Introduction: Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) records cerebral hemodynamics to speech stimuli in Cochlear Implant (CI) users. The characterization of fNIRS and the establishment of its association with auditory-linguistic development can contribute to prognosis and monitoring in this population. Purposes: To define the fNIRS acquisition parameters in CI users, through a systematic review and characterize the cortical responses obtained by fNIRS, associating such responses with auditory and language performance in a child using a Hearing Aids (HA) and CI. Method: Two studies were carried out. Study 1 is a systematic review of fNIRS acquisition parameters in CI users (Prospero, number CRD42022358346). The search took place in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, IEEE Xplore and in gray literature: Google Scholar web search; Proquest (theses and dissertations), with the acronym PECOS. Studies with CI users in any age group, submitted to fNIRS with speech stimuli, were included. Study 2, approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee under opinion number 5,989,435, is a clinical case of a girl, with a chronological age of eight years and an auditory age of five years and two months, user of CI in the left ear and hearing aids in the right ear undergoing auditory rehabilitation for five years. Clinical protocols were applied to characterize auditory-linguistic performance and fNIRS (NIRXSport1) with speech stimuli /ba/ and /da/ was presented in a free field, with electronic devices turned on, in a habituation and dishabituation paradigm to identify auditory detection and discrimination. Eight emitters and eight detectors were used, positioned in the temporal lobe of both cerebral hemispheres, totaling 20 channels. Results: In study 1,671 articles were found in the database and 216 in the search for additional literature. After removing duplicates, analyzing titles and abstracts in phase 1 and the complete work in phase 2, 18 studies from the database and one from additional literature were included, totaling 19. Of these, 13 presented a low risk of bias. The selected studies showed uniformity in the following fNIRS acquisition parameters in CI users: wakefulness (awake); use of auditory stimulation of words and phrases presented in a free field; display of visual stimuli; recording of the temporal region bilaterally and three centimeters between the optodes. In study 2, the child showed auditory and language development within the developmental milestones and cortical responses to speech stimuli, with no significant difference between the cerebral hemispheres. Final considerations: Although some of the fNIRS acquisition parameters in CI users are common, there are still divergences in their acquisition in this population due to the variability of the objectives of each research. Given the feasibility of this tool for visualizing brain physiological responses to speech stimuli, as observed in both studies carried out, it is important that multicenter studies are carried out to strengthen the applicability of fNIRS in prognosis and monitoring in auditory rehabilitation.

Introduction: Child development includes several stages and can be influenced by some infections, including congenital syphilis, which is considered a risk indicator for hearing impairment. Frequency Following Response (FFR) is an auditory evoked potential that non-invasively evaluates the neural decoding of speech and can be used in the early stages of child development. Objectives: Study 1: study FFR responses with speech stimuli in the frequency and time domains in typical infants, children and adults depending on age and ear evaluated. Study 2: analyze the development of the auditory pathway using Frequency Following Response with speech stimulation in babies with congenital syphilis treated during the first two years of life. Method: Cross-sectional study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee no 5,685,328. FFR performed with the speech stimulus /da/ synthesized with a fundamental frequency of 100 Hz, duration of 170 ms, speed of 3.70/s. The first 10 ms of onset, 47 ms of the consonant-vowel transition and 113 ms of vowel sustain. Four measurements of 1,000 sweeps were presented, analysis window from -40 to 270.27 ms at 80dBnHL on the SmartEP platform. Artifacts below 10% and online bandpass filter of 30-3000 Hz. Descriptive and inferential analysis was applied in both studies according to the distribution of data and variables, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: Study 1: 63 subjects, 12 infants, 10 children and 41 adults. RMS pre-neural activity showed better results for adults in both ears, whereas the spectral amplitude of the fundamental frequency was greater in the right ear in babies up to 60 days old. The spectral amplitude of the harmonics of the consonant and vowel portion is influenced by increasing age, whereas neural lag is suggestive of reaching maturity first in the left ear than in the right ear in all groups. Study 2: sample consisting of 84 babies with congenital syphilis and 58 controls. In babies up to 60 days old, the spectral amplitude of the harmonics of only the consonant portion was greater in the GSC than the CG. In the SC group, an increase in Fo spectral amplitude was evident with increasing age. The neuro lag in the GSC showed a decrease in time with increasing age, with a significant difference between all age groups. Conclusions: Study 1: Speech decoding is influenced by age, which differs between ears over time in the time and frequency domains. Study 2: Sound processing tends to show better responses with increasing age in both control children and children with adequately treated congenital syphilis.

Introduction: The beginning of the new coronavirus pandemic prompted reflections on the effects of school closures and the influence on student learning. Such effects may be more pronounced in low- income children. Objective: To verify whether there were changes in the written language performance of low-income students who were subjected to an intervention process prior to the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic and to evaluate the reading and writing of this group in the 5th year of elementary school. Methodology: This dissertation has two studies, in which study 1 is longitudinal, qualitative and quantitative and study 2 is cross-sectional, both approved by the research ethics committee number 4,704,128. In study 01 and 02, 21 and 27 children with education between the 2nd and 5th year of elementary school participated, respectively. Study 01 was based on assessment data before and after the pandemic, from children who participated in sessions to stimulate phonological awareness and vocabulary skills before the pandemic. Letter recognition skills, phonological awareness, phonological working memory, access to the mental lexicon and reading decoding were assessed. In study 02, performance after the pandemic of reading skills, speed, comprehension and reading and writing fluency were analyzed. Results: In study 1 we observed improvements in phonological awareness, syllabic subtest and total score; phonological working memory, pseudowords and digits subtest in direct order; access to the mental lexicon, number, letter and object subtests; and reader decoding. Despite the improvement in performance, these values still did not reach the expected level for the age and education of the participants. In article 02, fluency, comprehension, reading and writing are below what is expected for the children's age and education. Conclusion: The losses in written language skills highlight the relevance in understanding the educational reality of low-income children in Brazil, as well as in formulating future actions aimed at minimizing possible delays in students' literacy.

Introduction: Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a common clinical condition in Parkinson's disease (PD)
and can be present in people with late PD, early-onset Parkinson's disease (PPD) and at any stage of
evolution. The signs and symptoms of this disorder may reflect changes in the efficiency and safety of swallowing to take food from the mouth to the esophagus, as well as being influenced by the decreased function of the tongue during the swallowing process, which can cause risks of penetration and aspiration. Objective: Article 1 aimed to measure the maximum isometric pressure (MIP) of the tongue in different PD stages and whether there was any interference from the decrease in (MIP) of the tongue with changes in the efficiency and safety of swallowing. For article 2, the objective was to identify whether there are changes in swallowing efficiency and safety that signal the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in PPD. Method: Article 1 is an analytical, cross-sectional study and article 2 is a case series. To obtain the data, sample characterization protocols, self-assessment of swallowing changes, tongue MIP assessment using a tongue peak pressure transducer and swallowing volume/viscosity test were applied. An exploratory analysis of the data was carried out by calculating simple frequency and percentage with results expressed as mean and standard deviation and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Normal distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilks test and comparisons between tongue MIP levels, final assessment of the swallowing test, PD stage and interaction between final assessment and stage were performed using the Tukey test. Results of article 1: 50 individuals participated in the study, 22 in the initial stage, 20 in the moderate stage and 8 in the advanced stage. The average PIMax of the tongue was 33.82 kPa (±17.08), which identified the interference of the PD projects in the PIMax of the tongue, but without any influence on changes in swallowing efficiency and safety. Results of article 2: 12 individuals participated in the study, six in the initial stage and six in the moderate stage and among these, only two did not show any sign of change in the efficiency and safety of swallowing. In relation to safety, the change in vocal quality was the most frequent in the volume of 5mL in IDDSI level 0, 2 and 4 consistencies and in efficiency they were: suspected pharyngeal residue and multiple swallowing in IDDSI level 2 and 4 consistencies. Conclusion: Individuals with PD have a decrease in tongue MIP and as the disease progresses, the pressure oftongue tends to decrease, despite this, the efficiency and safety of swallowing were not related to the decrease in tongue MIP. It was also identified that people with PPD in less aggressive stages of the disease showed signs of changes in swallowing, due to the presence of pharyngeal residues.

Introduction: With the advancement of technology, interest in non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of various disorders, such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), has been growing. Studies suggest that techniques like Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Neurofeedback (NFB) can aid in diagnosis and intervention, respectively, improving cognitive-linguistic skills and academic performance. This dissertation is divided into two studies with the following objectives: Study 1: Analyze the characteristics of phonological processing in schoolchildren with ADHD and verify if these skills show relationships with brain functioning through electrophysiological measures. Study 2: Verify the impact of NFB training on the development of cognitive-linguistic skills in children diagnosed with ADHD. Method: Study 1: A qualitative field research, approved by the ethics committee with protocol number 6.483.440. Ten children aged 7 to 14 years with a prior diagnosis of ADHD participated. They underwent a phonological processing assessment—phonological awareness, phonological working memory, and phonological access to the mental lexicon—and brain electrophysiological measures (theta/beta ratio and alpha peak). Study 2: An integrative literature review in the Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, and ERIC databases; and grey literature, constructed from the research question, "What are the effects of NFB on the cognitive-linguistic skills of children with ADHD?" Results: Study 1: The schoolchildren performed below expectations on the phonological processing subtests and electrophysiological measures, showing a qualitative relationship between performance in phonological and electrophysiological processing skills. Study 2: Following the eligibility criteria, the review included 18 articles from international journals, which observed that although there are discussions about the use of NFB as a therapeutic approach, it is evident that it can contribute to improvements in cognitive-linguistic skills in individuals with ADHD. Conclusion: The use of technologies can be presented as an aid in the diagnosis and intervention of ADHD. However, studies need to advance regarding implementation in clinical practice, as it is not yet a consensus in the scientific community.

Children with restricted vocabulary are at risk for language disorders, and may present delays at morpho-syntactic level, difficulties in decoding and reading comprehension. Identifying this signs contribute to early intervention and, therefore, a better prognosis. TRILHAR is an instrument developed by brazilian researchers and aims screening the receptive and expressive vocabulary of children between 3 and 7 years old. This study aims to contribute to the TRILHAR validation process by verifying the performance difference in students from different regions and by verifying the reliability and convergent validity of the instrument. For the first analysis, there are 255 children between 3 to 7 divided intro two groups: G1 – 122 children from the state of São Paulo and G2 – 133 children from the state of Rio Grande do Norte. All students, from G1 and G2, studies in brazilian public schools. Children in G1 had an average of 9.90 (SD = 0.350) points in receptive vocabulary, while those in G2 had 9.83 (SD = 0.412) points. As for expressive vocabulary, children in G1 had an average of 8.82 (SD = 1.305) and those in G2 8.53 (SD = 1.253) points. To compare performances, the t-test was used, demonstrating a p-value of 0.16 for receptive vocabulary and 0.07 for expressive vocabulary. This result demonstrates that there was no significant difference in performance between the two groups. The semantic aspect can be influenced by the family and school environment, age, parent’s education and sociocultural diversity. Therefore, when developing Brazilian vocabulary measurement and tracking tools, the sociolinguistic reality must be observed. The target words must consider the diversity of vocabulary in a geographically extensive country like Brazil. It is concluded that TRILHAR is suitable for application in these two different sociocultural contexts. Furthermore, it was possible to observe the average score obtained by both populations. This analysis may contribute to the process of establishing expected reference values for each age group. The second analysis aims to verify the convergent validity and reliability of TRILHAR. In addition, it aims to compare the expressive and receptive vocabulary performance of four different clinical groups - children with Speech Sound Disorders (G-SSD), Development Language Disorder (G-DLD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (G-ASD) and children at risk for dyslexia (G-DD) - and to analyze the performance of other vocabulary tests and TRILHAR. The sample consisted of 35 children between 5 and 7 years old (mean of 6.17 ± 0.82). To verify reliability, Cronbach's Alpha was verified by applying TRILHAR twice with an interval of 7 days. It presented very good reliability (α = 0.927). For convergent validity and comparison of vocabulary between the groups, the TVfUSP and ABFW vocabulary were applied. Kendall's Correlation was used for this analysis. The expressive vocabulary screening of TRILHAR showed a moderate correlation with ABFW (r = 0.425; p = 0.002), while the receptive vocabulary screening did not show a significant p (p = 0.063) and demonstrated weak correlation strength (r = 0.291). In the comparison between groups, G-SSD and G-DD had a higher average of correct answers in TRILHAR - 19.54 ± 0.82 and 19.2 ± 1.30 respectively - ABFW - 100 ± 8.49 and 102.33 ± 11.90 - and TVfUSP - 100.63 ± 13.93 and 102.88 ± 13.37. The G-DLD presented the lowest score in TRILHAR and ABFW, 16.9 ± 3.14 for TRILHAR and 73.62 ± 22.69 for ABFW. The G-ASD presented the lowest performance for TVfUSP – 82.25 ± 24.18, but presented a higher score than the G-DLD in ABFW – 93.2 ± 19.99. This performance is consistent with the results found in the literature, since the DLD presents significant implications in the acquisition and development of language, resulting in specific difficulties in phonological and lexical processing - in receptive and expressive vocabulary. In conclusion, TRILHAR presents very good reliability and moderate correlation with the ABFW, a validated instrument and widely used in expressive vocabulary research in Brazil. For the next steps, it is necessary to continue the validation process of the instrument, so that it can be made available for screening the vocabulary of Brazilian children.

The school environment expands the child's social life, allowing the development of communicative skills in early childhood. The educator is a fundamental agent for the full development of children. Its performance has the potential both to favor communicative skills and to identify possible changes in their development. However, despite the origin of Speech Therapy being associated with Education, there is still little collaboration between these areas in early childhood education. Seeking to fill this gap, this dissertation aimed to analyze the effectiveness of a course on the development of communication in early childhood for training professionals in early childhood education. The longitudinal study was linked to a university extension course aimed at early childhood education professionals. Data collection was based on the application of virtual questionnaires that evaluated the teachers' knowledge about the development of communication in early childhood, decision-making, faced with simulated situations about the development of communication and the opinion about the course. The data collection period extended from September 2021 to December 2022 and consisted of three moments: (1) pre-course; (2) post-immediate - immediately after completion of the course; and (3) post-late - six months after completion of the course. In total, the responses of 92 professionals who participated in the three moments were considered. The casuistry was composed mostly of women, aged up to 39 years, and with specialization as the maximum level of schooling. The results obtained were divided into two articles. The first compared teachers' knowledge about the development of communication in early childhood in the three moments of the study. The comparison of the total number of correct items between the moments revealed that in the post-late period, the participants had more correct answers. In turn, the second article compared the decision-making of professionals in the face of simulated situations in the three moments. This comparison indicated significant differences between performance before and after the course. Thus, it was possible to conclude that the training of early childhood education professionals through a distance course is effective as a tool for expanding knowledge about the development of communication in early childhood.

Introduction: Prematurity is a risk factor for the occurrence of eating disorders. However, the late preterm newborn, in general, is accompanied in rooming-in without differentiated management. Jaundice is the clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia and is common in the neonatal period. Late preterm infants are at high risk of developing significant hyperbilirubinemia. Bilirubin in high amounts is potentially neurotoxic and phototherapy, a commonly used treatment, can cause adverse events, such as water loss and changes in the circadian cycle. Feeding difficulty is a risk factor for increased serum bilirubin levels. Thus, it is necessary to investigate possible difficulties in breastfeeding, to evaluate the state of behavioral organization and its relationship with latching and sucking responses, in order to provide data that allow adequate management in the face of possible difficulties and guarantee the preterm submitted to phototherapy an effective feeding and adequate intake. Such measures may reduce the risks of increased bilirubin and, as a consequence, the possibility of reducing the duration of phototherapy treatment. Objective: 1) To evaluate the breastfeeding performance of preterm newborns with hyperbilirubinemia undergoing phototherapy. 2) To investigate the responses of the state of behavioral organization of late preterm newborns with hyperbilirubinemia submitted to phototherapy and its association with the latch responses, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking. Method: Controlled cross-sectional study. It was carried out in a public teaching maternity hospital whose sample consisted of 60 mother/newborn dyads, divided into two groups. A group composed of 30 newborns who presented significant hyperbilirubinemia, therefore, in need of phototherapy (case group), and another group with 30 newborns without the need for phototherapy (control group). The characterization data of the sample were obtained through anamnesis and collection from medical records. Performance assessment in breastfeeding was carried out using the Breastfeeding Observation Form protocol proposed by UNICEF, the assessment of the state of behavioral organization and non-nutritive sucking using the Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Scale instrument. Indirect bilirubin levels were checked on the day of the assessment by the pediatrician. For statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test was used in order to analyze the differences between the groups in sample characterization, breastfeeding performance, behavioral organization and aspects of non-nutritive sucking, Kendall's Tau-B test was used. used to verify the association between the variables state of behavioral organization, attachment, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking. A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyses. Results: In the assessment of breastfeeding performance, there was a significant difference in the general observation of the newborn, position of the newborn, latching and sucking sections. There was a significant difference in the state of behavioral organization and non-nutritive sucking. It was also verified, the association between the state of behavioral organization and the handling responses, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking. Conclusion: Newborns undergoing phototherapy have more breastfeeding difficulties, lower scores in the state of behavioral organization and in non-nutritive sucking. The speech-language evaluation can contribute to identify feeding difficulties and enable assertive behaviors in the care of these newborns.

Studies show that teacher training based on scientific evidence impacts the theoretical and practical understanding of these professionals. The moments of professional improvement in initial or continuing education enrich the teaching practice by providing contributions that support an effective and structured pedagogical intervention focused on the educational needs of students. Current scientific evidence on literacy, the result of highly methodologically rigorous research in the field of Cognitive Sciences of reading, has helped teachers in the practice of teaching children with persistent difficulties in the development of reading through approaches that consider the effectiveness of explicit and systematized teaching of reading and writing. However, there are few intervention studies with teacher training that address content about the neurobiological process of reading and persistent difficulties in the development of written language, which motivated the application of this study, which aims to identify the knowledge of Brazilian professionals who work in the public education network of municipalities in Rio Grande do Norte on literacy and verify the impact of the Professional Development Program for Literacy Teachers in the Context of the Science of Reading. The study is descriptive of an exploratory nature with data analysis based on the Bardin model. For its design, literature reviews, Likert evaluation questionnaires and intervention with professional training were used. With this, it was possible to identify that the participants did not have confidence in relation to knowledge about evidence-based literacy and about teaching students with persistent difficulties in the development of reading. The research findings support future professional training in evidence-based literacy that supports the strengthening of educational actions aimed at inclusive teaching of reading and writing that meets the educational needs of students who have greater difficulties in the learning process.

Introduction: Neurosyphilis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by Treponema pallidum and can be symptomatic or asymptomatic in children with congenital syphilis. Syphilis infection can cause different alterations, including hearing loss as a possible late manifestation of congenital syphilis, and is a globally recognized risk indicator for hearing loss. However, there is little information on the consequences for cerebral hemodynamics. Research combining near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and auditory stimuli in infants plays a significant and multifaceted role in science and society. One of the main contributions of this research is to provide information on how babies' brains develop in response to auditory stimuli.

Objective: To identify the acquisition parameters of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with speech stimulation in infants up to two years of age, through a systematic review. To describe the cortical activation pattern of a four-month-old infant with neurosyphilis using fNIRS with speech stimulation.

Method: Two studies were carried out. Study 1 was a systematic review of fNIRS parameters (Prospero n. CRD42022311267). The search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, PsycINFO, Livivo, Google Scholar and ProQuest. We included cross-sectional studies of normal-hearing infants aged 0-24 months using fNIRS with monosyllabic speech stimuli. Study 2 is a clinical case study (CEP/HUOL n. 5.323.957). The clinical case is of a four-month-old infant referred by an infectious disease specialist for audiological assessment. The audiological assessment included the following procedures: Tympanometry, Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions, Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry with click stimulus and fNIRS with speech stimulus.

Results: A total of 932 articles were identified in the database (DB) and 770 in the gray literature (LC). After removing duplicates, 409 remained in the DB and 499 in the LC. The titles and abstracts were then read in phase 1, when 64 articles in the DB and 25 articles in the LC were selected for full reading, of which four remained for final analysis and data extraction. From the articles included, the conformity of only three parameters involved in the experimental designs was evidenced: the presentation of stimuli bilaterally as well as the bilateral capture of response in the temporal lobes and the use of natural sleep. In study 2, a similar tetha was observed between the conditions and channels evaluated in both cerebral hemispheres, with greater oxyhemoglobin (HbO) amplitude being observed in the frontal position when compared to the posterior region.

Final Considerations: In study 1, there was a lack of uniformity in the parameters adopted by the various studies, which shows the absence of a standardized procedure. Study 2 showed development within the expected range for hearing, with cortical responses to speech stimuli.

The daily activities of the family of children with hearing impairment are a strong factor in their development, as they are the most effective agents in continuously supporting the child's development. There is, however, a lack of evidence on specific intervention models for parental training for families, especially those aimed at validating specific intervention materials. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and validate games for parental training for families of children with hearing impairment. This is a mixed method, documentary, methodological study (through the development of educational games and their validation). For the development of the games, an integrative review was carried out to systematize the evidence on parental training programs for families of children with disabilities, which is presented as Article 1. After studying the programs and research in the area, a set of of games and a guide consisting of multipurpose cards, a route game and a guide for families on aspects related to the development of children with hearing impairment and the role of the family with facilitating strategies. Such games were evaluated by 6 experienced judges in auditory rehabilitation, as well as by 2 families of children with hearing impairment who have already been discharged from rehabilitation, using the Health Educational Content Validation Instruments (HECVI) and Educational Games Validation, adapted for the purpose of this research. After the content and appearance validation stage of the materials by the judges, with 95% agreement on the adequacy of the material, it was used in a short-term pilot intervention, consisting of 5 sessions, 1 in a group setting and 4 individual sessions, pre- and post-intervention design, for 4 families of hearing-impaired children from a hearing health service, in which pre- and post-interaction and their satisfaction with the intervention were evaluated, presented as Article 2. The results showed that the games were validated and comprise a kit with manual and rules for the 2 games, 21 multipurpose cards and a route game with 25 situational cards to reflect on how to optimize communication with children with hearing impairment. Although no reliable change or clinical significance was found in the inferential analysis of the interactions, in the qualitative analysis an improvement was observed for 3 of the four families, in particular, in the variables: responds to the child's communication, enthusiasm in the interaction, tuned interaction and first uses the voice to attract the child's attention. All families participating in the intervention using the games were satisfied. It was concluded that the game package was developed and validated, called: “Game of Tuning”, which proved to be a promising auxiliary tool for parental coaching in pediatric auditory rehabilitation services.

Introduction: Reading is an important skill that enables communication, knowledge and integration of information with the language, both in the academic and social spheres. Social vulnerability is a severely present reality in developing countries like Brazil. Despite being a political-social issue, continuous and extreme cases of vulnerability are still present, generating developmental and biological biological consequences in children who grow up in such environments. Consequences in neurodevelopment, such as behavioral difficulties, memory, executive functions and the like, can be observed in these children, as well as academic difficulties, with changes in language development, such as delays in predictive reading and writing skills that considerably hinder the learning process. literacy and other stages of an individual's student life. Objective: To identify the effects of an intervention response program on the reading decoding of socially vulnerable schoolchildren in the period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Longitudinal, interventional, prospective, descriptive and correlational. The study sample is 39 students from a public school, in the second year of elementary school. The sample was divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG underwent a program of response to the intervention, in the classroom, in 12 meetings, three times a week of 60 minutes each, for 5 weeks, in addition to the school activities in the classroom. The CG remained in formal literacy and received intervention activities after the end of the research. In this program, phonological awareness skills and expressive vocabulary were stimulated. Before and after the intervention, expressive vocabulary skills, phonological awareness, letter recognition and reading of words and pseudowords were evaluated. Results found: The two study groups obtained improvements in all assessed skills, such as increased expressive vocabulary and improvements in average performance in phonological awareness (GE: p=0.038; CG: p=0.082), reading words and pseudowords ( GE: p=0.002; GC: p=0.009) and letter recognition (GE: p=0.001; GC: p=0.030), in addition to showing an increasing trend in the GE results. There was a strong correlation between the results of phonological awareness and improvement in reading ability. Conclusion: the results infer the effectiveness of the program to respond to the intervention in the school environment of children in social vulnerability

Introduction: The use of technologies integrated into teaching can make classes more dynamic and interesting and help the teaching-learning process. Objective: To develop and validate technologymediated tools for teaching audiology. Method: A prospective descriptive study, structured in two manuscripts: (I) Virtual patients: impact of computer simulation on practical performance in audiology and, (II) Virtual Audiometer: online tool for teaching and learning. In the first study, two professors and 35 students from two Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology courses answered a satisfaction questionnaire and a self-assessment scale of the impact on practical performance, both on a Likert scale. In the second manuscript, the online version of the virtual audiometer was used by 481 people from 17 states and the Federal District (DF). Of these, 98 students, 24 professors and nine audiologists registered their assessment in a Likert scale questionnaire, in addition to citing positive and negative points. Results: The audiometric simulator and the online version of the virtual audiometer were positively evaluated as auxiliary tools in teaching, with intra- and inter-category user agreement. In addition, there was a positive perception of the impact on audiological practice. In the content analysis, the predominant negative point was the “installation difficulty” for the simulator and the “lack of an instruction manual” for the virtual audiometer. Conclusion: The two tools developed were positively evaluated and can bring benefits to the audiology teaching. The similarity with the physical audiometer, the low cost and the ease of installation are fundamental aspects for the efficiency of these solutions.

Introduction: Scientific production regarding speech language intervention in the area of child language is still scarce. This intervention proves to be effective as long as the speech language therapist acts in accordance with the principles of evidence-based practice (EBP), using valid therapeutic approaches. However, there is a limited scientific evidence base available related to EBP and language intervention in Brazil, especially when it comes to Developmental Language  Disorder (DLD). Objective: To investigate the use of EBP principles by speech language therapists in DLD intervention in Brazil, and also describe the main therapeutic approaches applied. Method: Primary, cross-sectional and descriptive study. Initially, a data collection protocol was developed, consisting of five blocks of questions (sociodemographic, work field, knowledge about DLD, aspects of EBP and intervention principles). This protocol was based on a European questionnaire on intervention in DLD and on the adaptation to speech language therapy practice of a Brazilian questionnaire about EBP. Data collection began in August 2021 and consists of the protocol application in a virtual format by the Google Forms platform. The target audience of the study comprises speech language therapists who work clinically in the area of child language in Brazil. Expected results: It is expected to obtain an overview of the knowledge of EBP principles by Brazilian speech language therapists who work with DLD, as well as describe the main approaches used by these professionals. With such results, it is intended to contribute with proposals aimed at improving the clinical practice of speech language therapy.

Introduction: The video head impulse test (vHIT) objective assessment of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) at high frequency. Objective: (1) To characterize the effect of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) on VOR gain, saccades, body balance and quality of life in three patients with peripheral vestibular hypofunction. (2) To compare the values of VOR gain, asymmetry between the semicircular canals (SCCs) and saccadic parameters in patients with Méniere's Disease (DM) and Vestibular Migraine (VM). Method: Study approved by the Research Ethics Committee, opinion nº 4,462,519. Dissertation structured in two articles. (1) Report of three cases submitted to VR and monitored by vHIT. (2) A cross-sectional and retrospective study, medical records of individuals diagnosed with DM and VM who underwent vHIT were selected. Results: (1) An increase in VOR gain was observed, consistent with normality standards and, extinction or reduction of saccades, in the three cases. (2) The sample consisted of 33 individuals, 18 from group 1 (G1), with VM, and 15, from group 2 (G2), with DM. In vHIT, in both groups, there was a predominance of normality in RVO gain. There was no difference between the average gain, per CSC, nor between the right and left CSCs, between G1 and G2. There was a difference in asymmetry between the posterior CSCs (p=0.042). Conclusion: In this study, vHIT was considered a useful instrument in the monitoring of vestibular function, post VR (1), but it was a limited test in the functional differential diagnosis between DM and VM (2).

Introduction: As phonoaudiology gains ground inside the hospital, the necessity for specific knowledge also grows. In this scenario, the phonoaudiologist is a professional capable of assessing, diagnosing, and treating dysphagic patients early in emergency rooms. The presence of a phonoaudiologist is of great importance as early intervention allows for a better prognostic, reduces hospitalization time, and consequently reduces hospital costs with medications, enteral nutrition, human resources, besides improving quality of life. Objectives: Study 1: 1) it aims to characterize phonoaudiological care for hospitalized dysphagic patients, 2) correlate swallowing characteristics with basic pathologies. Study 2: it aims to analyze scientific production on the phonoaudiological action inside the hospital with adult patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Methods: study 1 was retrospective study, organizational, transversal, with 36 patients with a dysphagia diagnosis who were hospitalized at the wards and Intensive Care Units of Hospital Monsenhor Walfredo Gurgel in the city of Natal. Demographic and clinical data from de assessment and phonoaudiological therapy were collected and correlated to the characteristics of swallowing to verify if there was a difference between basic pathologies, using the form for Phonoaudiological Assessment and Evolution Ward and ICU from the rehabilitation sector. Study 2 was an integrative revision. Searches were done on databases for the following descriptors: “Speech-Language and Hearing Sciences”; “Swallowing”; “Swallowing disorders”; “Adult”; “Bed Capacity Hospital” and “Hospital”; in a ten-years’ time frame (2010-2020). Results: Study 1 found that the majority of patients was in average 60,78 years old, male, diagnosed with EVA, in regular clinical state, was making use of nasoenteral feeding tubes, in ambient air, adequate laryngeal elevation, they had no drooling, were on a thick liquified diet, with adequate capitation and preparation, functional swallowing and they received passive therapy, half of the patients were phonoaudiological discharged. Study 2 found 137 articles and selected 24. They approached several kinds of patients, assessment descriptions, dysphagia risk indicators and indicators for quality of dysphagia management. Also, emphasizing specific therapeutical resources on the rehabilitation of a dysphagic patient. Conclusion: In study 1, phonoaudiological treatment involved clinical assessment of the swallowing and the aspects of phonoaudiological therapy. It was also shown that half the patients under phonoaudiological intervention had their swallowing function rehabilitated and had had a diagnosis of stroke. There were significative correlations between some swallowing characteristics, however, there was no significative difference between groups of pathologies and the swallowing characteristics. In study 2, there was a heterogeneity among studies. Thus, a lack of studies was perceived regarding the whole therapeutical process, from the assessment to the complete rehabilitation of swallowing function.

Introduction: Communication disorders include impairments in language, speech and communication. Knowing the close relationship between hearing and language and speech development, hearing tests can be used in an attempt to assist in the early identification and therapeutic process of children with these disorders. Objective: To investigate the acoustic stapedial reflex (ASR) responses in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) or phonological disorder (PD), as well as to verify the characteristics of the cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Method: Dissertation structured in two manuscripts: (1) cross-sectional study in which the sample was composed of subjects with DLD, PD, with language complaints or without language complaints. The participants underwent a complete audiological evaluation and, subsequently, those responsible answered a questionnaire about the development of their respective children; (2) case report of a male child, with a previous diagnosis of CAS and referred for audiological diagnosis. Complete audiological evaluation and CAEP with speech stimulus were performed. Results: The highest number of absent or increased ASR was found in children with DLD or PD compared to subjects without language complaints. In addition, asymmetry was observed between the ears in the latency values of the CAEP in a clinical case with CAS. Conclusion: Changes in the ASR proved to be prevalent in children with language disorders and, together with the CAEP, they can be objective indicators for the early identification of communication disorders.

Introduction: Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) affect the brain and spinal cord. CNS damage associated with vestibular symptoms occurs due to lesions in the central vestibular pathways. Objective: (1) To review the scientific literature on the applicability and results of vHIT in diseases of the CNS. (2) To characterize the neurological and vestibular findings of clinical cases diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Method: Dissertation structured in two articles. The first (1) is an integrative review of 18 scientific publications on the use of vHIT in individuals with CNS disease. The second (2) is the description of three clinical cases with MS. Results: (1) As for vHIT, the RVO gain was reduced in most studies, with the occurrence of compensatory withdrawals and described changes in oculomotor tests, such as the presence of spontaneous and semispontaneous nystagmus, in the RVO with and without visual optimization, in the test saccadic chase and tilt deviation. (2) Vestibular symptoms and alterations were observed in at least one of the clinical tests of body balance and cerebellar function. In vHIT, changes in oculomotor tests, such as the presence of semi-spontaneous nystagmus and in some parameter of saccadic chase, in addition to the reduction in gain in one or more vertical channels. The association of these findings suggests the presence of vestibular dysfunction of the mixed type, compatible with the central lesions detected in imaging exams. Conclusion: The findings of both studies provided evidence of changes in vestibular function and body balance in different neurological conditions.

Introduction: Syphilis is a global public health problem with complex challenges. In pregnant women, treponema paliidum can be transmitted to the fetus, leading to congenital syphilis, being a risk indicator for hearing loss, as there is evidence of the presence of sensorineural late hearing loss related to vertical transmission to the baby. Based on this premise, the efferent auditory pathway, in particular, the medial olivocochlear region and the outer hair cells, can be assessed by suppressing the otoacoustic supplied by transients, contributing to the identification of the maturation of important physiological processes of this pathway with congenital syphilis. Objective: Study 1 - To characterize the suppression of otoacoustic emissions by transients in children without risk indicators for hearing loss in the first year of life. Study 2 - Analyze the inhibitory effect of contralateral noise on otoacoustic emissions by transients in babies with congenital syphilis. Methodology: Study 1 - Systematic review registered in PROSPERO (nº CRD42020187035). The search took place in the EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. The gray literature included Google Scholar, Open Gray and ProQuest, manual search of references of included studies and consultation with experts. Study 2 - Cross-sectional and prospective study approved by the Research Ethics Committee (nº 3,360,991). The total sample consisted of 35 babies divided into two groups (control -14 babies and study - 21 babies), all of which presented I-III-V waves in the BAEP at 80 dB nNA and wave V at 30 dB nNA and the presence of non-linear TEOAE bilaterally. The suppression analysis was performed using linear TEOAE without noise at 60 dB SPL with white noise contralateral to 60 dB SPL. The mean of inhibition was obtained by subtracting the TEOAE without noise from the TEOAE with noise. Results: Study 1 - 3796 articles were found, after the selection steps 14 studies met the eligibility criteria. All studies showed efferent inhibition in neonates without risk indicators for hearing loss. Suppression was greater in studies that applied non-linear and unfiltered click with averages greater than 1 dB in neonates in the first weeks of life. Study 2 - The study group (SG) showed greater inhibition in RE for the frequency bands from 1.5 to 4KHz. The general amplitudes in both test conditions were higher in the control group (CG), in relation to gender, but they did not present statistical significance. The SG presented 27.8% inhibition ≥ 1 dB and 25% for the CG in the right ear, on the left there was 33.3% ≥ 1 dB in the SG 46.2% in the CG. Conclusion: Study 1 - TEOAE suppression occurs in babies without risk indicators for hearing loss in protocols with different uptake characteristics, generating mean responses that do not allow a normative clinical value so far. Study 2 - The inhibitory effect of contralateral noise on TOAEs of babies with congenital syphilis does not differ from those without risk indicators for hearing loss.

Aim: To verify the accuracy of the diotic and antiphasic digits-in-noise (DRT) test in Brazilian Portuguese in four criteria for analyzing the golden pattern test and the influence of demographic and socioeconomic variables. Method: Two studies were designed: Accuracy Study 1 with normal-hearing and hearing impaired subjects applying TDR with diotic and antiphasic stimuli, by smartphone with in-ear headphones. ROC curves were established to define the cutoff point, measures of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for diotic and antiphasic TDR considering four criteria for analysis of pure tone audiometry (best and worst ear ≤ 25 and 40 dB). Study 2 was cross-sectional and prospective with normal hearing subjects. The diotic TDR was applied and the influences of sex, age, socioeconomic level, and education were analyzed. Results: In study 1 there were 102 subjects (18 to 90 years), 15.68% normal hearing, 69.60% with sensorineural hearing loss and 14.70% mixed. The highest sensitivity measure (96.51%) was found in the antiphasic stimulus for the worst ear mean criterion (≤ 25dB) with a cutoff of -11.90 dB in the TDR. There was a positive correlation between diotic and antiphasic TDR and degree of hearing loss. In study 2, 151 normal hearing subjects demonstrated the influence of age, education and socioeconomic level on the TDR, with no influence of gender. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity values in the diotic and antiphasic conditions were above 75% among the analyzed criteria. Age, schooling and socioeconomic level influence the response to diotic TDR.

Introduction: The World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health have

recommended the articulation of Child Hearing Health Programs with primary health

care, with the Community Health Agent (CHA) playing an extremely important role in

this proposal, due to the scope of the Family Health Strategy and the close relationship

of this professional with the families. Objective: To implement and evaluate a child

hearing      health     program     in     primary     care.     Method:       Prospective     longitudinal

observational study, structured in two stages: (1) Analysis of the effectiveness of an

online course for the training of CHA in the area of child hearing health; (2) Analysis of

a Child Hearing Health Program in Primary Care. 2859 enrolled participants in this

online course, and of these, 23 formed a specific group of CHA from two basic health

units, with face-to-face monitoring. Results: 1842 participants (63.34%) finished the

course, with representation from all Brazilian states and also from abroad and from

various specialties, predominantly in the medical field. The course was well evaluated

and reflected in improved post-training knowledge. 102 children aged zero to two years

were followed up by the CHA during the period of one year, proceeding with the referral

of 15 of them. A case of conductive hearing loss was found. Conclusion: The self-

instructional online course proved to be effective for distance education of CHAs in the

area of child hearing health. The Child Hearing Health Program linked to primary care

is feasible and promising, however, strategies are necessary to minimize the existing

problems.

Introduction: Heart Failure (HF) presents high prevalence, several etiologies and high mortality rates. Vestibular symptoms, secondary to HF, are not commonly studied, but it is known that, besides generating physical symptoms, they can lead to losses in the performance of social activities of these patients. Objective: To verify the association between the findings of the clinical evaluation of postural balance, the gain of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), the self-perception of cardiological and vestibular symptoms with the advancement of age in patients with HF. Method: Cross-sectional, analytical-descriptive, observational, prospective study, structured in two stages: (1) Report of three cases on high-frequency vestibular evaluation in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy. (2) Clinical and objective assessment of vestibular function in patients with HF, divided by age group. Participated 34 subjects submitted to clinical assessment of postural balance, quality of life questionnaires and vestibular evaluation through the Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT).  Results: The prevalence of reduced VOR gain in the vertical semicircular channels (SCC) was found, as well as some loss of postural balance in patients with HF, whether of Chagas origin (study 1), multifactorial or ischemic cardiomyopathies (study 2). In study 2, there was no significant association between the gain of VOR, self-perception of cardiological and vestibular symptoms with advancing age. However, there was a statistical association of the results of the Unterberger-Fukuda test with parameters evaluated by vHIT, among the age groups. Conclusion: In both studies, the prevalence of peripheral vestibular hypofunction was observed in patients with HF, regardless of age and etiology.

The impact of hearing loss is widely known for its effects on child development. Hearing impairment can be caused by genetic, congenital or acquired factors. Among the congenital factors are the presence of infections that can occur during pregnancy, such as: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, syphilis, HIV and Zika virus. The high fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and the presence of important sequelae of affected patients make congenital infections a public health problem and their prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment are necessary before, during and after pregnancy. Objective: To verify the frequency of hearing loss in children attended at the SUVAG Center of RN with risk indicators for congenital infections. Methods: This is a retrospective, observational and descriptive study. The study population consisted of 4806 children aged 0 to 3 years attended at the SUVAG Center of RN in the period from 2011 to 2019. Of this total, 692 children had a history of congenital infections alone or in combination with other risk indicators from the recorded data in the institution's database. 134 were excluded because they did not complete the audiological evaluation. Thus, the sample of this study was composed of 558 children. Descriptive analysis was carried out to establish the frequency of hearing loss in relation to each congenital infection isolated or associated with other risk indicators. Results: The frequency of hearing loss was 1.25% in children with reports and / or confirmation of congenital infections, with the presence of sensorineural hearing loss in six children (85.71%) and conductive hearing loss (14 , 29%), of which six were bilateral (85.71%) and one unilateral (14.29%). Conclusion: The present study allowed us to verify that there was a reduced frequency of hearing loss related to the report of congenital infections.

Congenital syphilis is considered a risk indicator for hearing loss in children, but the real impacts caused by syphilis on these children over their general development, including hearing, are still unknown. Objectives: Study1: Verify the parameters used to acquire the frequency following response (FFR) response in children up to 24 months of age through systematic review; Study 2: Analyze the results of the frequency following response in babies with congenital syphilis. Method: In study 1: The protocol was registered in PROSPERO, following the recommendations of PRISMA. The research was carried out by two independent reviewers in six databases (LILACS, Livivo, psycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science); gray literature (Google Scholar, Open Gray, Proquest) and manual searches on bibliographic references. In study 2, the sample consists of 9 children with congenital syphilis (EG) and 5 children without syphilis (CG), aged between 12 and 24 months. All participants present responses in the Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential at 80 dB nNA and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions present. They performed the FTA-ABS laboratory test from 18 months and the FFR with stimulus / da /, lasting 170 ms, speed of 3.70 / s, at an intensity of 80dBnNA in both ears. Results: In study 1: 459 studies were identified. After reading the full text, 15 studies were included. The acquisition parameters vary according to the studies. The most common among the studies were: Vertical assembly of the electrodes, alternating polarity, sampling rate of 20,000 Hz, / da / synthesized. In study 2: There was no difference between the groups studied in the analysis of parameters of the time and frequency domain in the FFR response. Conclusion: Study 1: There is a consensus on the use of some parameters of acquisition of the FFR with speech stimulus, such as alternating polarity, the sampling rate of 20,000 Hz, the syllable / da / synthesized stimulus and a 40 ms duration stimulus. Although these parameters have a consensus, the results show the lack of a single protocol established for the acquisition of data for the collection of the frequency following response with speech stimulus in children in the investigated age group. Study 2: Children aged 12 to 24 months with notification of congenital syphilis at birth have the same pattern of central auditory neural response assessed by the FFR as children without congenital syphilis.

Introduction: The written language is an extension of the oral language and its development occurs under the influence of several factors, among which we can highlight in the oral language, the phonological level and among the phonological processing skills, the phonological awareness. The phonological level is related to the system of sounds present in a given language and it has demonstrated a possible relationship with the development of reading and writing. Phonological awareness is one of the phonological processing skills of greatest influence for the acquisition of written language. Objective: To evaluate the phonological system and phonological awareness in low-income preschool children and correlate the skills with each other. Method: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective and documentary study. Sample made up of 93 children from level IV of early childhood education, students from Municipal Centers of Early Childhood Education (CMEI) from 3 regions of the city of Natal / RN (West, South and East), aged between 5 and 6 years and 11 months, of both sexes. The results of the phonology evaluations of the Child Language Test - ABFW and the phonological awareness of the CONFIAS instrument were analyzed. For the analysis of the phonological level, it was considered the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC), Percentage of Consonants Correct - Revised (PCC-R), Index of Occurrence of Processes (PDI) and the productivity of phonological processes and, for phonological awareness , the correctness of syllabic and phonemic skills and the total score were considered. Results: In study 1, adequacy of the PCC and PCC-R values was observed in most participants (PCC: 82 children - 88,2%; PCC R: 84 children - 90,4%), productivity of the processes of liquid simplification (SL), simplification of consonant clusters (SEC), simplification of final consonant (SCF) and frontalization palatal (FP) and very strong negative correlation between the variables PCC x PDI and PCC-R x PDI. In study 2, on the other hand, the sample presented a performance below the expected in all CONFIAS scores, showing weaknesses in the phonological awareness skills. The correlation between PCC and phonological awareness and PCC R and phonological awareness and PDI and phonological awareness was weak.

AIM: to verify the evidences based on content validity of a vocabulary screening instrument for children aged from 3 to 7 years old. METHODS: This study was divided into three steps: 1º) Integrative literature review on nacional and international database Scielo, Lilacs, Eric and Pubmed, to verify the vocabulary screening instruments used recently (Article 1); 2º) Content analysis: the instrument was sent to fifteen judges, who analyzed the content validity based on the criterias of Theory, Screening Principles and Materials, considering the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Index Item (Article 2); 3º) Aplicability of the instrument: screening of 133 children from 3 to 7 years old, students of four public schools (Article 3). RESULTS: from the theorical review, it was possible to construct the receptive and expressive vocabulary screening instrument, named TRILHAR. On the content validity analysis, the CVI has proven itself adequate. However, the CVI-I for the subcriterias of graphic aspects and description of the application sheet was inadequate, indicading the necessity of revision for those items. On the pilot study, there was differences on the performance between the groups and correlation between these variables, showing that the result on the screening improves according to the advencement of age. Besides that, there was a positive correlation between receptive and expressive vocabulary. CONCLUSION: the results of this research showed that TRILHAR is an adequate instrument for infant vocabulary screening. However, more validity studies are necessary to verify it's capability to identify children with vocabulary delays.

ABSTRACT: There are a large range of predictors of the reading development in the literature. Regarding the language aspects, the phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, phonological working memory and letter identification have been widely described as relevant for this process. Aim: to characterize the predictors of reading skills in first grade students of public schools in Natal-RN and correlate theses habilities with each other. Method: 138 children between 6- and 7-years-old participated, from three public schools of Natal/RN. The assessment was made based on phonological awareness – Phonological Awareness Test – Sequencial assessment instrument CONFIAS; phonological access of the lexicon – Rapid automatized naming test; Phonological working memory – Working memory task – pseudowords and digits; Letter identification – letter identification subtest – PROLEC; expressive vocabulary – vocabulary subtest – Infant language test ABFW. Results: the children had worst performance than expected on expressive vocabulary, especially on the categories of clothing, food, places, shapes and colors; phonological processing, except on RAN ‘objects’, and letter identification; the habilities showed a weak correlation with each other. Conclusion: the children from this study performed worst than expected according to their schooling on phonological processing tasks, vocabulary and letter identification, which can influence the literacy process, highlighting the need of further studies as to intervention practice, in order to minimize the impact of these difficulties over the school life.

Introduction: Hearing screening through smartphones is an attractive strategy because it is self-manageable, affordable and affordable. The use of speech materials, such as digits, in the presence of background noise, makes hearing screening more sensitive to identify hearing loss, since they simulate everyday situations. Objective: 1) To identify the effectiveness of cellular applications for the detection of hearing loss through a systematic review and 2) to verify the accuracy of the software-based noise test in Brazilian Portuguese. Method: The research presents two studies: a systematic review and a study of accuracy, in the first, the sample was composed by 12 diagnostic articles that used smartphone applications for hearing screening; In the second one, 186 subjects were evaluated by means of the audiological tests considered gold standard in the diagnosis of hearing loss and the Software-Based Noise Test in the Portuguese version. Results: In the one study it was observed that all 11 applications studied showed values of sensitivity and specificity favorable to diagnostic tests (AUC> 60%). In the second study, the Noise Digit Test presented a final cut-off point of -6.9dB for the pass / fail criterion, 92.7% sensitivity and 67.1% specificity. Conclusion: The systematic review provided significant information to show which applications may be considered the most effective in identifying hearing loss and the accuracy study inserts TDR in Portuguese as a new effective method of hearing screening

Objectives: 1) To review the literature regarding the effectiveness of screening instruments for Auditory Processing Disorder (APD); 2) Compare the final Digits in Noise Test (DNT) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in children with APD versus typical children and analyze the accuracy of the instruments DNT, SCAN, and QFISHER. Methods: In study 1, the search went over six databases and gray literature. Risk of bias of the included articles through QUADAS 2 was analyzed. In study 2, the convenience sample consisted of 30 children, 23 with APD (G2) and seven without the disorder (G1), aged 8 to 12 years that performed audiological evaluation; tympanometry; visual numerical recognition; DNT; auditory processing screening; and behavioral assessment of auditory processing to diagnose APD. The analysis used DNT final SNR comparing G1 and G2. The accuracy of the three instruments was calculated with significance level of 5%. Results: From study 1, 1.114 articles were identified. In the analysis of title and abstract, 24 articles went to full-article analysis, remaining five after this. Three articles had a high risk of bias in at least one domain. For study 2, the mean SNR was -7.25 dB in G2 subjects and -8.34 dB in G1. Conclusions: In study 1, all instruments have good specificity, however, only the STAP and seven German battery tests are sensitive in identifying APD. Regarding study 2, the performance in DNT of children with APD was similar to children without disorder.