produzida associada com o óleo varia muito, podendo alcançar valores da ordem de 90% em volume à medida que se caminha para a fase madura dos campos de produção. O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um novo projeto de um Misturador- Decantador a Inversão de Fases (MDIF) em escala de laboratório visando aplicação em escala industrial abrangendo as fases de projeto, construção e operação. As modificações mais significativas, em comparação ao protótipo original, abrangem os materiais de construção e a alteração do equipamento usado na etapa de mistura do processo. Testou-se a viabilidade de substituição do sistema original de mistura mecânica por pás por um misturador estático ou em linha. Realizou-se um tratamento estatístico através de um planejamento do tipo central composto a fim de avaliar o comportamento das principais variáveis de processo em função da eficiência de separação para o novo projeto do aparelho, com o propósito de se delimitar uma região ótima de operação para o equipamento. As variáveis de processo contempladas no planejamento experimental foram: concentração de óleo na água de alimentação (mg/L); vazão volumétrica total (L/h); razão volumétrica orgânico-aquoso (O/A). A eficiência de separação é calculada a partir da medida do teor de óleo e graxas (TOG) na alimentação e na saída do equipamento. Para determinação do TOG, utilizou-se o método de determinação por absorção de radiação na região do infravermelho. O equipamento utilizado para estas determinações foi o InfraCal® TOG/TPH Modelo HATR-T2 da Wilks Enterprise, Inc. Vale ressaltar que este método de medida vem sendo empregado pela PETROBRAS S.A. para medidas de TOG. Os resultados de eficiência de separação global água/óleo variaram entre 75,3 e 97,7% para águas contaminadas contendo até 1664,1 mg/L de óleo. Através de testes realizados com amostra real de água produzida fornecida pela PETROBRAS, conseguiu-se enquadrar o efluente dentro dos padrões exigidos pelo CONAMA Resolução 357/05 para descarte. Sendo assim, o novo projeto do equipamento constitui uma alternativa real para os atuais sistemas de tratamento de águas produzidas na indústria de petróleo.
7	KLISMERYANE COSTA DE MELO AVALIAÇÃO E MODELAGEM REOLÓGICA DE FLUIDO DE PERFURAÇÃO BASE ÁGUA Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO ANA CATARINA DA ROCHA MEDEIROS EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Sep 12, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO A determinação do comportamento reológico dos fluidos de perfuração é de fundamental importância para se determinar a melhor composição e o melhor tratamento a ser aplicado nesses fluidos. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento reológico de aditivos utilizados como viscosificantes em fluidos de perfuração de base água. Os aditivos de estudo deste trabalho foram a Carboximetilcelulose (CMC), a Goma Xantana (GX) e a Bentonita. O objetivo principal foi caracterizar reologicamente suspensões compostas por esses aditivos, através da aplicação de modelos matemáticos para comportamento de fluxo de fluido, a fim de se determinar a melhor equação de fluxo que representa o sistema, bem como os parâmetros de modelo. Os modelos matemáticos aplicados foram o modelo de Bingham, o de Ostwald de Waale e o de Herschel-Bulkley. A fim de se verificar o efeito da hidratação dos polímeros e da argila na reologia do fluido realizou-se um estudo prévio do tempo de hidratação de cada aditivo. A caracterização reológica foi realizada através de ensaios de reologia, utilizando sistema de cilindros coaxiais, onde se obteve as curvas de fluxo e a magnitude tixotrópica de cada fluido. A reologia foi avaliada, também, em função da temperatura para cada um dos aditivos utilizados. Foi realizado, ainda, ensaios de estabilidade em função da concentração e do aditivo utilizado. Após análises de resultados misturas de polímero e argila foram formuladas com o objetivo de avaliar as modificações reológicas proporcionadas pela incorporação do polímero no sistema água+ bentonita. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que para fluidos preparados com CMC o modelo que melhor representou este sistema foi o de Ostwald de Waale e para os fluidos preparados com GX e Bentonita o modelo que melhor representou foi o de Herschel-Bulkley. Palavras chaves: fluido de perfuração, reologia, polímeros.
8	GISELLE DE SOUZA ARAUJO PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL A PARTIR DE ÓLEO DE COCO (COCOS NUCIFERA L.) Advisor : ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CLAUDIO DARIVA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO ELISA MARIA BITTENCOURT DUTRA DE SOUSA Data: Oct 16, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: A produção de biodiesel tem se tornado um processo atrativo visando o estímulo na produção de combustíveis alternativos. Este trabalho apresenta resultados do estudo da produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de coco (Cocos nucifera L.), através de duas rotas: transesterificação direta utilizando o NaOH como catalisador e catálise ácida (com H2SO4) seguida de transesterificação básica. O reator utilizado foi construído de vidro pirex de aproximadaente 1L, enjaquetado, com três saídas, onde foi introduzido um agitador mecânico e acoplado um banho termostatizado para controle da temperatura. A determinação da composição do óleo e identificação dos ésteres foi feita através de cromatografia gasosa. Foi avaliado o efeito das variáveis: razão molar óleo/álcool, tempo de reação e temperatura sobre a conversão através de um planejamento experimental 23 com ponto central em triplicata para cada rota analisada. A variável razão molar foi a que exerceu maior efeito como resultado da análise do planejamento estatístico. Na rota 1 (catálise ácida seguida de catálise básica) a máxima conversão alcançada foi de 85,3% para uma razão molar de 1:6, temperatura de 60ºC e tempo de reação de 90 minutos. Na transesterificação básica direta, a máxima conversão alcançada foi de 87,4% para uma razão molar de 1:6,5, temperatura de 80ºC e tempo de reação de 60 minutos. O óleo de Coco foi caracterizado em relação as suas propriedades fisico-químicas e principais constituintes presentes no óleo. O ácido láurico foi seu principal componente e o mesmo apresentou elevada acidez. O biodiesel produzido foi caracterizado em relação as suas principais propriedades fisico químicas que apresentaram resultados bastante satisfatórios quando comparados com os valores estabelecidos pelas normas da Agência Nacional do Petróleo. O trabalho foi complementado com uma avaliação preliminar da cinética da reação. Palavras-chave: Biodiesel, Cocos nucifera, transesterificação, esterificação, catálise.
9	ROBERTA DE MELO PEGADO ESTUDO DAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS MICROEMULSIONADOS Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AFONSO AVELINO DANTAS NETO EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO RICARDO HENRIQUE DE LIMA LEITE TEREZA NEUMA DE CASTRO DANTAS Data: Nov 14, 2008 Show Abstract Resumo: O desenvolvimento de novos combustíveis constitui um importante campo de atividade científica e tecnológica, uma vez que grande parte da energia consumida no mundo é obtida do petróleo, carvão e do gás natural, e estas são fontes limitadas e não renováveis. Recentemente tem-se avaliado o emprego de microemulsões como uma alternativa para obtenção de combustíveis isotrópicos entre fases originalmente não miscíveis. Dentre muitas vantagens, ressalta-se a aplicação de substâncias que proporcionam a redução dos níveis de emissões em comparação aos combustíveis fósseis. Desta forma, neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo de vários sistemas microemulsionados, visando verificar o comportamento das regiões de Winsor frente à utilização dos tensoativos: RENEX 18  150, UNITOL L-60  L-100 e AMIDA 60 em conjunto com a estrutura dos ésteres do óleo de soja e de mamona. A partir dos resultados foram escolhidos quatro sistemas para análises fisico-químicas, sendo eles: Sistema I RENEX 60, Éster Metílico de Óleo de Soja (EMOS) e água, Sistema II RENEX 60/AMIDA 60, EMOS e água, Sistema III RENEX 70, Éster Metílico de Óleo de Mamona (EMOM) e água e Sistema IV RENEX 95, EMOM e água. Os ensaios de caracterização físico-química e do estudo do aumento da temperatura foram realizados com nove pontos de composições diferentes de forma a melhor abranger a região de interesse (microemulsão A/O). Após esse estudo, foi realizada uma modelagem para prever a viscosidade, a propriedade que mais variou em função da mudança da composição dos sistemas. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os sistemas II e IV com estabilidade em temperaturas acima de 60ºC. O sistema I apresentou propriedades físico-quimicas muito parecidas com um combustível fóssil. O sistema II foi o melhor sistema obtido devido sua corrosividade ter se mantido estável, comparado ao diesel fóssil. Na modelagem os quatro sistemas se mostraram bons com um erro que variou entre 5 e 18%, mostrando ser possível a predição da viscosidade a partir da composição do sistema. Foram realizados alguns testes preliminares em um motor ciclo diesel, sendo analisado o consumo de combustível e a potência. Os resultados mostraram um ligeiro aumento no rendimento motor com o combustível microemulsionado em relação ao diesel convencional assim como uma diminuição no consumo específico. Palavras Chaves: - Biocombustível - Microemulsão - Tensoativo - Viscosidade - Propriedades físico-químicas - Modelagem
10	ROBERTA DE MELO PEGADO ESTUDO DAS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS MICROEMULSIONADOS Advisor : EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO JOANA MARIA DE FARIAS BARROS LAIR PEREIRA DE CARVALHO MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO Data: Nov 14, 2008 Show Abstract Resumo: O desenvolvimento de novos combustíveis constitui um importante campo de atividade científica e tecnológica, uma vez que grande parte da energia consumida no mundo é obtida do petróleo, carvão e do gás natural, e estas são fontes limitadas e não renováveis. Recentemente tem-se avaliado o emprego de microemulsões como uma alternativa para obtenção de combustíveis isotrópicos entre fases originalmente não miscíveis. Dentre muitas vantagens, ressalta-se a aplicação de substâncias que proporcionam a redução dos níveis de emissões em comparação aos combustíveis fósseis. Desta forma, neste trabalho realizou-se um estudo de vários sistemas microemulsionados, visando verificar o comportamento das regiões de Winsor frente à utilização dos tensoativos: RENEX 18  150, UNITOL L-60  L-100 e AMIDA 60 em conjunto com a estrutura dos ésteres do óleo de soja e de mamona. A partir dos resultados foram escolhidos quatro sistemas para análises fisico-químicas, sendo eles: Sistema I RENEX 60, Éster Metílico de Óleo de Soja (EMOS) e água, Sistema II RENEX 60/AMIDA 60, EMOS e água, Sistema III RENEX 70, Éster Metílico de Óleo de Mamona (EMOM) e água e Sistema IV RENEX 95, EMOM e água. Os ensaios de caracterização físico-química e do estudo do aumento da temperatura foram realizados com nove pontos de composições diferentes de forma a melhor abranger a região de interesse (microemulsão A/O). Após esse estudo, foi realizada uma modelagem para prever a viscosidade, a propriedade que mais variou em função da mudança da composição dos sistemas. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para os sistemas II e IV com estabilidade em temperaturas acima de 60ºC. O sistema I apresentou propriedades físico-quimicas muito parecidas com um combustível fóssil. O sistema II foi o melhor sistema obtido devido sua corrosividade ter se mantido estável, comparado ao diesel fóssil. Na modelagem os quatro sistemas se mostraram bons com um erro que variou entre 5 e 18%, mostrando ser possível a predição da viscosidade a partir da composição do sistema. Foram realizados alguns testes preliminares em um motor ciclo diesel, sendo analisado o consumo de combustível e a potência. Os resultados mostraram um ligeiro aumento no rendimento motor com o combustível microemulsionado em relação ao diesel convencional assim como uma diminuição no consumo específico.
11	DANNIELLE JANAINNE DA SILVA TRATAMENTO DE MATERIAIS CONTAMINADOS COM BIFENILAS POLICLORADAS (PCBS) VIA EXTRAÇÃO CONVENCIONAL E FLUIDO SUPERCRÍTICO Advisor : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CAMILA GAMBINI PEREIRA COURTIAL JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Dec 17, 2008 Show Abstract TRATAMENTO DE MATERIAIS CONTAMINADOS COM BIFENILAS POLICLORADAS (PCBS) VIA EXTRAÇÃO CONVENCIONAL E FLUIDO SUPERCRÍTICO.
	Thesis
1	ANTONIO RAIMUNDO DA SILVA COSTA SISTEMA DE SECAGEM SOLAR PARA FRUTOS TROPICAIS E MODELAGEM DA SECAGEM DE BANANA EM UM SECADOR DE COLUNA ESTÁTICA Advisor : SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ALFREDO ISMAEL CURBELO GARNICA FRANCISCO ANTÔNIO VIEIRA LUIZ GUILHERME MEIRA DE SOUZA MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO SEBASTIAO RIBEIRO FERREIRA Data: Jan 30, 2008 Show Abstract Resumo: Neste trabalho foi projetado, construído e testado um secador elétrico-solar composto por um coletor solar, uma câmara de secagem, um exaustor eólico e um ventilador para promover a convecção forçada do ar quente. Também foram realizados experimentos de secagem de banana em um secador de coluna estática, para modelar a secagem e obter parâmetros que podem ser usados, como uma primeira aproximação, na modelagem de um secador elétrico-solar, dependendo da similaridade das condições experimentais entre os dois sistemas de secagem. Dos experimentos de secagem de banana no secador de coluna estática, foram obtidos dados do peso do alimento em função da concentração aquosa e temperatura. Foram feitas modelagens matemáticas simplificadas da secagem de bananas, baseadas na 2a equação de Fick e na 2a de Fourier, as quais foram testadas com dados experimentais. Foram determinados e/ou modelados parâmetros como teor de umidade de banana, densidade, curvas de secagem em camada delgada, umidade de equilíbrio, difusividade molecular de água em banana DAB, coeficiente externo de transferência de matéria kM, calor específico Cp, condutividade térmica k, calor latente de vaporização de água no alimento Lalim, tempo para aquecer o alimento, energia e potência mínima para aquecer o alimento e evaporar água. Quando foi considerado o encolhimento no raio R de uma banana, em geral, os valores calculados de DAB e kM representaram melhor o fenômeno de difusão de água no sólido. O calor latente de vaporização da água no alimento Lalim calculado pela modelagem é maior que o calor latente de vaporização da água pura Lágua. Os valores calculados de DAB e kM que melhor representam a secagem foram obtidos com o modelo analítico da presente tese, os quais tiveram boa concordância com os valores avaliados com um modelo numérico da literatura, no qual se considera condição de contorno convectiva e encolhimento do alimento. Usando parâmetros como, por exemplo, Cp, DAB, k, kM e Lalim, se pode fazer o projeto preliminar de um secador e calcular a economia empregando somente energia solar, em vez de usar energia solar combinada com energia elétrica.
2	JENNYS LOURDES MENESES BARILLAS ESTUDO DA RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÓLEO POR DRENAGEM GRAVITACIONAL ASSISTIDA POR INJEÇÃO DE VAPOR Advisor : TARCILIO VIANA DUTRA JUNIOR COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADERSON FARIAS DO NASCIMENTO ADRIANO DOS SANTOS ANA PAULA DE ARAUJO COSTA DENIS JOSÉ SCHIOZER TARCILIO VIANA DUTRA JUNIOR WILSON DA MATA Data: Feb 22, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: O processo de drenagem gravitacional com injeção contínua de vapor (SAGD) envolve dois poços horizontais paralelos localizados em uma mesma vertical, onde o poço superior é usado como injetor de vapor e o inferior como produtor. A força dominante neste processo é a gravitacional. Este método de recuperação avançada tem sido demonstrado ser economicamente viável em projetos comerciais de recuperação de petróleo pesado e extra pesado, mas ainda não foi implementado no Brasil. O estudo desta tecnologia em reservatórios com características das bacias regionais é necessário para analisar como se adéqua o processo para minimizar a demanda de vapor obtendo a maior rentabilidade do processo. Neste estudo foi usado um modelo homogêneo com características de reservatórios do Nordeste Brasileiro. As simulações foram realizadas em um programa comercial da Computer Modelling Group, o STARS, módulo usado para realizar estudos de métodos de recuperação avançada de reservatórios de óleo. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma otimização do vapor em reservatórios com diferentes características físicas e em diferentes cenários, através de uma análise técnico-econômica. Também foi estudada a injeção de vapor semi-contínua ou com paradas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível utilizar uma equação simplificada do valor presente líquido, que incorpora os ganhos e gastos na produção de óleo e os gastos na injeção de vapor, para otimizar a demanda do vapor obtendo um maior valor presente líquido no processo. Observou-se que o método (SAGD) pode ser ou não rentável dependendo das características do reservatório. Encontrou-se também que a necessidade de vapor pode ainda ser diminuída utilizando esquemas de injeção de vapor com paradas em intervalos de tempo otimizados, e isto permitiu minimizar as perdas de calor e melhorar a recuperação. Palavras-Chave: SAGD, IOR, simulação de reservatórios, VPL, métodos térmicos.
3	EMMANUELLE DE PAIVA TELEMACO DEGRADAÇÃO FOTOQUÍMICA DE EFLUENTES INDUSTRIAIS CONTENDO POLIPROPILENO E ISONIAZIDA Advisor : OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : AIRTON JOSE DE LUNA AMILCAR MACHULEK JUNIOR CLÁUDIO AUGUSTO OLLER DO NASCIMENTO LEOCADIA TEREZINHA CORDEIRO BELTRAME MARILDA MENDONÇA GUAZZELLI RAMOS VIANNA OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO Data: Apr 1, 2008 Show Abstract Resumo: Um dos principais impactos causados ao meio ambiente é o da poluição das águas, sendo o setor industrial um dos maiores causadores deste problema. Para tentar encontrar uma solução, este setor está buscando novas tecnologias para tratar seus efluentes, com o intuito de reutilizá-los na própria indústria, pois, desse modo, além do tratamento há uma diminuição dos custos com a necessidade de abastecimento de água. Assim, uma das tecnologias para o tratamento de efluentes que vem crescendo a cada dia são os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs). Neste trabalho, dois efluentes industriais foram estudados, contendo polímeros e fármacos. No caso dos efluentes contendo polímeros, foi utilizado o processo UV/H2O2 com uma série sistemática de experimentos usando radiação artificial e solar. Na degradação dos efluentes contendo fármacos foram realizados experimentos utilizando radiação artificial com os processos foto-Fenton e UV/H2O2. As seguintes variáveis do processo UV/H2O2 para os efluentes contendo polímeros foram estudadas em um reator de bancada com radiação artificial: modo de adição do peróxido de hidrogênio, temperatura, tempo de reação, concentração do peróxido de hidrogênio e potência da lâmpada. Os resultados demonstraram ser satisfatórios, obtendo taxas de remoção de carga orgânica de 100% em 120 minutos de reação. As variáveis nos experimentos utilizando o processo UV/H2O2 com radiação solar e efluentes contendo polímeros, foram mais restritas, pois somente variaram o modo de adição e a concentração do peróxido de hidrogênio e o tempo de reação. Os resultados com a radiação solar não se mostraram satisfatórios alcançando no máximo 22% de remoção de TOC (carbono orgânico total) em 240 minutos de tempo reacional. Este resultado está de acordo com o fato de que apenas 5% da radiação solar apresentam baixo comprimento de onda UV. No estudo de degradação dos efluentes contendo fármacos, os experimentos foram realizados em um reator de bancada com radiação artificial e os processos aplicados foram o UV/H2O2 e o foto-Fenton. Neste caso, as variáveis estudadas foram: a concentração inicial dos fármacos, concentração dos íons Ferro (II) e o tempo de reação. Os resultados obtidos alcançaram um grau pouco satisfatório, tendo um valor máximo de 46% de conversão em 120 minutos de reação. Palavras Chaves: Reuso de água; Efluente Industrial; Polímeros; Polipropileno; Fármaco; Isoniazida; Processo oxidativo avançado
4	IRAN MARQUES DE LIMA ESTRATÉGIA DE GESTÃO AMBIENTAL BASEADA NOS PRINCÍPIOS DA PRODUÇÃO MAIS LIMPA: UM ESTUDO DE CASO FOCADO NO SEGMENTO DA CARCINICULTURA Advisor : HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : FRANCISCO JOSÉ COSTA ARAÚJO GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO KLEBER CAVALCANTI NÓBREGA SERGIO MARQUES JUNIOR Data: Apr 14, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar uma estratégia de implementação da produção mais limpa (P+L) em uma fazenda de cultivo de camarões. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa exploratória, realizada pela investigação via estudo de caso, implementada em uma unidade produtiva localizada no nordeste do Brasil. O trabalho aborda desde aspectos genéricos da técnica no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento do uso da água, energia, e da caracterização do efluente desta atividade produtiva. Discute aspectos quantitativos, considerações ambientais, e oportunidades de P+L nas fases do processo produtivo. Os resultados apontam para economias de insumos sob a forma de alimentos, corretivos de solo, medicamentos, e energia aplicados ao processo, que variam de 4 a 27%, ressaltando-se que o pequeno ganho financeiro, deve ser encarado como uma fonte de considerável benefício ambiental. Os autores concluem pela propriedade da adoção da técnica neste segmento do agronegócio, ressaltando a importância do gerenciamento da dosagem de insumos na qualidade do efluente final, além da adoção de um mecanismo de remediação físico-química para o residual de metabissulfito de sódio utilizado na despesca. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Produção mais limpa, Carcinicultura, Impactos ambientais, Metabissulfito de sódio, Remediação físico-química.
5	IRAN MARQUES DE LIMA ESTRATÉGIA DE GESTÃO AMBIENTAL BASEADA NOS PRINCÍPIOS DA PRODUÇÃO MAIS LIMPA: UM ESTUDO DE CASO FOCADO NO SEGMENTO DA CARCINICULTURA Advisor : HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : FRANCISCO JOSÉ COSTA ARAÚJO GILSON GOMES DE MEDEIROS HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO KLEBER CAVALCANTI NÓBREGA SERGIO MARQUES JUNIOR Data: Apr 14, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar uma estratégia de implementação da produção mais limpa (P+L) em uma fazenda de cultivo de camarões. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa exploratória, realizada pela investigação via estudo de caso, implementada em uma unidade produtiva localizada no nordeste do Brasil. O trabalho aborda desde aspectos genéricos da técnica no que diz respeito ao gerenciamento do uso da água, energia, e da caracterização do efluente desta atividade produtiva. Discute aspectos quantitativos, considerações ambientais, e oportunidades de P+L nas fases do processo produtivo. Os resultados apontam para economias de insumos sob a forma de alimentos, corretivos de solo, medicamentos, e energia aplicados ao processo, que variam de 4 a 27%, ressaltando-se que o pequeno ganho financeiro, deve ser encarado como uma fonte de considerável benefício ambiental. Os autores concluem pela propriedade da adoção da técnica neste segmento do agronegócio, ressaltando a importância do gerenciamento da dosagem de insumos na qualidade do efluente final, além da adoção de um mecanismo de remediação físico-química para o residual de metabissulfito de sódio utilizado na despesca. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Produção mais limpa, Carcinicultura, Impactos ambientais, Metabissulfito de sódio, Remediação físico-química.
6	ANDREA LESSA DA FONSECA USO DA TECNOLOGIA DE TROCA IÔNICA NO TRATAMENTO DE ÁGUAS CONTAMINADAS EM NITRATO DE AQUÍFERO DUNAS-BARREIRA Advisor : JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS CALADO ARAUJO CARLOS HENRIQUE CATUNDA PINTO HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO ROBERTO PEREIRA VALDINETE LINS DA SILVA Data: Jul 21, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: A cidade de Natal-RN abrange uma área de aproximadamente 170 km2. O aqüífero Dunas-Barreiras, mais importante reservatório da bacia costeira do RN, abastece cerca de 70% da cidade. Devido à ausência de sistema de saneamento municipal e a cidade ter adotado forma de disposição de esgotos através de fossas e sumidouros, este aqüífero apresenta-se, em grande parte, contaminado por nitratos. O trabalho em questão se propõe a pesquisar o aproveitamento da água contaminada desse manancial, assim como estimar o custo da água potável através da tecnologia de troca iônica. O estudo da qualidade das águas do aqüífero Dunas-Barreiras mostrou que, as águas provenientes de fontes, cacimbas e poços rasos apresentaram-se contaminadas microbiologicamente, enquanto as águas provenientes de poços profundos (superior a 70 m) apresentaram-se isentas, sendo então somente essas adequadas para aproveitamento pela tecnologia de troca iônica. Foram realizados vários experimentos cinético, termodinâmico, utilizando (resina IMAC-HP-555) o método da imersão em volume finito e dinâmicos da adsorção por troca iônica usando-se uma coluna. A partir destes resultados foi projetada uma coluna piloto onde se usou uma resina aniônica, operando no ciclo cloreto, para remoção seletiva de nitrato. Os resultados obtidos indicaram uma temperatura de trabalho de 25oC, velocidade média ideal de trabalho de 13,6 m/h, capacidade de adsorção máxima e média da resina =0,01692 g NO3-1/g R e 0,0110 g NO3-1/g R, respectivamente, concentração ideal de dessorção do NaCl de 8% e tempo ideal de dessorção de 80 minutos para as condições de equilíbrio da água do aqüífero Dunas-Barreiras. Experiência de projeção de aumento de escala realizada para sistema de coluna de troca iônica para desnitrificação, com as variáveis determinadas, adotou-se um programa de modelagem computacional para projetos de coluna de troca iônica, ROREX-420/2000, onde se obteve um custo da água potável desnitrificada de R$ 0,16/m3. Para um volume de água potável produzido igual a 2.100 m3/ ciclo de operação foi obtido uma eficiência média de remoção de nitratos de 45%.
7	DULCINEIA DE CASTRO SANTANA EXTRAÇÃO DE METAIS PESADOS DE EFLUENTES DA INDÚSTRIA DO PETRÓLEO UTILIZANDO DERIVADOS DE ÓLEOS VEGETAIS COMO EXTRATANTES COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JEANETH DOS SANTOS BENEDETO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO RAQUEL FRANCO DE SOUZA WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: Jul 25, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: O estudo de uma promissora alternativa para o tratamento de águas produzidas da indústria do petróleo visando a sua reutilização foi o foco deste trabalho. São milhões de litros de água/dia descartados ao mar, através de emissários submarinos, contendo metais pesados em baixas concentrações (< 0,15 mg/L de Pb, <0,04 mg/L de Cd, <0,04 mg/L de Ni). A tecnologia utilizada para extrair esses metais da fase aquosa foi a extração por solvente e os extratantes estudados foram óleos vegetais in natura e derivados do óleo de coco, denominada MAC Mistura de Ácidos Carboxílicos. A determinação da concentração dos metais pesados em matriz complexa foi realizada utilizando o EAA Espectrômetro de Absorção Atômica. Nos ensaios de bancada realizados com soluções sintéticas contendo metais, os óleos vegetais não apresentaram poder de extração dos metais estudados. Já o extratante MAC foi seletivo para o Pb > Cd > Ni na concentração de 8% do mesmo na fase orgânica. Nesta condição, a menor eficiência de extração obtida foi de 92% para o Pb, 69% para o Cd, na faixa de pH variando de 6 a 8. Um planejamento experimental foi realizado para os ensaios em regime contínuo. O equipamento utilizado foi o MDIF - Misturador Decantador à Inversão de Fases e a fase aquosa utilizada foi a água produzida proveniente da saída do SAO Separador Água Óleo do Pólo Industrial de Guamaré/RN. Nenhuma correlação entre as variáveis estudadas, concentração do metal, concentração do extratante e agitação na câmara de mistura pode ser obtida devido a possíveis fatores ocorridos como: variação na composição da amostra estudada, fenômenos de precipitação e complexação de metais no reservatório de alimentação, solubilização do extratante. Palavras chaves: Extração líquido-líquido; Metais pesados, Misturador-decantador; óleos vegetais.
8	DULCINEIA DE CASTRO SANTANA EXTRAÇÃO DE METAIS PESADOS DE EFLUENTES DA INDÚSTRIA DO PETRÓLEO UTILIZANDO DERIVADOS DE ÓLEOS VEGETAIS COMO EXTRATANTES COMMITTEE MEMBERS : JACKSON ARAUJO DE OLIVEIRA JEANETH DOS SANTOS BENEDETO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO RAQUEL FRANCO DE SOUZA WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: Jul 25, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: O estudo de uma promissora alternativa para o tratamento de águas produzidas da indústria do petróleo visando a sua reutilização foi o foco deste trabalho. São milhões de litros de água/dia descartados ao mar, através de emissários submarinos, contendo metais pesados em baixas concentrações (< 0,15 mg/L de Pb, <0,04 mg/L de Cd, <0,04 mg/L de Ni). A tecnologia utilizada para extrair esses metais da fase aquosa foi a extração por solvente e os extratantes estudados foram óleos vegetais in natura e derivados do óleo de coco, denominada MAC Mistura de Ácidos Carboxílicos. A determinação da concentração dos metais pesados em matriz complexa foi realizada utilizando o EAA Espectrômetro de Absorção Atômica. Nos ensaios de bancada realizados com soluções sintéticas contendo metais, os óleos vegetais não apresentaram poder de extração dos metais estudados. Já o extratante MAC foi seletivo para o Pb > Cd > Ni na concentração de 8% do mesmo na fase orgânica. Nesta condição, a menor eficiência de extração obtida foi de 92% para o Pb, 69% para o Cd, na faixa de pH variando de 6 a 8. Um planejamento experimental foi realizado para os ensaios em regime contínuo. O equipamento utilizado foi o MDIF - Misturador Decantador à Inversão de Fases e a fase aquosa utilizada foi a água produzida proveniente da saída do SAO Separador Água Óleo do Pólo Industrial de Guamaré/RN. Nenhuma correlação entre as variáveis estudadas, concentração do metal, concentração do extratante e agitação na câmara de mistura pode ser obtida devido a possíveis fatores ocorridos como: variação na composição da amostra estudada, fenômenos de precipitação e complexação de metais no reservatório de alimentação, solubilização do extratante. Palavras chaves: Extração líquido-líquido; Metais pesados, Misturador-decantador; óleos vegetais.
9	MARIA GIOVANA BINDER PAGNONCELLI ESTUDO DO MECANISMO DE PRODUÇÃO DE OLIGOSSACARÍDEOS COM ATIVIDADES NUTRACÊUTICAS A PARTIR DA QUITOSANA POR HIDRÓLISE ENZIMÁTICA COM PROCESO FERMENTATIVO SIMULTÂNEO Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO EVERALDO SILVINO DOS SANTOS FERNANDA NERVO RAFFIN ANA LÚCIA FIGUEREDO PORTO CARLOS RICARDO SOCCOL SUELI RODRIGUES Data: Oct 16, 2008 Show Abstract RESUMO: A obtenção de oligossacarídeos, a partir da quitosana, tem despertado interesse da área farmacêutica nos últimos anos devido as suas inúmeras propriedades funcionais. Porém, o grande desafio encontrado é manter uma produção constante e eficiente. A alternativa proposta por este trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade de desenvolver uma tecnologia integrada e de baixo custo. A estratégia utilizada foi a obtenção dos oligômeros por meio de hidrólise enzimática utilizando enzimas quitosanolíticas obtidas diretamente do caldo fermentado, eliminando dessa forma as etapas envolvidas na purificação de enzimas. As duas cepas produtoras de quitosanases selecionadas para o trabalho, Paenibacillus chitinolyticus e Paenibacillus ehimensis, foram avaliadas quanto ao comportamento em meio de cultivo contendo açúcares simples e em relação as variações de pH do meio. O meio de cultivo para a indução e produção das quitosanases foi desenvolvido através da adição de quitosana solúvel como fonte de carbono. A quitosana solúvel foi obtida utilizando solução de ácido clorídrico 0,1 M e posterior neutralização com NaOH 10 M. Os complexos enzimáticos foram obtidos a partir de processos de indução em meio de cultivo contendo 0,2% de quitosana solúvel. A produção das enzimas foi observado logo após o término do consumo dos açúcares simples pelos microrganismos e a máxima atividade quitosanolítica obtida no caldo fermentado pelo Paenibacillus chitinolyticus foi de 250 U.L-1 e pelo Paenibacillus ehimensis foi de 500 U.L-1. Esses dois complexos enzimáticos apresentaram estabilidade quando armazenadas a -20°C por até 91 dias. As enzimas presentes no caldo fermentado pelo Paenibacillus chitinolyticus, quando expostas à temperatura de 55°C e pH 6,0, onde a atividade é máxima, apresentaram perda de 50% da atividade após 3 horas. Enquanto que, para o complexo produzido pelo Paenibacillus ehimensis, após 6 dias de exposição, 100% da atividade foi detectada. Os quito-oligossacarídeos obtidos a partir da hidrólise de uma solução de 1% de quitosana, utilizando o complexo enzimático produzido pelo Paenibacillus chitinolyticus, apresentaram-se em maior quantidade após 9 horas de hidrólise e utilizando o complexo produzido pelo Paenibacillus ehimensis, após 20 minutos pode-se observar os quito-oligossacarídeos com grau de polimerização entre 3 e 6 unidades. Avaliando esses resultados, foi verificado que é possível a produção de quito-oligossacarídeos utilizando um processo simultâneo. Palavras-chaves: quitosana, quito-oligossacarídeos, quitosanase, Paenibacillus ehimensis, Paenibacillus chitinolyticus.
10	LAERTE DE MEDEIROS BARROS JUNIOR ESTUDO DA INFLUÊNCIA DE COMPOSTOS RECALCITRANTES NA REMOÇÃO DE MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA BIODEGRADÁVEL NO TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTE DE REFINARIAS DE PETRÓLEO Advisor : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : GORETE RIBEIRO DE MACEDO MARCIA REGINA DA SILVA PEDRINI OSVALDO CHIAVONE FILHO JOSÉ JAILTON MARQUES WILLIBALDO SCHMIDELL NETTO WILACI EUTROPIO FERNANDES JUNIOR Data: Dec 15, 2008 Show Abstract Resumo: Os despejos líquidos provenientes de refinarias de petróleo contêm elevadas concentrações de compostos de difícil degradação, dos quais destacam-se: fenóis, amônia, cianetos, óleos e graxas e os aromáticos mono e polinucleares: benzeno, tolueno e xileno (BTX), acenafteno, naftaleno e nitrobenzeno. Sabe-se que a atividade de microrganismos pode ser reduzida na presença de substâncias, genericamente chamadas de inibidores, afetando adversamente um processo biológico de tratamento de águas residuárias. A escassez de dados na literatura sobre o assunto, motivou a realização de um levantamento bibliográfico, objetivando inicialmente avaliar o estado da arte. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a influência de moléculas tóxicas, presentes em despejos de refinarias de petróleo, na biodegradação de matéria orgânica. Tomou-se como modelo de substrato a glicose em virtude de ser um composto facilmente biodegradável. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: i) levantamento dos compostos recalcitrantes e investigação da estratégia de remoção de fenol através de processos biológico e fotoquímico-biológico, ii)adaptação da biomassa e iii) avaliação do efeito inibitório de alguns compostos na biodegradação da glicose. Os ensaios de degradação do fenol foram realizados em um sistema de lodos ativados e em reator fotoquímico. Os resultados mostraram que o processo fotoquímico – biológico foi o mais eficiente na degradação do fenol, mostrando o potencial da utilização do tratamento combinado, fotoquímico – biológico, em relação ao processo biológico na remoção de fenol presente em efluentes industriais. Na etapa de adaptação, foi empregado um lodo proveniente de uma industria petroquímica. Os resultados mostraram, para as condições operacionais utilizadas (pH = 7,0; OD ≥ 2,0 mg/L; RS = 20 dias e H de 31,2 e 20,4 horas), uma rápida adaptação da biomassa a um despejo sintético contendo os principais compostos inibidores presentes em efluentes de refinarias de petróleo. Outra etapa deste estudo consistiu no uso da respirometria para avaliação da toxicidade dos compostos selecionados sobre a velocidade de consumo de oxigênio, tanto para biomassa não adaptada como para adaptada à presença dos compostos inibidores. O lodo adaptado apresentou maior capacidade de degradação, tendo menor sensibilidade aos seus efeitos tóxicos. A metodologia de respirometria mostrou-se atraente e prática, pois utilizando-se análises laboratoriais simples e rápidas, tais como: Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO), oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e Sólidos em Suspensão Voláteis (SSV), é possível efetuar a seleção de lodos para a partida de instalações, os quais permitem predizer o comportamento futuro em sistemas de tratamento aeróbio, pelo menos no início da operação.
11	PATRICIA GUILHERMINA DA SILVA LEDO Flotação por ar Dissolvido na Clarificação de Águas com Baixa Turbidez Utilizando Sulfato de Alumínio e Sementes de Moringa de Oleifera como Coagulantes Advisor : JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ANDRE LUIS CALADO ARAUJO CRISTINA CÉLIA SILVEIRA BRANDÃO HENIO NORMANDO DE SOUZA MELO JOAO BOSCO DE ARAUJO PAULO JOSETTE LOURDES DE SOUSA MELO RAQUEL FRANCO DE SOUZA Data: Dec 22, 2008 Show Abstract Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o processo da flotação por ar dissolvido sob pressão - FAD para clarificação de águas com baixa turbidez utilizando sulfato de alumínio e sementes de Moringa oleifera como coagulantes. O procedimento experimental foi realizado em uma unidade de flotação em escala de bancada. Foram avaliadas as influências das condições do pré-tratamento (dosagem de coagulante e tempo de floculação) e parâmetros de processo da flotação (taxa de aplicação superficial e taxa de recirculação) na eficiência do processo. A eficiência foi avaliada pela determinação de turbidez nas amostras de água bruta e tratada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que elevadas eficiências de redução da turbidez podem ser conseguidas com o uso da FAD em águas com baixa turbidez utilizando estes coagulantes. Para o sulfato de alumínio, nos pHs 5,0 e 6,0 as melhores eficiências foram alcançadas com baixas dosagens (15 mg/L), alcançando valores de até 92% de redução. Para a Moringa oleifera, as melhores eficiências de redução de turbidez foram à dosagem aproximada de 50 mg/L para todos os pHs, alcançando valores de 86% de redução. Determinou-se também o potencial zeta, com o objetivo de auxiliar na compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na coagulação. Os mecanismos de coagulação com sementes de Moringa oleifera indicam ser adsorção e neutralização de cargas e adsorção e formação de pontes. No que diz respeito ao sulfato de alumínio os mecanismos predominantes são adsorção e neutralização de cargas e varredura. Os resultados indicam que para águas de baixa turbidez, as sementes de Moringa oleifera podem ser um substituto potencialmente viável em relação ao sulfato de alumínio.

2005

	Dissertations
1	GERTRUDES OLIVEIRA DE QUEIROZ OPTIMIZATION OF CYCLICAL STEAM INJECTION IN HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS COMMITTEE MEMBERS : ADERSON FARIAS DO NASCIMENTO ANA PAULA DA SILVA COSTA EDUARDO LINS DE BARROS NETO TARCILIO VIANA DUTRA JUNIOR WILSON DA MATA Data: Dec 16, 2005 Show Abstract Thermal methods made heavy oil production possible in fields where primary recovery failed. Throughout the years steam injection became one of the most important alternatives to increase heavy oil recovery. There are many types of steam injection, and one of them is the cyclic steam injection, which has been used with success in several countries, including Brazil. The process involves three phases: firstly, steam is injected, inside of the producing well; secondly, the well is closed (soak period); and finally, the well is put back into production. These steps constitute one cycle. The cycle is repeated several times untileconomical production limit is reached. Usually, independent of reservoir type, as the numberof cycles increases the cyclic injection turns less efficient. This work aims to analyze rock andreservoir property influence in the cyclic steam injection. The objective was to study the idealnumber of cycles and, consequently, process optimization. Simulations were realized usingthe STARS simulator from the CMG group based in a proposed reservoir model. It wasobserved that the reservoir thickness was the most important parameter in the processperformance, whilst soaking time influence was not significant.

2002

	Dissertations
1	JOSÉ ROBERTO DE SOUZA DESSULFURIZAÇÃO DE GÁS NATURAL USANDO PENEIRAS MOLECULARES Advisor : MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO COMMITTEE MEMBERS : CELMY BEZERRA DE MENEZES BARBOSA DULCE MARIA DE ARAUJO MELO ELEDIR VITOR SOBRINHO MARCUS ANTONIO DE FREITAS MELO Data: Jan 11, 2002 Show Abstract The worldwide market for natural gas goes up to approximately 22 billons of U.S. dollar per year. The sulfur content in natural gas must be partially or totally removed, so to reach the standards for market, security, transportation and/or the ulterior processing. Normally this removal is done by absorption process, using amines as solvents or soda cleaning, having the disadvantage of high-energy demand and gas generation contributing to the greenhouse effect. Moreover the elevated cost investment for this process plants, some processes (ex. Sulfinol, Flexsorb) require of licenses and/or taxes and/or royalties payments, in order to operate with them. Recently some processes were studied using molecular sieves as adsorbents agents. These materials show many properties that make them very viable for adsorption processes, mainly: the high surface area and pore volume presented, the uniform pore distribution, the good thermal stability, the high adsorption capacity and selectivity. In this research work, we studied the H2S removal from natural gas, in a laboratory scale adsorption column. The adsorbent material chosen were: zeolite 5A, zeolite 13X, zinc oxide and a commercial product named SLFT. The dessulfurization process was monitored by gas chromatography with PFPD detector. The zeolite 13X presented the highest adsorption capacity of all the materials tested, adsorbing up to 50 times more H2S.